A feature of modern world trade is also the increased influence scientific and technological progress(NTP) on its structure. Technology, like labor and capital, is one of the factors of production. Statistics show that the US, EU and Japan are those regions where there is a significant comparative advantage in goods with high added (intellectual) value. Where does the structure of world trade at the beginning of the 21st century look like this (as a percentage of world volume):
In Industrial Developed Russia, FROM CIS countries Industrial
countries 50, about 15, about 5, about
Developing
countries 15, o 10, o 2, o
Russia, CIS 5, o 3, o 10, o
___________________________________________________________________
As you can see, half of the total global trade turnover is accounted for by trade in products within the “club” of developed economies of the world.
Science is a specific field human activity, in which intellectual products are created in the form of obtaining new knowledge about the objects of the material world, the objective laws of the development of nature and society are learned in order to practical application V Everyday life of people. In the conditions of scientific and technological progress, this specificity of scientific cognitive activity acquires a new reproductive quality. Research and production activities are manifested in such areas as:
a) fundamental research (laws of the universe);
b) applied research ( innovative projects);
c) production complexes (high-tech products).
For example, by controlling most of the macro-technologies, the developed economies of the world hold 80% of the world market for finished products. The Russian economy is independently capable of controlling only a fifth (20%) of the main macro-technologies in the world economy.
Finally, the general state of the scientific and technical potential in the country can be assessed by such a complex indicator as the ability to innovate, which necessarily includes the value of all R&D expenses (scientific research and development). One of the areas of scientific and technical progress is the creation of new products. Where inventions and innovations come from are two aspects of the development of scientific and technical knowledge. The result of an invention is new knowledge or innovation, and innovation or innovation is the improvement of methods for applying existing knowledge. For science to have an impact on production, the results scientific activity must be converted into capital. Therefore, the effectiveness of scientific potential in market conditions largely depends on the ability of the national government to compensate for possible financial risks to leading enterprises in innovation sphere at the stage of obtaining the final scientific product. The stages of the “life cycle” of a product are as follows: research and development, development, prototype, serial (mass) production, operation of the product. At the same time, R. Vernon’s hypothesis about life cycle product argues that as production technology standardizes, product output moves to countries with lower income, where the basis of comparative advantage is no longer R&D (a factor of capital - primarily human), but relatively low wage labor force (labor factor – primarily low-skilled).
Scientific and technological progress is the interconnected progressive development of science and technology, which is manifested in the constant impact scientific discoveries and inventions at the level of technology and technology, as well as the use of new devices and equipment. It affects the transformation and development of the means of labor and the relationships between people in the production process.
Scientific and technological progress is a powerful means of rapid economic growth, solving many social tasks. The pace of implementation of its achievements and production efficiency largely depend on the development and consistent implementation of scientifically based national policy in this area of activity.
Application of scientific discoveries to use natural resources, development and formation of the productive forces of society are truly unlimited. Under certain conditions, with the help of science, the enormous forces of nature can be brought to the service of production, and the production process itself can be presented as a technological application of science.
A concrete expression of scientific and technological progress is the continuous improvement of machines, tools and other means of production, as well as the introduction of progressive technology and production organization. A particularly important role in the development of scientific and technological progress is assigned to mechanical means of labor. The latter are one of the main elements of the productive forces of society and contribute to a greater extent to the development of scientific and technological progress and the growth of production. They contribute to saving social labor costs, rational and efficient use of labor resources.
Scientific and technological progress affects labor productivity by increasing the number of machines and their efficient use and through the influence of science and technology on other factors of production, which contribute to the growth of output per unit of labor time. Among these factors, an important place is given to changes in the content and conditions of work, its organization, the level of development of the workforce and the nature of its use, etc.
The essence of scientific and technological progress lies in a change in the relationship between materialized (past) and living labor, in a relative increase in past labor and in an absolute or relative decrease in living labor with an absolute reduction in total labor costs. Consequently, a reduction in the total labor costs spent on production is achieved as a result of progressive savings in living labor based on the use of new high-performance equipment. Ultimately, saving labor and freeing up labor is an important feature that reveals the essence of scientific and technological progress.
Scientific and technological progress is accompanied by a restructuring of the entire technical basis, the entire production technology, and the development of a system of machines that is becoming more widespread in various sectors of the national economy. It creates broad prerequisites and material and technical conditions for overcoming the existing differences between mental and physical labor, and contributes to changing the place and role of man in the production process.
Under the influence of scientific and technological progress in modern conditions There is a transition from extensive production growth, in which new material and monetary resources are attracted, to intensive growth due to higher labor productivity, improvement of technology and production organization, improvement of product quality, and further reduction of costs.
Scientific and technological progress is a process continuous development science, engineering, technology, improvement of labor, forms and methods of organizing production and labor. It also acts as the most important means of solving socio-economic problems, such as improving working conditions, increasing its content, protecting the environment, and ultimately increasing the well-being of the people.
In its development, NTP manifests itself in two interrelated and interdependent forms - evolutionary and revolutionary.
The evolutionary form of scientific and technological progress is characterized by a gradual, continuous improvement of traditional technical means and technologies, and the accumulation of these improvements. Such a process can last quite a long time and provide, especially in the initial stages, significant economic results.
At a certain stage, technical improvements accumulate. On the one hand, they are no longer effective enough, on the other, they create the necessary basis for radical, fundamental transformations of the productive forces, which ensures the achievement of qualitatively new social labor and higher productivity. A revolutionary situation arises. This form of development of scientific and technological progress is called revolution. Under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution, qualitative changes are taking place in the material and technical base of production.
The modern scientific and technological revolution is based on the achievements of science and technology. It is characterized by the use of new energy sources, widespread use electronics, development and application of fundamentally new technological processes, advanced materials with predetermined properties. All this, in turn, contributes to the rapid development of industries that determine the technical re-equipment of the national economy. Thus, the reverse influence of scientific and technological progress is manifested. This is the relationship and interdependence of scientific and technological progress and the scientific and technological revolution.
Scientific and technological progress (in any form) plays a decisive role in the development and intensification of industrial production. It covers all parts of the process, including fundamental, theoretical research, applied research, design and technological developments, creation of samples of new technology, its development and industrial production, as well as the introduction of new technology into National economy. The material and technical base of industry is being updated, labor productivity is growing, and production efficiency is increasing. Research shows that over the course of a number of years, a reduction in the cost of industrial production by an average of 2/3 was achieved through scientific and technological progress.
One of the most important areas of scientific and technological progress in modern stage is complex mechanization and automation of production. This is the widespread introduction of interconnected and complementary systems of machines, apparatus, devices, equipment in all areas of production, operations and types of work. It helps to intensify production, increase labor productivity, reduce the share of manual labor in production, facilitate and improve working conditions, and reduce the labor intensity of products.
The term mechanization refers mainly to the displacement of manual labor and its replacement by machine labor in those links where it still remains (both in the main technological operations and in auxiliary, auxiliary, transportation, shifting and other labor operations). The prerequisites for mechanization were created back in the period of manufacture, and its beginning is associated with the industrial revolution, which meant the transition to a factory system of capitalist production based on machine technology.
In the process of development, mechanization went through several stages: from the mechanization of the main technological processes, which are characterized by the greatest labor intensity, to the mechanization of almost all main technological processes and partially auxiliary work. At the same time, a certain disproportion has arisen, which has led to the fact that in mechanical engineering and metalworking alone, more than half of the workers are now employed in auxiliary and auxiliary work.
The next stage of development is comprehensive mechanization, in which manual labor is replaced by a machine in a comprehensive manner at all operations of the technological process, not only the main ones, but also the auxiliary ones. The introduction of complexity sharply increases the efficiency of mechanization, since even with high level mechanization of most operations, their high productivity can be practically neutralized by the presence of several non-mechanized auxiliary operations at the enterprise. Therefore, complex mechanization, to a greater extent than non-complex mechanization, promotes the intensification of technological processes and the improvement of production. But even with complex mechanization, manual labor remains.
In modern conditions, the task is to complete comprehensive mechanization in all sectors of the production and non-production spheres, to take a major step in the automation of production with the transition to workshops and automatic enterprises, to automated control and design systems.
Automation of production means the use of technical means to completely or partially replace human participation in the processes of obtaining, converting, transferring and using energy, materials or information. There are partial, covering individual operations and processes, and comprehensive, automating the entire cycle of work. In the case when an automated process is implemented without the direct participation of a person, they speak of complete automation of this process.
Historically, industrial automation has developed in two main directions.
The first arose in the 50s, and was associated with the advent of automatic machines and automatic lines for mechanical processing, while the execution of individual homogeneous operations or the production of large batches of identical products was automated. As they developed, some of this equipment acquired a limited ability to be reconfigured to produce similar products.
The second direction (since the early 60s) covered such industries as chemical industry, metallurgy, i.e. those where continuous non-mechanical technology is implemented. Here they began to create automated systems technological process control (APCS), which at first performed only information processing functions, but as they developed, control functions began to be implemented on them.
1The influence of scientific and technological progress on people
Man of the 21st century... What happened to him? How has scientific and technological progress affected people? And do they feel safer than those who lived a century ago? It is these questions that V. Soloukhin raises in his article.
According to the author, “technology has made every state and humanity as a whole powerful,” but has one person become stronger because of this? Soloukhin makes us think about the fact that there are many changes happening in the world that can help people feel more secure and comfortable. But if you look from the other side, what can one person do? He remained the same as he was without planes and cell phones, because if he has nowhere to call and fly, then why are these phones and planes needed? In addition, we are people of the 21st century, we have begun to forget what we have acquired earlier, for example, what it means to write letters, to walk long distances.
I agree with the opinion of the author. Technological progress has not made one person stronger than he was before. I remember the work of M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri", where the main character, being alone in the forest, meets wild beast- leopard (I don’t remember exactly whether it was a leopard). Mtsyri begins a fight with the beast and, thanks to the knife, kills it. But a modern person, having encountered an animal in the forest, would also not be able to use any other device to kill the animal, even despite the fact that in the 21st century technology has become many times more developed than in the time of M.Yu. Lomonosov.
What do we mean now in this world? Can people now live without a mobile phone or computer? Will we, like our grandparents, be able to walk 10 km to school every day? I think it's worth thinking about this. After all, one gets the impression that the stronger technology becomes, the less and less strong and adapted to life a person becomes...
."To be or not to be"
Is life worth the humiliation and misfortunes that a person experiences along the way? Isn’t it easier to stop mental tossing with one movement than to fight for truth and happiness for a whole century?
An excerpt from William Shakespeare's "Hamlet" talks about the meaning of life. On behalf of Hamlet, the author reflects: “...Is it worthy to submit to the blows of fate, or is it necessary to resist?”, thereby raising one of the eternal questions: “For what does a person live?” William Shakespeare says: “What dreams will be dreamed in that mortal sleep, when the veil of earthly feelings is removed? This is the answer. This is what prolongs our life for so many years to our misfortunes.”, implying that the meaning of life is the ability to feel: to rejoice and love, to be sad and hate... Thus, the author raises a very important, in my opinion, problem of finding the meaning of life.
I completely agree with the author: there is nothing more beautiful in the world than human feelings, so diverse and vibrant in their manifestations. A person who understands the essence of life will never say: “I want to die.” On the contrary, he will hold on to life until the last, overcoming the pain.
The problem raised by the author is relevant at all times and therefore cannot leave us indifferent. Many writers and poets turned to her. L.N. Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace” fully reveals the theme of searching for the meaning of life. The main characters, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, are looking for spiritual refuge. Through mistakes and suffering, the heroes gain calm and confidence.
Life is not always favorable to a person; most often it does not spare anyone. I remember the work of Boris Polevoy “The Tale of a Real Man”. Main character, Alexey Meresyev, who lost both legs during an air battle, did not lose the desire to live. Alexey demonstrated extraordinary resilience. His existence not only did not lose meaning, on the contrary, the hero more acutely felt the need for happiness, love, and understanding.
Life is boring if it is not colored by dreams, quests, discoveries, and joy. And although sometimes failures fall on the head of the seeker of truth, at the end of the road everyone will be rewarded according to their deserts.
I would like to end with a phrase from the movie “Forrest Gump”: “Life is like a box of chocolates. You never know what filling you’ll come across.” Indeed, sometimes the most delicious candy is hidden behind a nondescript wrapper.
Nobility (according to Yu. Tsetlin)
Nowadays, people have forgotten the meaning of the word nobility; it has become a kind of archaism in modern world. Now nobility is ridiculed, just as in ancient times they ridiculed the vices that affected the soul.
The nobility of a person is determined not by position or noble origin. This is exactly what the author of the text, Yu. Tsetlin, is talking about, noting that, to a greater or lesser extent, nobility is characteristic of every firm and honest person.
I completely agree with the position of the author of this text that many people replace values by mistaking “arrogance and arrogance” for true nobility. There is a lot of confirmation of my position in literature, for example, Victor Hugo’s novel “Les Miserables”. Former convict Jean Valjean, having become mayor, saves his worst enemy, who has been slandering him for many years, from inevitable death. Risking his life, Jean Valjean pulled the old man out from under the overturned cart, mired in the swamp along with its passenger. As an example of pseudo-nobility, we can cite the heroine of Choderlos de Laclos’ novel “Dangerous Liaisons,” the Marquise de Merteuil. The Marquise, being a rich, noble woman with excellent manners, cruelly took revenge on her opponents over trifles, not disdaining lies, betrayal and hypocrisy.
People will probably continue to replace values for a very long time, forgetting about their original meaning. So far, nobility as a normal phenomenon, and not a deviation, seems to me to be something unattainable. A dream. Utopia.
Nobility (according to Yu. Tsetlin)
Everyone has own opinion about what is good and what is bad. This is usually associated with a large number of personal associations, with differences in intellectual and spiritual development people with the specific social situation around them. But there are phenomena that have had the same meaning for humanity at all times.
One of these phenomena is nobility. But real nobility, the main manifestations of which are honesty and fortitude, nobility that is not flaunted, is exactly what the author of this text writes about. Yu. Tsetlin is concerned about the problem of true human nobility; he talks about what kind of person can be called noble, what traits are inherent in this type of people.
A noble man is a rarity these days. After all, noble deeds are activities aimed primarily at helping people, activities based on sensitivity to their problems. Yu. Tsetlin, in the text proposed for analysis, gives a vivid example of a truly noble man - Don Quixote. Through the image of a well-known literary hero, the author of the article shows that the desire to fight evil and injustice is the foundation of true nobility, the foundation on which an outstanding personality is built.
Yu. Tsetlin believes that “one must be able to remain an honest, unshakable, proud person under all circumstances,” who, however, is characterized by both humanity and generosity.
I completely agree with the opinion of the author of the text: a noble person is distinguished by sincere love for people, a desire to help them, the ability to sympathize, empathize, and for this it is necessary to have self-esteem and a sense of duty, honor and pride.
I find confirmation of my point of view in A. S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin”. main character This work, Tatyana Larina, was a truly noble person. The love of her life initially turned out to be unrequited, and the heroine of the novel had to marry not for love. But even when her lover, Evgeny Onegin, told her about the feeling that had suddenly flared up for her, Tatyana Larina did not change her principles and coldly answered him with a phrase that had already become an aphorism: “But I was given to another and I will be faithful to him forever.”
Another ideal of a noble man was superbly described by L.N. Tolstoy in his epic novel War and Peace. The writer endowed one of the main characters of his work, Andrei Bolkonsky, not only with external nobility, but also with internal nobility, which the latter did not immediately discover in himself. Andrei Bolkonsky had to go through a lot, rethink a lot before he could forgive his enemy, the dying Anatoly Kuragin, an intriguer and traitor, for whom he had previously only felt hatred. This example illustrates the ability of a noble person to achieve true spiritual heights.
Despite the fact that there are fewer and fewer noble people every decade, I think that nobility will always be valued by people, because it is mutual assistance, mutual assistance and mutual respect that connect society into one indestructible whole.
The benefits of education (according to A.F. Losev)
We often think about how our actions benefit us. Depending on personal needs, character traits, life principles, we give priority to either spiritual satisfaction or material gain. But there are types of activities that benefit us both morally and materially.
An article by A.F. Losev, a famous Russian philosopher, discusses just this type of activity. The author extols science and education, discusses the benefits education gives to a person.
IN modern society it is very important to be educated. Without education, it becomes difficult not only to find a job, but also to analyze the events happening around a person, concerning himself. Now in many countries, obtaining a basic general education is mandatory because without the basic knowledge acquired at school, it is impossible to live in society.
In this text, A.F. Losev focuses the reader’s attention not on the need for education, but on the spiritual aspect of the benefits that we receive from education. In his opinion, education, both motivated by the desire to cultivate a personality and determined by material needs, in any case brings a person “sweet fruits” - moral satisfaction.
I completely share the opinion of the author of the text that an educated person feels needed and useful to society. And this cannot but become the reason for his spiritual development.
My point of view is confirmed in the story by A.P. Chekhov “The Jumper”. One of the main characters of this work, Dymov, a doctor by vocation, was truly devoted to his profession. He saved people by risking his life and sacrificed himself for the sake of society. And throughout the entire period of his scientific activity, Dymov formed his personality and developed spiritually.
Another clear example can be the image of Bazarov in the work “Fathers and Sons” by another Russian classic - I. S. Turgenev. Bazarov’s life principles were formed as a result of his passion for science. He became a personality by practicing medicine and conducting various experiments.
Education plays a huge role in the life of every person. It brings us “sweet fruits” of spiritual satisfaction and material benefit. But the most important advantage that education gives a person is, of course, the foundation for the formation of personality, the formation of life goals and principles, and the development of the spiritual component of a person.
Personality education in the learning process (according to I. Botov)
Often, by the word “education” we mean knowledge that will help us get a highly paid and prestigious profession. We think less and less about what else it provides besides material benefits...
That is why Igor Pavlovich Botov in his article touches on the problem of the need for moral education, emphasizing the importance of proper education of the individual in the learning process.
The author draws our attention to the fact that an educated but immoral person will have a destructive effect on society. A child who has not learned the basics of morality during his school years will grow up spiritually stingy. That is why it is so important for a teacher to put the best into the student’s soul, and then, perhaps, in the future we will encounter less soulless officials, unscrupulous politicians and criminals.
Igor Botov is not indifferent to the problem he poses; he believes that the term “education” should be completely replaced with another one – “upbringing”.
I completely agree with the author, because the methods modern education, in my opinion, they prioritize material gain, relegating spirituality to the background.
I see life examples confirming my position every day at school: the indifference to moral values among my peers, their lack of spirituality is truly alarming. It’s becoming less and less common to see a caring teacher who comes into the classroom with the desire to teach the children something, and not just teach another lesson and go home quickly. This state of affairs causes sadness, because it is the teacher who can instill in the child the first basics of “humanity.”
For example, it is worth recalling the work of Valentin Grigorievich Rasputin “French Lessons”. Lidia Mikhailovna, in order to somehow help the boy who did not want to take money and food from her, began to play wall with him for money. When the director found out about this, she lost her job, but the teacher’s act became a lesson in kindness and understanding for the boy for the rest of his life.
Once upon a time, Aristotle said: “Whoever advances in science, but lags behind in morality, goes backward rather than forward.” The philosopher’s words perfectly reflect the situation of current education, which is so in need of morality.
Selfishness, lack of compassion (according to B. Vasiliev)
It is impossible to imagine our world without a sympathetic, lively attitude towards each other. People are always in great need of someone's compassion and understanding. But, unfortunately, we don’t think about it so often.
In this text, B. Vasiliev raises the problem of selfishness and lack of compassion in some people. In my opinion, it is quite relevant. This moral issue forces the reader to think deeply about his own behavior. The author talks about children who, in order to create a museum, took the most precious thing from their mother - letters about their son who died at the front.
The position of the author of the text is clear. B. Vasiliev believes that people sometimes do not think at all about what pain their rash action can bring to others. So for the mother, after the letters were taken from her, the son “faded away, died, died a second time, and now forever.”
One cannot but agree with the author’s opinion that people can sometimes be very selfish and ruthless. Thinking only about personal gain, he commits cruel acts that bring grief to those around him.
This problem is reflected in I. Turgenev’s story “Mumu”. The janitor Gerasim picked up the puppy. He loved him very much, looked after him, fed him, took care of him. Mumu became the only joy in the life of the dumb janitor. But the lady did not like the puppy, and therefore Gerasim was forced to drown Mumu. It is impossible to convey in words his state after such an act. Because of the whim of the lady, he lost his only friend.
This problem was addressed by a literary critic and public figure D.S. Likhachev. In one of his letters, he says that in our time, unfortunately, there are more and more callous and soulless people, incapable of pity or compassion for others, who care only about themselves.
Thus, we come to the following conclusion: people should treat each other with understanding and compassion.
"Fathers and Sons" (according to M. Ageev)
Parents...Love...Care...Patience...What unites these concepts? What is the true meaning behind them? Why are we embarrassed by our parents and don’t appreciate their love and care? The author of the source text suggests thinking about these questions.
M. Ageev raises a problem that the greatest minds of the past have pondered and which remains relevant today. It can be described as the problem of “fathers and sons”.
What prevents us (children) from learning the true value of parental love? Why do we always strive to be away from them (parents) and become independent? After all, parents are the most dear and close people. They want to help us, but sometimes we rudely reject their help and don’t think about how much it hurts them. We (children) must remember that they gave us life! Then why are we embarrassed by our parents, how they dress, how they speak and what they do. After all, when they are not around, emptiness, sadness, and severe pain appear in the soul, which cannot be drowned out. We remember how we treated them with disrespect, how many insults we brought to them, although our parents never show how much it hurts them!
The author’s point of view on this problem, in my opinion, is absolutely clear: he believes that children often perceive only the external beauty of a person, without realizing the depth of their parents’ love and their spiritual generosity. It often happens that we don’t have the courage to admit to other people that the person you recently talked to is your dad or mom.
As for me, before I was often embarrassed by my mother, I didn’t like the way she dressed, the way she spoke, but now, gradually, with age, I understood a lot. Parents are everything to me. I live for them, and they live for us, the children. Therefore, no matter what parents do, they will always do it only for our sake, constantly forgetting about themselves.
Continuing to reflect on the issue raised, I would like to give arguments from fiction.
One such example is the comedy by D. I. Fonvizin “The Minor”. Despite the fact that Mrs. Prostakova is a rude, greedy landowner, she loves her only son Mitrofan and is ready to do anything for him. But the son turns away from her at the most tragic moment.
This example shows us that parents try to do everything for the benefit of their children. But children, unfortunately, cannot always appreciate and understand this.
The relationship between children and parents cannot be cloudless or ideal. But we must learn to mutual understanding.
The hero of the story by A. S. Pushkin “ Stationmaster“Samson Vyrin loves his daughter very much, but a passing hussar takes Dunya with him. The father, distraught with grief, becomes an alcoholic and dies, and Dunya appears only at his grave.
In conclusion, I would like to say that you need to take care of your parents, respect them and not cause them harm.
The fate of the book (book or Internet?) (according to S. Curius)
But only a book can awaken real feelings in the reader. But about feelings, all adjectives, I wrote below, maybe there’s no need to describe them there?
Book or Internet? What does modern society choose? What is the advantage of library information over computer information? What is the fate of the book? S. Kurii reflects on this in his article.
The author in this text raises the problem of the future of the Book.
This problem posed by S. Curie is very relevant in modern society. Television, computers, and the Internet, of course, make work easier in many ways, and they have their own advantages. But only a book can awaken real feelings in the reader.
The author’s position is obvious: the book will not die, but its printed format will certainly change to a computer one. A book is first and foremost a text, but the format in which it is presented does not matter to the essence of the book.
I completely agree with the author’s position that the book will not die. Unhurried reflection on the text, durability of paper, high-quality information - this is where a book surpasses a computer.
The facts that we encounter every day speak in favor of the author’s position. Let's remember how, as a child, my mother read a bedtime story. At this time we begin to get acquainted with the book. Thanks to her we can be transported to unexplored places, meet amazing characters, accomplish a feat. What feelings visited us? Only bright, joyful, carefree. Only a book can do this.
Humanity has achieved enormous success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But the strange thing is: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we going? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver driving his brand new car at breakneck speed. How pleasant it is to feel the speed, how pleasant it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Humanity is like this young driver who is rushing into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the bend.
Nowadays, a computer makes a person’s life more comfortable and convenient, but a book will always remain a “selfless and faithful friend.” One can blame the author for conservatism, but still there is a problem, and it is far from as simple as it might seem at first glance.
Can a computer and the Internet supplant books (according to K. Zhurenkov)
“Computer” and “Internet” are two words that we hear almost every day. These concepts have firmly entered our lives and become an integral part of our lives, without which now, in the 21st century, it is almost impossible to imagine human existence.
The Internet is a global network that has covered (a web that has enveloped) all spheres of human activity; in a matter of seconds, with its help, you can get the necessary information by simply pressing a key. With its speed and accessibility, the Internet has won many fans, who, unfortunately, have forgotten that this truly great achievement of civilization is by no means the only one. At one time, the same revolutionary breakthrough was the invention of a printing device, thanks to which people had the opportunity to read the great works of Russian and foreign classics. Turning page after page, readers had the opportunity not only to “touch” the heroes of brilliant works and live their lives, but also to penetrate into the consciousness of the creator himself, empathize and create with him.
The computer and the Internet appeared, and reading, accompanied by magical
touching the pages, gave way to exclusively visual perception
work of art from the monitor screen, often even in summary. It is the problem of the book being replaced by the computer and the Internet that the author of the source text addresses.
K. Zhurenkov discusses the pros and cons of the Internet, asserting its necessity as a reference tool. The author also considers its undoubted advantage email, which, in his opinion, is actively reviving the epistolary genre. In addition, Zhurenkov is confident that the Internet can be used to teach improvisation and composition, but nothing more.
The problem raised by the author of the text offered to us undoubtedly exists, it is by no means invented by him, and the author, of course, has his own point of view on it. He believes, not without reason, that the book, no matter what, will continue to exist, since it has undoubted advantages: firstly, paper is more durable, secondly, it does not require a power source, thirdly, viruses will not “eat it” and will not be erased by an inattentive user; fourthly, the book cannot freeze interesting place.
It is difficult to disagree with the author’s statements: he very thoroughly proves the advantages of the book, its materiality and stability.
Continuing to reflect on the issue raised, I would like to make other arguments in favor of books, and especially fiction.
In addition to the opportunity discussed above to come into contact with the characters and the author of a work through the pages, there is another aspect that advocates for paper media: by turning over the pages and looking at them, we imprint in our memory not only the text, but also the images that arise in our imagination in connection with each new leaf. The monitor does not allow you to manually turn the page, and therefore, tangible imagery, so important for memorizing and understanding artistic work, disappears.
works.
It is absolutely impossible not to mention the greater eye fatigue caused by even the most modern and advanced screen, which, in addition to harm to health, also reduces the level of perception of information from the computer and the Internet.
In conclusion, I would like to quote the author of the original text, who, in my opinion,
look, uses a truly ingenious comparison that simultaneously expresses the essence of the real problem and its solution: “It is one thing to have music completed and recorded on a tape or other medium, and quite another thing to consider jazz as improvisation that is not driven into boundaries.”
Book (according to Etoev)
Book...What is it for you? Good advisor or plain bound paper? For some, this is the world. And even life.
What is the significance of the book in the fate of a person? How the first books can influence the future life path? Etoev reflects on these pressing issues in his text.
The author states that “a person measures the steps of his heart by good books”, calls the latter a “point of convergence” for people. The publicist convinces readers that the book is “a real space of life.”
Of course, the author's position cannot be called detached. In Etoev’s words there is admiration for the book, he conveys great significance to it and reveals new facets of the problem of the meaning of a book in a person’s life.
It is difficult to disagree with the author's opinion. Indeed, books can influence a person’s worldview, character, and actions. They can unite people, and in childhood, books lay the foundations of morality and ethics.
In world and Russian literature there are many examples in which the problem given in the text is reflected - “The Golden Rose” by Paustovsky, “Childhood” by Gorky, “Jane Eyre” by Bronte, articles by Arakcheev, Astafiev, Genis... This series can be continued for a long time. But it's worth paying attention Special attention to one of Likhachev’s “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful”: the publicist tells how he and his family loved to read Leskov and Mamin-Sibiryak, and that the books of these authors influenced his further work.
In addition, it can be said that one book can influence the course of history. For example, Adolf Hitler grew up in a religious, believing family, but after reading the book “As Spoke Zarathustra” by Nietzsche, he changed his attitude towards the world towards Nazism and fascism.
Thus, the book is our teacher, mentor, our guiding star with which we walk through life. Our principles and beliefs depend on which book we choose as a reference book. That is why it plays an important role in our lives.
A. V. SEDLETSKY
INFLUENCE OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS ON MODERN SOCIETY: REGIONAL ASPECT
Key words: scientific and technological progress, acceleration of scientific and technological progress, post-industrial society, structural characteristics of society, technosphere, information Technology, anthropogenesis, technologization of life, cyborgization, cloning, biotechnology, posthuman world
Key words: scientific and technical progress, scientific and technical process acceleration, post-industrial society, society structural characteristics, technosphere, information technologies, anthropogenesis, life technification, cyborgisation, cloning, bio-technologies, post-human world
The history of human development is associated with the continuous process of people satisfying their needs and interests, which involves the creation and improvement of tools. The transition to technological development occurred thanks to the industrial revolution late XVIII V. and the scientific and technological revolution of the mid-20th century. V. I. Glazko
POLUTIN Sergey Viktorovich, Head of the Department of Sociology of the National Research Mordovian state university, doctor sociological sciences, Professor.
SEDLETSKY Alexander Viktorovich, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Management Financial University under the Government Russian Federation(Penza branch), Candidate of Sociological Sciences.
S. V. POLUTIN
and V.F. Cheshko note that “post-industrial science of the 21st century. - the greatest achievement of human intellect, capable of both leading humanity to new shining heights and destroying it. But how the course of events turns depends on the person, society, and not on science.”1 Scientific and technological progress has led to the fact that science and production began to develop in harmony. Technical devices help a person to conduct scientific research beyond the human senses. Science not only changed the sphere of production, but also influenced other areas of human activity2.
F. Fukuyama believes that the development of science and technology influences the structural characteristics of society3. For example, the Internet has contributed to the emergence of new social groups in society with their own subculture. Information technology systems are becoming an obligatory part of social reality. The Internet has changed not only the spatiotemporal characteristics of human life, but also human existence. E. Toffler formulated the problems of society that must be solved with the help of scientific and technological progress as follows: “Will we be able to create a person with a stomach like a cow’s, digesting grass and hay, as a result of which the solution to the food problem will be easier, since a person will switch to consumption lower links in the food chain? Will we be able to biologically modify workers to match the demands of the job, such as pilots with exponentially faster reaction times or assembly line workers with nervous systems adapted to perform repetitive tasks? Will we try to destroy the “inferior” peoples and create a “super race”? Will we clone soldiers to fight for us? Will we use genetic prediction to prevent the birth of a nonviable baby? Will we grow replacement organs for ourselves? Will each of us have, so to speak, a “salvation bank” full of spare kidneys, livers and lungs?
Having created the most powerful technology, man changed the rhythm and course of his life5. The progress of innovation has led to the emergence of the technosphere, which is needed
society to create comfortable living conditions in environment. A person influences self-development and self-regulation of the technosphere6. The technosphere, on the one hand, protects people from adverse conditions external environment, on the other hand, contributes to the strengthening of the environmental crisis. Some researchers believe that natural world will become artificial in the future. A person needs to preserve himself in a new extra-natural environment7.
Society is becoming more and more dependent on technology. Technology adapts to society, not to nature. The introduction of advanced technology requires fundamental changes in the qualifications and personality of the employee. Specialization increases the number of different professions. At the same time, technological innovations reduce the “lifetime” of any profession.
Technological progress makes many things more accessible to people and at the same time reduces their value. According to E. Toffler, “a person’s relationship with things is becoming increasingly temporary. Such a different approach expresses the main difference between the past and the future, between a society based on permanence and a new, rapidly emerging society based on fragility.”8
Technical devices make the worker’s work easier, but virtual reality created by computers changes communication between people and replaces natural communication with artificial one. Long-term connections give way to short-term ones. New information space, formed by the Internet, led to the emergence of cyberculture and changed the sphere of communication of society. A person gradually loses his individuality, loses control over himself. M. M. Kuznetsov believes that a person ceases to distinguish real world from those constructed by computer programs, and the harsh pressure of the media leads to the atrophy of a person’s worldview and his ability to independently use his own mind9.
Modern scientific developments use information technology. With the advent artificial intelligence Human cognitive functions are transferred to computers, which gradually replaces the living creative mind with a computer one. Rational machine solutions
began to differ significantly from humane, intuitive and emotional decisions of a person. A.I. Rakitov believes that anthropogenesis is influenced by the technologization of life, and comes to the conclusion that the era of cyborgization has arrived. New technologies, especially artificial intelligence technologies, contribute to a radical increase in the intellectual and physical capabilities of society. Cyborgization, i.e. the use of artificial organs, is gaining momentum. In the near future, it threatens to become one of the most important life extension technologies10.
Research is being conducted aimed at developing self-regulating artificial intelligence systems. Its development may ultimately lead to the fact that computers, rather than humans, will control decision-making. Prerequisites are emerging for the creation of increasingly advanced computer " nervous system” and the central “brain” that controls the machines.
According to Moore's law, parameters such as element density and microprocessor speed double every 18 months. Software that completely imitates human thinking will likely appear in the next decade. V. Pride believes that what will follow next will be a fully functional merging of human and machine intelligence11.
Society demonstrates humanism by preserving health and prolonging people's lives with the help of medicine. However, this disrupts the process natural selection. Around the end of the 19th century. A trend toward an increase in life expectancy at birth has emerged and is already stable. It manifested itself especially clearly in developed countries Europe, USA, Japan and China. Thus, according to the UN, on average in Europe from 1950 to 2005, life expectancy increased by more than 8 years: from 65.6 to 73.7 years.
There is not only an increase in the proportion of the elderly population in the age structure of society, but also a process of “population rejuvenation”. Thanks to the development of medicine, the population of developed countries remains healthy and young longer appearance, which leaves an imprint on many processes of a psychological, cultural, and social nature. Let us not forget that the real goal of scientists is
dealing with the issues of overcoming aging - not just increasing life expectancy, but extending the lifespan healthy life and youth. The time will come when society, due to unfavorable ecological environment will change significantly, and the life of society will be artificially supported by medical devices and medicines12. Many hereditary diseases are caused by gene mutations. In this regard, medicine began to use technologies aimed at improving the human gene pool and capable of influencing demographic processes, the health of the population, its mental and other abilities and, as a consequence, any processes in the functioning of civilization.
Cloning also opens up new opportunities for “replication” of the most successful individuals from a genetic point of view. Despite the fact that cloning of humans and primates is impossible with the existing technology developed for other mammals, sooner or later it will appear. The combination of this method with genetic engineering in the near future will make it possible to create people with certain qualities. Systematic work to improve the species will help maintain the optimal size of the new population.
But there are not only technical difficulties here, but also ideological, cultural and religious attitudes. L. Petrucci, who first began to grow embryos in laboratory capsules, stopped his experiments under pressure from the Vatican. Today, the Vatican is again calling for an end to human cloning research, and the US federal government is freezing funding for this research.
Capabilities human body develop and improve due to advances in medicine and biotechnology. Bioinnovative direction scientific research will subsequently lead to genetic modification of humans. From genetically modified bacteria, plants and animals, you can move on to artificially created biological systems and complex artificial organisms14.
When studying the human genome, prerequisites emerge for the possible treatment of many diseases. Negative consequence such studies is a loss of control over the negative results of intervention in change-
human development at the genetic level. The most serious threat posed by modern biotechnology is the possibility of changing human nature (the transition to the “post-human” phase of history).
There may be products of biotechnology that are equally obvious in the dangers they pose to humanity, such as new viruses or genetically modified foods. Like nuclear weapons or nanotechnology, they are the easiest to deal with, because in the future they can be regarded as a direct threat. In many cases, biotechnology involves side effects: prolongation of life, but with a decrease in mental abilities; drug therapy that blurs the line between what we achieve ourselves and what we achieve with the help of brain chemicals15.
F. Fukuyama points out that biotechnology in the future can transform the life of society based on three scenarios. The first involves the use of new drugs that can change people's temperament. He believes that it is possible to improve people's emotions, sensations and feelings. The second is based on advances in stem cell research, which make it possible to regenerate any body tissue and significantly increase human life expectancy. In the third scenario, rich people test embryos in a certain way before implantation and, in accordance with this, have optimal children for themselves16. One of the consequences of the development of biotechnology is modification social structure on the basis of intellectual development. Thus, based on access to changing the genetic properties of a person, the formation of both a “higher” and a “lower” class is possible17.
Purposeful highlighting of specific qualities of people, according to F. Fukuyama, can change the essence of a person. He believes that one of the main driving forces The historical process has been and remains the development of science and technology. It determines the horizons of the productive capabilities of the economy and the structural characteristics of society. For example, development Agriculture led to the emergence of huge hierarchical societies, in which it became much easier to introduce slavery than in the era of hunting
and gathering. E. Whitney invented the cotton gin, and early XIX V. Cotton became the main cash crop of the American South, which led to the “reanimation” of the institution of slavery there.
Development modern science had an impact on all societies where it occurred. Technology provides a military advantage to a country. Biotechnology and deeper understanding by science human brain will have significant social consequences: they rediscover the possibilities of social engineering, which societies that possessed twentieth-century technologies abandoned.18
Modern sociology has developed several methods for analyzing the structure of mentalities, which include content analysis - a study of the frequency of occurrence of stable lexical constructions. V. I. Glazko and V. F. Cheshko applied it to the Internet. The first part of the study concerned English-language sources on the Web. New technologies and social problems development of genetics.
Among the social problems of genetics, the relationship of genetics and gene technologies with religious and ethical teachings stands out. The issues of human rights and possible discrimination associated with obtaining information about the genetic constitution of an individual received the greatest resonance. The influence of genetic theories and technologies created on their basis causes more anxiety than positive emotions in terms of potential benefits19. Probably this fact reflects the general decline in the prestige of science in the eyes of modern people, who pay attention to the negative aspects of scientific and technological progress (in contrast to the public consciousness of the second half of the 19th century V.).
When studying Russian-language sites, the Rambler search engine was used, with which the topics of the sites were analyzed. The frequency of occurrence of the brand “dangerous knowledge” and its lexical association with various areas natural sciences. Research results show that genetics and gene technologies are not currently associated with a high degree of risk in the CIS. Number of sites that show an association with the dangers generated by scientific knowledge for these
terms, is significantly inferior to physics and chemistry. This also applies to the cloning of humans and higher animals. The noted patterns are determined by two factors - the dominance of physical and chemical technologies over biological ones and the lag in the rate of evolution of mentality from technological progress.
The greatest concern in society is the potential threat of genetic technologies to individual health, environmental and socio-political stability and security. What genetics and gene technology relate to, in terms of common man, to potentially dangerous things, is diagnosed quite clearly. In addition, two more features of the modern perception of the social aspects of genetics can be traced: the threat of using the achievements of this science to overcome the “inconsistency of available human material with the requirements modern technology and conditions of business activity" and "the production of people of predetermined types on a mass scale"; the need for “moral self-restraint of scientists and specialists who work in areas of knowledge that are potentially dangerous to humanity”20.
Forecasting social development is the subject of research by many scientists. F. Fukuyama notes that the posthuman world may turn out to be much more hierarchical and competitive than ours today. This could be a world where any concept of “universal humanity” will be lost, because we will mix human genes with the genes of so many species that we will no longer clearly understand who a person is21.
Thus, management innovation activities It will be rational when it is associated not with the extraction of immediate economic benefits, but with the development and improvement of social paradigms. Society must take responsibility for the consequences of technological progress in the name of man's constant desire for goodness, freedom and justice.
NOTES
1 Glazko V.I., Cheshko V.F. “Dangerous knowledge” in the “risk society” (age of genetics and biotechnology). Kharkov: Publishing House "INZHEK", 2007. P. 16.
2 See: Stepin B.S., Gorokhov V.G., Rozov M.A. Philosophy of science and technology: textbook. manual for universities. M., 1996. 400 p.
3 See: Fukuyama F. Our posthuman future: consequences of the biotechnological revolution. M., 2004. 349 p.
4 Toffler E. The Third Wave. M.: ACT, 1999. pp. 249-250.
5 See: Him. Future shock / trans. from English M.: ACT, 2002. P. 6.
in See: Gorokhov V.G. Scientific and technological progress // Globalistics: encyclical. M., 2003. P. 664.
7 See: Kutyrev V.A. Natural and artificial: the struggle of worlds. N. Novgorod, 1994. pp. 3-5.
8 Toffler E. Future shock... P. 125.
9 See: Kuznetsov M.M. Cyberculture // Globalistics: encyclical. M., 2003. pp. 435-437.
10 See: New technologies and the continuation of human evolution: a transhumanist project of the future / resp. ed. V. Pride, A.V. Korotaev. M.: Publishing house LKI, 2008. 320 p.
11 Ibid. pp. 85-87.
13 Ibid. P. 139.
14 Ibid. pp. 66-67.
15 See: Fukuyama F. Our posthuman future... P. 19-20.
17 Ibid. P. 31.
18 Ibid. P. 29.
19 See: Glazko V.I., Cheshko V.F. “Dangerous knowledge” in the “risk society” ... 544 p.
The interaction of scientific and technological progress processes and the development of economic relations form another of the central economic problems of a global scale. Scientific and technological progress has a complex and contradictory impact on global processes in modern conditions. On the one hand, scientific and technical progress and scientific progress are directly related to socio-economic progress. There is no doubt that their result was rapid economic growth based on increased social productivity and conservation of natural resources, increased internationalization of the world economy and the interdependence of the countries of the world. On the other hand, contradictions, including economic ones, are growing and deepening. Among them are the following:
growth of unsatisfied demand, as scientific and technological revolution stimulates new fast-acting needs;
negative consequences associated with unpredictable results of the introduction of certain achievements into production (pollution, accidents, catastrophes);
the adverse effects of the intensification of production and information on the human body;
underestimation of the importance of the human factor;
growth of moral and ethical problems (manipulation of heredity, computer crimes, total information control, etc.).
Finally, another important aspect of scientific and technological progress is its cyclical, uneven nature, which increases socio-economic problems. Periods arise when the deterioration of general economic conditions for reproduction (for example, rising prices for energy resources) slows down or postpones the receipt of the economic effect of scientific and technological development, switches it to the task of compensating for emerging structural limitations, thereby exacerbating social problems. The unevenness of economic development is increasing. International competition is intensifying, which leads to aggravation of foreign economic contradictions. Its consequences were the growth of protectionism, trade and currency wars in relations between developed countries.
Education and employment
The problem of the relationship between the world economy and the development of scientific and technical progress is closely related to the problem of education. In our time, education has become one of the most important aspects of human activity. Today it covers literally the entire society, and expenses on it are constantly increasing: in developed countries, from 5 to 8% of GNP are invested in this area. However, in countries with the lowest GNP per capita, illiteracy is extremely high and amounts to 80-88%. This situation is largely due to high population growth. As a result, it turns out that the sphere of education causes an inevitable, and constantly increasing gap between developing countries and developed ones, which is taking on a global character. The problem for underdeveloped countries remains “brain drain”, when the most qualified personnel seek to find work abroad. The reason is that personnel training does not always correspond to the real possibilities of their use in specific socio-economic conditions. African countries suffered the most from this. Between 1985 and 1990, Africa lost an estimated 60,000 middle and senior managers. In Ghana, 60% of the doctors trained in the early 1980s left the country. Latin America and the Caribbean has also lost a large share of its university graduates: in some countries, more than 20% of all graduates have chosen to immigrate. The largest exodus of skilled professionals, many of them scientists, is from Asia to the United States. Between 1972 and 1985, the four major exporting countries (India, the Philippines, China and the Republic of Korea) shipped more than 145,000 scientific workers in USA.
Since education is connected with a certain socio-cultural sphere, its problems enter into a complex interaction with all the problems of humanity: economic backwardness, population growth, safety of residence, etc.
The entry of developed capitalist countries into the last decade of the 20th century, for a number of reasons, was marked by the end of a long period of employment growth. A slowdown in economic development, a drop in production capacity utilization, a decrease in purchases of goods, an increase in oil prices due to events in the Persian Gulf region and a number of other factors caused a reduction in the need for additional labor and an increase in unemployment, which is called a “black spot” in the social economy. economic life.
Recently, the prevailing position in the West is that the so-called natural rate of unemployment is 4% of the country’s total working population. But since 1990, in OECD countries the unemployment rate has increased from 6.0 to 6.2%, including in the USA from 5.4 to 6%. And at the same time, the deterioration of the situation in the labor market could not completely negate the positive results achieved in Western European countries, where the unemployment rate decreased significantly - from 8.6 to 8.0%.
In the United States, for the first time in the post-crisis period, unemployment increased to more than 7 million people, a significant part of which are young people from 16 to 20 years old. But in France, unemployment has not lost its stagnant character and is declining extremely slowly. Unemployment is growing in all groups of the working-age population under 50 years of age, primarily due to young people under 30 years of age.
The consequence of the economic crisis in England has been significant changes in the labor market: since 2007, the trend toward rising unemployment has intensified; Thus, according to official data, the number of unemployed people is currently 1.9 million people, which is 6.5% of the country’s working population.
At the same time, there is a reduction in the supply of skilled labor in Western countries. The reason for this is demographic factors: a consequence of the low birth rate in the 70s and the “aging” of the population. In Western European countries in 2000, the influx of young people amounted to only 0.1% of the economically active composition of the labor market. The problem of selecting highly qualified specialists is especially acute: according to the US Employment Bureau, 1/3 of available vacancies are not filled for a long time due to the lack of such specialists. Therefore, the government of developed capitalist countries is developing special programs for the selection, hiring, training and retraining of the workforce, the use of various forms of temporary, flexible, part-time employment, stimulating the work activity of pensioners and revising views on the problem of immigration. The tightening of immigration rules in the 80s is being replaced by more liberal policies: for example, in 1990, the United States adopted new law, which increased the immigration quota from 540 to 750 thousand people. The United States determined in 1991 the level of immigration for former USSR in 1/3 million people. Similar sentiments are typical for EU countries. Japan stands apart: the unemployment rate is about 2% - this is the lowest among the major countries (except Switzerland). According to the Ministry of Labor, for every 5 applicants, the country now offers 4 jobs.
A specific situation has also developed in Germany: against the backdrop of a general rise in Germany, the economic situation in East Germany has worsened catastrophically, so extensive social programs are being developed here to mitigate the consequences of unemployment.
In countries with economies in transition, measures are being taken to create a public employment service, pay benefits, and vocational training and retraining of the unemployed. Unfortunately, many efforts are aimed only at solving the problem of employment and eliminating the surplus labor force. Active programs are needed aimed at increasing the level of employment, contributing to an increase in labor productivity, and the formation of a dynamic structure of the total labor force.
An active demographic policy must go beyond social protection, create all conditions for productive work, obtaining sufficient income, developing abilities and meeting needs.
During the transition to a market, the solution to acute social problems cannot be a state monopoly. Only the creation of an effective system for coordinating the interests of various social groups, mechanisms for resolving social conflicts, and the involvement of trade unions, entrepreneurs, and charitable organizations in it will make it possible to effectively solve problems of employment and social security of the population.