Degree work recreational resources of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Natural wealth of Chukotka Useful resources and wealth of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

13.02.2021

Chukotka is a land of extreme tourism for courageous people who face difficulties. The prerequisite for this was the harsh climatic conditions of this region. The most courageous went on dog sleds to the North Pole or crossed the entire territory of the peninsula. In Chukotka, a fairly common sport and recreation is skiing. Equipped trails and bases have been created near the villages of Egvekinot (Pionerskaya hill) and Provideniya (Portovaya hill). They are equipped with lifts, it is possible to rent skis. Chukchi autonomous region The land of polar winter and never-setting summer sun is attractive for its natural and historical monuments of the past. There are all opportunities for interesting fishing, hunting, conditions for ecological, ethnographic, scientific and adventure tours.

The most popular tourist route in Chukotka is a sea cruise on a large ocean liner. Extreme ice expeditions on SUVs and all-terrain vehicles are gaining more and more popularity.

Chukotka hosts the largest dog sled races, a popular sport for the peoples of the north. Thanks to the breeding of such dogs as huskies, huskies, malamutes, samoyeds, dog racing attracts more and more attention of tourists and becomes an exotic tourist entertainment that gathers a large number of participants and spectators.

Of considerable interest are also the holidays of the Chukchi reindeer herders, during which you can see the traditional dances and rituals of the indigenous peoples of Chukotka, visit the yaranga and ride reindeer teams.

It is better to go on a trip to the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the spring, when the tundra literally blooms and everything around comes to life - rapidly, as if trying to stock up on warmth and light for the whole coming long winter. Nature in Chukotka is the most beautiful. Who would have thought that on this miserly land such a diverse vegetable world. Larch thickets of the taiga and dwarf plants of the tundra are like a symbol of the struggle for life. There are also relics among them, like Chozenia, a deciduous tree related to poplar that survived the Ice Age. The fauna of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is also rich. There are arctic fox and sable, bighorn sheep and reindeer, wolverine and red fox, brown and polar bear, sandhill crane and white goose, black grouse and partridge; on Cape Dezhnev there are walrus rookeries and bird colonies. The full-flowing rivers of Chukotka are rich in fish - grayling, char, salmon, pike. Chukotka has the largest state reserve in the Arctic, Wrangel Island, as well as 4 nature reserves, 20 natural monuments.

	A reservoir with an unpronounceable name is one of the sights of the Anadyr region. "White Lake" - this is the translation from Chukchi. Lake Elgygytgyn is a real miracle of nature. It hides in its...
	In the reserve, which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, there are the largest walrus rookeries in the North of our planet, a kind of musk ox farm and the largest "bird market" in the Chukchi Sea...

Despite the poor geological knowledge of Chukotka, its explored mineral and raw material potential is considered one of the highest in the world. Far East. Deposits of gold, tin, silver, copper, tungsten, mercury, platinum group metals, coal, oil, gas and other minerals lie in the bowels of the district. Suffice it to say that the recoverable value mineral resources county exceeds K 1 trillion. At the same time, 70% of this estimated cost amount falls on the share of hydrocarbon raw materials (oil, gas).

Chukotka is also rich in bioresources. For example, the potential resources of marine fur hunting are very significant. Fin whales, minke whales, killer whales, beluga whales and other cetacean mammals live in huge numbers in the seas surrounding the Chukchi Peninsula; walruses, bearded seals, seals, striped seals and other pinnipeds. Deep processing of raw materials (fat, thymus, spleen, adrenal glands and other organs of the sea animal) into biologically active substances (BAS) can produce up to 1 billion per year.

Fishing, which until recently played a rather modest role in the economy of Chukotka, also promises to become a highly profitable industry. basis Agriculture in the district is reindeer husbandry. The forage base of the region allows to bring the number of deer here to 600-650 thousand heads. By 2005, 220-250 thousand heads of animals grazed on the tundra routes of Chukotka.

Wide opportunities for use in industrial, amateur and recreational purposes are provided by the hunting resources of the region. The most valuable in commercial terms are such animals as elk, wild reindeer, sable, arctic fox, red fox. And this is meat, and furs, and medicinal, technical and decorative raw materials, which are in constant demand. Wolverines, wolves, brown bears, American minks, muskrats, ermines, white hares also live here. Of the game birds, the resources of the white partridge are the most promising. In some years, the volume of their procurement can reach 70 thousand individuals.

The climate is severe, on the coasts it is maritime, in the interior it is sharply continental. The duration of winter is up to 10 months.

average temperature January from?15 °C to?39 °C, July from +5 °C to +10 °C. Precipitation 200--500 mm per year.

Permafrost is ubiquitous.

Economic and geographical position of the subject

The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is located in the extreme northeast of Russia, cutting into a wedge between the Pacific and Arctic Oceans. It occupies part of the mainland, the Chukotka Peninsula and a number of islands (Wrangel, Aion, Ratmanov and others).

The geographic location of the district makes it a geopolitically unique territory.

Most of Chukotka is located in the Eastern Hemisphere, about half of its territory is beyond the Arctic Circle. On land, the region borders on the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Magadan Region and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug. The shores of Chukotka are washed by the Chukchi, East Siberian and Bering Seas. Chukotka also includes the Wrangel and Herald Islands.

It is washed by the East Siberian, Chukchi and Bering Seas.

The extreme southern point of Chukotka is Cape Rubikon; northern - Cape Shelagsky; the eastern one is Cape Dezhnev, which is at the same time the eastern tip of Russia and all of Eurasia.

Because of geographical location, which is an extreme manifestation of the concept of "north", Chukotka has a very low "living capacity" of the territory. The Okrug cannot objectively count on an abundance of labor resources, so the economy of Chukotka is based on primary resource consumption. The processing industry serves to meet local needs and has limited development prospects.

The basic sectors of the region's economy in this direction are: in industry - the mining industry, in the agro-industrial complex - reindeer breeding, sea animal slaughter and hunting, fishing and fish processing industries.

Energy system. One of the problems in the development of the mining industry in Chukotka is finding the energy sources necessary for it. For the extraction of gold and other minerals in the 1960s and 70s, an energy system was created. Its main subjects were Bilibino NPP, Pevekskaya CHPP, floating stations on Cape Zeleniy and Shmidt Cape, Anadyrskaya CHPP, Beringovskaya HPP, CHPP, but only recently a cable was laid from it to the left bank of the estuary. Today, it is these power plants that provide electricity to the largest industrial regions of Chukotka. Remote villages of Chukotka receive electricity from small diesel power plants. Stations require delivery a large number diesel fuel, the combustion of which, like coal, leads to significant pollution environment. The development of oil fields in Chukotka will reduce the import of diesel fuel (fuel oil) and fuels and lubricants from other regions of the country in large volumes.

The most significant recent positive trends include:

Gross regional product growth;

Stabilization of the overall volume of industrial production;

Growth in investment, significant growth in construction in the industrial and social sectors;

Development of a number of sectors of the economy: the fishing industry, poultry farming, reindeer husbandry, the fuel and energy complex, the consumer market;

Financial stabilization based on increasing the responsibility of budget recipients, optimizing budget expenditures, forming a base for increasing the level of the region's own income;

Stabilization of the social situation;

Growth of the region's own revenues, reduction in the share of financial assistance from the federal budget;

Slower growth in consumer prices;

Reducing the unemployment rate;

Agriculture. Branches of traditional nature management. The basis of agriculture in Chukotka autonomous region constitutes such an industry as reindeer husbandry. An important role for the indigenous population is played by sea, fishing, and hunting. There is cage fur farming, pigs and cattle are bred. But Chukotka has never provided itself with food.

Reindeer breeding. The deer gave everything to the northern peoples for life: from a strap to a dwelling. But the Chukchi deer herd is still one of the largest in the world. It is represented by the famous Khargin deer breed, bred in Chukotka. Khargin eats both herbs and reindeer moss. Compared to other breeds of domestic reindeer in the North, it has a high meat productivity.

Hunting business. Harvesting wild reindeer antlers can become a highly profitable trade. The most valuable varieties of Chukotka furs are in great demand on the international market.

Driving dog breeding. At one time, unique strong and enduring sled dog breeds were formed and improved in Chukotka. IN last years the significance of the Chukchi sled dogs in the development of the export potential of the region was realized.

Vegetable growing. Greenhouse and greenhouse facilities operate in the district. Potatoes, cabbage, and radishes are grown in the central and western parts. It is possible to increase productivity by ameliorative improvement of soils.

Meadow farming. The quality of meadows is increased by oversowing more productive types of cereals, such as Siberian hairy or meadow foxtail. In some farms of Chukotka, the area of meadows cultivated on the bottom of drained lakes reaches several thousand hectares.

Chukchi population economic regional

Chukotka is perhaps the least studied region of Russia in geological terms. Over the 70 years of the Okrug's existence, its territory has been explored by only 7 percent.

Chukotka is perhaps the least studied region of Russia in geological terms. Over the 70 years of the Okrug's existence, its territory has been explored by only 7 percent. Locals joke that there will be enough work for geologists for the next 100 years. It is this uncertainty that gives rise to numerous myths about the fabulous riches of the region. Someone argues that oil fountains are about to clog from the depths of permafrost, others talk about fantastic diamond placers, and still others are skeptical about the extreme scarcity of the region's raw materials. In fact, all this is nothing more than speculation.

Precious and non-ferrous metals

As of 1.01. 2000 The state balance of gold on the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug recorded 477 gold deposits, including 471 placer deposits and 6 ore deposits. With a small number of ore deposits, they account for a relatively large part of the region's gold resources, which is due to the reserves of the large Maysky gold-sulfide deposit. Approximately the same amount is estimated for gold reserves in complex deposits of copper-porphyry and copper-sulfide types, as well as in objects of gold-silver formation. The main reserves of alluvial gold are located in five administrative districts (maximum - in the Shmidtovsky district), 48 gold-bearing nodes and areas.

The predicted resources of platinum group metals in the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug are located within the Anadyr-Koryak system. In 2000, within the platinum-bearing areas, geochemical prospecting began, aimed at a comprehensive assessment of the platinum and chromite content of the Anadyr-Koryak metallogenic system.

The state balance for the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug includes 83 tin deposits, including 72 alluvial and 11 ore deposits. Since 1992, due to the general economic crisis in the country, which coincided with a sharp drop in the price of tin on the world market, tin mining in the region and in Russia as a whole has become unprofitable. Calculations show that profitable development of even the largest Pyrkakay stockwork deposits in Russia, located in Chukotka, is possible only with an increase in world tin prices.

On the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the State Balance includes 28 tungsten deposits, of which 17 are alluvial and 11 primary.

Alluvial deposits in the Iultinsky district are intended for open-pit mining, three of them have reserves for underground mining. In addition, in the gold placer of the river. Lenotap has associated tungsten trioxide for dredging. At 7 sites in the Chaunsky district explored for open pit mining, tungsten trioxide is accounted for as an associated component with tin. Since 1992, tungsten mining has been discontinued for the same reasons as tin mining.

There are no copper deposits on the balance sheet of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The prospects for the development of its mining in the district are associated with the complex Peschanka deposit of the porphyry copper type, which, in addition to copper, has resources of molybdenum, gold, silver and platinum group metals. In addition, significant copper resources are estimated at large areas, promising for the discovery of deposits of copper pyrite formation type. The total estimate of predicted resource copper in the district as of 01.01.98 is 24.3 million tons.

Coal

Coal-bearing deposits on the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug are known in 13 coal-bearing regions. The total resource potential of coals of the territory is estimated at 57475.4 million tons, of which the forecast resources are 56827.4 million tons (86% hard coal, 14% brown). All coals of Chukotka are suitable for use in the fuel and energy complex. In addition to being used as a fuel raw material, coals can be suitable for their deep processing on site - the creation of petrochemical and coke-chemical industries and enterprises, the processing of coals for petrochemical products, hydrogenation, semi-coking, etc.

In the Bering coal-bearing region at the Verkhne-Alkatvaamskoye deposit, the possibility of identifying coal reserves suitable for coking has been established. Bringing such fields into operation will provide the entire Far East economic region with high-quality coking raw materials. Hard coals of especially valuable grades can be used in the production of liquid synthetic fuels, resins, phenols, and other valuable products.

The current state of the coal base of Chukotka allows not only to meet their own fuel needs, but also to export coal outside of it. In addition, the coals of the Beringovsky region meet international standards in quality and can be quite competitive on the world market.

Hydrocarbon raw materials

The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is one of the largest "shelf" regions of Russia. Within its limits, 5 promising oil and gas basins have been identified: Anadyr, East Khatyr, South Chukotka, North Chukotka and East Siberian.

Revealed oil and gas basins are characterized by their inaccessibility, as well as uneven and relatively low degree of knowledge. At present, the oil and gas bearing basins of the Bering Sea - Anadyr and Khatyr - are more accessible.

Numerous oil and gas bearing structures have been identified in the continental part of the Anadyr basin based on the results of geological exploration. There are three most promising areas: Zapadno-Ozerny, Verkhne-Telekaysky and Lagunny. There is a gas field of the same name in the Zapadno-Ozerny area, the proven reserves of which are over 5 billion cubic meters. m of gas. The deposit is prepared for industrial development. Three fields have been identified within the Verkhne-Telekaiskoye area (Verkhne-Telekaiskoye gas condensate, Verkhne-Echinskoye and Olkhovoe oil fields), a number of promising oil and gas bearing structures.

The listed fields do not exhaust the oil and gas potential of the Lower Anadyr Lowland, however geological structure land does not allow us to hope for the discovery of larger deposits. Significantly greater prospects are outlined for the eastern part of the Anadyr basin, located under the waters of the Anadyr Bay of the Bering Sea. It seems that the marine part of the Anadyr basin is a promising area in terms of its favorable geographical position, which determines the fairly stable functioning of maritime transport communications. Finally, the development of the resources of the Bering Sea will be a kind of step towards the development of more inaccessible seas of the Eastern Arctic.

The oil and gas potential of the subsoil of the terrestrial part of the Khatyr basin, which is located to the south and southwest of the Anadyr basin, is less studied. Forecast recoverable oil resources - 500 million tons and gas - 900 billion m3.

The oil and gas basins of the shelves of the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas are the least studied.

Within the Chukchi Sea, two large oil and gas basins are distinguished - the North and South Chukchi. The initial recoverable resources of the Chukchi Sea shelf are 3,335 million tons of standard fuel.

Even less studied is the shelf of the East Siberian Sea, and yet even scarce data suggest that several large basins are hidden under the waters of this sea. The initial recoverable resources, according to the estimate made on 01/01/1993, amount to 5583 million tons of standard fuel.

Other minerals

In Chukotka, deposits of mercury, chromium, as well as ore occurrences of silver, polymetals, molybdenum, boron, bismuth, titanium, lithium, beryllium, iron, arsenic, antimony, nickel, cobalt, lead of rare and trace elements, zeolites, peat, etc. ., as well as precious, semi-precious (demantoid, garnet, beryl, topaz, amethyst, rock crystal, axinite, etc.) and ornamental (agate, chalcedony, jasper, listvenite, rodingite, gabbro, etc.) stones.

The groundwater

In the district, 3 deposits of mineral heat and power waters were discovered and studied: Chaplinsky, Lorinskoye and Dezhnevskoye. The thermal mineral springs of Chukotka are of balneological significance - the water from them can be used to treat traumatic, skin and gastrointestinal diseases.

There are 28 mineral water springs discovered in Chukotka, on the basis of which it is possible to create sanatoriums and summer recreation centers

Russian civilization

Climatic: arctic climate, severe; on the coasts - maritime, in the interior - sharply continental. Winter lasts 8-9 months, strong winds are frequent; summers are short, rainy and cool. The average temperature in January is -290С, in July +90С. Precipitation is 200-500 mm per year. The growing season in the southern part of the district is 80-100 days. Permafrost is ubiquitous.

Land: distribution of the land fund by land (thousand hectares): agricultural land - 8.6; land under surface waters- 2442.6; swamps - 2833.0; land under forests and shrub vegetation - 16893.4; land under reindeer pastures - 42671.4; other lands - 42671.4. Soils are predominantly mountain-tundra and peat-gley, peat-podzolic and alluvial soils are found.

Water: the main rivers of the district are Anadyr (with tributaries Main, Belaya, Tanyurer), Velikaya, Amguema, Omolon, B. and M. Anyuy. There are many lakes, the largest are Krasnoye, Elgygythyn, and Pekulneyskoye.

Forest: the total area of forest land - 27698.4 thousand hectares, forest cover - 7.1%, total stock of standing timber - 90.1 million cubic meters. The Okrug is located in the zone of forest-tundra and arctic deserts. In the basin of the Anadyr River, there are small forests of larch, poplar and birch, as well as dense shrubs (willow, alder, currant, raspberry, wild rose).

Biological: representatives of the animal world: arctic fox, fox, wolf, wolverine, chipmunk, squirrel, lemming, hare, brown and white bears, reindeer, bighorn sheep, muskrat, mink, partridge, ducks, geese, swans, guillemots, eiders, gulls . There are many insects in the tundra (mosquitoes, midges, horseflies). The seas are rich in fish (chum salmon, pink salmon, char) and marine animals (walrus, seal, etc.). In rivers and lakes - broad whitefish, nelma, grayling.

Energy: stone, brown coal, natural gas, thermal and nuclear power plants.

Mineral: minerals of the district - tin, mercury, coal and brown coal, gas, gold.

Recreational: reserve "Wrangel Island" (1976; 2225.7 thousand hectares). The area of green areas and plantings in cities is 0.8 thousand hectares (per capita - 171.7 sq.m).

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Economic and geographical position of the subject

Chukotka is perhaps the least studied region of Russia in geological terms. Over the 70 years of the Okrug's existence, its territory has been explored by only 7 percent.