Stationery and speech stamps. When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, special attention should be paid to words. What is clerical

13.10.2019

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Introduction

clericalism speech stamp

An important part of literary activity is stylistics. Even the most interesting literary work can repel the reader with a poor style of presentation. One of the types of stylistic "deformities" is the stationery. What does he represent?

In the age of bureaucracy and business communication, many are "infected" with the official style of speech, and they use it under the most inappropriate circumstances. Remember your friends. People who try to appear more serious resort to business speech and technical terms, often of foreign origin.

Such a defect of speech is called chancellery. This term was introduced by K. I. Chukovsky. Few people know that he was not only a brilliant writer, but also an equally gifted linguist. Like a true philologist, he loved native language and tried to identify speech diseases in order to be able to cure them.

As you can understand, office work is an inappropriate and incorrect use of business speech, the use of speech stamps of the official language. So, often we hear phrases like "I made a guess" instead of a simple phrase "I guessed." People often replace Russian words with foreign ones, for example "electorate" instead of "voters".

All this complicates speech, makes it ugly and angular. The use of bureaucratic tongue-tied tongue is often found in journalism and even in contemporary literature. Being poorly oriented in literary speech, people use clichés of business communication. It dries up speech, distracts from the meaning of what is written.

In view of this, the topic of our study was "The problem of the clerk in modern public speech".

The fundamental problem of our study was the use of stationery in journalism, public speaking, both orally and in writing, regarding the status and features of which there is still no consensus.

The purpose of the study is to study the problem of office work in modern speech.

The object of research is the concept of office worker.

The subject of the research is the use of clerk in public speech.

The purpose of the study is to determine the specifics of the use of stationery in modern speech.

To achieve the goal of our study, we set the following tasks:

Consider the history of the study of office work and office work;

Explore the features of speech stamps and clericalism;

Conduct a practical analysis of the use of clericalism in public speech.

Research structure. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters - theoretical and practical, conclusion, list of references.

Chapter 1

1.1 Problems of the study of clericalism

Many people think that literary language is the language of fiction. However, this understanding of the term is incorrect.

Literary language is the language of culture; it is the language of cultured people. The modern Russian literary language fulfills both of these purposes. But this is not always the case. For example, in the XVII century. in Russia, the language of written culture was mainly Church Slavonic, and the living language of cultured people, the means of their everyday communication, was Russian.

Works of art are created in the Russian literary language and scientific works, is the language of theater, school, newspapers and magazines, radio and television. At the same time, it is spoken in the family, at work, among friends, in public places. The fact that the same language performs both functions enriches the culture; it is built with the help of a lively, dynamic means of communication, capable of conveying the newest, newly emerging meanings, and conveys their very dynamics, helps them to arise and form. And everyday speech benefits from this: the very everyday communication between people becomes a phenomenon of a nationwide culture. Literary language is lovingly protected from everything that can harm it.

In different eras, the dangers that threaten the language are different. In the 20s and 90s of the twentieth century, this was an influx of borrowed words (moreover, borrowed without need), slang vocabulary, vernacular, i.e. non-normative, phenomena in the field of pronunciation and grammar.

In the 30s of the twentieth century, many cultural figures fought against the excessive influence of dialects on the literary language, against the influx of jargon. Maxim Gorky wrote: “The speech whims of our country are very diverse. The task of serious writers is to weed out, to select from this chaos the most accurate, capacious, sonorous words, and not to get carried away with rubbish like such meaningless words as yelling, basing, shrinking and etc." This danger was overcome in the 1930s precisely because writers, teachers, journalists, and scientists fought against it.

In our time, one of the dangers for literary speech (and, in the end, for language) is the influence of book stamps, especially stamps of official business style, on everyday, journalistic, even artistic speech. K.I. was the first to speak about this danger, about the spread of "clerical material". Chukovsky.

In many works of the Soviet and post-Soviet period, chancellery is understood as "Soviet language", "totalitarian language", "newspeak". These studies draw a parallel between the spread of clerical speech beyond the official business style and the ideology of the Soviet state. In other works, chancellery is studied in an orthological aspect. It is interpreted as the use of business style language tools in inappropriate communication conditions. In this aspect, the spread of chancery can be explained by the development literary language mass culture and the dominance in society of incompletely functional and average literary types of speech culture, distinctive feature which is “possession, in addition to colloquial speech, of only one - a maximum of two functional styles» .

Thus, there are two understandings of the clerk. In the first case, it is considered in the historical and cultural terms, in the second - as an aspect of the culture of speech.

The problem of the functioning of the clerk in the conditions of the modern speech situation remains relevant. According to some scientists, the cliches of official speech are gradually becoming a thing of the past, speech is becoming free. According to others, clerical writing cannot be considered a phenomenon only of the Soviet totalitarian language. One of the reasons for the existence of the clerk today is the need for official authority veiled to present any information.

HELL. Vasiliev and E.A. Zemskaya notes that the bureaucracy is inherent not only in totalitarian societies, it also exists in “democratic” states and performs the functions of political correctness and control, manipulation of the mass audience.

In our opinion, clerical work is still quite common among native speakers of the Russian language. It is not as noticeable as in the Soviet era, because it is combined with foreign-style vocabulary. This point of view is proved by the survey we conducted, in which university students and high school students took part (72 questionnaires in total). When analyzing the responses, the following results were obtained.

Respondents considered it a mistake to use words and phrases

colloquial nature (reduced and emotionally colored vocabulary, jargon) even in texts that they themselves identified as colloquial. At the same time, the subjects considered it acceptable to use excessive use of speech stamps and stationery (“fencing of landings”, “based on all of the above”), even in a colloquial style, since (according to 60% of the respondents) such book expressions testify to the “richness” of speech.

Chancellery manifests itself at different linguistic levels (the texts of the mass media and the speeches of politicians, recordings of live colloquial speech also served as material for our study). Most clearly, in our opinion, the following features of the office worker are manifested in modern speech:

Nominalization, i.e. replacement of the verb with verbal nouns, participles, compound verb-nominal combinations. Nominalization was one of the features of the Soviet language, focused on the norms of the document.

At the moment, such a replacement of verb forms with nominal ones is found in the speech of professional journalists, politicians, and ordinary people (shooting down an airplane, lifting the blockade and normalizing the situation, carrying hand luggage, reducing the cost of a loan).

Verbosity (the term of K.I. Chukovsky). The replacement of simple phrases and words with clerical ones is due to the fact that for many native speakers of the Russian language the use of such expressions is a sign of correct book speech. Now, such turns of speech are found mainly in official texts (persons of uncertain purpose, engaged in labor activities), while in everyday life they have practically ceased to be used.

Lexical stamps of speech. They are easily perceived and assimilated by the listener, because they do not require deep reflection, but at the same time they have a great influence on the formation of the communicant's value orientations (servants of the people, take control of the situation, struggle for seats, rapid pace, advanced positions). Very often phrases with the word problem are used (problems with heating, the problem of the family, the material problems of Russians, the problems of pensioners, the problem of "communal apartments").

Sometimes lexical cliches are used, "borrowed" from the Soviet era (party line, battle for the harvest);

Denominative pretexts (in the course of our meetings with voters; due to the fact that ... due to the fact that Moscow and the region ...; due to their age; in the absence of a shortage; they were interrogated about dachas and income).

Stamping of the logical structure of official texts. The speeches of modern politicians are built according to a pattern (democratic rhetoric, praising the leader of the party, enthusiasm for their program, dissatisfaction with the current government), are devoid of individuality and in this sense differ little from the speeches of politicians of the Soviet era. Such stereotyping is characteristic not only for political speech. This is a “genre-specific feature of mass literature” [Bykov, Kupina: 30].

Thus, as the results of our observations show, the emergence and functioning of chancellery on different levels language in the Soviet and post-Soviet times can be explained by the following reasons:

Chancellery exists in information societies, the authorities need it in order to manipulate the audience, to euphemize reality;

Many native speakers of the modern literary language do not know how to distinguish between book language and colloquial speech; when creating texts of oral colloquial speech, they take the linguistic features of book styles as a basis.

Modern native speakers of the literary language are guided by the norms of the media, therefore, errors in the speech of speakers, public figures they take it as a model.

Chancellery is a common disease, it penetrates everywhere. Translator Nora Gal compares it to a cancerous tumor that grows to unprecedented proportions. Many, even having written a single sentence, manage to embed some kind of stamp, state turnover. As if people have forgotten how to express their thoughts simply and clearly, in a living language.

There are an infinite number of examples of a clerk - from the already quite familiar

he experienced a feeling of joy instead of he rejoiced

moving around the city instead of moving around the city

· a large number of money instead of a lot of money

make comparison instead of compare

· in the process of knitting, I rest instead of when I knit, I rest ...

To real verbal "monsters":

・Currently underway active work under the guidance of...

we are fighting to improve the cleanliness of the streets

due to the impossibility of fulfilling its obligations by the supplier ...

The process of creating a well-functioning dispute resolution mechanism

organization of food production

Official expressions in colloquial speech are especially depressing. To people who use them, it probably seems that this sounds solid, characterizes them as serious, educated people. For example, a young man, when asked by a girl, “What do you do?” replies: "I am currently working as a manager" or even better: "At the moment ..." instead of saying "now" or without a tense at all. He probably believes that in this way he will make an indelible impression on the girl, she will seem smart, businesslike, that such a manner of expression gives him charm. In fact, the word "given" in the sense of "this" is used only in official papers or in scientific works, neither in a mass magazine or newspaper, nor even in a conversation does it belong (about fiction and nothing to say). The expression “at the present time” sounds just as ridiculous in a conversation.

Or, for example, a teacher of Russian literature (!) says: "I appreciate the presence of a sense of humor in a person." Really, if she said “I appreciate a sense of humor in a person”, someone would not understand that she appreciates the presence of a sense of humor, and not its absence? The word "presence" does not carry any semantic load, and the fact that it is used in relation to a feeling, or in our case rather to a character trait, is completely strange: it's like saying "the presence of love" or "the presence of kindness." Very often in the speech of people there are these “presence” or “absence”, “presence” (“presence of free time”, for example).

Quite often, the word “active” is used today: “actively working”, “actively used”, “actively communicating”, “actively cooperating”, “actively doing something”, “actively fighting”. As if you can work and do something passively. You can say "actively resting" because there is also passive rest, but you can not use the word "actively" in relation to the verb, which in itself means active action. In many cases, it is quite possible to do without a definition: why is it necessary to say “She actively practices yoga” when you can simply say “She practices yoga”? If you still need to emphasize the intensity of the action, you can also express it like this: "widely used", "working hard", "talking a lot", "fighting zealously". But instead of many different synonyms, we have the only option for all occasions - "actively." This is how the language becomes impoverished. When you have to write something, memory helpfully offers you a ready-made cliché - "actively engaged." And there is no need to make an effort, to look for the right word... Perhaps this “actively” reflects modern realities: we can work in such a way that it’s like not working, sort of doing, but sort of not. Therefore, it became necessary to emphasize that it is actively working, that is, a person is working.

How many times, while reading the text, we stumble upon all sorts of “should be noted”, “should be emphasized”, “it is worth mentioning separately”. Before saying something to the point, a person must certainly pile up a bunch of meaningless words.

One of the sources of clogging the literary language is verbal clichés - words and expressions devoid of figurativeness, often and monotonously repeated without regard to context, impoverishing speech, filling it with stereotyped turns, killing a lively presentation. A. N. Tolstoy rightly pointed out: “The language of ready-made expressions, clichés ... is so bad that it has lost the feeling of movement, gesture, image. The phrases of such a language slide through the imagination without touching the intricate keyboard of our brain.

Most often, speech stamps are created using the so-called clericalisms - standard formulas for official business speech, in some genres of which their use is justified by the tradition and convenience of formalizing business papers.

Examples of clericalisms: “event”, “if available”, “is hereby certified” “notice”, “shall”; "to assist" (instead of "help"), "hereby brought to your attention"; "according to what" with genus. case instead of the common literary dative; multicomponent nominal constructions with genus. a case like "recovery of property damage from an employee", etc.

Unlike traditional use, when used inappropriately outside the framework of the official business style, the stylistic coloring of clericalism may conflict with its environment; such usage is considered to be a violation of stylistic norms. (Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary).

Such formations are used by writers as a means of characterizing a character in fiction, as a conscious, stylistic device. For example: "Without any agreement, this pig would in no way be allowed to steal paper" (Gogol); "In the same way, it is forbidden to gouge out an eye, bite off a nose ... taking away a head ..." (Saltykov-Shchedrin); "... flying in and breaking glasses with a crow ..." (Pismsky); "The killing happened due to drowning" (Chekhov).

The use of language means assigned to the official business style, outside of this style, leads to clogging of the language - stationery.

Usually transmitted through written contact. It is carried by the Clerical Tick, the main habitat of which is the Bureaucratic Chair. The disease "clerical virus" is mainly characteristic of people involved in paper activities. The adults of Homo Bureaucraticus are most susceptible to infection.

The disease manifests itself in a confused, incomprehensible construction of phrases, in ponderous and unnatural turns of speech. The colloquial speech of the sick loses its simplicity, liveliness and emotionality, becomes gray, monotonous and dry.

Prevention - protection from casual business connections.

Treatment - immersion in a healthy language environment.

1.2 Speech stamps and clericalism

The purity of speech is violated due to the use of the so-called speech stamps of hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness, and clericalism - words and expressions characteristic of official business style texts used in live speech or in fiction (without a special stylistic task) .

Writer L. Uspensky in the book "Culture of Speech" writes: "We call stamps different devices that are unchanged in shape and give many identical prints. Linguistics and literary scholars have a "stamp" turn of speech or a word that was once brand new and brilliant, like a coin just issued, and then repeated a hundred thousand times and become captured like a worn nickel": the frost was getting stronger, eyes wide open, colorful (instead of colorful), with great enthusiasm, completely and completely, etc.

The disadvantage of speech stamps is that they deprive speech of originality, liveliness, make it gray, boring, in addition, they create the impression that what is said (or written) is already known. Naturally, such a speech cannot attract and maintain the attention of the addressee. This is the reason for the need to fight stamps.

Widely introduced into speech and clericalism; we often meet them in oral presentations and in print, noting that they are not always necessary. Here is an example from B.N. Golovina "How to speak correctly": "Let's remember what kind of "load" the word "question" in all its variants receives in the speech of some speakers: here and "illuminate the question" and "link the question", and "substantiate the question" and "raise the question" , and "promote the issue", and "think over the issue", and "raise the issue" (and even to the "proper level" and "proper height").

Everyone understands that the word "question" in itself is not so bad. Moreover, this word is necessary, and it has served and serves our journalism and our business speech well. But when in an ordinary conversation, in a conversation, in a live performance, instead of the simple and understandable word "told" people hear "heard the question", and instead of "offered to exchange experience" "raised the question of the exchange of experience", they become a little sad ". consider such phrases as this opinion (instead of this opinion), due attention, properly, stop at academic performance, stop at shortcomings, stop at absenteeism, etc. K. I. Chukovsky believed that clogging speech with such words is his own kind of illness, clerical. Even N.V. Gogol ridiculed expressions like: before starting reading; tobacco addressed to the nose; to prevent his intention; an event that will happen tomorrow. Often high school students write in essays on the Russian language and literature in such style: Andrei Bolkonsky wants to escape from environment; Oak played a big role in starting a new life.

Thus, the following conclusion can be drawn. In oral and written speech, phrases with derivative prepositions are used without any measure and need: from the side, by, along the line, in the context, in order, in deed, by virtue, etc. However, in fiction, such constructions can be used with a special stylistic task , act as an artistic device.

Chapter 2. Practical analysis of the use of clericalism in public speech

When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, special attention should be paid to words associated with the official business style. Elements of an official business style, introduced into a context stylistically alien to them, are called clericalisms. It should be remembered that these bureaucratic speech means are named only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of official business style.

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding clericalism. For example, why should a journalist write: Marriage is the negative side of an enterprise's activity, if one can say: It's bad when an enterprise releases marriage; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; It is necessary to prevent marriage in production; It is necessary, finally, to stop the production of defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! A simple and specific wording has a stronger effect on the reader.

The clerical coloring of speech is often given by verbal nouns formed with the help of the suffixes -eni-, -ani-, etc. (identifying, finding, taking, inflating, closing) and non-suffixal (tailoring, stealing, time off). Their clerical shade is exacerbated by the prefixes non-, under- (non-detection, underfulfillment). Russian writers often parodied the syllable "decorated" with such bureaucratic words [The case of the gnawing of the plan by mice (Hertz); The case of flying in and breaking glasses with a crow (Pis.); Having announced to the widow Vanina that she did not stick a sixty-kopeck mark ... (Ch.)].

Replacing a verb with a verbal noun, participle, participle.

Here's an example with a verbal noun: "Are you having beer with friends on a Friday night about algorithms for increasing sales?" It sounds hard, but you can say this: “On a Friday night over beer with friends, talk about how to increase sales?”

The verb is action, dynamics, life itself. The verbal noun is motionless, frozen, dead - accordingly, your text will be dry and dull, tiring for the reader. Verbs will help bring it to life.

The abundance of participles and participles (breathing, admiring, turning around and smiling) make the text dissonant. The use of several participles and gerunds at once in one sentence creates a continuous hiss. Participles are almost never used in colloquial speech, and you should be careful when writing with them: they make the text heavier, make it cumbersome, confusing.

A heap of nouns in oblique cases, in particular a chain of nouns in the genitive case.

So in our example - “algorithms for increasing sales volumes” - there are three nouns in the genitive case. And there is much more! Such constructions complicate reading. The sentence needs to be restructured, in our case it is enough to use the verb again.

Another example: “the reduction in staff is due to increased efficiency through cost reduction and a reorganization of risk management.” Judge for yourself whether such a sentence is easy to read. But its meaning can also be conveyed as follows: “the reduction in staff is explained by the desire to increase efficiency by reducing costs and reorganize risk management.” The use of two verbs instead of verbal nouns ("increase" instead of "increase" and "reorganize" instead of "reorganize") makes the sentence simple and clear.

The use of passive turns instead of active ones.

For example: "We see that the company understands the problems" instead of "We see that the company understands the problems." The passive turnover is more bookish and is perceived more difficult than the active one. Active is alive and natural, and it is impossible to replace it with a passive one without good reasons.

The use of foreign words instead of Russian, complex instead of simple and understandable.

For example, more and more often you hear from educated people the phrase "articulate your position" instead of "express the position", "explain the position".

In a word, not the best, but the worst are chosen from linguistic means. The richness of the language is replaced by a limited number of ready-made stamps. Instead of reflecting life in all its diversity, such language deadens everything it touches.

Examples of a clerk from editorial practice

Consider examples of a clerk from editorial practice, we give with a corrected version so that you can compare and see the difference.

Summing up all that has been said, I would like to focus on how to choose the right insurance conditions and company.

What should you know when choosing insurance terms and company?

Lexus boasts a rare, at the moment, phenomenon - the ability to operate frontal airbags in two modes.

Lexus boasts a rare feature today: frontal airbags can work in two modes.

The car has a pronounced tendency to skid.

Car lifts easily.

I wanted more comfort and that was one of the driving factors for changing cars.

I wanted more comfort, and this was one of the reasons to change the car.

This is partly due to the emergence and awareness of the many risks associated with our life.

The reason for this was the realization of the many risks to which we are exposed.

Often, many clients are not interested in the terms of payment of compensation when concluding an insurance contract, which subsequently leads to various kinds of conflicts between the client and the company.

When concluding an insurance contract, clients are often not interested in the terms of compensation, which subsequently leads to conflicts between the client and the company.

However, despite the significant power reserve of the accelerator pedal and the tachometer needle, we did not accelerate the car to a maximum of 197 km / h.

However, although the accelerator pedal was not pressed all the way down and the tachometer needle did not go off scale yet, we did not accelerate the car to a maximum of 197 km / h.

I am serviced at a Nissan workshop, but, like most owners of this brand, I encounter a number of problems.

I am serviced at a Nissan workshop, but, like most owners of this brand, I endure inconvenience.

However, a significant devaluation of the national currency at the end of 2008 made it difficult for clients to service their debt to banks.

However, a significant devaluation of the national currency at the end of 2008 made it difficult for customers to service their debt to banks.

For now, we remain optimistic about improvements in NPLs by the end of the year.

By the end of the year, we expect improvements in non-performing loans

This significant staff reduction is attributed to efficiency gains through cost reduction and a reorganization of risk management, while continuing to provide loans to customers.

This significant staff reduction is driven by a desire to increase efficiency through cost reduction and reorganize risk management, while the bank continues to lend to customers.

Although such a factor as the quality of the loan portfolio has not reversed its downward trend over the past two years...

Although the quality of the loan portfolio has not stopped deteriorating over the past two years...

Such an assumption can be supported by the relatively stable economic situation last year and the latest data from the National Bank of Ukraine, which showed a significant decrease in the growth rate of bad loans in the banking system of Ukraine as a whole.

This assumption is based on the fact that last year the economic situation was relatively stable, and the latest data from the National Bank of Ukraine showed that the growth rate of bad loans in the Ukrainian banking system as a whole has significantly decreased.

Let's compare two more versions of the sentences:

1. Over the past ten years, achievements have been made in Ethiopia in the eradication of such eternal enemies of mankind as ignorance, disease, poverty.

1. Over the past ten years, Ethiopia has made significant progress in the fight against ignorance, disease, and poverty.

2. Hans Weber crashed on the line of a high-speed race as part of a motorcycle competition.

2. Hans Weber crashed in a motorcycling competition during a high-speed race.

The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity, helps to express the thought more concretely and stylistically correctly.

The use of speech stamps is usually associated with the influence of the official business style. Words and expressions with erased semantics and faded semantics are becoming speech stamps. emotional coloring. So, in a variety of contexts, the expression get a residence permit begins to be used in a figurative sense (Each ball that flies into the goal net receives a permanent residence permit in the tables; Petrovsky's muse has a permanent residence permit in the hearts; Aphrodite entered permanent exhibition museum - now it is registered in our city).

Any frequently repeated speech means, for example, stereotyped metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to constant reference to them, even hackneyed rhymes (tears - roses) can become a stamp. However, in practical stylistics, the term "speech stamp" has received a narrower meaning: this is the name for stereotypical expressions that have a clerical coloring.

Among the speech stamps that have arisen as a result of the influence of the official business style on other styles, one can first of all single out stereotyped turns of speech: at this stage, at a given period of time, today, emphasized with all sharpness, etc. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog up the speech: At this period of time, a difficult situation has arisen with the liquidation of debts to supplier enterprises; Currently, the payment is taken under unremitting control wages miners; At this stage, the crucian spawning is normal, etc. Deleting the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

Speech stamps also include universal words that are used in a variety of, often too broad, indefinite meanings (question, event, series, conduct, expand, separate, specific, etc.). For example, the noun question, acting as a universal word, never indicates what is being asked (nutrition issues in the first 10-12 days are of particular importance; Issues of timely tax collection from enterprises and commercial structures deserve great attention). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (cf .: Nutrition in the first 10-12 days is especially important; It is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).

The word appear, as universal, is also often superfluous; this can be seen by comparing two wordings of sentences from newspaper articles:

1. It is very important to use chemicals for this purpose.

1. For this purpose it is necessary to use chemicals.

2. A significant event is the commissioning of a production line in the Vidnovsky shop.

2. The new production line in the Vidnovsky workshop will significantly increase labor productivity.

The unjustified use of linking verbs is one of the most common stylistic flaws in professional literature. However, this does not mean that linking verbs should be banned, their use should be appropriate, stylistically justified.

Speech stamps include paired words, or satellite words; the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other (cf .: the event is held, the scope is wide, criticism is sharp, the problem is unresolved, overdue, etc.). The definitions in these pairs are lexically defective, they give rise to speech redundancy.

Speech stamps, relieving the speaker from the need to look for the right, exact words, deprive the speech of specificity.

For example: The current season was held at a high organizational level - this proposal can be inserted into the report on hay harvesting, and on sports competitions, and on preparing the housing stock for winter, and harvesting grapes ...

The set of speech stamps changes over the years: some are gradually forgotten, others become "fashionable", so it is impossible to list and describe all the cases of their use. It is important to understand the essence of this phenomenon and prevent the emergence and spread of stamps.

Conclusion

The problems of studying bureaucracy are not new. However, it also attracts the attention of modern linguists who are stubbornly fighting for the purity of Russian speech.

The term "clerk" was introduced by Korney Chukovsky. He defined it as the style of the language of officials and lawyers. The main task of bureaucrats is to create the appearance of vigorous activity, hence these loud, verbose expressions, behind which in reality there is nothing. They only fill in the fog so that no one guesses what exactly is hidden behind these words, and often the bad is hidden, what is harmful to society. For bureaucrats, there are no living people, they think abstractly, which is reflected in their speech.

Only the clerk has long gone beyond the bureaucratic environment and penetrated into all spheres. Very often on the websites of companies there is a text saturated with official expressions. According to those who wrote, this should probably give the impression of solidity, reliability, they say, we do not knit brooms, but we are engaged in serious activities. But in reality, the reader gets bogged down in heavy constructions and cannot master even a short text.

In conclusion, it must be said that, in themselves, speech stamps, business vocabulary and phraseology are needed in certain types of speech, but one must constantly ensure that their use is appropriate so that stylistic errors do not occur.

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19. Textbook under the general. ed. L.A. Novikova, "Modern Russian language", St. Petersburg: Ed. "Lan", 1999.

20. Textbook, ed. V.D. Chernyak, "Russian Language and Culture of Speech", M.: Higher School; St. Petersburg: A.I. Herzen RSPU, 2005.

21. Fedorov A. V. Essays on general and comparative stylistics. M., 1971.

22. Chukovsky K.I. Alive as life About the Russian language // K.I. Chukovsky Works in 2 vols. T. 1.M., 1990.

24. Schwarzkopf B. S. Official business language // Culture of Russian speech and communication efficiency. M., 1996.

25. Shmelev D. N. Russian language in its functional varieties. M., 1971.

Application

Glossary of clerks

abroad, from abroad

imported (meaning foreign)

cultural (person)

Food)

young man, woman (as a title)

order table

mutual aid fund

quality mark

hero city

farce

commission

branded, firmA (about "imported" things)))

white death, black gold

at the forefront

staging (of a film, performance)

car enthusiast (about the owner of the car)

intellectual

overseas hosts

American (and any other) military

spiritual ideals, spirituality

Our values

welfare of the people

cooperative

plant

meeting

citizen

policeman (in the 90s there was already a cop, garbage, etc.)

friendly

decent

acquire

health resort

Types of offices.

1. Verbal nouns.

Nouns formed with suffixes -eni-, -ani- and others ( coercion, revealing, isolating, taking, infusion), as well as non-suffixed ones ( tailoring, running, day off). Stationery shade can be further exacerbated by prefixes Not- And under- (omission, omission).

The problem with verbal nouns is that they do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, or person. Which greatly narrows their expressive possibilities in comparison with verbs. For example:

The identification of unwanted elements was his main task..

Milking and feeding cattle was the priority of workers in the morning hours.

As you can see, clericalism noticeably burdens the style, generates unnecessary verbosity and monotony.

In general, verbal nouns can be divided into two types. The former are stylistically neutral ( excitement, knowledge, seething), and many of them –ing at the end, denoting a prolonged action, was transformed into –nye, expressing the final result ( long cooking of berries - delicious berry jam). This type of verbal noun does not have any negative effect on the text. They can be used freely without fear of spoiling anything.

The second type includes nouns that have retained a close connection with the verbs that gave rise to them and act as abstract names of actions or processes ( identification, acceptance, consideration). It is precisely such nouns that most often have undesirable clerical coloring; exceptions can be called only words that have a strict terminological meaning in the language ( spelling, adjunction, radiation).

2. Denominative prepositions.

The expansion of the official business style is expressed in the text by frequent encounters with the following words: in force, for the purposes of, in terms of, in terms of, due to, due to, at the level and others.

Often the use of denominative prepositions can be justified, but their large accumulation in the text gives an undesirable clerical coloring. Another feature of denominative prepositions is their close connection with the verbal nouns already discussed above: in fact, they really attract each other.

Due to the improvement in the collection of winter crops, a decision was made to increase wages for employees.

As you can see, the denominative preposition " by virtue of» is harmoniously combined only with a verbal noun ( improvement- in our version), and their bundle at the very beginning of the sentence pulls the whole stream of clericalism: collection indicators, decision made, increase. Therefore, the use of such prepositions must be treated with particular care. They are real magnets for the rest of the stationery vocabulary.

3. Template speech turns.

They are closely related to the concept of speech stamps - words and expressions that have become widespread and have lost their original emotional coloring.

Template speech turns that have penetrated into the artistic style from official business include: at this stage, at this point in time, to date, at the present time, emphasized with all its severity and many others. As a rule, such phrases only clog speech, and they can be completely painlessly removed from the text.

At this stage, the pace of housing construction in the city does not correspond to the plan.

Is turnover so important here? at this stage”, if it is already clear that we are talking about the present tense?

In this category, we also define words of mass use that have broad and indefinite meanings: question, event, separate, definite and others. They should also be treated with great care.

At the weekly meeting, Comrade Nikitin raised the question of expelling the parasite and slob Kalugin from the ranks of the organization.

Special attention should be paid to the universal word " be”, which is often just superfluous in a sentence.

Speech stamps deprive the speech of clarity, specificity and individuality, often interfere with the understanding of what was said. Template turnovers change over time: the old ones disappear, they are replaced by new ones. This change also needs to be monitored in order not to allow newfangled, but empty expressions into your texts.

The Soviet translator Nora Gal devoted great attention to the problem of the fight against clerical work. A review of her widely acclaimed but controversial book " " read on the pages of the blog "LM".

On this, perhaps, we will complete our conversation about clericalism. Of course, one could find many more examples, but I think you get the point. This article was written based on the wonderful book by I. Golub " Stylistics of the Russian language”, to which I refer all those interested in the subtleties of their native speech. The book is really great. Subscribe to the Literary Workshop blog to always be aware of the release of new articles. See you soon!

Chancellery

- words, set phrases, grammatical forms and constructions, the use of which in lit. the language is assigned to of.-del. style, especially behind its administrative sub-style (see). To K. are treated as separate words with the coloring of. style ( notice, solicit, named, due etc.), as well as syntactic constructions built according to certain models ("chain" of genitive case forms of nouns, for example: activities that do not pursue the goal of making a profit; clarification of the conditions for the commission of a crime; combination of a noun with a delexicalized verb, for example: help instead of to help, exercise control instead of control).

To. are a necessary structural element of any office. text. For example: Factory "Progress" asks You provide technical assistance in the development of drawings of the pumping station. Since the installation is already underway, please do this work directly on site(from the letter of guarantee).

Natural in business speech, outside of it K. become alien and undesirable. Some of them are archaically solemn: aforementioned, named, due, charge, take effect, claim, forward, such, giver of this. Others are characteristic of the speech of modern officials and are businesslike everyday: engage, speak(meaning "discuss") puzzle, hear, progress, developments, specifics etc. The use of such nouns as customer, party, owner, principal, client, person, as well as adjectives and participles, including substantives memorandum, vacant, injured, invoice, outgoing, per diem, adverbs of type immediately, without delay, free of charge, linking verbs to be, to be, to be (to be) and so on.

Verbal nouns with suffixes give and enhance the clerical coloring of speech -eni, -ani, -at, -ut, for example: elimination, undertaking, finding, taking, withdrawal, execution, non-suffix type theft, day off, reception, hiring, tailoring, supervision, as well as words with prefixes no-, under-: underfulfillment, non-detection, lack of, underdelivery, non-admission, non-detection and so on.

Bright of.-del. special service words are also distinguished by coloration - complex denominative prepositions - at the expense of, to the address, in part, along the line, on the basis of and others, for example: in connection with expiration of the contract, according to order, when late payment, as a result study, as well as unions: due to the fact that, in spite of the fact that, due to the fact that, namely, as well as, as well as and so on.

The turnovers of a clerical nature also include compound names of the type power departments, material values, foodstuffs, vehicles, diplomatic relations, public sector, lump sum allowance, cassation complaint, compound verb-nominal combinations (the so-called "split predicates") give instructions (indicate), assist (influence), leads to complication (complicates) and etc.

The described vocabulary and phraseology from of.-del. coloring receives the name K. only in those cases when it is used in an alien sphere, outside of official cases. style. Sufficiently relevant and necessary in repetitive situations of.-cases. communication clerical colored words and expressions, getting into the texts of other functions. styles, give speech a formal, inexpressive character, deprive it of liveliness, emotionality, simplicity and naturalness. K.'s use in scientific. and public speech should be thoughtful and limited, and in colloquial. - without a special stylistic motivation - not only undesirable, but also unacceptable. If they are used accidentally, unintentionally, then this is regarded as a violation of the stylistic norm, as a speech error, for example: In our green area so many mushrooms and berries; It is necessary to eliminate the backlog at the front misunderstandings satire; In front of me a problem arises; We ended up in the grip of a dilemma .

The use of K. in a stylistic context unusual for them (not in official texts) without a stylistic task is a speech defect, called " clerk" (K.I. Chukovsky, 1963, p. 119). So, we observe the inappropriate use of K. in the following statement: The regional administration considers the policy of cooperation the most acceptable, but this does not mean that the enterprises of the region such will be imposed: now everyone has their own thoughts about how survive(Krasnoyarsk Komsomolets, February 7, 1998). Compare: The regional administration considers the policy of cooperation the most acceptable, but this does not mean that it will be imposed on enterprises: now everyone has their own ideas about how to survive.

The intentional use of K. as a stylistic device, for example, in art, is not a speech defect. speech as a means of speech characterization of the character: Davydov went out and unfolded the note. It was written in blue pencil: "Liza! I categorically suggest that dinner be provided immediately and unconditionally to the bearer of this note. G. Korchzhinsky." - "No, it's better without lunch than with such a mandate," the hungry Davydov decided sadly, after reading the note and heading to the district field union(Sholokhov).

Or: - But I'm in order of lack of housing whispered the young man. - Citizens!(Ilf, Petrov).

In order to achieve a humorous effect, K. is used in the following example: The muse was not given to him for a long time, and when it was given, the poet was surprised at what he did with her. Anyway, after reading the product it became clear to him that there could be no question of a fee(Zoshchenko).

Unjustified penetration of K. from the office. spheres in art. lit., in everyday life, oral speech occurred before and was rightly criticized not only by linguists, but also by writers: M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, A. Chekhov, A. Tolstoy, I. Ilf and E. Petrov, L. Kassil, K. Paustovsky, V. Ardov and others.

Stylizations for bureaucratic speech are known, for example: Likewise prohibited gouge eyes, biting off nose... decapitation(Saltykov-Shchedrin); Killing happened due to drowning (Chekhov); case of gnawing plan of this mice(Herzen); case about entry And breaking black glass(Pisarev); A shame disruptors campaigns to fight implementation of the plan for organizing the campaign against (Ilf and Petrov).

In The History of a City, M. Saltykov-Shchedrin parodies the style of tsarist laws, using K. with a special stylistic task to achieve expression: 1. Let everyone bake pies on holidays, not forbidding himself such cookies on weekdays ... 4. After taking out of the oven, let everyone take a knife in his hand and, having cut a part from the middle, let him bring it as a gift ...

An example of a modern parody of bureaucratic sayings belongs to the pen of M. Zhvanetsky: Decree to further deepen the expansion of constructive measures taken as a result of the consolidation to improve the state of worldwide interaction of all conservation structures and ensure even greater intensification of the punishment of the working masses of all masses based on the rotational priority of the future normalization of the relations of the same workers by their own order.

The office reached its greatest distribution in our country during the years of stagnation, when in the sphere of political, social, cultural, scientific. and even everyday communication in the course was stamped speech ritual character, filled with empty words like question, matter, task, problem, fact and so on.

Subsequently, this obscure, clumsy bureaucratic language was called Newspeak. One of the linguistic achievements of perestroika was the rejection of ritual speech in favor of living, stylistically normal texts, which, unfortunately, were by no means always literate.

Today, K., as satellites of the command-bureaucratic system, as a legacy of the previous era, are losing their positions in public speeches, in media texts, largely due to the general "fear of big words", due to the rejection of emphatically bookish constructions, in particular from verb-nominal revolutions, which served as an integral part of the office-del., scientific. and the official language in general. V.G. Kostomarov also notes that "the current assessments of speech do not mention the "clerk", in which K.I. Chukovsky saw the main flaw of his contemporary speech."

Lit.: Shcherba L.V. Modern Russian literary language // Selected works on the Russian language. - M., 1957; Chukovsky K.I. Live like life (About the Russian language). - M., 1963; Vinokur T.G. When do "clericalism" and "stamps" become a dangerous disease? // Our speech. How we speak and write. - M., 1965; Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. - M., 1980; Him: How to speak correctly. Notes on the culture of Russian speech. - M., 1988; Kozhin A.N., Krylova O.A., Odintsov V.V. Functional types of Russian speech. - M., 1982; Skvortsov L.I. About bureaucracy and stamps // Russian speech. - 1982. - No. 1; Gal N.Ya. The word is alive and dead. From the experience of a translator and editor. - M., 1987; Rosenthal D.E. practical style. - M., 1987; Him: A Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing. - M., 1996; Borisova I.N., Kupina N.A., Matveeva T.V. Fundamentals of stylistics, culture of speech and rhetoric. - Yekaterinburg, 1995; Kasatkin L.L., Klobukov E.V., Lekant P.A. Brief reference book on the modern Russian language. - M., 1995; Solganik G.Ya. Russian language. 10–11 grade. Stylistics. - M., 1995; Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language. - M., 1997; Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. - M., 1997; Lvov M.R. Dictionary-reference book on the methodology of the Russian language. - M., 1997; Rakhmanin L.V. Stylistics of business speech and editing official documents. - M., 1997; Schwarzkopf B.S. Chancellery // Russian language. Encyclopedia. - M., 1997; Koltunova M.V. Language and business communication. Norms, rhetoric, etiquette. - M., 2000.

G.A. Kopnina, O.V. Protopopov

Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .

See what "Chancery" is in other dictionaries:

STATIONERIES- words, phrases, grammatical forms and syntactic constructions characteristic of the official business style (incoming outgoing, due, brought to your attention, etc.) ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

Chancellery- Clericalism is a word or figure of speech characteristic of the style of business papers and documents. Documents, acts, statements, certificates, powers of attorney are written in accordance with the accepted form, as a result of which the official formulas and the necessary stamps of business speech ... ... Wikipedia

clericalism- the category of passive vocabulary elements used in literary works to imitate formal business style. The authors use them in cases where it is necessary to create an illustrative image of a document or a satirical image of a bureaucratic ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

clericalism- words, phrases, grammatical forms and syntactic constructions characteristic of the official business style (“incoming outgoing”, “should”, “brought to your attention”, etc.). * * * OFFICE OFFICE OFFICE, words, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Chancellery- words and turns of speech characteristic of the style of business papers and documents. Documents, acts, statements, certificates, powers of attorney are written in accordance with the accepted form. However, one should not transfer official formulas and the necessary stamps of business speech ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

clericalism- pl. Words or turns of speech, the use of which in the literary language is assigned to the official business style; office supplies. Explanatory Dictionary of Ephraim. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern Dictionary Russian language Efremova

clericalism- words, set phrases, grammatical forms and constructions, the use of which in the literary language is traditionally assigned to the official business style, especially to the clerical business style ... Explanatory Translation Dictionary

STATIONERIES- words, phrases, grammatical forms and syntactic constructions used mainly in the official business style of the language (“should”, “incoming outgoing”, “brought to your attention”, etc.) ... Professional education. Dictionary

clericalism- words and turns of speech characteristic of the style of business papers and documents. IN oral speech k. have a negative mental impact on listeners ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

In this article we will talk about such a linguistic concept as "clericalism". Examples, the main properties and scope of this will be considered by us in particular detail.

In Russian, clericalisms are referred to such a language group as speech stamps. Therefore, let's first understand what this phenomenon is.

What are speech stamps

Let's start by looking at the most common mistakes that are made both in writing and in communication.

Stamps and clericalism (examples of which will be presented below) are closely interconnected. More precisely, the linguistic phenomenon we are considering is one of the types of cliches (this concept names such words and expressions that are often used, due to which they have lost their meaning). Therefore, such constructions simply overload the speaker's speech and are considered redundant.

Stamps are words and phrases that are often used in speech. Usually such linguistic phenomena do not have any concreteness. For example, the phrase “the meeting took place at the very high level' is used instead of giving a detailed report of the event.

In russian language? Examples

In the Russian language, there are a number of words, the use of which is considered appropriate only in a specific one. These words include clericalism. This term is used to call words, grammatical constructions and forms, as well as phrases, the use of which is fixed in the literary language for official business style. For example: solicit, should, activity not pursuing the purpose of making a profit, exercise control etc.

Signs of clericalism

Now let's define the signs of such words and consider examples.

Chancellery - the words of the official business style, however, in addition to this, they have a number of purely linguistic features. Among them are:

The use of non-suffixes (hijacking, tailoring, time off); suffixal (taking, revealing, inflating, finding).
Replacing a compound nominal predicate with a simple verb (predicate splitting). For example: show a desire- instead of wish to decide- instead of decide to help- instead of to help.
Use of denominative prepositions. For example: in part, along the line, in force, to the address, in the context, in the area, due to, in terms of, in business, at the level.
Stringing cases, usually genitive. For example, conditions necessary to raise the level of culture of the population of the region.
Replacing active revolutions with passive ones. For example, active turnover we installed- to passive the establishment was carried out by us.

Why can't you abuse clericalism?

Chancery and speech stamps (examples confirm this), often used in speech, lead to the fact that it loses its imagery, expressiveness, conciseness, and individuality. As a result, the following shortcomings arise:

For example: after short-term precipitation in the form of rain fell, a rainbow shone over the reservoir in all its glory.
The ambiguity generated by verbal nouns. For example, the phrase "professor's statement" can be understood both as "professors affirm" and as "professor asserts".
Verbosity, heaviness of speech. For example: due to the improvement of the level of service, the turnover in commercial and state stores should increase significantly.

The bureaucracy, examples of which we have presented, deprives speech of figurativeness, expressiveness, and persuasiveness. Because they are frequently used expressions with erased lexical meaning, tarnished expressiveness.

Usually journalists tend to use stamps. Therefore, in a journalistic style, such expressions are especially common.

What words refer to clericalism

It looks natural only in business speech clericalism. Examples of their use indicate that very often these words are used in other styles of speech, which is considered a gross stylistic mistake. In order to prevent such an oversight, it is necessary to know exactly which words belong to clericalism.

So, clericalism can be characterized by:

Archaic solemnity: named, aforementioned, to charge, the giver of this, it is necessary, to claim, such.
At the same time, clericalism can also be businesslike: speak out(in meaning discuss), hear, advances, puzzle, specifics, developments.
Nouns formed from verbs with the following suffixes give speech an official business coloring: - ut, -at, -ani, -eni: beginning, taking, finding; non-suffixed: day off, theft, tailoring, hiring, supervision; words with prefixes under-, non-: non-detection, non-detection, underfulfillment, non-admission.
In addition, a number of nouns, participles, adverbs, linking verbs and adjectives are strictly related to business area communication. For example: party, customer, client, principal, owner, person, reporting, victim, vacant, outgoing, immediately, free of charge, to be, to be, to be.
A number of service words differ in official business coloring: at the address, at the expense of, on the basis of and so on. For example: according to the contract, in connection with the termination of the agreement, in case of refusal to comply with the contract, as a result of research etc.
Such turnovers include the following compound names: food, law enforcement agencies, vehicle, public sector, diplomatic relations.

In what cases is it appropriate to use the term "clericalism"

Chancery (examples of words we examined in detail above), according to the laws of the literary language, should be used only in an official business style. Then these turns do not stand out against the background of the text.

The very term "clericalism" is appropriate to use only in cases where such words and phrases are used in someone else's style. Then the speech acquires an inexpressive, official character, loses its emotionality, liveliness, naturalness and simplicity.

Chancellery as a stylistic device

But clericalism is not always attributed to speech shortcomings. Examples from works of art show that such words and expressions are often used as a stylistic device. For example, for the speech characteristics of the hero.

Writers often use clericalism to create a humorous effect. For example, Zoshchenko, Chekhov, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Ilf and Petrov. For example, in Saltykov-Shchedrin - "... it is forbidden to gouge out an eye, take away a head, bite off a nose"; Chekhov - "the killing occurred due to drowning."

Chancellery (we examined examples of words in some detail) in Russia reached its greatest distribution during the period of stagnation, when they penetrated into all spheres of speech, including even everyday life. This example once again confirms the idea that the language is a reflection of all the changes that take place in the country and society.

When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, special attention should be paid to words associated with the official business style. Elements of an official business style, introduced into a context stylistically alien to them, are called clericalisms. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalisms only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of official business style.

Lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a typical coloring for official business style (presence, in the absence of, in order to avoid, live, withdraw, the above, takes place, etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive (If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; At present, there is an understaffing of teaching staff).

Verbal nouns do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, person. This narrows their expressive possibilities in comparison with verbs. For example, such a sentence is lacking in accuracy: On the part of the head of the farm, V.I. Shlyk was shown a negligent attitude towards milking and feeding cows. You might think that the manager milked and fed the cows poorly, but the author only wanted to say that the Farm Manager V.I. Shlyk did nothing to facilitate the work of milkmaids, to prepare fodder for livestock. The impossibility of expressing the meaning of the pledge by a verbal noun can lead to ambiguity in constructions such as the statement of the professor (does the professor approve or is he approved?), I love singing (I like to sing or listen when they sing?).

In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed in a passive form of participle or a reflexive verb, this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical coloring of speech [At the end of familiarization with the sights, tourists were allowed to take pictures of them (better: Tourists were shown sights and allowed to take pictures of them)].

However, not all verbal nouns in Russian belong to the official business vocabulary, they are diverse in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the features of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of a person (teacher, self-taught, confusion, bully), many nouns with the meaning of action (running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing) have nothing to do with bureaucracy.

Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral (meaning, name, excitement), for many of them -nie changed into -ne, and they began to denote not an action, but its result (cf .: baking pies - sweet cookies, cherry jam - cherry jam). Others retain a close relationship with verbs, acting as abstract names for actions, processes (acceptance, non-detection, non-admission). It is precisely such nouns that are most often characterized by clerical coloring; only those that have received a strict terminological meaning in the language (drilling, spelling, adjoining) do not have it.

The use of clericalisms of this type is associated with the so-called "splitting of the predicate", i.e. replacement of a simple verbal predicate a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb that has a weakened lexical meaning(instead of complicating, it leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complication, confusion of accounting and an increase in costs, but it is better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

However, in the stylistic assessment of this phenomenon, one should not go to extremes, rejecting any cases of the use of verb-nominal combinations instead of verbs. In book styles, such combinations are often used: they took part instead of participated, gave instructions instead of indicated, etc. In the official business style, verb-nominal combinations have become entrenched to declare gratitude, accept for execution, impose a penalty (in these cases, the verbs thank, fulfill, exact are inappropriate), etc. The scientific style uses such terminological combinations as visual fatigue occurs, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is performed, etc. The expressions used in the journalistic style are the workers went on strike, there were clashes with the police, an assassination attempt was made on the minister, and so on. In such cases, verbal nouns are indispensable and there is no reason to consider them clericalisms.

The use of verb-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, the combination to take an ardent participation is more capacious in meaning than the verb to participate. The definition with a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination an exact terminological meaning (cf .: help - provide emergency medical care). The use of a verb-nominal combination instead of a verb can also help eliminate the lexical polysemy of verbs (cf .: give a beep - buzz). The preference for such verb-nominal combinations over verbs is naturally beyond doubt; their use does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives greater effectiveness to the speech.

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