"Svetlana" - the most famous work of Zhukovsky is a translation-arrangement of the ballad of the German poet Burger "Leonora". The plot of "Svetlana" is based on the traditional old motif of folk historical and lyrical songs: a girl is waiting for a groom from the war. Events unfold in such a way that happiness depends on the heroine herself. Zhukovsky uses a typical situation of a "terrible" ballad: Svetlana rushes along a fantastic road into the world of dark forces. The plot of the work “breaks out” from reality (fortune-telling of girls on “Epiphany evening”) into the sphere of the miraculous, where evil spirits do their dirty deeds. The road to the forest, to the power of the night is the road from life to death. However, Svetlana does not die, and her fiancé does not die, but returns after a long separation. The ballad has a happy ending: the wedding feast awaits the heroes. This ending is reminiscent of a Russian folk tale.
The main character in the ballad is endowed with the best features of the national character - fidelity, sensitivity, meekness, simplicity. Svetlana combines external beauty with internal. The girl is "sweet", "beautiful". She is young, open to love, but unthinking. For a whole year, without receiving news from the groom, the heroine is faithfully waiting for him. She is capable of deep feeling:
The year has flown by - there is no news;
He does not write to me;
Oh! and they only have a red light,
They only breathe in the heart ...
The girl is sad and yearning in separation from her beloved. She is emotional, pure, direct and sincere:
How can my girlfriends sing?
Dear friend far away...
The world of folk culture influenced spiritual development Svetlana. It is no coincidence that the author began the ballad with a description of Russian rituals and customs associated with church holiday Baptism, with a wedding in God's temple. This is how the poet explains the folk origins of Svetlana's feelings: hope and duty in the heroine's heart are stronger than doubts.
The girl's folk ideas are combined with religious ones, with a deep faith in God and fate. Name main character formed about the word "bright" and is associated with the expression "God's light", which penetrated into her pure soul. Svetlana hopes for God's help and constantly turns to God for spiritual support:
Assuage my sadness
Comforting angel.
In the most tense moment, having seen a coffin in a dream in a hut, Svetlana finds the strength to do the most important thing:
She fell to dust before the icon.
I prayed to the Savior;
And, with his cross in his hand,
Under the saints in the corner
Robko hid.
As a reward for true faith, for meekness and patience, God saves the girl. Svetlana does not die in separation from her beloved, but finds happiness on earth. Zhukovsky believed that even the death of the groom could not destroy love. The poet was convinced that loving souls are united beyond the limits of earthly existence. His heroine has the same faith. She does not grumble at Providence, but timidly asks:
The secret darkness of the days to come,
What do you promise my soul
Joy or sadness?
A kind of fabulous "double" of the heroine - "snow-white dove". This is the very “comforter angel” to whom Svetlana turned before divination and begged: “Assuage my sorrow.” This is the good messenger of heaven, "with bright eyes." The epithet gives an idea of the purity, holiness of the angel. He keeps Svetlana. Saves her from the dead:
Quietly blowing, flew in,
To her percy quietly sat down,
Embraced them with wings.
"Dove" is an affectionate, gentle name. This is a symbol of love. Love saves Svetlana, and the author speaks of the dove with increasing tenderness: "but the white dove does not sleep." Good opposes evil and conquers it:
Startled, unfolded
He is light wings;
To the dead on the chest fluttered ...
The image of Svetlana's fiance also corresponds to romantic ideas. He is handsome, daring, kind. The girl's lover is capable of an all-consuming feeling:
... still the same
In the experience of separation;
The same love in his eyes
Those are pleasant looks;
Those on sweet lips
Sweet conversations.
The repetition in these lines emphasizes the main qualities that the author values in his characters - faith and loyalty.
In the ballad "Svetlana" good wins, folk-religious principles triumph. Zhukovsky revealed in his work the character of a Russian girl, open and cordial, pure, rejoicing in life. Svetlana is worthy of happiness, because in her "soul is like a clear day ..."
The heroine has become one of the most beloved characters in Russian literature. Like Liza from the story by N.M. Karamzin, like Tatyana Larina from the novel by A.S. Pushkin.
This essay was written by teachers and was included in the "cheat sheet-2003 from BOBYCH.SPB.RU" for the final exam in literature.
Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky entered the history of Russian poetry not only as a poet, but also as a balladeer. The ballad genre appeared in Russian literature long before Zhukovsky, but it was he who made it popular by creating the Russian romantic ballad.
Zhukovsky was a brilliant translator, and his main genre of translation is the ballad. He created 39 ballads, most of which are translated. The ballad genre came from European literature and was associated with historical tradition, folklore, folk song, and oral poetic tradition. The content of the ballads became fantastic, historical or heroic legends and myths.
It should be said that Zhukovsky's ballads are more likely not translations, but new literary works. In his translation, the images themselves, themes, problems, plot moves, author's assessments, etc., change.
The first European literary ballad appeared in 1771. It was a ballad by G. A. Burger "Lenora", based on German folk legends about a dead groom taking his longing bride to him (Russian folklore does not know this plot). Zhukovsky's first ballad "Lyudmila", written in 1808, is a free translation of the burgher's "Lenora". Since "Lyudmila" and "Svetlana", written later, are a kind of dilogy (a dilogy is two works interconnected by themes, problems, a system of characters, etc.), it is necessary to say a few words about the first of these works.
In "Lyudmila" Zhukovsky transferred the action to Russia of the 16th century, turned the heroes of the German legend into Russian "maidens" and young men, changed the name of the heroine. In the center of the author's attention is a girl who grumbled at God because of the death of her fiancé. Gradually, the atmosphere of the mysterious thickens in the ballad, the expectation of something terrible grows: Lyudmila grumbles at God, despite the warnings of her mother and the approach of the "midnight hour" (at midnight, as you know, evil spirits come into their own). As a result, Lyudmila was punished for rebelling against God's will: the dead fiance took her with him to the grave.
Zhukovsky, apparently, was dissatisfied with the first version of the plot and almost immediately, in 1808, began work on a new version and finished it in 1812. In 1813, "Svetlana" appears in the journal "Bulletin of Europe" with a dedication to Alexandra Voeikova, the younger sister of the beloved poet Masha Protasova). This ballad became more popular than "Lyudmila" and Zhukovsky was often referred to as "Svetlana's singer".
"Svetlana" is a romantic ballad.
Plot.The time of action of "Svetlana" is modernity, and everything that happens in it is a dream inspired by the fabulous atmosphere of Christmas fortune-telling. From the very first stanza, the reader is immersed in the world of folk beliefs and rituals that accompany Russian winter holidays:
Once a Epiphany Eve
The girls guessed;
Shoe behind the gate
Taking off their feet, they threw ...
Then the motif of longing for a dear friend enters the ballad. Further development The plot leads to the fact that Svetlana calls the groom with the help of divination on the mirror. He calls the girl to go to the wedding girl. But already during the journey, the “prophetic heart” inspires Svetlana with anxiety. She is surprised and "alerted by the groom's long silence. In the temple, the lovers see the coffin, and it is not the wedding that takes place, but the funeral ceremony. However, for some reason, the horses carry the young people past the temple. Then, due to a snowstorm, they turn to a lonely hut, where the groom suddenly disappears along with the horses. Svetlana enters the hut and sees the coffin with the deceased. The deceased comes to life, but he is not able to harm Svetlana, because she is saved by a prayer in front of the icon of the Savior. As a result, the deceased turns out to be Svetlana's beloved (the same thing happens in "Lyudmila ”), and everything that happens is a dream (unlike “Lyudmila”). Then from the wonderful world the heroine returns to the real world and meets her lover. The idea of the ballad is that faith saved the girl from the werewolf groom who tried to captivate Svetlana with you to the other world:
Best friend to us in this life
Faith in providence.
Thus, Zhukovsky leaves his heroes the right to choose, they are free to create their own destiny; the struggle between good and evil always takes place only in their souls. It turns out that God does not punish them, but, on the contrary, fulfills their will. Not God, but the heroes themselves become the arbiters of their destinies.
National features of the ballad
As already mentioned, "Svetlana" is a free translation of "Lenora" by Burger. However, under the pen of Zhukovsky, Svetlana became a truly national Russian work. The author uses the style of folk fairy tale narration, as evidenced by the beginning: "Once on Epiphany evening ...". The folklore beginning is reflected in phrases such as “golden ring”, traditional for fairy tales. The poet reproduces the features of Russian national life, folk customs, rituals, cites the authentic texts of a fortune-telling song in a processed form, etc.
main characterballads - Svetlana. In her image, Zhukovsky outlines character traits ideal Russian female type: fidelity, humility, meekness, poetry. The heroine for the author - "dear Svetlana" (the author never called Lyudmila that way), is drawn surrounded by other girls - just as cute. And in general, everything connected with this girlish world delights the poet: a slipper, songs, evening, girlfriends, etc.
But with her meekness and gentleness, Svetlana is firm in her faith in God. She does not grumble for life, like Lyudmila, but only asks the comforting angel to quench her sadness about the deceased fiancé, and therefore her fate is not the same as that of Lyudmila. Svetlana, like Lyudmila, is also looking forward to meeting her beloved and fortune-telling on the "Epiphany evening", hoping to receive the desired news. Like Lyudmila, she rides a horse with her fiancé. But if Lyudmila is drawn against the background of a black, apparently summer night (darkness lit by a dim light), then Svetlana is rather drawn in white (snow, the very name of the heroine), the second contrasting color is not black, but dark. In addition, this ballad is filled with lights (the light of the candle that Svetlana lit, starting to guess, the light in the open doors of the church, the candle in the terrible hut). This work ends happily: also finding herself in a situation of choice, Svetlana relies on God, and does not rebel against him; as a result, a terrible night race with the groom turns into a dream, and in the morning the heroine meets her real betrothed.
V. A. Zhukovsky introduced the Russian reader to one of the most beloved genres of Western European romantics - the ballad. And although the ballad genre appeared in Russian literature long before Zhukovsky, it was he who gave it poetic charm and made it popular. Moreover, he merged the poetics of the ballad genre with the aesthetics of romanticism, and as a result, the ballad genre turned into the most characteristic sign of romanticism.
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Theme: V.A. Zhukovsky "Svetlana" The moral world of the heroine of the ballad
Purposes: educational : to acquaint students with the work of Zhukovsky, to consider the nationality and poetry of the ballad "Svetlana", to help comprehend the originality of the artistic world of Zhukovsky: the subtlest psychologism, dissatisfaction with reality, elegiac sadness, daydreaming, striving for the ideal;
Educational : to develop the ability of students to penetrate the world of feelings of a lyrical hero, to observe the development of a lyrical plot;
Educational: cultivate love for the works of Russian classics.
During the classes:
1. Organizational moment.
2. The teacher's story about the life and work of the poet.
Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky was born on January 29, 1783 in the village of Mishenskoye, Tula province. He was illegitimate son landowner A. I. Bunin and a captive Turkish woman Salkha. He received his surname and patronymic from his godfather, a poor nobleman A. G. Zhukovsky. He studied at the Noble Boarding School at Moscow University. In 1802 he published the elegy "Rural Cemetery", which brought him wide fame. A contemporary of Zhukovsky F.F. Vigel responded to the elegy with the words: “How can you feel sad with all your heart and then laugh with all your heart?” Participated as a volunteer in Patriotic war 1812, which influenced the poet's worldview. In the same year, Zhukovsky became famous thanks to the poem "The Singer in the Camp of Russian Warriors." Zhukovsky is one of the founders and an active participant in the Arzamas literary society. In 1841 he left for Germany. He died April 12, 1852 in Baden-Baden.
The personality of V.A. Zhukovsky served for contemporaries as a kind of moral standard; the poet's humanity and disinterestedness manifested itself in the ransom of the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko from serfdom, in the liberation of his own peasants, in the establishment of scholarships and allowances for beginning artists. Zhukovsky stood up for the Decembrists exiled to hard labor, asked for pardon for A.S. Pushkin and M.Yu. Lermontov.
Zhukovsky condemned arbitrariness and violence, believed that serfdom was incompatible with elementary moral principles. He sought to alleviate the fate of the convicted Decembrists, repeatedly spoke out in defense of A.S. Pushkin, contributed to the liberation from serfdom T.G. Shevchenko, took an active part in the fate of E.A. Baratynsky, A.V. Koltsov, A.I. Herzen.
Zhukovsky preferred two literary genres: ballad and elegy. Zhukovsky's elegiac lyrics center around two main themes - lost friendship and broken love. At the heart of the poet's intimate lyrics lies his feeling for his beloved niece Masha Protasova, to whom the elegies "Song", "Remembrance", "To Her" are dedicated. The main genre feature of the ballad is the plot narration. But the plot of the ballad differs significantly from the plot in the works of other genres: the tension of the narration, its understatement, fragmentation, dramatic richness, conventiontemporal and spatial coordinates of what is happening, the decisive importance of subtext: lyrical, philosophical or socio-psychological.
The literary ballad goes back to folk origins, but differs in author's features: a bright unusual plot, in the main part it contains a dialogue, the narrative principle and emotionality are combined.
Disappointed by the ballad "Lyudmila", based on the plot of the burgher's "Lenora", Zhukovsky conceived in 1808 (finished in 1812), published in 1813 the most joyful ballad, which he called "Svetlana".
3. Reading and analyzing the ballad
(The ballad is connected with Russian customs, with folklore tradition. The poet depicts the fortune-telling of girls on Epiphany evening. Winter Rus' opens before us with its customs and traditions.)
- What do you think of the main character - Svetlana?
This is the appearance of a sweet Russian girl who is sad, because her fiancé is somewhere far away. She's a little shy when she's guessing. But she's kind of bright and clean.)
- Contemporaries called Zhukovsky "the singer of Svetlana." It is believed that this is the first artistically convincing image of a Russian girl in Russian poetry. What are the features of a Russian woman in the image of Svetlana? (fidelity, humility, poetry, meekness)
What means of creating the image of the main character does Zhukovsky use? (name, dream, household details).
Writers often resort to describing the hero's dream as a device of artistic anticipation. What are the signs of Svetlana's sleep? (it is not prophetic, it occupies most of the space of the work, the dream is the culmination of the work, the misfortune of a terrible dream is opposed to the happiness of awakening).
What images personify evil in Svetlana's dream? (black coffin, "black crow", snowstorm and blizzard, dead man in a hut).
What is the dominant color in the ballad? (white).
What creates the white effect? (the name of the heroine sparkling under the moon of snow, the flame of a candle lit by Svetlana, the light from the open doors of the church).
Landscape sketches of the ballad are closely connected with the psychological state of the heroine. What spiritual experiences of the bride girl reveal the pictures of nature depicted in the work? (deaf anxiety, tense expectation of danger, heightened feelings of Svetlana).
Why does the author show us such a terrible dream? After all, we said that this is the most joyful ballad. (Zhukovsky formulates main idea ballads with the words: "The best friend to us in this life is faith in providence ...". What can you say to this? Maybe the author wanted to tell us that life on earth is short-lived, and the real and eternal - in the afterlife.)
Dialogue plays an important role in the ballad. To whom does Svetlana complain about her bitter fate? (girlfriends).
What methods of folk fairy tale narration does the poet use in the ballad? (folklore beginning, depiction of the features of Russian national life, description of customs and rituals, inclusion
full text of the processed fortune-telling song, constant epithets).
Why does Zhukovsky introduce a fragment of the song "There is a blacksmith from the forge ..."? (hint of a happy ending).
What realities natural world featured in the ballad? (field, road, sky, moon).
What size is the ballad written in? (alternating four-foot and three-foot trochaic).
4. Summing up.
Today we plunged into Russia of the nineteenth century. Thanks to the works of Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, we feel spiritual nobility, patriotism, the triumph of justice and love. His name lives and will live for a long time thanks to the works of verbal painting, nature and culture, beauty and music of his word. No wonder A.S. Pushkin said prophetic words: "The captivating sweetness of his poems Will pass the envious distance for centuries."
5. Homework: memorize the beginning of the ballad.
Give a plan for the work of Zhukovsky (Svetlana)
Answers:
V. A. Zhukovsky, ballad "Svetlana" 1. Epiphany evening. Fortune-telling girls 2. Girls sing fortune-telling (observant) songs 3. Svetlana is sad. The girls ask her to tell fortunes for her betrothed. 4. Svetlana is sad for her friend, who has not been around for more than a year. 5, Svetlana began to guess in front of the mirror. A dear friend came to her. He asks her to marry. 6. Svetlana and Friend ride in a sleigh. Svetlana notices that he has changed dramatically: pale and silent. 7. They drive up to God's Temple. They enter it. Svetlana sees a black coffin there. 8. Suddenly everything disappears: horses, sleighs, church. A blizzard has risen. Svetlana is alone in an empty abandoned house. She sees the coffin again, covered with a chain. 9. Svetlana fell in front of the icon, prayed, the blizzard subsided. 10. A white dove flew up to Svetlana. Embraced her with wings. 11. Svetlana saw that the dead man was moving. 12. Dove, protecting Svetlana, sat on the chest of a dead man. And Svetlana saw that the dead man was her friend. 13. Svetlana woke up. It was a terrible dream. 14. Svetlana hears the ringing of bells, a stately guest is approaching the house. Her fiancé. 15. Get together, old and young; Shifting the calls of the bowl, into harmony Sing: for many years!
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Composition
The name of Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky, friend and teacher of AS. Pushkin, entered Russian literature as the author of a number of ballads. He resurrected in ballads images of the feudal Middle Ages and folk traditions full of naive faith. For the first time, the definition of a ballad as a genre was given by V.G. Belinsky He defined its originality in this way: “In a ballad, the poet takes some fantastic and folk legend or invents an event of this kind himself, but the main thing in it is not the event, but the feeling that it excites, the thought that it leads the reader to. » Most of Zhukovsky's ballads are translations. The poet himself wrote about the specifics of the talent of a poet-translator: "Translator: in prose there is a slave, in poetry - a rival"
Zhukovsky's first ballad was "Lyudmila" (1808), which is a free translation of the ballad of the German poet Burger "Lenora". Using the plot of the German poet, Zhukovsky gave a different national flavor, transferring the action to Moscow Rus' of the 16th-17th centuries, gave the heroine Russian name Lyudmila, introduced song turns and folklore features inherent in the Russian people.
The next ballad "Svetlana", written in 1812, is also based on the plot of Burger's "Lenora". But in "Svetlana" the national flavor is already enhanced, which is created by the details of everyday life and pictures of Russian nature. Therefore, "Svetlana" was perceived by readers as a truly folk, Russian work. It was built on a broad and stable folk basis: here are divination, signs, ritual songs, and folk legends about the evil dead, and the motives of Russian folk tales.
The plot of the ballad "Svetlana" resembles in many ways the plot of "Lyudmila". Sad Svetlana is guessing at the Epiphany evening at the mirror about her sweetheart. She is sad about her fiancé, about whom there has been no news for a long time:
The year has flown by - no news:
He does not write to me
Oh! and they only have a red light,
They only breathe in the heart ...
Svetlana looks in the mirror and hears the voice of her beloved, who calls her to get married in the church. On the way to the church, she sees in the dark a black coffin in the open gate. Finally the sleigh pulls up to the hut. The horses and the groom disappear. The heroine, crossing herself, enters the house and sees the coffin. A dead man rises from it and pulls his hands to her. But Svetlana is saved by a wonderful dove that covers her from a terrible ghost:
Startled, unfolded
He is light wings;
To the dead on the chest fluttered ...
All devoid of strength
Moaned, gnashed
He's scary with his teeth
And sparkled at the girl
Terrible eyes...
Svetlana recognizes her beloved in this terrible ghost and wakes up. It was a terrible, terrible dream. At the end of the ballad, a living fiance appears. The heroes unite and play a wedding. Everything ends well. The optimistic sound of the ballad is at odds with the ending of "Lyudmila", in which the dead groom drags the bride into the kingdom of shadows. Fantastic events - the appearance of a dead bridegroom on the way to his "abode", the revival of a dead man - reflect the struggle between good and evil. In this case, good wins:
Best friend to us in this life
Faith in providence.
The blessing of the maker of the law:
Here misfortune is a false dream;
Happiness is an awakening.
The image of Svetlana is opposed by Zhukovsky to both Lenore Burger and Lyudmila. Sad Svetlana, unlike the desperate Lyudmila, does not grumble at her fate, does not call the Creator to the judgment, does not pray for the “comforter angel” to quench her sadness. Therefore, the dark forces have no power to destroy her pure soul. Relentless fate gives way to good Providence. The ballad logic is destroyed, the happy, fabulous ending refutes the traditional scheme. The bright soul of the heroine turns out to be stronger than the darkness of the night, faith and love are rewarded. The author's attitude to what happened to Svetlana is expressed in the words:
ABOUT! do not know these terrible dreams
You are my Svetlana...
Be, the creator, cover her!
Svetlana in Zhukovsky's ballad strikes us with the purity of her inner world Purity, meekness, obedience to providence, fidelity, piety - these are the distinguishing features of this character. The very name of the heroine sets the theme of light in the poem, opposing ballad darkness and defeating it. To depict his heroine, the poet used folk colors,
Svetlana is one of the most important poetic images for Zhukovsky, linking together his fate and work. The name of Svetlana became for Zhukovsky and his friends a symbolic designation of a special worldview and attitude, a “bright” faith, designed to illuminate with its presence the gloomy essence of life. It turned out to be a kind of talisman that protects against evil forces. The image of Svetlana inspired the famous Russian artist K. Bryullov to create the painting "Svetlana's Divination". Pushkin repeatedly recalled "Svetlana", took epigraphs from her poems, compared his Tatyana with the heroine of a ballad.
The high poetic skill, the romantic national flavor of the ballad attracted the interest of readers to it, and it was recognized by contemporaries. the best work Zhukovsky, who began to be called the singer of Svetlana. An analysis of Zhukovsky's literary heritage shows the high artistic value of his poetry and makes it possible to understand how great the significance of this poet is for Russian poetry and literature. The words of A.S. Pushkin, who said about Zhukovsky almost two hundred years ago:
His poetry captivating sweetness
Centuries of envious distance will pass ...
"Svetlana" is the most famous work of Zhukovsky, this is a translation-arrangement of the ballad of the German poet Burger "Leonora". The plot of "Svetlana" is based on the traditional old motif of folk historical and lyrical songs: a girl is waiting for a groom from the war. Events unfold in such a way that happiness depends on the heroine herself. Zhukovsky uses a typical situation of a "terrible" ballad: Svetlana rushes along a fantastic road into the world of dark forces. The plot of the work “breaks out” from reality (fortune-telling of girls on “Epiphany evening”) into the sphere of the miraculous, where evil spirits do their dirty deeds. The road to the forest, to the power of the night is the road from life to death. However, Svetlana does not die, and her fiancé does not die, but returns after a long separation. The ballad has a happy ending: the wedding feast awaits the heroes. This ending is reminiscent of a Russian folk tale.
The year has flown by - there is no news;
He does not write to me;
Oh! and they only have a red light,
They only breathe in the heart ...
How can my girlfriends sing?
Dear friend far away...
Assuage my sadness
Comforting angel.
She fell to dust before the icon.
I prayed to the Savior;
And, with his cross in his hand,
Under the saints in the corner
Robko hid.
The secret darkness of the days to come,
What do you promise my soul
Joy or sadness?
Quietly blowing, flew in,
To her percy quietly sat down,
Embraced them with wings.
Startled, unfolded
He is light wings;
To the dead on the chest fluttered ...
... still the same
In the experience of separation;
The same love in his eyes
Those are pleasant looks;
Those on sweet lips
Sweet conversations.
The work of V.A. Zhukovsky opened to the Russian reader at the beginning of the 19th century an unexpected and mysterious world of romanticism. The great poet and translator composed many elegies, epistles, romances, ballads and epic works. Ballads brought the poet special fame. It was this genre that he introduced into Russian poetry. Zhukovsky has three types of ballads - "Russian", "antique" and "medieval". The name "Russian" ballads is conditional, because Zhukovsky remade a foreign medieval ballad in a national way.
"Svetlana" - the most famous work of Zhukovsky is a translation-arrangement of the ballad of the German poet Burger "Leonora". The plot of "Svetlana" is based on the traditional old motif of folk historical and lyrical songs: a girl is waiting for a groom from the war. Events unfold in such a way that happiness depends on the heroine herself. Zhukovsky uses a typical situation of a "terrible" ballad: Svetlana rushes along a fantastic road into the world of dark forces. The plot of the work “breaks out” from reality (fortune-telling of girls on “Epiphany evening”) into the sphere of the miraculous, where evil spirits do their dirty deeds. The road to the forest, to the power of the night is the road from life to death. However, Svetlana does not die, and her fiancé does not die, but returns after a long separation. The ballad has a happy ending: the wedding feast awaits the heroes. This ending is reminiscent of a Russian folk tale.
The main character in the ballad is endowed with the best features of the national character - fidelity, sensitivity, meekness, simplicity. Svetlana combines external beauty with internal. The girl is "sweet", "beautiful". She is young, open to love, but unthinking. For a whole year, without receiving news from the groom, the heroine is faithfully waiting for him. She is capable of deep feeling:
The year has flown by - there is no news;
He does not write to me;
Oh! and they only have a red light,
They only breathe in the heart ...
The girl is sad and yearning in separation from her beloved. She is emotional, pure, direct and sincere:
How can my girlfriends sing?
Dear friend far away...
The world of folk culture influenced the spiritual development of Svetlana. It is no coincidence that the author began the ballad with a description of Russian rituals and customs associated with the church feast of Epiphany, with a wedding in God's temple. This is how the poet explains the folk origins of Svetlana's feelings: hope and duty in the heroine's heart are stronger than doubts.
The girl's folk ideas are combined with religious ones, with a deep faith in God and fate. The name of the main character is formed from the word "bright" and is associated with the expression "God's light", which penetrated into her pure soul. Svetlana hopes for God's help and constantly turns to God for spiritual support:
Assuage my sadness
Comforting angel.
In the most tense moment, having seen a coffin in a dream in a hut, Svetlana finds the strength to do the most important thing:
She fell to dust before the icon.
I prayed to the Savior;
And, with his cross in his hand,
Under the saints in the corner
Robko hid.
As a reward for true faith, for meekness and patience, God saves the girl. Svetlana does not die in separation from her beloved, but finds happiness on earth. Zhukovsky believed that even the death of the groom could not destroy love. The poet was convinced that loving souls are united beyond the limits of earthly existence. His heroine has the same faith. She does not grumble at Providence, but timidly asks:
The secret darkness of the days to come,
What do you promise my soul
Joy or sadness?
A kind of fabulous "double" of the heroine - "snow-white dove". This is the very “comforter angel” to whom Svetlana turned before divination and begged: “Assuage my sorrow.” This is the good messenger of heaven, "with bright eyes." The epithet gives an idea of the purity, holiness of the angel. He keeps Svetlana. Saves her from the dead:
Quietly blowing, flew in,
To her percy quietly sat down,
Embraced them with wings.
"Dove" is an affectionate, gentle name. This is a symbol of love. Love saves Svetlana, and the author speaks of the dove with increasing tenderness: "but the white dove does not sleep." Good opposes evil and conquers it:
Startled, unfolded
He is light wings;
To the dead on the chest fluttered ...
The image of Svetlana's fiance also corresponds to romantic ideas. He is handsome, daring, kind. The girl's lover is capable of an all-consuming feeling:
... still the same
In the experience of separation;
The same love in his eyes
Those are pleasant looks;
Those on sweet lips
Sweet conversations.
The repetition in these lines emphasizes the main qualities that the author values in his characters - faith and loyalty.
In the ballad "Svetlana" good wins, folk-religious principles triumph. Zhukovsky revealed in his work the character of a Russian girl, open and cordial, pure, rejoicing in life. Svetlana is worthy of happiness, because in her "soul is like a clear day ..."
The heroine has become one of the most beloved characters in Russian literature. Like Liza from the story by N.M. Karamzin, like Tatyana Larina from the novel by A.S. Pushkin.
This essay was written by teachers and was included in the "cheat sheet-2003 from BOBYCH.SPB.RU" for the final exam in literature.
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Unexpected meeting
On an early icy autumn morning in the modern apartment of Innokenty Ovchinnikov, correspondent of the newspaper "District Chronicle", a phone call. The executive secretary of the editorial board, Gennady Serebryany, gave him an urgent task - to immediately go to the village of Kamennaya and prepare a material about the public building of the station of young naturalists illegally privatized by fraudsters. According to Serebryany, the privatization was canceled only after a cassation appeal sent by qualified lawyers to the Court of Appeal.
Being a collected and organized person, Ovchinnikov immediately prepared to leave. In a matter of minutes, he threw into the travel bag a change of linen, washed and ironed shirts and a patched-patched green woolen scarf, knitted by grandmother's hands.
In Kamennaya, Innokenty quickly found a youth station. She was placed in a wooden mansion with columns, surrounded by an old wrought-iron fence. A wooden house, as a rule, is built carelessly. Several years pass after its erection, and they notice with amazement that the house is unrecognizable. On the right, an incongruous outbuilding grew, on the left a cornice collapsed (initially a nice idea), the ivy grew like crazy and completely covered the balcony. It's good that the cornice collapsed, it would be out of place now.
The fate of families depends on whether they live in a stone house or a wooden one. In a wooden house, the family does not collapse, it spreads. A ridiculous extension grows. Someone marries, gives birth to children, the wife dies. The widower is overgrown with ivy, a new cornice is being erected...
Again the children come, and the husband dies. The widow remains, and the children have friends and acquaintances from a neighboring house ... And the widow takes the neighboring children to her upbringing. All this grows, laughs, and again someone gets married. A friend arrives, whom the widow has not seen for thirty years, and stays forever, a new extension is being built, unlike anything else.
Who is the mother here? daughter? son?
The house alone knows everything for everyone: it helps all its residents to live. Apparently, the wooden house, in which the station of the young naturalists was located, was intended for the joint life of parents, children, grandchildren.
Unexpectedly, unexpectedly, an uninvited and uninvited guest appeared Innokenty before the director of the station. She was an energetic and self-confident woman with an unusually well-groomed face and hair dyed in some strange color. Unexpectedly, Ovchinnikov recognized her as his longtime lover, Inna Blinnikova. Despite the devoted and selfless love of Innokenty, Inna completely unreasonably considered him a windy and frivolous young man. After one of the constant and groundless quarrels, they parted, and it seemed to Ovchinnikov that Inna was lost to him forever.
Stunned and depressed, with a fake smile, Innokenty looked at the surprised Inna. It was obvious that she was delighted and a little confused. Wise with life experience, Ovchinnikov confidently invited Inna to a restaurant.
Everything in the restaurant was arranged in a truly folk spirit. The room was lit with oil lamps. Antique bog oak furniture stood against the chalk-washed walls, and wicker runners lay on the white-scraped, unpainted floor. Encouraged and incredibly pleased with the meeting, Ovchinnikov felt like a real birthday man and invited Inna to spend the next day together. She coyly but graciously agreed. It was an unheard-of victory: Innocent was forgiven. (454 words)
According to I. Baklanova
Downloaded from the educational portal http://megaresheba.ru/ all statements for passing the final exam in Russian for 11 classes in the Republic of Belarus.
Downloaded from the educational portal http://megaresheba.ru/ all statements for passing the final exam in Russian for 11 classes in the Republic of Belarus.
Downloaded from the educational portal http://megaresheba.ru/ all statements for passing the final exam in Russian for 11 classes in the Republic of Belarus.
The story of V. Tokareva "The happiest day"
The events of the story take place in a not so distant time, and today's high school students face the same problems as the heroine of the story, thinking about honesty and lies in order to achieve personal goals, about selfishness and careerism in modern society, about true and false goals and values, the ability to sympathize and empathize. Her classmates "scribble with incredible speed and passion" an essay on a not very correct topic given by the teacher, and the main character is still faced with a choice - to write something generally accepted or, waving his hand at all conventions, to write, albeit not about the happiest, but about just the happiest day of her life, because she had never had the happiest day yet. “He is ahead of me,” the girl is convinced.
The task of the writer is to make the reader think about the meaning of life, about its most important component - about happiness. The word happiness and its derivatives are used twenty-seven times in the story. This word has a central role in organizing the content of the text. In the story, the word happiness is realized in two meanings: benefit and pleasure. Hence the compatibility of the word happiness with the words of the lexical-semantic groups benefit and family, because it is in the family with relatives that the heroine experiences “inexpressibly wonderful” feelings.
An important distinguishing feature of V. Tokareva's style is aphorism. In the organization of the text of the story "The happiest day" aphoristic statements, quotes play an important role. They reveal the main life ideas of the heroine of the story and her peculiar opponent - the teacher Marya Efremovna. “A person is truly happy only when he benefits people,” says Marya Efremovna, and in her mouth this well-known statement sounds somewhat artificial. From frequent use it has been somewhat erased, and the reader does not believe in its truth. At the same time, the no less famous quote: “Every person in his life must plant a tree, give birth to a child and write a book about the time in which he lived,” is natural and quite in tune with the heroine’s mental mood, and therefore does not cause her rejection. Aphorisms in the text of V. Tokareva directly or indirectly help to reveal the main key concept of the story - happiness. They carry not only an ideological and semantic, but also an emotional load.
Of particular interest to us is irony as a distinctive feature of the author's style. The heroine of the story, like many modern girls, is smart and ironic. She knows her strengths: she reads a lot, she "has a large vocabulary and she easily wields it." But, comparing herself with her classmates, the heroine is sadly convinced that these virtues of hers are completely unnecessary for modern man. Behind her irony, like behind a mask, she hides what she wants to hide from others: her doubts, anxieties and a keen sense of happiness in communicating with loved ones. In the text of the story, the aphorism “upbringing is given to a person precisely in order to hide his true feelings is not accidental. When they are inappropriate." And the task of the text is to teach a teenager not to hide his views, to openly express his opinion and be able to give convincing arguments in his defense.
The range of problems raised in the story is important and of paramount importance for the formation of a person's life position. But Tokareva speaks of them not in an edifying tone, which almost always causes sharp rejection, especially among young people, but with irony. (490 words)
By L. Korotenko
Downloaded from the educational portal http://megaresheba.ru/ all statements for passing the final exam in Russian for 11 classes in the Republic of Belarus.
Downloaded from the educational portal http://megaresheba.ru/ all statements for passing the final exam in Russian for 11 classes in the Republic of Belarus.
Cruise along the Oka and Volga
In order to take a break from the Moscow heat, we went on a cruise along the Oka and the Volga.
When we arrived at the river station, we were told that there was no ship, because the Oka had become shallow and therefore the ship would depart from Ryazan. I had to start my vacation with an assault on buses, in which everyone tried to take better places. Note that the buses that took us to Ryazan did not have air conditioning and the windows did not open. It seemed that in those two hours during which we were wading through Moscow traffic jams, the sun would melt the bus.
We reached Ryazan when it got dark. The captain assured the vacationers that as soon as the mechanics repaired the engine, the ship would go on a voyage, but could not say when.
After we left the buses, our only desire was to wash ourselves properly. However, when we approached the shower room, we saw the attendant who patiently explained to the passengers that if there was a key, they would definitely take a shower.
A new problem arose when we needed to charge a hungry mobile phone. It turned out that in the cabin, which was locked and where you could leave the phone unattended, there were no electrical outlets. It turned out that there are two or three sockets in the corridor, along which everyone walks and is not too lazy. Something was already sticking out of one of the sockets, on which a plastic bag hung. When we approached, it became clear that someone had plugged a charger into the socket, which was connected to the phone, and hung a package on the charger, where the mobile phone lay. We realized that there is always a way out of any situation, especially if you think carefully. I suspect that the owner of this package is a very rich man, if he was not afraid that during the night someone would call his phone in Magadan or Cleveland.
For some reason, to the ancient Russian cities, which beckoned with their beauty and in which I wanted to climb every nook and cranny, the ship moored at six in the morning. It was very difficult for us to wake up, because the day before we had not gone to bed for a long time, because we were feeding noisy gulls.
Despite the fact that surprises rained down on us, we joyfully photographed the monasteries that were reflected in the river, and if we managed to take a nap for an hour or two, we felt happy. The only pity is that we overslept the moment when the ship nevertheless ran aground.
At first, your whole being seems to be expanding, and your existence will become clearer to you from one glance at the luxurious picture of the Volga coast. To the left at our feet, under a terrible steepness, we saw a wide mother river, beloved by the people, glorified by Russian beliefs; she plays proudly, and shines with silver scales, and smoothly and majestically stretches into the gray distance. To the right, on the slope of the mountain, picturesque huts are piled up in a friendly heap between bushes and trees, and above them, on a cliff that goes into the river, we see a white ribbon of a monastery fence, from the midst of which rise the domes of churches and the cells of monks.
On the one hand, on the mountainous coast rises ancient kremlin, and scaly bell towers are highly indicated in blue sky, and the whole city leans and stretches towards the Volga slope. On the other side, the meadow side, the gaze embraces the boundless space, dotted with villages and irrigated by the mighty currents of the Oka and Volga, which mix their multi-colored waters at the very foot of the city. (485 words)
According to I. Baklanova
Downloaded from the educational portal http://megaresheba.ru/ all statements for passing the final exam in Russian for 11 classes in the Republic of Belarus.
V.A. Zhukovsky "Svetlana": features of a ballad. The image of the main character of the ballad
Radkova Yu.N.
MBOU "Gymnasium No. 5", Bryansk
Goals : to consider the nationality and poetry of V.A. Zhukovsky's ballad "Svetlana", to develop the ability of students to penetrate the world of feelings of the lyrical hero, to observe the development of the lyrical plot; cultivate love for the works of Russian classics.
During the classes.
1. Preparation for perception.
In previous lessons, we have repeatedly talked about the important role played by V.A. Zhukovsky in the history of Russian literature. The poet himself assessed his work as follows: "I have almost everything that is someone else's or about someone else's, and everything, however, is mine." How do you understand these words? What do they mean?
Indeed, the poet has in mind, first of all, ballads - and Zhukovsky has 39 of them, and almost all of them are translated from English and German, but Zhukovsky made each of them a unique, truly independent work. Peculiar " calling card"The poet is the ballad" Svetlana ", its name even became the nickname of Zhukovsky in the literary society" Arzamas ".
The ballad "Svetlana" and the main character of this work will be discussed today in the lesson.
2. Communication of the topic and objectives of the lesson.
3. Work on the topic of the lesson.
Do you remember what a ballad is? What is typical for this genre?
A ballad is a lyrical-epic work with a sharp, tense plot, often fantastic.
The literary ballad genre appeared only in the 18th century; before that, the ballad was an exclusively folklore genre. The 18th century is a period of enthusiasm for UNT, in which poets and researchers try to guess and understand the national character. This leads to the fact that the works of UNT are actively collected and published.
From the very beginning, the literary ballad was guided by folklore. Poets saturate it with unusually expressive emotional devices. All this promised a great future for the ballad, and, indeed, having arisen in the 18th century, the ballad has firmly established itself among literary genres and has successfully existed to this day.
The ballad has brevity and unusual expressiveness, emotional richness. The folklore ballad told about terrible things: murders, incest, betrayals. Ghosts, the living dead, and even the devil himself appeared in it.
Thus, the ballad is a lyrical-epic genre in which emotions and passions come from lyrics; and from the epic - the narrative, the plot.
The plot of the ballad contains:
Fantastic and mystical images;
Miracles, extraordinary stories.
characteristic feature ballads as a genre is dialogue. Sometimes it can be a monologue, but it still means a silent interlocutor.
The genre of ball-la-dy was born in Russia in 1808. In de-vya-tho-me-re, the journal-na-la “Vestnik Ev-ro-py” for this year was on-pe-cha-ta-but sti-ho-your-re-nie under on -call-ni-eat "People-mi-la". This was the first pro-of-ve-de-ing of V.A. mi, in the genre of ball-la-dy. Russian chi-ta-te-whether met a new pro-from-ve-de-nie vo-tor-women-but. Be-lin-sky, as a result, from-me-chal: “Then-then-her-society of the devil-with-a-knowing-but in a sense-of-wa-lo in this ball-la-de a new spirit of creativity, a new spirit of e-zia . And the society was not mistaken.
“People-mi-la” Zhu-kov-sko-go was a re-re-vo-house into the Russian language of the ball-la-dy-know-me-no-thing-th German poet Bur-ge -ra "Le-no-ra". This ball-la-yes is-la-is-sya whether-te-ra-tur-noy about-ra-bot-koy mi-sti-che-sko-go-so-that about how to de- vush-ke yav-la-et-sya dead fiance. The Russian chi-ta-yu-shaya public of the 18th century was re-pi-ta-na on pro-sve-ti-tel-li-te-ra-tu-re, and in Pro-sve -se-nii-existing-val-cult of ra-zu-ma, that is, everything is mys-sti-che-sky, inexplicable-no-mine. In this way, one can imagine with what for-mi-ra-ni-em heart-dets chi-ta-whether a new pro-from-ve-de-nie Zhu-kov-sko-go ( especially-ben-but ba-rysh-ni).
"Light-la-na" wasonlythird ball-la-doy, na-pi-san-noy poet. Before her, he had already mentioned “People-mi-lu” and the ball-la-du “Cas-sandra” -the house of the pro-of-ve-de-niya of the ve-whether-of-the-th German-poet Shil-le-ra, and it was about co-be-ty-yah an-tich-noy is- to-rii.
“Light-la-na”, without a doubt, the most famous ball-la-da Zhu-kov-sko-go, andalthough in the os-no-ve its su-same liesstill the samestory about how to de-vush-ke yav-la-et-sya dead fiance, this ball-la-da has become an absolutely original work.
The work on “Svet-la-noy” continued for four years (from 1808 to 1812). Not only the plot changed, but also the name of the hero-and-no, which is not accidental and very important.The poet's idea is to show the heroine with a "Russian soul", to give a ball-la-de Russian co-lo-rit. Name "Svetlana"was not in the Russian Orthodox calendar, itderived from the word "light" and is associated with the expression "God's light." The heroine of Zhukovsky hopes for God's help and constantly turns to God for spiritual support, is endowed with the features of the Russian national character - fidelity, cordiality, meekness, kindness, tenderness, simplicity.
In addition, the choice of the name Svet-la-na could also be associated with ha-rak-te-rum pro-to-ti-pa hero-ro-and-ni of this ball-la-da, the niece of the poet Alek-san -dry An-dre-ev-ny Pro-ta-so-howl-In-her-co-howl, to which the work was presented as a wedding gift.Everyone who knew Sasha Pro-ta-so-woo from-zy-va-lis about her as a person-lo-ve-ke unusually-but-ven-no-go both-I-and-attractive -tel-no-sti. She was like that from her childhood, and as an adult, left-handed Sasha, the famous Russian poets were rejoiced: Ni-ko-lai Mi-hai- lo-vich Yazykov, Ivan Ivanovich Koz-lov, Evgeniy Ab-ra-mo-vich Ba-ra-tyn-sky. They dedicated poetry to her.
In-my name of the hero-ro-and-ni, important mo-ti-vom, co-creating on-chi-o-nal-ny ko-lo-rit ball-la-dy"Svetlana",it became a pre-uro-chi-va-tion of ongoing eventsto so-ver-shen-but opre-de-leon-no-mu time-me-no -baptismal saints. Pro-chi-tai-te beginning of the ball-la-dy (p. 131, stanzas 1 and 2).
Zachin immerses us in the atmosphere of Russian national life. The action takes place on the "Epiphany evening", which has long been considered a time of miracles in Rus'.The ballad is full of signs of Russian life, traditions and beliefs: fortune-telling on a slipper, "following" songs, fortune-telling with a candle and a mirror.After all, this special, sacred world, the world of ha-da-ny and various sacred amusements was close and understandable not only in simple on-ro-die, the peasantry, but also the nobility. This is really-but there was a world of common-on-qi-o-nal-ny.
When-ob-re-cha na-qi-o-nal-ny ko-lo-rit, ball-la-yes still remained ball-la-doy - pro-from-we-de-no-eat, saturated with ir-ra-qi-o-nal-ny-mi, mi-sti-che-ski-mi, super-natural-us-mi co-ti-i-mi. The action takes place at midnight, in an atmosphere of gloomy mystery:
The moon shines dimly
In su-mra-ke tu-ma-na -
Like-cha-li-va and sad-on
Dear Svetlana.
What is Svetlana concerned about? Why is she "silent and sad"?
“Dear friend is far away ... The year has rushed by - there is no news.” Svetlana worries about the fate of her fiancé.
And then, in front of the chi-ta-te-lem, there is a kar-ti-na ha-da-nia in front of the mirror - one of the holy ha-da-ny , someone swarm was very popular, but both in the native and in the noble environment. The mirror is a way of communication with the other world. Why do you think Svetlana turns to this fortune-telling? Tell us what happened to Svetlana after she sat down in front of the mirror?
Knowing nothing about the fate of the groom, Svetlana worries about whether he is alive: “Where, in which direction are you? Where is your abode?”, and therefore turns to the mirror.
Folk ideas in the soul of the heroine of the ballad are combined with religious ideas, with inexhaustible faith in God and in the goodness of his destiny. And although Svetlana worries about the groom, she believes in meeting him and hopes for God's help, she constantly turns to God for spiritual support:
Assuage my sadness
Comforting angel.
What happened to Svetlana after she sat down in front of the mirror?
“With a bang, puffed-zero hoo-nek, Shout-zero sting-forehead-but-chok”, “Here ... le-go-hon-ko lock Someone knock-zero”, Svetlana “Shyly in zer-ka-lo looks: Behind her shoulders Someone, mi-di-moose, shines with bright eyes-behind-mi.Svetlana hears a whisper and sees the groom, who calls her with him to get married. They get into the sleigh and go to church, but there is a funeral service. Then they arrive at a secluded hut, "and suddenly they disappeared from their eyes: the horses, sleighs and the groom seemed to have never been." Having crossed herself and prayed, Svetlana enters the hut and sees the coffin. “Before the icon she fell to dust, she prayed to the Savior; And, with her cross in her hand, She timidly hid under the saints in a corner. Suddenly, a white dove flew in, which "quietly sat down on her Persian, hugged them with her wings." Suddenly, a dead man rises from the coffin - Svetlana's fiancé, but the "white dove" protects her from the dead man. And then all the horrors disappear and turn out to be a dream.
Hope for the mi-lo-ser-die of God spa-sa-et Light-la-well. Thus,the poet, outwardly preserving the traditional plot (a dead groom appears to the girl), departs from it: no misfortune happens to the main character, since she does not grumble at fate and retains a deep faith in God's mercy, for which she was rewarded: her groom came back safe and sound. The main idea of the ballad - "The best friend to us in this life is faith in providence ..." -sounds in the final part of the work.
The novelty of Zhukovsky-Romance lay in the fact that he was the first to express the character of a person in his inextricable connection with customs, traditions and beliefs, understood the personality as an inseparable part of the people, and the people as a combination of personalities. That is why the Decembrist Kuchelbecker, who did not even complain about Zhukovsky's poetry for being addicted to foreign plots and images, noted that the poems of Svetlana bear the stamp of a genuine nationality. Pushkin, who appreciated Svetlana, used the same technique as Zhukovsky. He included fantastic ballad motifs that foreshadowed a fatal misfortune in Tatyana's fate in her dream, but did not refute them in the further course of the novel, but gave them a different, transformed interpretation.
4.D/Z:read A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”, prepare a story about the idea of the comedy, the progress of work on it and the sources of the text (according to the textbook, pp. 144 - 145, 148 - 149).
Literature: V.Ya. Korovina, V.P. Zhuravlev, V.I. Korovin, I.S. Zbarsky. Literature Grade 9. - M.: Enlightenment, 2013
SVETLANA
(Ballad, 1808-1811)
Svetlana- the heroine of the ballad, written, like another ballad by Zhukovsky, "Lyudmila", on the theme of the "exemplary" ballad of the German poet G.-A. Burger "Lenora" - the return of the dead groom for his bride and their way to the coffin. "Svetlana" is an attempt to create an ideal national character, the "Russian soul", as the poet saw and understood it. Distinctive features of this character-soul - purity, meekness, obedience to Providence, fidelity, tenderness and light sadness. To depict his heroine, the poet used folk colors, stylizing her - in a sentimental way - like a girl from a folk song or fairy tale.
Sad S. tells fortunes on Epiphany evening at the mirror about her beloved. Her fiancé appears and tells her that the heavens have been tamed, her murmur has been heard. He calls her to follow him, puts her in a sleigh, and they ride through the snowy steppe. S. sees God's temple, in which someone is being buried. Finally the sleigh pulls up to the hut. The horses and the groom disappear. The heroine, crossing herself, enters the house and sees the coffin. A dead man rises from it and pulls his hands to her. But S. is saved by a wonderful dove, which covers her with wings from a terrible ghost. In the latter, the heroine recognizes her sweetheart and awakens. In the finale, a living and unharmed fiance appears. The heroes unite and play a wedding.
The images and plot of “Lyudmila” (“Lenora”) are rethought in “Svetlana”: the appearance of a dead man to the bride turns out to be a terrible dream-deception (the groom did not die; an important motive for the heroine's guilt (S. did not give any reason for the appearance of a terrible groom); the ballad death of the heroes turns into their happy union.
Sad S., unlike the desperate Lyudmila, does not grumble at fate, does not call the Creator to the court, but prays to the “comforter angel” to quench her sadness, she is pious and sinless. Therefore, the dark forces have no power to destroy her pure soul. Relentless fate gives way to good Providence.
The heroes of Zhukovsky's "terrible" ballads are always the "suffering side", they have no chance of salvation, everything that should happen will happen: the execution will come true, the prediction will come true. Such heroes are victims of their own sin or supernatural gift. In "Svetlana" everything is the other way around: the heroine is innocent, the "prophetic dream" does not come true, which is completely exclusive both for the ballad genre and for the folklore, Christmas, interpretation of the dream; the poem ends with the wedding of the heroes. The ballad logic is destroyed, the happy, fabulous ending refutes the traditional scheme. S. is a non-ballad heroine, placed by the will of the author in a genre world alien to her nature: the horrors traditional for a ballad are only a test of her faith. Her bright soul turns out to be stronger than the darkness of the night, faith and love are rewarded. The very name of the heroine has an etymology unusual for the genre: it sets the theme of light in the poem, opposing ballad darkness and defeating it. (It is no coincidence that the ballad "Svetlana" ends early in the morning, while the action of "Lyudmila" - and "Lenora" - does not go beyond the night.)
S. is one of the most important poetic images for Zhukovsky, linking together his fate and work. Zhukovsky dedicated this ballad to Alexandra Andreevna Protasova (married Voeikova), whom he called "his muse, which inspired him to a poetic mood." The name Svetlana became the literary name of this woman - the addressee of many poetic messages from both Zhukovsky and N. M. Yazykov, I. I. Kozlov. The same name was called in the literary society "Arzamas" of the poet himself. Years later, his friend P. A. Vyazemsky recalled the poet’s words that the name he received during the Arzamas “baptism” turned out to be prophetic: Zhukovsky was “Svetlana not only in name, but also in soul.” The name S. became for Zhukovsky and his friends a symbolic designation of a special worldview and attitude, a “bright” faith, designed to illuminate with its presence the gloomy essentiality of life; it turned out to be a kind of wonderful talisman that protects against evil forces.
A. S. Pushkin used the “silent and sad” image of S. to characterize his heroine Tatyana (“Eugene Onegin”, ch. 3, stanza V). The image of S. has countless literary echoes: he became one of the central images of the Russian literary pantheon of heroes.