The territory of Kabardino-Balkaria has been inhabited since ancient times by various peoples. In the XII-XIII centuries, Kabardians settled here, who came from the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov and the Kuban region.

Two neighboring peoples - Kabardians and Balkars - got along well on a common territory, conducting joint trade and fighting against common enemies.

In the 13th-14th centuries, they, like all the peoples of the North Caucasus, had to resist the Tatar-Mongols, and in the 90s of the 14th century they had to experience the devastating invasion of the Central Asian Emir Timur.

Before the Kabardians, Balkars and Circassians had time to restore their strength, they had another formidable enemy - the Turks and Crimean Tatars. Kabarda was divided into small principalities and could not resist the enemy. Then they asked for citizenship Russian Empire who could protect them. So in 1557 Kabarda was voluntarily annexed to Russia. A little later, the Balkars also became part of the Russian state. To further strengthen ties in 1561, Ivan the Terrible marries Temryuk's daughter, Kuchenya, who was named Maria after baptism.

Throughout the 16th-18th centuries, the Kabardians, Balkars and other peoples of the North Caucasus, together with the Russians, took part in the struggle against common enemies - Turkey and the Crimea, Livonian Order, Poland and Sweden.

However, in the middle of the 18th century, the people got tired of the tsarist oppression and uprisings began to break out.

In the second half of the 18th - the first half of the 19th centuries, royal fortresses and fortifications were built in Kabarda - Ekaterinogradskaya, Prokhladnaya, Kamennomostskaya, Nalchikskaya, Baksanskaya. Immigrants from Russia settled here, who were driven to the distant Caucasus by hunger and need. They lived peacefully with the Kabardians and Balkars. Local serfs, who fled from their masters, found shelter and protection in Russian settlements.

In 1905-1907. revolutionary movements began in the Kabardino-Balkarian lands.

On March 4, 1918, at the II Congress of the Terek Peoples, Soviet power was proclaimed and the Terek Soviet Republic was established. It included the lands of the Kabardians and Balkars, then called the Nalchik district.

In the North Caucasus, as in all of Russia, the Civil War was raging. In early 1919, Denikin's men managed to capture the North Caucasus. But in the spring of 1920 he was released. On March 24, Soviet power was restored in Nalchik. In November 1920, Kabarda and Balkaria became part of the Mountain SSR.

In 1921, Kabarda was separated into the Kabardian Autonomous Region, and on January 16, 1922, the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Region was formed.

The flourishing of the economy and culture of the peoples of Kabardino-Balkaria began.

In 1924, the Kabardians and Balkars received their own written language. Institutes, theaters and factories began to open in the region.

In December 1936, the Extraordinary VIII All-Union Congress of Soviets adopted a new Constitution of the USSR, according to which the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Region was transformed into the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

The Republic lived a measured life until the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War.

Tens of thousands of Kabardians and Balkars joined the ranks Soviet army. In August 1942, the battle began on the lands of Kabardino-Balkaria.

20 residents of Kabardino-Balkaria were awarded high rank Heroes Soviet Union.

In 1944, the autonomy of the Balkars was abolished. The population was evicted. In this regard, the republic was renamed the Kabardian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1957, the Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR was restored. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, in 1992 the republic became part of Russian Federation called the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic.

A small republic, not only by the standards of Russia, but even relative to the Greater Caucasus - Kabardino-Balkaria. The religion of this region differs from the generally accepted one in the country, but this is not what the republic is famous for all over the world. It is here that the highest mountains of Europe are located.

Story

Balkaria and Kabarda were completely separate regions until 1922. Kabarda became a part of the Russian Empire in 1557, while Balkaria - only in 1827. Officially, these territories were ceded to our state in 1774 under the Kyuchuk-Kainarji Treaty.

Kabarda and our country have always been on friendly terms, they became especially close after Ivan the Terrible married the daughter of the Prince of Kabarda, Temryuk Idarov. In 1561, Goshane became the wife of the Russian ruler, taking the name Maria after baptism. Her brothers went to serve the tsar, founding the family of the Cherkassky princes, who gave Russia many politicians and famous commanders.

In 1944, "thanks" to Stalin, the Balkars were deported. IN Central Asia More than 37 thousand people were sent by 14 echelons, among whom were both babies and ancient old people. Their only fault was that they were born Balkars. 562 people died on the road. At the end point of the path for people, carefully guarded barracks were set up. For 13 years people actually lived in camps. Leaving without permission was equivalent to running away and was a criminal offence. The story seemed to be interrupted at this point, since even only the Kabardians were allowed to remain in the name. Fortunately, in 1957 the Balkars were rehabilitated and the former name was returned to the republic.

Since ancient times, the Kabardians lived on the plains, while the Balkars lived in the mountains. To this day, the situation remains virtually unchanged: the vast majority of villages in the mountains belong to the Balkars. However, gradually the highlanders descend into the flat part of the republic. In addition to these two peoples, the republic is inhabited by about ten more nationalities, including Russians.

Republic

First of all, Kabardino-Balkaria, whose religion is an important part of the culture, is known for the most high mountains: most of the world-famous five-thousanders are located on its territory.

The relief rises as you move south - the northern plains gradually rise and bring the traveler to the main Caucasian ridge. It is here, next to Karachay-Cherkessia, that Mingi-Tau rises, known to most under the name Elbrus.

Kabardino-Balkaria, whose religion and language are inextricably linked with the beginning of the history of these peoples, is in no hurry to urbanize. On the territory of the republic there are only 8 cities that remain true to the precepts of antiquity. The rest of the population lives in villages and auls located high in the mountains, on the banks of rivers or in gorges. The largest gorges are very different both in natural conditions and in the degree of development. So, it is a famous route for tourists to Cheget and Elbrus. Whereas Khulamo-Bezengiyskoye still remains an underdeveloped area, accessible only to hikers and climbers. To this day, two things remain common to all gorges: stunning, incredible beauty and sheep.

Kabardino-Balkaria, whose religion forbids the consumption of pork, is focused on raising sheep. Even where human habitation is not visible to the very horizon, flocks roam. As soon as the thunder rumbles, frightening the animals with its booming rifts, in the piercing silence, no less piercing cries of sheep are heard. This makes an incredible impression - the roll call of the elements, the panicked voices of nature. Slightly less popular in the republic are cows. These animals are not afraid of anything and, with any disturbances of nature, they still slowly move along the roads, phlegmatically working with their jaws.

High in the mountains, with great luck, you can see the real symbol of the Caucasus - mountain tours: in the early morning, these animals make their way along mountain paths to grazing places.

The origin of Kabardino-Balkaria suggests a large number of mountain villages, where life has remained unchanged for many centuries. However, after the deportation, despite the subsequent rehabilitation, people were not allowed to return to their homes. This explains the ruins of the villages, through which only the wind walks today.

However, there are still authentic villages in the republic. Even today, everything is happening here in the same way as hundreds of years before: in the central part of the settlement, elders gather to discuss matters or have a leisurely conversation. Children run along the streets, women bake khychins, knit socks. In the most natural way, centuries-old traditions and everyday life are combined here.

Religion

Over the years, Kabardino-Balkaria has become more and more religious. Religion has a positive effect on all areas of the life of the population: for example, there are no drunk or homeless locals. Smoking woman in rural areas will not only cause bewilderment, but will also wait for comments from residents. Long skirts and headscarves are worn by most women. In the cities, however, young people are increasingly neglecting these conventions, however, you will not see revealing clothes on the locals either. When traveling to Kabardino-Balkaria, you should take these features into account and do not take overly tight outfits or extreme minis with you.

customs

A clear difference between both Balkars and Kabardians from Russians is their incredible hospitality. They are able to invite someone with whom they barely had time to meet. According to tradition, neither the children nor the hostess sit at the table with the guest and men. They watch from the sidelines, waiting for the moment when their help may be needed. In the cities this tradition is almost forgotten, but in the villages it is firmly adhered to. It will not work to seat the hostess with you, so just thank her for her hospitality.

In the Caucasus, it is considered extremely impolite to interrupt an interlocutor, but it is simply impossible to interrupt a person older than you in age.

What is the Republic known for?

You can come to the republic all year round: there will always be entertainment for the season. Of course, in winter, in the first place, rest in ski resorts and climbing to the peaks. However, this is not only a winter holiday - there is always snow on Cheget and Elbrus, you just need to climb higher.

In the warm season, mineral waters, mud, climatic resorts, hot springs and pine forests with their healing air are popular in Kabardino-Balkaria. In addition, lovers of hiking, horseback riding, and mountaineering come here.

Transport

Before major cities easy to get to, as well as to tourist places. Let infrequently, but regularly, buses run from Nalchik to all the gorges. It is easy to get to any of the resorts by taxi. However, traveling through the passes is possible only on very passable vehicles. A passenger car will be able to move only in the Baksan Gorge.

Trains can take you to Terek, Nalchik, Maisky and Prokhladny. In the main territory of the republic, the laying of railway tracks is not available due to the peculiarities of the relief.

Kitchen

Many types of cheeses, a variety of milk products, the active consumption of vegetables - this is all Kabardino-Balkaria. Islam is a religion that excludes the use of pork, so lamb is most often eaten. Residents prefer to drink ayran - a fermented milk product. Wine is sold only in tourist places, despite the fact that for most the Caucasus is associated with homemade wine.

Souvenirs

A lot of knitted things can offer Kabardino-Balkaria. Religion (what? Of course, Islam) makes it possible to eat lamb, but these animals are also famous for their wool, from which women knit beautiful and warm clothes.

Very popular among tourists are ceramics, which exactly repeat the archaeological finds. Chasing, chain mail, bronze and leather items - this is what travelers in the Elbrus region buy with pleasure.

The Kabardino-Balkarian Republic is located in the northern foothills of the central part of the Caucasus and on the adjacent plain. It has internal administrative borders with the Stavropol Territory, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and the Republic of Ingushetia. The southern border of Kabardino-Balkaria is the state border of the Russian Federation with the Republic of Georgia.
The Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (KBR) occupies an area of ​​12.47 thousand square meters. km, population 894 thousand people, including urban 523 thousand people. (58.5%), rural 371 thousand people, (41.5%), average population density 72 people. per square kilometer.
Administrative divisions: 10 municipal districts(Baksansky, Zolsky, Maisky, Prokhladnensky, Tersky, Urvansky, Chegemsky, Chereksky, Elbrussky, Leskensky), 3 urban districts, 7 urban settlements, 112 rural settlements, 169 rural settlements.
The capital of the republic - the city of Nalchik, is assigned to the III group for civil defense, the population is 271 thousand people, the urban area is 133 square meters. km, population density 2234 people. per sq. km.
The KBR is a land of extraordinary contrasts: from arid steppes and a semi-desert zone in the north, to alpine meadows and eternal snows of the highlands. On the territory of the KBR there are unique natural complexes and objects: cascading complexes of waterfalls in the Chegem Gorge, the famous Blue Lakes, of which one - the Lower, despite the mirror area of ​​just over 1.5 hectares, is one of the ten deepest lakes in the Russian Federation, karst failures and caves of the Malkinsky Gorge, much more.
The relief of the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic has three "steps":
the first "step" (33% of the area) is a plain inclined to the northeast from 170 to 500 m above sea level;
the second "step" (16% of the area) - foothills, which are ridges, in some places low spurs of mountains and plateaus from 500 to 1000 meters above sea level;
the third "step" (51% of the area) is the mountainous part of the republic, consisting of five parallel ranges running from the northwest to the southeast: the Main Caucasian Range, the Lateral Range, the Rocky Range, the Pasture Range, the Wooded Range.
In the Lateral Range is the highest peak of the Caucasus - Elbrus. Elbrus has two peaks: western (5642 m) and eastern (5621 m) with a saddle between them at an altitude of 5322 m. It is covered with a powerful ice shell, the average thickness of which is 50-60 m, and on the northern slopes - up to 110 meters. The total glaciation area of ​​the summit is 137.5 sq. km.
Greatest length territory from southwest to northeast is 190 km, the smallest - (from northwest to southeast) is 101 km.

A wide variety of natural conditions in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic - relief, geological structure, climate, vegetation and soil cover - led to the development of a number of exogenous and endogenous natural processes.
65% of the republic's territory is located in the mountains of the Central Caucasus and, as a result, is exposed to a wide range of hazardous natural processes and phenomena, of which mudflows, landslides, screes, and landslides are the most dangerous. The presence of a highly dissected relief, characterized by steep slopes and a significant depth of narrow river valleys, combined with a large amount of winter precipitation, causes high avalanche activity within the described territory.
The territory of the KBR can be divided into 2 zones according to the features of the technogenic impact on the geological environment - these are the Kabardian foothill plain and the mountainous part of the republic. The cities of Nalchik, Baksan, Prokhladny, Maisky, Terek are located within the most developed Kabardian Plain, the main transport communications and agricultural facilities are concentrated, and 70% of the population of the republic lives.
This determines the nature of the technogenic impact on the geological environment, the negative consequences of which are expressed in soil erosion, flooding, swamping, and pollution of groundwater.
In the mountainous part, which occupies 2/3 of the territory of the KBR, resort and recreational construction is widely carried out on the basis of unique natural and climatic landscapes and explored deposits of mineral waters. A significant number of deposits of non-metallic minerals and a large Tyrnyauz deposit of tungsten and molybdenum are being developed here, intensive road construction is being carried out, irrigated and cultivated pastures are being created through the economic development of slopes and watersheds.

On the territory of the KBR, human activity can be traced from ancient times - from primitive
community structure. Encampments discovered in the Baksan Gorge primitive people late
Paleolithic. The most well-preserved graves and settlements of the 2-1 millennium BC
near Nalchik - Agubekovskoye settlement, Dolinskoye settlement.
It has been established that the distant ancestors of the Adyghe tribes in the North-Western Caucasus (Meots, Sinds,
Kerkets) absorbed in themselves in the 8th-4th centuries BC the Cimmerian, Scythian,
Greek, as well as Sarmatian-Alanian ethnic elements. The basis of the economy of these tribes was
"yaylag" cattle breeding and primitive agriculture, and along the coasts of the seas - trade and fishing
catching. At the beginning of the 3rd c. BC. the Sarmatians appeared in the steppes (the Scythians concentrated in the Crimea).
The situation of the Bosporan kingdom became more complicated, its economic weakening began,
associated with a sharp decline in foreign trade. The main export item is bread,
grown in the Sindh and Meotian lands, over time began to be gradually forced out to
Greek markets with cheap Egyptian bread. Sindo-Meots as a result of military clashes with
the Huns retreated beyond the Kuban. Archaeologists have discovered their settlements dating back to the 4th-6th centuries. However,
despite the fact that many years of hostilities had a heavy impact on the life of the Sindo-Meots
(the loss of fertile lands and fishing grounds on the right bank of the Kuban led to a sharp
to a reduction in crop and pasture areas, to a significant reduction in fishing: there were
traditional urban centers were devastated), they still survived as an ethnic group and later act
under common name Circassians (Circassians).
In the 5th century BC new era under the influence of the Greek colonies, a process took place among the Sinds
formation of the state - Sindiki, where metal money was in circulation. This
the state existed for about 100 years and wore mainly borrowed from the Greeks
structure and way of life. As a result of the Hun invasion of the North Caucasus in the 4th century AD and
Invasions of the Avars in the 6th century, the Meotian-Sindo-Kerket tribes were driven back to the Kuban.
By the end of the 1st c. BC. in the steppe, on the lands of the inhabitants of the North-Western Caucasus, the Alans penetrate,
which formed an extensive Alanian union, which included the Sarmatians and, apparently, part
descendants of the Sindo-Meots. The Alans dominated the North Caucasus for more than 1000 years and left
behind numerous historical monuments. The center of the Alanian state was
territory of the KBR and North Ossetia. This is where they are found in abundance.
grandiose earthen Alanian fortifications - settlements, each of which occupies an area
10-15 hectares, as on a hill between the Baksan and Chegem valleys. They meet
near the villages of Argudan, old Lesken, Upper Akbash, Zhemtala, Psygansu and Elkhotovo. From the 6th century
Christianity begins to penetrate the North Caucasus. The history of the ancestors of the Circassians in this period
closely intertwined with the history of the Eastern Slavs - Ants. In the 10th century, the ancestors of the Kabardians
repeatedly acted together with the Russians against the Khazars and reached their capital Sarkel
on the Don.
In the 11th century they came into close contact with the Slavic principality on Taman
peninsula - Tmutorokan. During the existence of the Tmutarakan principality (10-12 centuries),
the majority of the settled population of which were Adyghes, ancient Russian chronicles are usually also
Adygs are called by the name "Kasogi". In the 10-11 centuries. Tmutarakan (Tamtarakay, Matrika) for the Circassians
was a major craft and trade center. Adygs had to deal with Byzantium, in
whose possessions included Abkhazia, the Taman Peninsula, Crimea, fought with
expansion of the Khazar Khaganate. Already in 1023, the Adygs helped Mstislav the Brave in his fight against
Yaroslav the Wise for the Grand Duke's throne in Kyiv. Ethnographers note similarities in
types of clothing, dwellings, as well as the folklore of the Circassians and Ukrainians of that time.
In the first quarter of the 13th century, a devastating invasion of the North Caucasus by the Mongols began.
Tatars. The spearhead of aggression of the Mongols in the central part of Ciscaucasia was directed against
Alans, who were defeated in the 13-14 centuries and ceased their independent
existence, hiding in the mountains and mixing with the mountain tribes formed the Ossetian,
Balkar and Karachai peoples. Back in the first half of the 13th century, the invaders found
fortified almost all the gorges of the Central Caucasus. It is to this time that
the emergence of rock fortifications, watchtowers in mountain villages and entire fortresses. TO
This time includes the Tower of Amirkhan in the Cherek Gorge, the Tower of Ak-Kala and others. At 14
century, entire fortified citadels appeared, for example, Uskhur, which is associated with a new wave
invasions - Timur's campaigns. In 1395, in the face of a new formidable enemy - the conqueror
Tamerlane, the Circassians were forced to unite with Khan Tokhtamysh. Ruining everything on your own
way, Timur passed from Transcaucasia to Dagestan. The powerful Derbent fortress fell without
resistance. Timur passed the river. Sunzhu and stood on the Terek. April 15, 1395 on the banks of the Terek
not far from the Lower Dzhulat, a grandiose historical battle broke out between the troops
Timur and the united army of Tokhtamysh and the Circassians. Timur won. Chasing
defeated Tokhtamysh, Timur went to the lower reaches of the Volga, then moved to Moscow, but, having reached
Yelets and ruined the Ryazan land, turned back and made trips to the Crimea and Azov. Timur wanted to punish the Circassians for their resistance. The Circassians burned the steppe between the Don and Kuban. This
The invasion caused enormous damage to the Adygs, significantly weakened their influence.
Moving from west to east, the ancestors of the Kabardians first occupied Pyatigorye, and then
territory of modern KBR. Folklore ascribes this to a certain Kabard, by whose name
the area began to be called Kabardey, that is, a country belonging to Kabard, and the Adygs
began to be called Kabardians.
Some historians claim that the name "Kabardians" appeared similarly to the name
"Cossacks". Having separated for various reasons from their tribes on the Taman Peninsula,
the ancestors of the Kabardians retired to the deep gorges of the Laba River and began to be called "kobar", that is
"polygorgers". The suffix "day", which means "belonging to him", apparently came later.
Therefore, "Kobar-day" - "Kabardey" - a country of polygorges, a country of Kabardians. First
their mention in the sources in the form of "keverti" refers to the 15th century. and belongs to italian
by Josaphat Barbaro. This is the time when this part of the Adyghes separated from the Adyghe
ethnic array and migrated to the east, to the Central Ciscaucasia. In Russian sources
The name of the Kabardians has been known since the 16th century, when political ties between Russia and Kabarda were established:
Kabardian Circassians, Kabardian land, Kabardian principality. So after 14
century, culminating in the devastating invasion of Timur, the Kabardians mastered
vast and fertile foothill plain, advancing in the east to the river. Sunzhi and
area of ​​the current city of Grozny. Having populated the foothills and locked the entrances to the gorges, the Kabardians
thereby isolated in the rocky, barren highlands of the Karachays, Balkars,
Chechens and Ossetians who became dependent on the Kabardian princes. Ossetians paid
tribute to the Kabardian feudal lords - yasak, the main part of which was cattle. By
18th century sources Balkars and Karachays paid tribute to the Kabardian princes as well.
livestock, one sheep per family per year. Dependence on the Kabardian feudally developed
the top affected not only the economic sphere, but also in the sphere of everyday culture:
the way of life of the Kabardian princes and Warks (warriors professional level,
comparable to European knights) for a long time was the standard and model for
imitation in the feudal environment not only of Ossetia and Balkaria, but also of Dagestan, Chechnya,
Kalmykia ("Adyge Khabze" - Adyghe customs, in the structure of which a code is distinguished
chivalrous behavior "work habze"). According to these customs, to engage
productive labor or trade was considered shameful to the nobles. According to ethics
Warkov, it was considered indecent to live long, for a man still young should worthily
knight to lay down his head in battle. Most of all, cowardice and greed were despised.
“Generosity and courage are the best means of acquiring fame among the Circassians,” wrote
Adyghe scientist of the 19th century Khan Giray.
In the 17th century there was also a division of Kabarda into two parts - Greater and Lesser Kabarda.
Big Kabarda occupied lands along the rivers Baksan, Chegem, Malka, Cherek, Nalchik, Shalushka and
part of the Terek river valley. Malaya Kabarda was located on both banks of the Terek from Mozdok to
confluence of the Malka into the Terek. Relations between the Adyghe tribes and the Russians intensified in the 16th century, when the Adyghes
waged a stubborn struggle against the expansion of the Crimean and Turkish feudal lords. bloody feud
early feudal Kabardian state with Crimean Khanate forced the supreme prince
Kabarda, Temryuk Idarov, seek an alliance with Moscow. Since 1557, his country has been moving along
patronage of Russia, and in 1561 Temryuk's daughter became the wife of Ivan IV the Terrible. At first
1570 Temryuk Idarov died from a severe wound received in a battle with the Crimeans. Historian
of the Kabardian people, Shora Nogmov noted on this occasion: “But most of all, the people were
pleased with the alliance and patronage of Russia. Considering that Nogmov wrote his work in
based on the oral traditions of the Kabardians, it is possible to see in these testimonies the opinion
Kabardian people. Friendship with Russia contributed to the strengthening of the influence of Kabarda on
North Caucasus. By the beginning of the 18th century, a significant part of
Central and Eastern Caucasus. In Bolshaya Kabarda, the largest possessions were
"Alegukin taverns" for the river. Malka. Each possession had its own fighting squad, well
armed. But firearms were not widely used. State of the feudal
fragmentation led to constant internecine clashes that tore apart Kabarda.
In order to protect the Kabardians from the Crimean khans and spread the influence of Russia in the Caucasus in
In 1567, the Russian fortress Terki was founded on the Terek River. In 1707 the Crimean Tatars with
a large army invaded Kabarda. The Khan's army was thrown back to the Kuban. Total dead
during the campaign over 30 thousand Crimeans. This event and others of its kind led to the fact that
The question of Kabarda was considered at the Belgrade Peace Conference. Article 6
Belgrade Peace Treaty, signed in 1739, Kabarda was proclaimed "free". Both empires (Russia and Turkey) pledged not to interfere in the internal affairs of the "Pyatigorsk
Circassians" - Kabardians. In 1714-1722, for the constant protection of Kabarda by Peter I on the Terek
regular troops were sent.
In confessional terms, Kabardians are Sunni Muslims, like others
Adyghe peoples. This religion was brought to Kabarda relatively late (in the 17th-18th centuries) by the Turks and
Crimean Tatars. But a thousand years earlier, the ancestors of the Kabardians adopted the Orthodox
Christianity from Byzantium. Traces of former Christianity have been preserved both in
archaeological monuments, and in the folklore of the Kabardians, Sh. Nogmov wrote about them. At the same
time, Christianity and Islam could not supplant the remnants of traditional pagan beliefs,
preserved until the 20th century. (Mazitha - the god of forests, the patron of hunters; Shible - the god of lightning;
Tlepsh - patron of iron and blacksmiths; Thashho, "Tha is one, Tha is great" - the supreme god,
creator of life). Pagan religious and magical cults are combined with Muslim
performances and rituals.
According to available information, Russian-Balkarian relations have been improving since the 1950s 16
century. So, in the documents of 1558, 1586, 1587, 1588, as part of the Kabardian and Georgian
embassies to Moscow, the names of translators - interpreters (tilmanch -
translator into kar.-bal. lang.) - Kabardian Circassian, Georgian Circassian, mountain Circassian, in
which sources make it possible to recognize the participants of those embassies - residents of Pyaty Gorsky
societies, i.e., people from Balkaria and Karachay. In 1590, the full title of the Russian Tsar was
inscribed: "The Iberian lands of the Kartalin and Georgian kings and the Kabardian lands of the Circassian and
sovereign of the mountain princes". In 1558, as part of the embassy of the children of Temryuk Idarov - Saltan and
Mamtryuk - there is a certain Bulgari-Murza, who is not known either among the children of Temryuk, or in
Genealogical lists of Kabardian princes. Yes, and in Moscow, he was received somehow in a special way. IN
difference from the fact that Saltan was baptized, awarded the estate and other honors, Bulgari-
Murza was told that such honors would be rendered to him if he behaved as he pleased
king. Such an attitude towards this Murza allows us to think that this was a representative of not
Kabardian princes, but was one of the kind of Balkar princes Balkarukovs. In the middle of the 17th century.
direct ties between Russians and Balkaria were established (in Russian sources - Balkars,
Balkhar taverns), through which one of the embassy routes to Western Georgia ran.
The self-name of the Balkars "taulu" is mountaineers, but there are more private names according to
the name of mountain gorges and, accordingly, societies: malkarlyla, byzyngylyl, holamlyla,
chehemlila. The basis of the economy of the Balkars has traditionally been animal husbandry with a predominance of
small cattle, primarily sheep of the coarse-wooled Karachay breed.
A significant part of the livestock and the best pastures and hayfields were in the hands of local feudal lords.
taubiev. In the 18th century Islam penetrated Balkaria, and now the Balkars are Sunni Muslims. In 1787
The foremen of Balkaria turn to Count Potemkin with a request for acceptance into citizenship. Date
the final annexation of Balkaria to Russia is considered to be January 11, 1827, when in
Stavropol arrived Balkar-Digor deputation - one representative from each
princely family. This deputation asked to be accepted into Russian citizenship.
The commander-in-chief of the tsarist troops in the North Caucasus, General Emanuel, in January 1827
year, he took the oath of the Balkar and Digor Taubi, about which he reported to Nicholas I.
Writing in the Balkar language was created in 1924, and the basis literary language put
Baksano-Chegemsky dialect. The largest and most famous Balkar poet is Kaysyn
Kuliev. During the years of Soviet power, industrial enterprises appeared in the mountains of Balkaria.
The largest was the tungsten-molybdenum plant in the city of Tyrny-Auz (Baksanskoe
gorge).
The victory of Russia in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774 finally decided the fate of Kabarda,
when Türkiye recognized it as part of Russia under the Kuchukkainarji peace treaty. Since then
Russia's position in the North Caucasus was strengthened. On a rather small
distance from each other began to build watch fortresses with regular military
garrison, which by the first half of the 19th century formed the so-called Caucasian line.
In 1816, General A. P. Yermolov was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the Caucasus.
famous for his cruelty and ingenuity in terms of punitive measures against
intimidation of the recalcitrant mountaineers. Yermolov proposed a plan for the conquest of the mountainous Caucasus,
providing for the siege of mountainous regions by cutting wide clearings in the forests, laying
roads and the creation of defensive lines from outposts and fortresses. Highlanders, according to Yermolov's plan,
had to move to the plain under the supervision of the Russian troops, and the villages who did not want to submit
destroyed and burned to the ground. The 40,000th Cossack army,
which defended the Caucasian line from the Kuban to Laba. In 1823 they were evicted
Kabardian villages between Malka and Kuban. At this place, border guards began to be built.
Cossack fortifications. In retaliation for the eviction of the villages, the Kabardian princes ruined the Cossack
the village of Kruglolesskaya. In 1825, the Kabardians ravaged the village of Soldatskaya. In 1825 Ermolov
instructed the Kabardians to move from the mountains to the plains. The Kabardians did not obey this demand. After the destructive military operations, Yermolov laid new fortresses on
the rivers Malka, Baksan, Chegem, Nalchik, Urvan and in the upper reaches of the Malka. The main point at which
the entire military-administrative administration of Kabarda was to be concentrated, Yermolov
appointed the fortress of Nalchik, which had a direct connection with Vladikavkaz along the shortest road
across the fortified bridge on the river Lesken. Yermolov's measures provoked retaliatory actions
Kabardians, who were brutally suppressed by General Velyaminov. Thus,
it turns out that it is possible to assert with a sufficient degree of certainty that Nalchik was founded
rather in 1825, and its founder can be considered the commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the Caucasus
General Alexei Petrovich Yermolov. Be that as it may, the then Nalchik was
a fortress surrounded by wooden walls, an earthen rampart and a deep moat. In her
housed the command of the Center of the Caucasian Line, the authorities of the fortress and a temporary
Kabardian court. Nearby were the barracks of the garrison, a wooden church and a dozen
turluch houses. Below the fortress, on the banks of the Nalchik River, there was a suburb (suburb
fortresses). Behind the fortress walls stood a dense forest.
During Caucasian war- 1817-1864, Nalchik was a military garrison, around
which concentrated the Russian administration in the area. During the Caucasian War
Kabardians remained mostly neutral, and Shamil's troops, who entered Kabarda in 1846
soon returned to Chechnya and Dagestan without success. These events formed the basis
regimental songs of the Kabardian Chasseurs Regiment.
The Kabardian people, like other groups of the Circassians, did not have their own written language (“letters de v
There are no Circassians and they don’t know how to write, ”says one of the Russian documents). In the first half
19th century the people's sage advanced and public figure Toad Kazanoko, appeared at the same time
Shora Nogmov, the first researcher and educator of the Kabardians, who was educated in
spiritual Muslim school with. Endery (Dagestan), and then in St. Petersburg. Sh. Nogmov compiled
the first grammar of the Kabardian language on a Russian graphic basis, and also wrote the first
"History of the Adyghe people" with a wide involvement of folklore and ethnographic
materials of the Circassians. These works of Sh. Nogmov have not lost their scientific significance to this day.
The way of life and life of the Kabardians almost did not differ from the life of other Adyghe peoples.
and were also governed by customary law and the Sharia court. But speaking of pre-revolutionary
Kabarda, one can not say about the traditional occupation of horse breeding. It was bred here
a beautiful riding horse, called the Kabardian and supplied to
cavalry units of the Russian army. It should also be noted that the presence of good pastures and their
rational use led to a high level of development of animal husbandry: at the end of 19
V. in Kabarda, there were more than half a million heads of small cattle, primarily
sheep. It seems that this economic achievement in Kabarda has not been surpassed to this day.
In the 60s. In the 19th century, Kabarda and Balkaria were included in the Terek region. Contacts with the center
Russia has been strengthened since the 70s. 19th century when the railroad was completed
connecting Rostov with Vladikavkaz. In the second half of the 19th century, Kabarda was
underdeveloped agricultural province, with emerging prospects in the field of mountain
travel. Back in 1829, the first Russian expedition went to Elbrus. It included
geologist and geographer Kunfer, physicist Academician Lenz, botanist Meyer, architect of Pyatigorsk
Bernardazzi. The expedition was accompanied by the head of the Caucasian line, General Emmanuel with
a detachment of 1000 Cossacks. But only the leader of the expedition, the Kabardian Killar, reached the summit.
Kashirgov. The expedition left two inscriptions on the summit, indicating the priority
Russians in the conquest of Elbrus. It should also be noted another famous conqueror
the highest peak in Europe - the Balkar Ahiya Sottaev has repeatedly climbed its
tops. A great contribution to the compilation of maps of the Caucasus was made by the famous Russian cartographer and
researcher of the Caucasus A.V. Shepherds. In 1913, through the territory of the republic was stretched Railway, Was held
a branch line to Nalchik, a railway station building and outbuildings were built,
preserved and functioning to this day. In the summer days of 1914, it became known that
On July 19 (August 1, New Style), Germany declared war on Russia. August 23 was announced
The highest order of Nicholas II on the creation of the "Caucasian native cavalry division." in Nalchik
district, work began on the formation of the Kabardian cavalry regiment. August 3 Commander
Colonel Count Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov was appointed to the Kabardian regiment. It was the son
Caucasian governor, who served as adjutant to the younger brother of the king - Grand Duke Michael
Alexandrovich. He was the great-grand-nephew of Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova,
nee Vorontsova, the famous associate of Empress Catherine II, who became
Petersburg (Russian) Academy of Sciences. In mid-August, Colonel Vorontsov-
Dashkov arrived from Petrograd to Nalchik. On August 23, by the highest order of Nicholas II,
his approval by the regimental commander. After the revolution of 1917, the process of so-called autonomization began in the North Caucasus.
In January 1921, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee issued a Decree on the formation of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Republic, V
which included Kabarda, Balkaria, Ossetia, Ingushetia and Chechnya. Mountain Republic was
a short life was destined: in June of the same 1921, Kabarda withdrew from the Mountain Republic, declaring
itself as an autonomous region within the RSFSR. He was elected leader of the new Kabarda
Bolshevik Betal Kalmykov, administrative center became the city of Nalchik.
In 1937, the autonomous region was transformed into the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
In July 1932, by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, the Kabardino-Balkarian
Pedagogical Institute, which two and a half decades later became the base of the Kabardino-
Balkar state university. The Soviet government appreciated
achievements of Kabardino-Balkaria. In 1934 she was awarded the Order of Lenin.
During the Great Patriotic War, the republic was occupied by the Nazi
troops. But even before the occupation, work began in the republic on the preparation of fighter
battalions and people's militias in the system of general education, mobilization of auto-drawn transport and
horses for the Red Army, nurses and
sanitary combatants, signalmen and climbers.
By order of the State Defense Committee of the USSR, in mid-November 1941, the formation of the 115th
Kabardino-Balkarian cavalry division of 3500 sabers. The division was
fully staffed at the expense of collective farms, state farms, enterprises and state
institutions of the republic. In the spring of 1942, the national cavalry division was sent to
front. She heroically defended the Don and Rostov region, participated in the Stalingrad
battle.
In total, during the war years, about 70 thousand sons and daughters of Kabardino-Balkaria went to the front,
who courageously and heroically fought on various fronts of the Great Patriotic War
war.
The Republic has turned into a military camp, embraced by a single goal - to help the Red Army in
defeating the enemy, all enterprises and collective farms and state farms began to work for the needs of the front under
motto: “Everything for the front! Everything for the victory! Quickly rebuilt to meet the needs
industry produced significant military products: a confectionery factory - food
concentrates; Tyrnyauz combine - tungsten and molybdenum, hand grenades, mines, knapsack
flamethrowers; meat-packing plant and plant "Chinar" - Molotov cocktails; hydroturbine
the plant also produced mines, grenades, knapsack flamethrowers, repaired military equipment, and
together with the workers of the Odessa plant named after. October revolution launched the production of jet
shells for guards mortars "Katyusha". Tanks and other military equipment were repaired
and at the Prokhladnensky Motor Repair Plant. Industry and trade artels
supplied defense plants with semi-finished products for the manufacture of wooden parts of small arms
weapons, military engineering equipment, high-quality aviation plywood. Was
the production of leather shoes, short fur coats, Caucasian cloaks and hoods, linen for
warriors, items of mountaineering equipment, as well as military vans, harness, saddles for
cavalry units. The Dokshuka distillery was reconstructed and produced products for
military-technical purposes. Selflessly labored agricultural workers, who
increased the supply of agricultural and livestock products to the front. In general, during the war years
agricultural workers of the republic handed over to the state 278,130 tons of bread, 47,399 tons
sunflower, 55,275 tons of potatoes, 96,967 centners of meat, 1,641,650 centners of milk, 9025
centners of wool and many other products, 27 thousand horses were sent for the cavalry
Kabardian breed.
Throughout the war, combat reserves of the Soviet army were being prepared in the republic. On
industrial enterprises, collective farms and state farms, public institutions was
organized military training of workers, collective farmers and employees. In all localities
militia units were formed. There was an active training of soldiers: shooters,
machine gunners, mortarmen, snipers, nurses, signalmen. Only for the first four months
In 1942, more than 7.5 thousand fighters were sent to the active army, big number natives
Kabardino-Balkaria was sent to the 175th and 337th rifle divisions. Mounted units
militias were created in the Baksan, Kuba, Elbrus regions, in the Urvan region -
rifle division. The clubs of Osoaviakhim have trained hundreds of Morse telegraph operators,
telephonists, radio operators, operators. Nalchik and Prokhladnensky flying clubs graduated 700
pilots and paratroopers. According to the decision of the State Defense Committee, almost all
the male population of the republic is from 16 to 50 years old (about 180 thousand people), they studied military affairs
and women. Fighter detachments were created to combat enemy landings.
The patriotic movement to raise funds for
construction of military equipment for the Red Army. At the beginning of September 1941, on the initiative
youth of the Nalchik Meat Processing Plant began raising funds for the construction of an air unit of fighters "Komsomolets of Kabardino-Balkaria", road builders - a tank column "Combat
road worker", teachers of secondary school No. 6 in Nalchik - tank column "People's teacher",
students of secondary school No. 1 - tank column "Soviet schoolboy". In September 1943, on the initiative
village farmers. Shalushka began raising funds for the construction of the tank column "Collective Farmer
order-bearing Kabardino-Balkaria" and in a short time 12,880 thousand rubles were contributed, and
the construction of the column "Death to the German invaders" the working people of the republic gathered in
first half of 1944 21 million rubles. The tank column was handed over to the troops of the 2nd
Ukrainian front.
At the call of workers and employees of the confectionery factory in October 1941. collection of warm
things for veterans. During the war years, the republic sent thousands of sheepskin coats to front-line soldiers,
fur vests, felt boots, hats with earflaps, cloaks, etc. - a total of 71,673 different items.
At the end of April 1942, a delegation of the republic with a train of gifts went to the fighters and
commanders of the Southern Front and was there for 20 days, meeting with the soldiers.
The workers of Kabardino-Balkaria showed great work for the wounded front-line soldiers and families
military personnel. In the health resorts of Dolinsk, in the best buildings of Nalchik, regional centers by the beginning of 1942
14 evacuation hospitals for 13 thousand beds functioned. They were equipped with forces and
means of industrial enterprises, institutions and citizens. Special Komsomol
sanitary squads of girls served to receive the wounded and care for them. Significant
donors provided assistance to the wounded soldiers. From July 1941 to October 1942 in evacuation hospitals
republics were treated and returned to the front up to 60 thousand wounded and sick soldiers of the Red Army.
In the first difficult months of the war, Kabardino-Balkaria received more than 16.5 thousand people,
evacuees from Moscow, Leningrad, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, the Baltic
republics. They were allocated apartments, houses, jobs, the children were placed in nurseries.
homes and schools, provided material assistance.
Residents of Kabardino-Balkaria showed courage and courage when the need arose
evacuation of people, industrial equipment, grain and livestock from Kabardino-Balkaria to the rear
regions of the country. From Tyrnyauz with the help of climbers were evacuated to Transcaucasia 1500
people through the snow-ice Becho pass with a height of 3375 meters above sea level. From 66
15 of the largest enterprises were evacuated by August 25, 1942. Through the Donguz-
Orun-Bashi in Transcaucasia, 70 thousand heads of cattle were driven. Huge, complex and difficult
the evacuation work was carried out by the railway workers. Many of them, risking their lives, saved wagons with
valuable industrial equipment, repaired damage.
In the summer of 1942, fascist troops broke through into the depths of the North Caucasus. August 10 enemy
captured Pyatigorsk and went to the borders of our republic. For a breakthrough defensive lines
along Malka, Baksan and Terek, the invaders threw two tank divisions, a large number of
infantry, air force and other specialized units.
From August to January 1943, fierce battles continued for Kabardino-Balkaria.
They were especially cruel in the areas of Mount Khara-Kora, the villages of Zayukovo and Kyzburun-I,
Upper Kurp, Nalchik and passes.
However, it was not possible to defend Nalchik. For three days, October 26-28, fierce
fights. 70 enemy bombers brought down a deadly load on the city, the Nazis threw it into
battle up to 270 tanks, several thousand soldiers. After heavy fighting on October 28, 1942, part of the Red
The armies were forced to leave Nalchik.
In the construction of the Nalchik defensive structure, in the defense of the passes leading from
Kabardino-Balkaria in Transcaucasia, thousands of soldiers from Ukraine, Belarus,
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and other regions, territories and
republics of the country, and all of them heroically defended Kabardino-Balkaria as their native land.
As you know, the Nazis, even before the attack on the North Caucasus, declared themselves "friends",
"liberators" of its peoples. In fact, in relation to the Kabardians, Balkars and
other peoples of the Caucasus pursued a policy of cruel terror, repressions, executions,
atrocities. The Nazis established a heavy occupation regime in Kabardino-Balkaria. They
liquidated all Soviet organs, sought to restore the rights of those who returned with the Nazis
Kabardians, Balkars, Russians who fled with Denikin's troops from their native places. They became them
main social pillar. Of these, burgomasters, chieftains, elders,
police forces were formed, with the help of which the German commandants ruled in
captured areas.
The German invaders, having liquidated collective farms and state farms, declared all land and wealth
property Nazi Germany. Bread, livestock were exported from Kabardino-Balkaria,
state and cooperative property, property of the civilian population.
The Nazis tried to restore and operate factories and plants. Many of them were
transferred to German entrepreneurs, various joint-stock companies were founded and
companies. At the factories, the invaders established a brutal routine that humiliated the forcibly rounded up workers who were supposed to work under the supervision of the police.
The Nazis sought to kindle ethnic strife by all means. From the first days of the occupation
territory of Kabardino-Balkaria, robberies and severe repressions began. With exceptional
Nazis exterminated people with cruelty. Anti-tank ditches on the outskirts of Nalchik and
Cool were filled with the corpses of Kabardians, Balkars, Russians, Jews, etc. Among them
There were many women, old people and children. Punishers were especially rampant in Kabardino-Balkaria
from the mountain rifle battalion "Bergmann" ("Highlander"). The occupiers shot local residents
whole families, subjected Soviet prisoners of war to barbaric abuse. At the camp on
territory of the Primalkinsky flour mill on an area of ​​0.8 hectares, were kept in the hardest
conditions of 10 thousand prisoners of war. Of these, 1976 people were killed. Total for the period
occupation of Kabardino-Balkaria, the Nazis tortured 4241 people, including 2188 people
civilian population and 2053 prisoners of war. Thousands of citizens were crippled by them and became
invalids, thousands were driven to work in Germany, many of them died there.
But the terror of the fascists, their atrocities did not break the will of the peoples of Kabardino-Balkaria to victory, they did not
lost heart, continued to fight under the conditions of occupation. Workers disabled equipment
spoiled raw materials and materials, villagers hid bread, livestock, evaded payment
occupiers of monetary and natural taxes. The population sabotaged the orders of the German
command, many preferred death to work for the Nazis.
The leadership of the republic, together with the command of the 37th Army, prepared and sent people from
assignments behind enemy lines. Verified communists and Komsomol members were transferred to the underground
work, and specially trained patriots were thrown across the front line to
conducting sabotage-underground and reconnaissance work. Leaflets were issued
for distribution in the territory occupied by the Nazis. Many patriots of the republic,
risking their lives, organized sabotage, kept in touch with the partisans and parts of the Red
The armies hid wounded soldiers in their homes, treated them, and took them out of the encirclement.
Fulfilling their international duty, Kabardians, Balkars, Russians and representatives
other nationalities sheltered and saved Jews from execution, including those evacuated,
buried those who died in battle.
In early August 1942, 11 partisans were organized on the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria
detachments: Prokhladnensky, Nagorno-Zolsky, Tersko-Kurpsky, Baksansky, Maisky, Leskensky,
Urvansky and others, who maintained close contact with the command of the 9th and 37th armies,
operated directly on the front lines. The detachments took part in the battles with the Nazis,
captured part of the regions of the republic, penetrated behind enemy lines and delivered to the command
our troops valuable information. They fought against saboteurs and spies sent
fascists in the rear of our troops.
On September 21, soldiers of the 2nd Guards Rifle Division, partisans of Kabardino-Balkaria and
Kislovodsk raided the enemy garrison in the villages. Kamennomostsky, and the Nazis
suffered serious losses. "A detachment of Kabardino-Balkarian partisans operating in the rear of the German
fascist troops, - reported Soviet Information Bureau, - made a bold attack on the headquarters
Romanian division. Soviet partisans exterminated up to 100 Romanian soldiers and officers,
destroyed two cars and two machine guns. For courage and heroism shown in battle during
defeating the enemy garrison, were awarded the Order of the Red Banner S.P. Zhankaziev,
OH. Zhambeev, Order of the Red Star - Kh.G. Bgazhnokov, H.L. Buhurov, Ya.G. Kolesnikov and F.M.
Kaufov
In mid-October 1942, partisan detachments of Baksansky, Prokhladnensky and Nagorno-
Zolsky districts were merged into one. G.M. Tsaryapin became its commander, the commissioner of the Ch.K.
Kudaev. On November 1, 1942, this detachment raided the enemy garrison in the village. Khabaz. V
In a three-hour battle, the Nazis lost 80 soldiers and officers, 3 heavy machine guns and a mortar.
This united partisan detachment guarded the Sugan Gorge, and Khulamo-Bezengievsky and
The Elbrus detachments defended the Cherek and Khulamo-Bezengievsky gorges and passes leading
in the Caucasus. Partisans of Kabardino-Balkaria in late November - early December committed
bold raids on enemy garrisons in the villages of Upper Zhemtala and Lesken-I and inflicted
serious blow. Only the garrison in the village of Lesken-I lost more than 200 soldiers and officers killed,
a lot of technology. The command of the 37th Army highly appreciated fighting partisans and many
awarded orders and medals.
At the end of December 1942, all partisan detachments of the republic were united into one. He
made raids on the garrisons in the villages. Upper Zhemtala, in the Vagotsuko tract, and applied
occupiers significant damage.
For military merit in the fight against the Nazi invaders 53 partisans of Kabardino-
Balkaria were awarded orders and medals, and 87 people received medals "Partizan
Patriotic War" I and II degrees.
On December 24, 1942, the troops of the Transcaucasian Front went on the offensive. They were assisted by the partisans of North Ossetia and Kabardino-Balkaria, who began active operations against the Nazis.
The Nazi units, suffering heavy losses in manpower and equipment, were forced to retreat.
On the night of January 4, 1943, Soviet troops broke into Nalchik and, together with partisans, by morning
liberated the capital of Kabardino-Balkaria.
Fascist troops destroyed the city. All the best buildings, plants and factories were blown up.
Retreating, they offered stubborn resistance to the Soviet troops, tried to detain them
offensive, using pre-built defenses, minefields and
wire fences.
On January 5, the city of Prokhladny was liberated, on January 6 - Baksan and others settlements. 11
January 1943, units of the 37th Army completed the expulsion of fascist troops from all over the territory
Kabardino-Balkaria. Soviet troops liberated and the Elbrus region, the climbers climbed
top of Elbrus and, dropping fascist standards from there, hoisted the flag of the USSR.
In the spring of 1944, more than a year had passed since the liberation of Kabardino-Balkaria from fascist
invaders. The Republic healed war wounds, continued to selflessly help
front to smash the enemy. The suffering people were waiting for the end of the war, the return to peaceful life.
No one imagined that an eviction was being prepared.
The Balkar people consider March 8 the day of their national mourning. More than half a century
ago this day, according to the decision of the State Defense Committee, all Balkars
were forcibly evicted from their ancestral lands to remote areas of the country -
Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
From the Nalchik railway station, the settlers were sent in 14 echelons, and the total
the number of deported Balkars amounted to 37,713 people, mostly children, women and
old men. No one had property, and 40-50 people were pushed into the cars. On the way, 18
days of travel in unequipped wagons, 562 people died of hunger, cold and disease.
The eviction took place at a time when every fourth Balkar was in the ranks
belligerent Red Army. Every second of them died defending the Fatherland from
fascist German invaders. The Balkar warriors were among the first to meet the enemy in the western
border of the USSR, becoming participants in the heroic defense of the Brest Fortress. Sons of Balkaria
defended Moscow and Leningrad, took part in all major operations of the Great
Patriotic War, participated in the partisan movement in Ukraine and Belarus, in
anti-fascist resistance in Europe, in the final liberation of the peoples of Europe from
Hitler's yoke. Many of the Balkars reached Berlin, taking part in the storming of the lair
German fascism. The 115th Kabardino-Balkarian
cavalry division. Official documents celebrate the courage and bravery of the Balkars,
drafted into the Red Army. Brave pilot Alim Baysultanov became the first Hero
of the Soviet Union from the natives of Kabardino-Balkaria, thousands of Balkar warriors are marked
government awards. Shoulder to shoulder with representatives of other peoples of the USSR, they
bravely fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War and contributed to the defeat of the enemy.
On March 28, 1957, a decree was adopted by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the restoration
Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and the Balkar people, after 13 years of exile, received the right

NTZ unique identifier:ID = 358904007

Name of NTZ:History of the peoples of the KBR

NTZ location:C:\Users\Aslan\Desktop\history of the peoples cbr.ast

Date of creation of NTZ:25.12.2007

NTZ conversion date:02.10.2008

Thematic structure

1. Task (( 1 )) TOR 1 Topic 1-1-0

Ancient man appeared on the territory of the North Caucasus and Kabardino-Balkaria

 1.5 million years ago

 1 million years ago

 500 - 200 thousand years ago

 700 - 600 thousand years ago

2. Task (( 2 )) TOR 2 Topic 1-1-0

The most ancient sites of primitive man in Kabardino-Balkaria belong to the period

 Early Paleolithic

 Middle Paleolithic

 Late Paleolithic

 Mesolithic

3. Task (( 3 )) TOR 3 Topic 1-1-0

The term "autochthonous" means

 self-name of the people

 its local origin

 people formation process

 title of Bosporus kings

4. Task (( 4 )) TOR 4 Topic 1-1-0

The settlement of the territory of the North Caucasus took place from

 northwest

 east

 northeast

5. Task (( 5 )) TOR 5 Topic 1-1-0

The Old Stone Age began:

 2.5 - 3 million years ago

 1.5 - 2 million years ago

 0.5 - 1 million years ago

 500 - 700 thousand years ago

6. Task (( 6 )) TOR 6 Topic 1-1-0

The bow and arrow were invented by man during the period:

 Paleolithic

 Mesolithic

 Neolithic

 Chalcolithic

7. Task (( 7 )) TK 7 Topic 1-1-0

The Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) is dated

 2.5 million years ago

 IV - III millennium BC e.

 X - VI millennium BC e.

 II millennium BC

8. Task (( 8 )) TK 8 Topic 1-1-0

The Middle Paleolithic era is reflected in

 Ilskaya site

 Grote Sosruko

 Grote Cala Tubyu

 Agubekovsky settlement

9. Task (( 9 )) TK 9 Topic 1-1-0

The main feature of the Late (Upper) Paleolithic era is

 completion of the process of becoming a modern type of person

 the emergence of a tribal system

 Invention of ceramics

 formation of agricultural and cattle breeding economy

10. Task (( 10 )) TK 10 Topic 1-1-0

The transition from gathering and hunting to farming and cattle breeding corresponds to the period

 Paleolithic

 Mesolithic

 Neolithic

11. Task (( 11 )) TK 11 Topic 1-1-0

The Neolithic Revolution is

change from matriarchy to patriarchy

 transition from the appropriating economy to the producing one

 Invention of ceramics

 the transition from the primitive human herd to the community

12. Task (( 12 )) TK 12 Topic 1-1-0

The Neolithic (New Stone Age) is dated:

 3 - 2.5 million years ago - 12 - 10 thousand years BC

 V - I floor. IV millennium BC

 II half. IV millennium BC - the beginning of the III millennium BC

 X - VI millennium BC

13. Task (( 13 )) TK 13 Topic 1-1-0

The appearance of grinding, polishing, sawing, drilling tools, modeling and firing of pottery refers to the period:

 Upper Paleolithic

 Lower Paleolithic

 Neolithic

 Mesolithic

14. Task (( 14 )) TK 14 Topic 1-1-0

The primitive tribal community arises in the era

 Early Paleolithic

 Middle Paleolithic

 Late Paleolithic

 Mesolithic

15. Task (( 15 )) TK 15 Topic 1-1-0

A monument of material culture - Agubekov settlement belongs to the era

 Mesolithic

 Paleolithic

 Chalcolithic

 Bronze Age

16. Task (( 16 )) TK 16 Topic 1-1-0

Monument of material culture - Grotto Sosruko refers to:

 Guba culture

 Ilskoy parking

 Maikop culture

 Koban culture

17. Task (( 17 )) TK 17 Topic 1-1-0

The Nalchik and Dolinsk settlements of antiquity belong to

 Maikop culture

 Koban culture

 Guba culture

 Kuban culture

18. Task (( 18 )) TK 18 Topic 1-1-0

Archaeological culture underlying the formation of the ancient Adyghe ethnos

 Maikop culture

 Trypillia culture

 Kuro-Arak culture

 pit culture

19. Task (( 19 )) TK 19 Topic 1-1-0

The Koban archaeological culture belongs to the period

 Early Bronze Age

 Late Bronze Age

 early iron

 Neolithic

20. Task (( 20 )) TK 20 Topic 1-1-0

The leading role in the economy of the tribes of the Koban culture was played by

 gathering

 cattle breeding

 agriculture

21. Task (( 21 )) TK 21 Topic 1-1-0

The village, from which the Koban culture was named, is located on the current territory

 Kabardino-Balkaria

 Karachay-Cherkessia

 North Ossetia

 Stavropol Territory

22. Task (( 22 )) TK 22 Topic 1-1-0

The excavations of the Maykop burial mound were led by

 prof. Veselovsky

 Count Uvarov

 Academician Rybakov

 archaeologist A.A. Jessen

23. Task (( 23 )) TK 23 Topic 1-1-0

Maikop culture developed in

 IV millennium BC

 III millennium BC

 V millennium BC

 I millennium BC

24. Task (( 24 )) TK 24 Topic 1-1-0

The Middle Asian civilizations of antiquity had the greatest influence on the development

 Koban culture

 Maikop culture

 dolmen culture

 North Caucasian culture

25. Task (( 25 )) TK 25 Topic 1-1-0

The fading of ties with the Western Asian civilizations and the strengthening of ties with the steppes of Eastern Europe manifested itself in the development

 Maikop culture

 Koban culture

 Kuban culture

 North Caucasian culture

26. Task (( 26 )) TK 26 Topic 1-1-0

Dolmen is

 elevated burial structure in the form of stone houses with a flat or gable roof

 underground burial structure in the form of stone boxes

 elevated burial structure in the form of a wooden pyramid

 site of ancient man

27. Task (( 27 )) TK 27 Topic 1-1-0

The main occupation of the tribes of dolmen culture

 cattle breeding

 iron metallurgy

 agriculture

 bronze metallurgy

28. Task (( 28 )) TK 28 Topic 1-1-0

Dolmen culture was located on the territory

 from the Taman Peninsula to Chechnya

 from the Taman Peninsula to Abkhazia

 from Chechnya to the upper reaches of the river. Kuban

 from the Taman Peninsula to Dagestan

29. Task (( 29 )) TK 29 Topic 1-1-0

An elevated burial structure in the form of stone houses with a flat or gable roof is called ....

Correct answer options: dolmen;

30. Task (( 30 )) TK 30 Topic 1-1-0

The tribes were most strongly influenced by the Scythians

 Maikop culture

 Koban culture

 dolmen culture

 Guba culture

31. Task (( 31 )) TK 31 Topic 1-1-0

The main material for the manufacture of tools and weapons during the VII - IV centuries. BC. becomes... .

Correct answer options: iron;

32. Task (( 32 )) TK 32 Topic 1-1-0

The tribes that occupied a dominant position in the Ciscaucasian steppes at the end of the 8th - beginning of the 7th centuries. BC. ... .

Correct answer options: Scythians;

33. Task (( 33 )) TK 33 Topic 1-1-0

Semibratne settlement - a monument of the era

 Maikop culture

 Neolithic era

 Sindh State

 Sarmatian origin

34. Task (( 34 )) TK 34 Topic 1-1-0

Greek colonization of the Northern Black Sea region began

 at the end of the 7th - beginning of the 6th century. BC.

 in the IV century. BC.

 at the turn of the 5th - 4th centuries. BC.

 VIII c. BC.

35. Task (( 35 )) TK 35 Topic 1-1-0

 Cimmerians

36. Task (( 36 )) TK 36 Topic 1-1-0

The Bosporus kingdom was headed by rulers: ... .

Correct answer options: archons;

37. Task (( 37 )) TK 37 Topic 1-1-0

The state, formed in 480 BC. as a result of the unification of Greek cities ....

Correct answer options: Bosporus;

38. Task (( 38 )) TK 38 Topic 1-1-0

The collapse of the tribal association of the Meotians is associated with

 the formation of the Bosporus kingdom

 the onslaught of the Sarmatians on the North-Western Caucasus

 the invasion of the Huns and the Goths

 the formation of the Sindh slave state

39. Task (( 39 )) TK 39 Topic 1-1-0

King of Sind, who ruled at the end of the 5th - beginning of the 4th century. BC. bore the name:

 Hecataeus

 Tirgatao

40. Task (( 40 )) TK 40 Topic 1-1-0

Sindh city

 Gorgippia

 Panticapaeum

 Taman

 Phanagoria

41. Task (( 41 )) TK 41 Topic 1-1-0

The oldest state on the territory of the Russian Federation is ....

Correct answer options: Sindica;

42. Task (( 42 )) TK 42 Topic 1-1-0

Sinds, Achaeans, Kerkets - all these tribes were known to the ancient Greeks under the common name:

 Kasogi

 Sarmatians

43. Task (( 43 )) TK 43 Topic 1-1-0

The time when Sindica entered the Bosporan Kingdom refers to:

 the first quarter of the 4th c. BC.

 second quarter of the 4th c. BC.

 end of the 4th c. BC.

 beginning of the 5th c. BC.

44. Task (( 44 )) TK 44 Topic 1-1-0

The Bosporus kingdom was defeated in:

45. Task (( 45 )) TK 45 Topic 1-1-0

1: formation of the Bosporus kingdom

2: onslaught of the Sarmatians

3: the entry of Sindica into the Bosporan kingdom

4: acceptance of Roman citizenship by the Zikh leader Stahemfak

46. ​​Task (( 46 )) TK 46 Topic 1-1-0

Facts proving the formal nature of the accession of the Meots to Bosporan kingdom:

 inconstant titles of the Bosporan archons (rulers)

 submission of the Meots to their own leaders

 Meots preserve their customs and way of life

 all of the above

47. Task (( 47 )) TK 47 Topic 1-1-0

The main commodity exported by the Bosporans to Greece

 dried fish

48. Task (( 48 )) TK 48 Topic 1-1-0

The first information about the Zikhs, as a large Adyghe tribe, refers to

 I c. BC.

 I c. AD

 I c. AD

 III c. AD

49. Task (( 49 )) TK 49 Topic 1-1-0

The name of the leader of the Zikhs, who established contact with the Romans and recognized himself as a subject of the Roman emperor - ... .

Correct answer options: Stachemfak;

50. Task (( 50 )) TK 50 Topic 1-1-0

Formation of the Zikh Tribal Union

 associated with the unification of related tribes around the Zikhs

 was necessary to repulse the conquerors

 was the result of brisk trade with the countries of the ancient world

 refers to the time of the adoption of Islam by the zihs

 refers to the time of the Hun invasion

51. Task (( 51 )) TK 51 Topic 1-1-0

Christianity began to penetrate to the Adygs in

52. Task (( 52 )) TK 52 Topic 1-1-0

The first written mention of kasogs refers to

 VIII - early IX centuries.

 X - the beginning of the XI centuries.

53. Task (( 53 )) TK 53 Topic 1-1-0

The name of the Russian prince, with whom the leader of Kassog Rededya entered into single combat, is ... .

Correct answer options: Mstislav;

54. Task (( 54 )) TK 54 Topic 1-1-0

The Kasozh prince of the 11th century, whose name is mentioned in the "Tale of Igor's Campaign" - ... .

Correct answer options: Rededya;

55. Task (( 55 )) TK 55 Topic 1-1-0

Genoese colonies in the North Caucasus existed

 in the XIII - XV centuries.

 in the XIV - XVI centuries.

 in the XII - XIII centuries.

 in the XV - XVI centuries.

Balkaria from ancient times to the XIV century

56. Task (( 56 )) TK 56 Topic 1-2-0

Medieval document proving the connection of the Polovtsians and Kipchaks with modern Balkars

 "Armenian geography"

 "Kartlis Tskhovreba"

 "Codex Cumanicus"

 "Altai Tobchi"

57. Task (( 57 )) TK 57 Topic 1-2-0

The settlement of the mountainous regions of modern Balkaria occurred in

 I millennium BC

 II millennium BC

 I c. AD

 II c. AD

58. Task (( 58 )) TK 58 Topic 1-2-0

In the formation of the Balkar people took part

 Cimmerians

 Bulgarians

 Cumans (Kipchaks)

North Caucasus during the Mongol-Tatar invasion

59. Task (( 59 )) TK 59 Topic 1-3-0

the first campaign of the Mongol-Tatars to the North Caucasus and Rus' took place in:

60. Task (( 60 )) TK 60 Topic 1-3-0

The first major battle of the Mongols-Tatars in the North Caucasus took place with

 Circassians

 Lezgins

 Alans and Cumans

 Vainakhs

61. Task (( 61 )) TK 61 Topic 1-3-0

The beginning of the systematic conquest of the North Caucasus by the Mongol-Tatars begins:

62. Task (( 62 )) TK 62 Topic 1-3-0

Golden Horde cities in the North Caucasus

 Lower Julat

 Madjars

 Panticapaeum

63. Task (( 63 )) TK 63 Topic 1-3-0

The battle between Timur and Tokhtamysh took place in

Kabarda and Balkaria in the XIV - XVIII centuries.

64. Task (( 64 )) TK 64 Topic 1-4-0

The separation of Kabardians from the general Adyghe massif occurred

 end of IX - beginning of X centuries.

 late XI - early XII centuries

 late XII - early XIII centuries

 late XIV - early XV centuries.

65. Task (( 65 )) TK 65 Topic 1-4-0

The name of the legendary ancestor of the Kabardian princes ... .

Correct answer options: Inal;

66. Task (( 66 )) TK 66 Topic 1-4-0

The name of the legendary ancestor of the Balkar feudal lords... .

Correct answer options: Basiyat;

67. Task (( 67 )) TK 67 Topic 1-4-0

The appearance of the ethnonym "Circassian" refers to

68. Task (( 68 )) TK 68 Topic 1-4-0

The name of the supreme prince of Kabarda in the 50-60s. 16th century was... .

Correct answer options: Temryuk;

69. Task (( 69 )) TK 69 Topic 1-4-0

Arguments in favor of defining the act of 1557 as a military-political union of Kabarda and Russia

 maintaining the independence of the judiciary in Kabarda

 Occupation of Kabarda by Russian troops

 construction of military fortifications with Russian garrisons within the Kabardian territory

 construction of a Russian military fortress not far from the borders of Kabarda

 preservation of local governments

70. Task (( 70 )) TK 70 Topic 1-4-0

The first Adyghe embassy arrived in Moscow

71. Task (( 71 )) TK 71 Topic 1-4-0

The military-political union of Kabarda with the Russian state was concluded in

72. Task (( 72 )) TK 72 Topic 1-4-0

The construction of the first Russian fortress on the Terek refers to

73. Task (( 73 )) TK 73 Topic 1-4-0

The surname of a historical figure who headed the Kabardian embassy to Moscow in 1557 ....

Correct answer options: Kanukov;

74. Task (( 74 )) TK 74 Topic 1-4-0

The marriage of Ivan IV the Terrible and Maria Temryukovna was concluded in

75. Task (( 75 )) TK 75 Topic 1-4-0

Sequence of historical events

1: arrival of Andrey Schepotiev to the Circassians

2: marriage of Ivan the Terrible and Maria Temryukovna

3: Departure to Moscow of the sons of Temryuk Idarov Mamtryuk and Saltanuk

4: construction of the first Russian fortress on the Terek

5: death of the senior prince of Kabarda Temryuk Idarov

76. Task (( 76 )) TK 76 Topic 1-4-0

An outstanding Russian commander during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich

 Dmitry Mamstrukovich Cherkassky

 Ivan Borisovich Cherkassky

 Yakov Kudenetovich Cherkassky

77. Task (( 77 )) TK 77 Topic 1-4-0

Sequence of historical events

1: The first Circassian embassy to Moscow

2: Construction of the first Russian fortress on the Terek

3: Obtaining by Sunchaley Kanklychevich the title of prince over the non-Russian population of the Terek town

4: The first acquaintance of Russians with the Balkars

5: The first Russian embassy through Balkaria to Georgia

78. Task (( 78 )) TK 78 Topic 1-4-0

A prominent figure in the zemstvo movement in Russia, a candidate for the royal throne in 1613.

 Boris Kambulatovich Cherkassky

 Yakov Kudenetovich Cherkassky

 Dmitry Mamstrukovich Cherkassky

 Mikhail Alegukovich Cherkassky

79. Task (( 79 )) TK 79 Topic 1-4-0

The city of Terek was founded in Kabarda with the aim

 capture of Transcaucasia

 capture of Dagestan

 strengthening the ties of the Russian state with the peoples of the North Caucasus

 strengthening ties with the Ottoman Empire

80. Task (( 80 )) TK 80 Topic 1-4-0

Russian governors in the Terek city in the 17th century supported

 Crimean khans

 Nogai khans

 Kabardian princes Idarovs

 Iranian shahs

81. Task (( 81 )) TK 81 Topic 1-4-0

For the first time in Russian documents, the Balkar Gorge is mentioned in

82. Task (( 82 )) TK 82 Topic 1-4-0

Privileged estates of Kabarda

 tlhukotly

 smoldering

 Taubia

 degenugo

83. Task (( 83 )) TK 83 Topic 1-4-0

Privileged estates of Balkaria

 taubia

 bridle

 Karakishi

 Karavashi

 chagars

84. Task (( 84 )) TK 84 Topic 1-4-0

Former free peasants, "attached" to the court of a prince or nobleman, were called

 unouts

 lagoons

85. Task (( 85 )) TK 85 Topic 1-4-0

 Beslan Works

 smoldering

 degenugo

 workki-shoutlugus

86. Task (( 86 )) TK 86 Topic 1-4-0

 Cossacks

 Karavashi

 yasakchi

 karakishi

87. Task (( 87 )) TK 87 Topic 1-4-0

The name of the upper class of Balkaria ... .

Correct answer options: taubium;

88. Task (( 88 )) TK 88 Topic 1-4-0

The name of the highest legislative body of medieval Kabarda... .

Correct answer options: Hasa;

89. Task (( 89 )) TK 89 Topic 1-4-0

The name of the highest governing body of medieval Balkaria... .

Correct answer options: Ter;

90. Task (( 90 )) TK 90 Topic 1-4-0

The main occupations of the Kabardians in the XIII - XV centuries. were

 agriculture

 cattle breeding

 fishing

 horse breeding

91. Task (( 91 )) TK 91 Topic 1-4-0

The main occupation of the Balkars in the XIII - XV centuries.

 beekeeping

 transhumance

 agriculture

 fishing

92. Task (( 92 )) TK 92 Topic 1-4-0

Cattle breeding was the basis of the economy of the Kabardians because

 There were no favorable climatic conditions for agriculture

 livestock products were in high demand in the foreign market

 the geographical landscape contributed to the development of pastoralism

 the development of agriculture was not favored by the political situation inside and outside Kabarda

 Kabardians led a nomadic lifestyle

93. Task (( 93 )) TK 93 Topic 1-4-0

The beginning of the penetration of Islam into the territory of present-day Kabardino-Balkaria refers to:

94. Task (( 94 )) TK 94 Topic 1-4-0

The Kabardian princes Idarov pursued a policy aimed at

 Union with the Crimean Khanate

 Union with Safavid Iran

 union with the Russian state

 union with the Ottoman state

95. Task (( 95 )) TK 95 Topic 1-4-0

The division of Kabarda into Big and Small happened

 late 16th century

 early 17th century

 second half of the 17th century

 early 18th century

96. Task (( 96 )) TK 96 Topic 1-4-0

1: battle on the river Malka

2: construction of the Kizlyar fortress

3: conclusion of the Belgrade peace treaty

4: construction of the Mozdok fortress

5: conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace treaty

97. Task (( 97 )) TK 97 Topic 1-4-0

According to the Belgrade Peace Treaty, Kabarda

 was part of Russia

 was part of Ottoman Empire

 proclaimed independent

 was part of Iran

98. Task (( 98 )) TK 98 Topic 1-4-0

According to the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace treaty, Kabarda

 Recognized as possession of Iran

 was recognized as a possession of Russia

 Recognized as possession of the Ottoman Empire

 was recognized as a possession of Great Britain

99. Task (( 99 )) TK 99 Topic 1-4-0

The army of the Crimean Khan Kaplan Giray was defeated in Kabarda

100. Task (( 100 )) TK 100 Topic 1-4-0

The invasion of the troops of the Crimean Khan Saadat Giray on Kabarda was

101. Task (( 101 )) TK 101 Topic 1-4-0

The diplomatic mission of A.P. Volynsky to Kabarda took place

 - in 1701

102. Task (( 102 )) TK 102 Topic 1-4-0

The Caspian campaign of Peter I took place

103. Task (( 103 )) TK 103 Topic 1-4-0

The Belgrade Peace Treaty was concluded

104. Task (( 104 )) TK 104 Topic 1-4-0

The Kabardian delegation was received by Empress Elizaveta Petrovna

105. Task (( 105 )) TK 105 Topic 1-4-0

Mozdok fortress was built

106. Task (( 106 )) TK 106 Topic 1-4-0

Surname of a historical figure who led the Kabardian delegation to St. Petersburg in 1742 ... .

Correct answer options: Sidakov;

107. Task (( 107 )) TK 107 Topic 1-4-0

The purpose of the mission of the Astrakhan governor A.P. Volynsky to Kabarda was

 Capture of Kabarda

 rallying supporters of Russia

 search for ways in Transcaucasia

 Mapping the North Caucasus

Socio-economic development of Kabarda and Balkaria at the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th centuries. and the colonial policy of the Russian Empire in the North Caucasus

108. Task (( 108 )) TK 108 Topic 1-5-0

Chronological sequence of events

1: Kabardian Embassy in St. Petersburg

2: drawing up the first map of the Caspian Sea by A. Bekovich-Cherkassky

3: the defeat of Khan Kaplan Giray in Kabarda

4: Caspian campaign of Peter I

5: uprising of Kabardian peasants led by Damalei

109. Task (( 109 )) TK 109 Topic 1-5-0

Chronological sequence of events

1: Invasion of the Crimean Khan Saadat Giray on Kabarda

2: conclusion of the Iasi peace treaty

3: The battle of the troops of General Medem with a group of Kabardian feudal lords

4: start of construction of the Azov-Mozdok military line

5: establishment of the Caucasian governorship

110. Task (( 110 )) TK 110 Topic 1-5-0

Chronological sequence of events

1: compilation of a map of Kabarda by S. Chichagov.

2: a major uprising of peasants in Kabarda

3: punitive expedition of General Jacobi to Kabarda

4: establishment of tribal courts and reprisals

5: establishment of the spiritual court "mehkeme" in Kabarda

111. Task (( 111 )) TK 111 Topic 1-5-0

Chronological sequence of events:

1: punitive expedition of General Glazenap to Kabarda

2: punitive expedition of General Bulgakov to Kabarda

3: establishment of the Provisional Kabardian Court

4: Imam Shamil's campaign in Kabarda