Since childhood, we have become accustomed to the fact that the water in the sea, unlike rivers, is salty. Even having never been to the sea, we already knew about it, because our parents and friends told us about it, we read about it in books.
Today, we take this fact for granted, and don’t really think about why the seas and oceans are salty. However, the time has come to consider this issue as part of the articles on our website, so that in the future it will no longer bother you.
Why is the water salty in the seas and oceans
As you know, water has great potential and power. This is most eloquently spoken of by various natural disasters caused by various tsunamis and hurricanes. Water can easily destroy many things, but it takes time, sometimes even very long.
The same destructive action of water does not stop before all kinds of mountains, rocks and other natural structures that store many different chemical elements, including those containing salt inside. During the existence of the earth, all kinds of water bodies present in the world's oceans destroyed and dissolved many objects that could saturate the water with salts. However, the question arises as to why the oceans and seas are always salty, while rivers, unlike them, are not.
And here it is necessary to recall such a concept as the water cycle in nature. We remember from the school bench that water is constantly moving through the biosphere of our planet. However, now, using the example of this phenomenon, it is necessary to track the movement of salts, which, according to the most plausible and rational theories, has been going on since ancient times as follows:
- Rivers on their way honed stones, rocks, dissolved all possible minerals and other substances, absorbing salt from them.
- The water from the rivers flowed along its course to the place where it flowed into the seas.
- The seas and oceans were saturated with salt water from the rivers.
Of course, the water cycle also has a further effect - evaporation, which occurs both in rivers and in the seas, as well as in the oceans. However, it is important to understand that in the process of evaporation, water goes into the clouds, and the salt with which it was saturated remains in the seas and oceans. The cyclic repetition of this process, which took place for more than one millennium, has led to the fact that today the seas and oceans consist of salt water.
As for the rivers, they continue to destroy all kinds of minerals and carry salt into the oceans, but the salt content in fresh water is so low that it is almost impossible for a person to feel it.
Cancer cells develop from healthy parts of the body. They do not penetrate tissues and organs from the outside, but are part of them.
Under the influence of factors that have not been fully studied, malignant formations stop responding to signals and begin to behave differently. Changes and appearance cells.
A malignant tumor is formed from a single cell that has become cancerous. This happens because of the modifications that occur in the genes. Most malignant particles have 60 or more mutations.
Before the final transformation into a cancer cell, it goes through a series of transformations. As a result, some of the pathological cells die, but a few survive and become oncological.
When a normal cell mutates, it goes into the stage of hyperplasia, then atypical hyperplasia, turns into carcinoma. Over time, it becomes invasive, that is, it moves through the body.
What is a healthy particle
It is generally accepted that cells are the first step in the organization of all living organisms. They are responsible for ensuring all vital functions, such as growth, metabolism, the transfer of biological information. In the literature, they are called somatic, that is, those that make up the entire human body, except for those that take part in sexual reproduction.
The particles that make up a person are very diverse. However, they share a number of common features. All healthy elements go through the same stages of their development. life path. It all starts at birth, then there is a process of maturation and functioning. It ends with the death of the particle as a result of the triggering of the genetic mechanism.
The process of self-destruction is called apoptosis, it occurs without disturbing the viability of surrounding tissues and inflammatory reactions.
During their life cycle, healthy particles divide a certain number of times, that is, they begin to reproduce only if there is a need. This happens after receiving a signal to divide. There is no division limit in sex and stem cells, lymphocytes.
Five interesting facts
Malignant particles are formed from healthy tissues. In the process of their development, they begin to differ significantly from ordinary cells.
Scientists managed to identify the main features of oncoforming particles:
- Infinitely divided- the pathological cell doubles and increases in size all the time. Over time, this leads to the formation of a tumor consisting of huge number copies of the oncological particle.
- Cells separate from each other and exist autonomously- they lose molecular bond each other and cease to stick together. This leads to the movement of malignant elements throughout the body and their deposition on various organs.
- Cannot manage its life cycle- The p53 protein is responsible for cell repair. In most cancer cells, this protein is defective, so the life cycle is not well managed. Experts call such a defect immortality.
- Lack of development- malignant elements lose their signal with the body and are engaged in endless division, not having time to mature. Because of this, they form multiple gene errors that affect their functional abilities.
- Each cell has different external parameters- pathological elements are formed from various healthy parts of the body, which have their own characteristics in appearance. Therefore, they differ in size and shape.
There are malignant elements that do not form a lump, but accumulate in the blood. An example is leukemia. When dividing, cancer cells get more and more errors.. This leads to the fact that subsequent elements of the tumor may be completely different from the initial pathological particle.
Many experts believe that oncological particles begin to move inside the body immediately after the formation of a neoplasm. To do this, they use the blood and lymphatic vessels. Most of them die as a result of work immune system, but units survive and settle on healthy tissues.
All detailed information about cancer cells in this scientific lecture:
The structure of the malignant particle
Violations in the genes lead not only to changes in the functioning of cells, but also to the disorganization of their structure. They change in size internal structure, the form of a complete set of chromosomes. These visible disturbances allow specialists to distinguish them from healthy particles. Examining cells under a microscope can diagnose cancer.
Core
There are tens of thousands of genes in the nucleus. They direct the functioning of the cell, dictating its behavior to it. Most often, the nuclei are located in the central part, but in some cases they can be displaced to one side of the membrane.
In cancer cells, the nuclei differ most of all, they become larger, acquire a spongy structure. The nuclei have depressed segments, indented membrane, enlarged and distorted nucleoli.
Proteins
Protein Challenge in performing the basic functions that are necessary to maintain the viability of the cell. They transport nutrients to it, convert them into energy, transmit information about changes in the external environment. Some proteins are enzymes whose task is to convert unused substances into necessary products.
In a cancer cell, proteins are modified, they lose the ability to do their job correctly. Errors affect enzymes and the life cycle of the particle is changed.
Mitochondria
The part of the cell in which products such as proteins, sugars, lipids are converted into energy is called the mitochondria. This conversion uses oxygen. As a result, toxic waste products such as free radicals are formed. It is believed that they can start the process of turning a cell into a cancer cell.
plasma membrane
All elements of the particle are surrounded by a wall made of lipids and proteins. The task of the membrane is to keep all of them in their places. In addition, it blocks the way to those substances that should not enter the cell from the body.
Special proteins of the membrane, which are its receptors, perform important function. They transmit coded messages to the cell, according to which it reacts to changes in the environment..
Misreading the genes leads to changes in the production of receptors. Because of this, the particle does not know about changes in external environment and begins to lead an autonomous way of existence. This behavior leads to cancer.
Malignant particles of various organs
Cancer cells can be recognized by their shape. Not only do they behave differently, but they also look different than normal.
Scientists from Clarkson University conducted research, as a result of which they came to the conclusion that healthy and pathological particles differ in geometric outlines. For example, malignant cervical cancer cells have a higher degree of fractality.
Fractal are called geometric figures, which are made up of similar parts. Each of them looks like a copy of the whole figure.
Scientists were able to obtain an image of cancer cells using an atomic force microscope. The device made it possible to obtain a three-dimensional map of the surface of the particle under study.
Scientists continue to study the changes in fractality during the process of transforming normal particles into oncological ones.
Lungs' cancer
Lung pathology is non-small cell and small cell. In the first case, tumor particles divide slowly, in the later stages they are pinched off from the maternal focus and move through the body due to the lymph flow.
In the second case, the neoplasm particles are small in size and tend to rapidly divide. In a month, the number of cancer particles doubles. Elements of the tumor are able to spread both to the organs and to the bone tissues.
The cell has irregular shape with rounded areas. On the surface, multiple growths of different structures are visible. The color of the cell is beige at the edges, and becomes red towards the middle.
breast cancer
Oncoformation in the breast may consist of particles that have been transformed from components such as connective and glandular tissue, ducts. The elements of the tumor themselves can be large and small. With highly differentiated pathology of the breast, the particles differ in nuclei of the same size.
The cell has a rounded shape, its surface is loose and inhomogeneous. Long straight processes protrude from it in all directions. At the edges, the color of the cancer cell is lighter and brighter, while inside it is darker and more saturated.
Skin cancer
Skin cancer is most often associated with the transformation into a malignant form of melanocytes. Cells are located in the skin in any part of the body. Specialists often associate these pathological changes with prolonged exposure to the open sun or in a solarium. Ultraviolet radiation contributes to the mutation of healthy elements of the skin.
Cancer cells develop on the surface of the skin for a long time. In some cases, pathological particles behave more aggressively, quickly growing deep into the skin.
Cancer cell has a rounded shape, over the entire surface of which multiple villi are visible. Their color is lighter than that of the membrane.
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It's hard to even imagine that a human body can look like this...
First seen on the pages school textbook in anatomy, what organs the human body consists of, each of us has made a small or big discovery for himself. And certainly, since then, no one else has been taken lightly to their “well-coordinated mechanism”, where even the smallest detail is important ...
But it seems that the time has come to make a new step in self-knowledge and look even deeper - into a microscope!
Get ready, we found 23 images of human organs taken using electron microscopy, from which everything inside you will “turn over”!
1. You won't believe it, but this is what your eye looks like when you get as close as possible!
2. And like this - the base of the nail, which you are now tapping on the keyboard ...
3. Are you breathing calmly? So it's thanks to the cells of the lungs!
4. And this is how lung cells look even closer!
6. Well, if you are now dizzy, then be sure that the balancing stones in the inner ear may well be the reason for this!
7. Incredible moment - this is what an artery and blood look like!
8. And you, too, were haunted by these red blood cells, which they talked about in class? So look at them...
9. Calmness, only calmness - it's just a blood clot!
10. Another unique shot - red blood cells come out of a broken capillary.
11. Well, it's time to see how the "critical days" begin!
12. And this is what fat cells look like after you went on a diet and lost a couple of kg!
13. And if you suddenly doubt whether to treat the split ends of the hair or not, then look how bad they are at this moment ...
14. And this is how our hair looks at the root!
15. And after this photo, you will no longer go to bed until you remove your eye makeup - these are our cilia!
16. Want to show your tongue? And today you cleaned it during the morning procedures?
17. By the way, sweat on the surface from the pores looks almost as disgusting as it “smells” ...
18. And this is the gastric mucosa. But you certainly imagined it quite differently!
19. Haven't bought a hand cream for a long time? But in vain - the fingertips definitely need it!
20. Well, it's time to finally find out what it looks like at the maximum approximation ... sperm!
21. And this is how it looks in the seminal canals? Suddenly?
22. And this is how each of us was on the sixth day of life in the womb! Isn't that happiness?
23. But happiness from the closest distance looks exactly like this - crystals of the hormone serotonin!
Subject : The study of the structure of cells and body tissues under a microscope .
1. To study the cell and tissues of the human body. 2. Develop skills of observation, comparison, working with a microscope.
3. Education of a culture of behavior.
Method: visual, verbal, practical.
Lesson type: Combined.
Equipment: Microscopes, prepared slides.
During the classes:
1.org moment.
2. Control homework.
Test check.(1-5)
Checking the execution of the table in the notebook. Page: 28.
3.Study new topic.
Laboratory work № 1.
.
Purpose: Acquaintance with the structure of the cell and tissues of the human body under a microscope.
Operating procedure:
1. Consider finished preparations of the structure of cells of different tissues. Find structural elements (membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus)
2 Draw the examined cells indicating the organelles seen under the microscope.
3. Examine tissue under a microscope:
A) striated muscle
b) striated cardiac;
B) smooth muscle
D) epithelial (various epithelium)
D) bone.
E) nervous.
Draw conclusions:
1. What are the similarities and differences in the structure of these tissues.
2. Locate the structural parts of these tissues.
3. Determine whether the cells are located in the same way in the tissues?
4. Draw the examined fabrics. Sign them. Compare with the pattern in the textbook.
Complete the table in your notebook.
Fabrics and their functions
Fabric name
structure
Location in the body
striated
Smooth muscle
Connective
epithelial
Homework: §7 and 8.
Grade 8 performs laboratory work No. 1.
Topic: Pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads.
1. To study the function of mixed glands.
2. Develop knowledge in the field of physiology.
Lesson type: Combined.
Equipment. Tables.
During the classes:
1.org moment.
2. Homework control.
Performing exercises No. 1-No. 3.
3. Studying a new topic.
Pancreas:
1. Structure: head, body, tail.
2.Function: forms digestive juice with enzymes.
(external secretory function)
intrasecretory cells produce the hormones insulin and glucagon that regulate carbohydrate metabolism.
adrenal glands
1.building
2.function.
sex glands:
1.Building
2.Function.
4. Fixing.
Working with terms.
5. Evaluation.
:.Homework.§12-13.
Subject: Structure and functions nervous system.
1. Study the structure of a neuron
2. Develop interest in anatomy and physiology.
Lesson type: Combined.
Equipment: Table.
During the classes:
1.org moment.
2. Homework control.
Execution of the table p.43. Poll on ZhVS.
3. Studying a new topic.
Neuron
2. Dendrites
4. Receptors.
At the junctions of dendrites, synapses.
Transmission of signals through synapses is carried out with the help of neurotransmitters.
4. Fixing.
Reading text.
Draw a neuron from memory.
5. Evaluation.
6. Homework. §14.
Subject : Reflex. Reflex arc.
1. To study the function of the reflex arc using the knee jerk as an example.
2. Develop observation, attentiveness.
3. Education of industriousness.
Method: verbal, visual, practical.
Lesson type: Combined.
Equipment:
Rubber mallet.
During the classes:
1.org moment.
2. Homework control.
Draw and indicate parts of a neuron.
3. Studying a new topic.
Reflex is the body's response to irritation.
The reflex arc is the path along which the nerve impulse travels.
Sensory receptors conduct impulses to the nervous system. in a centripetal way.
Motor receptors respond to the reflex.
By centrifugal way.
4. Fixing.
Lab #2
"Knee Reflex Study"
Draw a reflex arc. Highlight parts with colored markers.
The work is carried out according to the plan, and submitted for verification.
5. Homework: §14.
Lesson number 14.
Subject : The structure and function of the spinal cord.
1. Study the structure of the spinal cord.
2. Develop research skills.
3. Education of scientific outlook.
Method: Verbal, visual, practical.
Lesson type: Combined.
Equipment: tables. Diagram of the spinal cord.
During the classes:
1.org moment.
2. Homework control.
Specify the parts of the knee jerk. Fill in the table. Poll on questions.
3. Studying a new topic.
Nervous system
Central peripheral.
The structure of the spinal cord.
The brain is located in the nutria of the spinal column. A cord with a diameter of 1 cm is white. The spinal cord consists of white and gray matter. (Find the characteristic in the text)
The spinal cord consists of 31 segments. The anterior and posterior roots form mixed nerves.
The anterior make up the motor fibers;
The rear homies make up the sensitive fibers.
Spinal Cord Function:
1.Reflex
2. Conductor.
4. Fixing.
Fill in the table.
5. Homework: §15.
Lesson number 15.
Subject: The structure and functions of the brain. Large hemispheres, hygiene of the nervous system.
1 To study the main parts of the brain and their function.
2. Develop knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the body.
3. Education of scientific outlook.
Method: verbal, visual, practical.
Lesson type: combined.
Equipment: tables, layout.
During the classes:
1.org moment.
2. Homework control:
Checking the filling of tables. pp. 49-50.
Run exercise No. 1. and No. 2 in workbook.
Exploring a new topic .
1. Brain
Structure function
medulla oblongata sucking, swallowing, coughing, sneezing.
The bridge connects the oblong with the middle
Midbrain reaction to light, sound, muscle tone
diencephalon conducts impulses to the cortex B.P. ,walking,
Swimming, regulates the exchange of v-in, needs
Leaning water and food.
Cerebellum movement coordination.
2. Large hemispheres:
Structure function
Formed by gray bark.; In the left p.sh. in right-handers, and in the right of the lion
Area 2200-2500cm 3 necks - auditory and motor center of speech
Furrows: large divided into: and letters;
The frontal and parietal are the deepest; Right p.sh. figurative thinking, musical creativity,
Occipital, temporal,
Formed by the white in-tion;
Sensory areas are located
(sensitive)
Temporal - auditory;
Olfactory and gustatory - on the border
Parietal and temporal;
3. Hygiene of the nervous system:
School hygiene; Alcohol,
Their effect on the nervous system?
4. Fixing.
Work with text §16.17.Workbook. Exercise No. 1, No. 2.
5. Evaluation.
6. Homework §16 -17..
Lesson number 1. 3.09.12
Subject : Introduction. Goals and objectives of the subject.
“The health of the people is above all,
The riches of the earth will not replace him.
Health can not be bought, no one will sell.
Take care of him like a heart, like an eye.
1. Bring to students the goals and objectives of the subject ..
2. Develop knowledge of human anatomy and physiology.
3. Education of occupational health.
Method: verbal, visual, practical.
Lesson Type: Introductory.
Equipment. Tables.layouts.
During the classes:
1.org moment.
2. Homework control.
Test check. (Zero slice of knowledge)
3. Studying a new topic.
1. Acquaintance with the structure of the textbook.
Designing laboratory notebooks
Reading the introductory part.
4. Fixing. Task number 1. Name the sciences that study the structure and functions of the human body.
1….. 3………
2…… 4………. 5………..
5. Homework: §1.
Lesson No. 2 7. 09.12.
Subject : Methods for studying the structure and functions of the body.
1. Study what anatomy and physiology studies ..
2. Develop the concepts of anatomy and physiology.
Method: Verbal, visual, practical.
Lesson Type: Educational.
Equipment.
During the classes.
1.org moment.
2. Homework control.
Which treatise wrote Charles Darwin and what is its significance.
What branches of science does a person study?
What are the goals and objectives of humanism?
3. Studying a new topic.
The class is divided into two teams.
1 team.
Task number 1. What does anatomy study?
No. 2. What techniques and methods does anatomy use in the study of a person?
2.team.
Task number 1. What does physiology study?
No. 2. What techniques and methods does physiology use in the study of man?
Homework: §2.
Lesson number 3. 10.09.12
Topic: Cellular structure of the human body.
1. To study the types of cell shapes, sizes and composition of cells.
2. Develop an understanding of cell diversity.
3. Education of scientific outlook.
Method: verbal, visual, practical.
Lesson type: educational.
Equipment. Tables.
During the classes.
1.org moment.
2. Homework control.
What methods and techniques are used in the study physiological processes?
(microscope, kymograph, electromagnetic tuning fork. Electrocardiograph..).
What help do you use chemical methods physiology?
3. Learning a new topic:
1. Reading a paragraph with notes.
What do I know.
What did you find out.
I want to know.
4. Fixing.
What are the types of cells in the human body?
What is the role of the kernel?
How do you understand the expression of a pore in a membrane?
5.Homework§3
Lesson number 4. 09/14/12
Subject : Cell organelles, chemical composition cells.
1. to study organelles and their chem. compound.
2. To develop knowledge in the field of cytology.
3. Education of scientific outlook.
Method: verbal, visual, practical.
Equipment. Table. electronic textbook.
During the classes:
1.org moment.
2 Control of homework.
What is the structure of a cell?
How is the plasma membrane different from the cell wall?
What causes the acceleration and deceleration of the movement of the cytoplasm?
3. Studying a new topic.
cell organelles.
Using the poster, list the organelles of the cell.
EPS - Smooth and rough;
Ribosomes;
Mitochondria;
Lysosomes;
Golgi apparatus;
Centrioles.
Differences between plant and animal cells.:
Animals have centrioles; Plants have plastids
In vegetable there is cellulose;
There are large vacuoles.
Vital properties of the cell:
1. Metabolism;
Irritability;
Growth and development;
Reproduction.
4. Fixing.
Exercise number 2. Set a match.
Add suggestions.
The main structural and functional element of our body is .... (cell)
There is a nucleus in every cell, except ...... (erythrocytes)
5. Evaluation.
6. Homework: §4.
Lesson number 5. 09/17/12
Subject : The study of the structure of cells and tissues of the human body under a microscope.
1. Using laboratory work to study the structure of the cell.
2. Develop skills to observe and compare.
3. Education of scientific outlook.
Method: verbal, visual, practical.
Lesson type: combined.
During the classes:
1.org moment.
2. Homework control.
Check exercise number 2; No. 3.
Survey on questions. (Levels A, B, C)
3. Studying a new topic.
Laboratory work number 1.
The study of the structure of cells and tissues of the human body under a microscope.
Complete the table in your notebook.
Fabric name
Structure
location in the body.
striated
Smooth muscle
Connective.
epithelial,
Draw the considered fabrics.
4. Evaluation.
5.Home building§§7.8.
Lesson number 6. 09/21/12
Subject: Human body tissues, properties and functions.
1. to study human tissues.
3. Education of scientific outlook.
Method: verbal, visual, practical.
Lesson Type: Educational.
During the classes:
1.org moment.
2. Homework control.
Retell the work done.
3. Studying a new topic.
Epithelial. Connective Muscular. Nervous.
4. Fixing.
Exercise number 3. Distribute the signs and functions of tissues in the appropriate squares, first write the names of the tissues.
fabrics
epithelial
connective
muscular
5. Evaluation.
6. Homework. §8.
Lesson number 7. 09/24/12
Subject: Organs and organ systems.
1. To study the systems of organs and the organs that form them.
2. Develop skills to memorize drawings.
3. Education of scientific outlook.
Method: Verbal, visual, practical.
Lesson Type6
Combined.
During the classes.
1.org moment.
2. Homework.
Check Exercise No. 1 - No. 3.
Poll for questions.
3. Studying a new topic.
Using figure No. 14 of the textbook for memorization and Exercise No. 3 in the workbook for consolidation.
Repeat On the board a cluster of systems..
4. Evaluation.
5. Homework: § 9. Exercise No. 1-No. 3.
Lesson number 8. 09/28/12
Subject : The integrity of the human body.
1. To study the function of homeostasis.
2. Develop knowledge of cytology.
3. Education of labor discipline.
Method: Verbal, visual, practical.
Lesson Type: Educational.
Equipment.
During the classes:
1.org moment.
2. Homework control.
Name the organs of the respiratory system?
Task No. 1. Add suggestions.
The liver belongs to the (digestive) ... system.
The heart belongs to the (circulatory) system.
The paired organs that make urine are called the kidneys.
The excretory system includes (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder)
3. Learning a new topic.
The integrity of the human body is formed by: blood, lymph, intercellular fluid.
Reading with notes.
Fill the table.
I want to know.
4. Fixing.
5. Homework: §10.
Lesson number 9. 01.10.12
Subject: Endocrine glands. Hormones. Pituitary.
1. To study the significance of the endocrine glands.
2. Develop an interest in biology.
3. Education of scientific outlook.
Method: verbal, visual, practical.
Lesson type, Combined.
Equipment: Tables, ZhVS.
During the classes.
1.org moment.
2. Homework control.
What is homeostasis disrupted?
3. Studying a new topic.
Humoral regulation of the body is carried out by biologically active substances.
The pituitary gland produces hormones.
In the body, the glands are divided into three groups.
1. Glands of internal secretion 2. Glands of mixed secretion.
3. Glands of external secretion.
The class is divided into three groups. Complete assignments and prepare presentations. .
4. Fixing.
Pituitary
Structure function.
5. Evaluation.
6. Homework: § 11
Lesson number 10. 0 8.10.12
Topic: Thyroid, parathyroid gland.
1. To study the structure and function of the glands.
2. Develop cognitive interest.
3. Education of the scientific worldview.
Method: Verbal, visual, practical.
Lesson type: educational.
Equipment. Table.
During the classes:
1.org moment.
2. Homework control.
Exercise No. 1- No. 4.
3. Studying a new topic.
Thyroid
Structure function
Epithelial body
Structure function.
4. Evaluation.
6. Homework: §12.
Lesson number 16.
Topic: Autonomic nervous system and its divisions.
1. Study the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
2. Develop skills in working with a textbook.
3. Education of labor discipline.
Method: Verbal, visual, practical. Lesson Type: Educational. Equipment: Table.
During the classes:
1.org moment.
2. Homework control.
Fill the table.
Functions of the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex big brain.
The name of the zone.
Its functions
1. Zone of visual perceptions.
2. Hearing zone.
3. Centers of smell and taste.
4. Zones of skin and muscle sensitivity.
5. motor zone.
6. Associative zones.
3. Studying a new topic.
vegetative system.
sympathetic Parasympathetic.
(Using tutorial create a cluster).
1.increases blood pressure
2.dilates pupils
3. enhances heat dissipation.
4. speeds up the heartbeat.
5. inhibits the activity of the zh.k.t.
6relaxes smooth muscle tissue Bladder.
4. Fixing.
Remember! The autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic and parasympathetic division.
5. Evaluation.
6.Homework: §18.table.
Topic: Sense organs and their meaning.
1. Study the function of the analyzers.
2. Develop observation.
3. Education of labor discipline.
Method: verbal, visual, practical.
Lesson type: Combined.
Equipment: table.
Lesson progress 6
1.org moment.
2. Homework control.
Fill in the table.
Functions of the divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Organs and systems
Actions of the sympathetic department
Actions of the parasympathetic division
Blood vessels
Digestive system
urinary system
3. Studying a new topic.
Sense Organs: Analyzers: Visual
Auditory
Touch
Smell
4. Fixing.
1. Reading a paragraph.
2. Work with the table.
Set a match.
1.Receptor
2. Sensitive nerves.
3. Zones of the cerebral cortex
A) transmission of impulse to the working body.
C) the perception of irritation.
C) transmission of excitation from receptors.
D) excitation transfer
D) the formation of sensations.
5. Evaluation.
6. Homework: §19.
Almost all of the images presented here were taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The beam of electrons emitted by such a device interacts with the atoms of the desired object, resulting in 3D images of the highest resolution. A magnification of 250,000 times allows you to see details of 1-5 nanometers in size (that is, billionths of a meter).
Max Knoll obtained the first SEM image in 1935, and already in 1965 the Cambridge Tool Company offered its Stereoscan to DuPont. Now such devices are widely used in research centers.
The images below will take you on a journey through your body, from your head to your intestines and pelvic organs. You'll see what normal cells look like and what happens to them when cancer strikes them, and you'll also get a visual representation of how, say, the first meeting of an egg and sperm occurs.
Here is depicted, one might say, the basis of your blood - red blood cells (RBC). These pretty biconcave cells are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Usually in one cubic millimeter of blood there are 4-5 million such cells in women and 5-6 million in men. People living in the highlands, where there is a lack of oxygen, have even more red cells.
To avoid this kind of hair splitting that is invisible to the ordinary eye, you need to cut your hair regularly and use good shampoos and conditioners.
Of the 100 billion neurons in your brain, Purkinje cells are among the largest. Among other things, they are responsible in the cerebellar cortex for motor coordination. They are detrimental to alcohol or lithium poisoning, as well as autoimmune diseases, genetic abnormalities (including autism), as well as neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, etc.).
This is what stereocilia look like, that is, the sensitive elements of the vestibular apparatus inside your ear. catching sound vibrations, they control the response mechanical movements and actions.
Shown here are retinal blood vessels emerging from a black-stained optic disc. This disk is a "blind spot" because there are no light receptors in this area of the retina.
There are about 10,000 taste buds on the human tongue, which help to determine the taste of salty, sour, bitter, sweet and spicy.
In order to avoid such layers similar to non-threshed spikelets on the teeth, it is advisable to brush your teeth more often.
Remember how beautiful healthy red blood cells looked. Now look at what they become in the web of a deadly blood clot. In the very center is a white blood cell (leukocyte).
Here is a view of your lung from the inside. Empty cavities are alveoli where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide.
And now take a look at how the lungs deformed by cancer differ from healthy ones in the previous picture.
The villi of the small intestine increase its area, which contributes to better absorption of food. These are outgrowths of irregular cylindrical shape up to 1.2 mm high. The basis of the villi is loose connective tissue. In the center, like a rod, there is a wide lymphatic capillary, or milky sinus, and on the sides of it there are blood vessels and capillaries. Through the lactiferous sinus, fats enter the lymph, and then into the blood, and proteins and carbohydrates enter the bloodstream through the blood capillaries of the villi. On closer examination, you can see food residues in the grooves.
Here you see a human egg. The egg is covered with a glycoprotein coat (zona pellicuda), which not only protects it, but also helps to capture and hold the sperm. Two coronal cells are attached to the shell.
The picture captures the moment when several spermatozoa are trying to fertilize the egg.
It looks like a war of the worlds, but in fact, you have an egg in front of you 5 days after fertilization. Some spermatozoa are still held on its surface. The image was taken using a confocal (confocal) microscope. The egg and sperm nuclei are purple, while the sperm flagella are green. The blue areas are nexuses, intercellular gap junctions that communicate between cells.
You are present at the beginning of a new life cycle. A six-day-old human embryo is implanted in the endometrium, the lining of the uterine cavity. We wish him good luck!