Generalization of the concept- this is the transition from a concept with a smaller volume, but more content to a concept with a larger volume and less content. When generalizing, a transition is made from a specific concept to a generic one.
For example, generalizing the concept coniferous forest”, we move on to the concept of “forest”. The content of this new concept is narrower, but the scope is much broader. The content has decreased because we removed (removing the word “coniferous”) a number of characteristic species features that reflect the characteristics of a coniferous forest. Forest is a genus in relation to the concept of "coniferous forest", which is a species. The initial concept can be both general and singular. For example, you can generalize the concept of "Paris" (single concept) by moving to the concept of "European capital", the next step will be the transition to the concept of "capital", then "city", "village". Thus, gradually eliminating characteristics inherent in the subject, we are moving towards the greatest expansion of the scope of the concept, sacrificing content in favor of abstraction.
Purpose of generalization- the maximum removal from the characteristic features. At the same time, it is desirable that such a removal should occur as gradually as possible, i.e., the transition from the genus should occur to the closest species (with the widest content).
The generalization of concepts is not unlimited, and the limit of generalization is philosophical categories, for example, "being" and "consciousness", "matter" and "idea". Since the categories are devoid of a generic concept, their generalization is impossible.
Concept constraint is a logical operation, the opposite of generalization. If the generalization follows the path of gradual removal from the attributes of the object, the restriction, on the contrary, enriches the totality of the attributes of the concept. Thus, there is a transition from the general to the particular, from species to genus, from single concepts to general ones.
This logical operation is characterized by a decrease in volume due to the expansion of content.
The operation of limitation cannot continue any further when a single concept is reached in its process. It is characterized by the most full content and a volume in which only one object is conceived.
Thus, restriction and generalization operations is a process of concretization and abstraction within the framework of a single concept to philosophical categories. These operations teach a person to think more correctly, contribute to the knowledge of objects, phenomena, processes of the surrounding world, their relationships. Through generalization and limitation, thinking becomes clearer, more precise, and more consistent. However, one should not confuse generalization and limitation with the selection of a part from the whole and consideration of this part separately. For example, a car engine consists of parts (carburetor, air filter, starter), parts consist of smaller ones, and those, in turn, of even smaller ones. In this example, the concept following the previous one is not its kind, but is only its component.
2. Definition
The word "definition" comes from the Latin word definition. In the process of communication, work, just everyday life, a person often has problems understanding information and transferring this information to other people. This is due to the lack or ignorance of the definition of the subject given in the available information. Simply put, a person often does not understand the meaning of a particular concept. It is not necessary for the person who encountered the problem to explain a complex concept, to reveal its essence, but this can be done by a person whose profession the problem under consideration belongs to. To implement the interpretation, the logical operation of defining the concept is called upon.
Concept definition is a logical operation aimed at identifying the correct meaning of a term or the content of a concept.
To define a concept means to fully reveal its content and to distinguish the scope of this concept from the scope of other concepts (that is, to determine the objects included in the concept and separate them from other objects).
It is necessary to say about the relationship between definition and definition. Some scientists identify them, but some researchers separate the definition from the definition and call the latter a judgment that reveals the content of the concept. Thus, it turns out that definition is a logical operation, and definition- judgment.
The concept, the content of which is required to be disclosed, is called the defined concept and denoted Dfd(definendum). To reveal the content of this concept, a defining concept is used, denoted Dfn(definition). The purpose of the person disclosing the content Dfd, applying Dfn, is the achievement of equivalence (equality) of both sides of the definition, i.e., the defined and the defining concept.
The definition of a concept as a logical operation plays an important role in human activity, no matter what he does. At first glance, knowledge of the content of a particular concept is not necessary for people who are not involved in science. However, this is not so, because accurate knowledge of the signs of a concept not only increases the mass of a person’s knowledge, but also helps to avoid misunderstandings, incidents, and mistakes. The logical fallacy is all the more dangerous because at present the law plays a special role. Ignorance of the signs (content) of certain legal concepts makes a person vulnerable in legal relations.
Needless to say, for science, the definition of concepts plays an even more significant role, because it is within the framework of science that new concepts appear and old ones are interpreted. And if we're talking about legal science, then we understand that the life of the state, society and the individual depends on how clear and correct the definitions are.
The definition of a concept can be explicit and implicit.
Explicit definitions contain a defined and defining concept, while their equal volumes. In this form, the closest genus and species (species difference) containing the characteristic features of the concept being defined are used for definition.
A variation of definition through genus and species difference is genetic(from Greek genesis - “origin”) definition. It indicates only the method of formation of this subject, its origin. The genetic definition plays a very important role for the sciences, where, due to their specificity, many concepts can be defined only through the method of formation or origin. Such sciences include mathematics, chemistry, physics. A genetic definition is a kind of definition through genus and specific difference, therefore it obeys the same rules and has a similar logical structure. As a separate kind of definition through genus and species, one can name nominal definitions. They define a term denoting a concept, or introduce signs that replace it. Usually in such a definition there is the word "called".
The definition through genus and specific difference is made in two steps. The first step of such a definition is the relation (submission) of the defined concept under a generic concept, characterized by a greater degree of generalization. In the second step, the concept being defined is separated from others belonging to the same genus, with the help of specific differences. The attributes of both the genus and the species, on the basis of which the concept is defined, are contained in the defining concept. For example: "A square is a rectangle with equal parties». The concept being defined here is "square"; generic - "rectangle"; specific difference - "with equal sides".
For example: "The custom of business turnover is considered to be a rule of conduct that has developed and is widely used in any area of business activity, not provided for by law, regardless of whether it is recorded in any document." In this case, the concept of "usual business practice" is a defined concept. Generic for him will be the "rule of conduct" contained at the very beginning of the defining concept. Thus, we bring the defined concept under a more general one. Since the "rule of conduct" contains in its scope not only the custom of business turnover, but a whole set of rules, it becomes necessary to single out the latter from the general mass. To do this, we add signs of this phenomenon, thereby expanding the content and reducing the volume. The custom of business turnover is not enshrined in law, but may or may not be reflected in any document. Pointing to this characteristic feature, we reduce the number of objects contained in the volume to the desired ones. The signs by which we delimit the concept being defined from others corresponding to the generic concept are called species difference (kind). In the definition of species differences, there may be one or more.
The definition through the genus and species difference can be reflected in the form of a formula A = Sun. Under A in this case, the concept being defined is implied, IN is a genus, With- view. IN And With taken together are the defining concept. Another way to reflect such a definition looks like this: Dfd = Dfn.
Definition through the genus and specific difference is also called classical. It is the most common and widely used in various branches of scientific knowledge.
Implicit definitions. Definition through genus and species difference is a very convenient and effective tool for revealing the content of concepts. However, like any other tool, this kind of definition has limitations. Thus, it is impossible to define, by referring to the genus and species, concepts that do not have a genus at all, which are the general philosophical categories. Singular concepts do not have a form, and, accordingly, also cannot be defined, because if we use only the genus to define a concept, we would get too a large number of elements in its scope, which at the same time would include this concept itself, which is impossible (for example, the concept of "N. G. Chernyshevsky" cannot be defined only as "Russian writer").
When this situation arises, researchers use implicit definitions and techniques that replace definitions.
Unlike explicit definitions, where there are defined and defining concepts that are equal to each other, in implicit definitions, context, axioms, or a description of the way the defined object arises are substituted for the defining concept.
There are several types of implicit definitions: contextual, inductive, ostensive, through axioms.
contextual(from lat. contextus - “connection”, “connection”) definition is characterized by the fact that it allows us to find out the essence, the meaning of the word, the meaning of which we do not know, through the context, i.e. through a relatively complete piece of information that accompanies given word, refers to it and contains its attributes. Sometimes in the course of a conversation, we are faced with a situation where the interlocutor uses a word unfamiliar to us. Without asking again, we try to determine the meaning of this word, based on the words accompanying it. This is definition through context. An example of such a definition is the following sentence: “... take a check there. It will be personalized - in your name. You will get money from it." Thus, even without knowing what a check is, one can understand from the context that this is a document by which funds are received. Having shown some ingenuity, one can guess the existence of bearer checks as well.
Inductive definitions reveal the meaning of the term with the help of this term itself, through the concepts that contain its meaning. An example of this is the definition of natural numbers. So, if 1 - natural number and n is a natural number, then 1 + n is also a natural number.
Ostensive definition establishes the meaning of the term by resorting to the demonstration of the subject denoted by this term. Such definitions are used when revealing the essence of objects of the sensory world, in other words, objects that are available for direct perception. This definition often focuses on the simplest properties of objects, such as taste, color, smell, texture, weight, etc. Often used in the study foreign language or clarification incomprehensible word.
Sometimes, to characterize concepts, techniques are used that replace definitions.
Axiom is a position that is accepted without logical proof due to direct persuasiveness.
The definition through axioms is based on their quality. Characterization through axioms is widely used in mathematics.
Comparison- this is a technique that allows you to quite clearly characterize an object by comparing its characteristic features and features with another, homogeneous object. Such a comparison leads to a fairly clear delimitation of the compared objects from each other by identifying not only similarities, but also differences in their features. When using a comparison to define a concept, it will be defined the more fully, the more homogeneous objects the scope of this concept will be compared with. Comparison leads to the formation of an imaginary image of an object that has characteristic features.
Description as a reception is simpler than a comparison. The task of the researcher using the description is to consolidate as much information as possible about the subject, containing an indication of its characteristic features. In other words, when describing the image of an object directly perceived by the researcher, it is fixed in one form or another (drawing, diagram, text, etc.). When describing various kinds of characteristic features (weight, shape, size, etc.) should be reflected most fully and reliably.
Characteristic- this is the creation of an idea about the subject by pointing to any of its feature. In this case, only one important feature is revealed. An example of a characteristic might be: "Gianfranco Pederzoli is the best Italian engraver of our time"; "According to K. Marx, Aristotle is the 'greatest thinker of antiquity'."
You can also find combinations of description and characteristics. Often used in both science and fiction.
An example is used in cases where it is difficult to give a definition by genus and species difference, but you can resort to describing events, processes, phenomena, etc., illustrating this concept. An explanation with the help of an example is also the reflection of a complex concept through the enumeration of its elements. For example, the concept of "army" can be explained through the enumeration of its constituent units. Explanation by example is often used in educational process lower grades.
3. Definition rules
The truth of a definition depends not only on the correct presentation of its content, but also on how harmoniously and consistently its form will be built. If the truth of a definition depends on whether its content accurately reflects all the necessary features of the concept being defined, there is only one rational way to obtain such a definition - when formulating, strictly follow the requirements of the logical rules for the formation of definitions.
Proportionality. The definition must be proportionate. This means that the defined concept must be equal to the defined one, i.e., the defined and defining concepts must have equal volumes. If this rule is violated, a logical error occurs, associated with an incomplete definition or with an overly broad interpretation of the subject.
The definition in making such a mistake may be either too broad or too narrow; sometimes there are definitions that are both too narrow and too broad.
Wider definitions. They are characterized by the fact that the scope of the concept they define is greater than the one defined. In the form of a formula, this can be reflected as follows: Dfd ‹ Dfn. An example of a too broad definition may be the following: “TV is a means of satisfying information hunger” and “chandelier is a source of light”, as well as “a wheel is a rubber circle”. In connection with this issue, we can recall the case that happened to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, when he defined man as "a two-legged animal without feathers." Subsequently, he had to admit the error and add the phrase "and with wide nails," since Diogenes, another thinker of antiquity, brought a plucked chicken to a lecture at Plato's school with the words: "Here is Plato's man."
Too narrow a definition. This is a definition in which the scope of the concept being defined is wider than the scope of the defining one (Dfd › Dfn). Such an error is contained in the following definition: "an immovable thing is a house or other structure." The mistake here is that the structure (including the house) does not exhaust the scope of the concept of "immovable thing", since the latter also includes land plots, subsoil plots, isolated water bodies, etc. The definition of "indivisible thing - a thing, the division of which in kind is impossible. One feature was left out here, namely that a section of such a thing is impossible only if it changes its functional purpose.
A definition that is too broad and at the same time narrow. They are characterized by a certain ambiguity. The same definition, depending on the direction in which its research is directed, becomes either too narrow or too broad. For example, the concept of "car - a device for transporting people" is broad, because a car is far from the only device for transporting people. However, on the other hand, the above concept is narrow, because a car can be used not only to transport people (after all, you can also transport animals, building materials, for example, and other things).
Absence in the definition of a circle. The circle in the definition occurs in two cases. The first is called a tautology and is characterized by the definition of a concept through the concept itself. In the second case, the circle is formed if the content of the concept being defined is revealed through the concept, which before (in the previous definition) was determined by means of the concept being defined at the moment.
Tautology- this is a simpler, in terms of structure and construction, erroneous definition. It is characterized by absolute uselessness, since it does not perform the main function of the definition - the disclosure of the content of the concept. In other words, after the definition-tautology, the concept remains as incomprehensible as it was before it. There are many examples of tautologies. You can often hear tautologies in colloquial speech, wherever you are - in line, at the market, at the circus and even the theater. People resort to tautology, often without noticing it. The following definitions are tautologies: “machine oil is an oily liquid with a pungent odor”; " an old man- this is the one who has grown old in the process of life ”; “funny is what causes laughter”; "an idealist is a person with idealistic convictions"; “a reminder is a reminder of something”, etc. This shows that if we did not know the meaning of a concept and it was defined through itself, the meaning of this concept will not become clear, therefore, such a definition is useless.
From a logical position, the expressions “given task” or, for example, “assigned task” are incorrect. It often happens that one person says to another: "Butter is oily, sugar is sugary." This is also a tautology, but in this context it is used to highlight the tautology in the speech of another person.
Another case of a definition containing a circle is definition of the first concept by the second concept, which was previously defined first (the concept A is defined through the concept B, and then B is defined through A). A longer chain of definitions is possible, closing in a vicious circle. An example of such a circle is a definition derived from the proposition "the definition must be correct." Here it is: "a correct definition is a definition that does not contain signs of an incorrect definition." This definition will be correct if you reveal the content of the concept of "incorrect definition" ("this is a definition that contradicts the correct one"). The fact that there is a logical error here leads to the fact that this definition reveals what reveals nothing.
Clarity of definition. The definition must reject ambiguity and use only true concepts that have been proven before or do not need to be defined. If this rule is violated, i.e., if the content of the concept being defined is allowed to be disclosed through the defining one, the meaning of which is also unknown, a logical error arises "defining the unknown through the unknown." A definition following the rule of clarity should not contain metaphors or comparisons. There are a number of aphorisms and metaphors that are true judgments, which, although they effectively convey information, serve instructive purposes and often play an important role in shaping a person’s worldview, are not definitions of the concepts they contain. For example, the following judgment does not define the concept: “The death of one person is a tragedy, the death of a thousand people is a statistic” (JV Stalin).
The inadmissibility of negativity. This rule is due to the fact that a negative definition does not reveal the content of the concept being defined. An example of a negative definition would be the following judgment: "A car is not a carriage." This judgment does not reveal the features of the car, but only indicates that "car" and "carriage" are different concepts. Naturally, such an indication is not enough for a complete definition.
This rule does not apply to the definition of negative concepts, the content of which is revealed mainly through negative definitions: "an incomparable work is a work that has no equal."
Questionnaire "determination of a generalized indicator of the social well-being of a family"
1. Family composition:
A) mother, father, grandmother, grandfather - 5;
B) only mother and father -4;
C) one mother, one father - 3;
D) one mother, one father - 2;
E) No parents: grandmother, grandfather, other relatives-1.
2. School performance:
A) good - 5;
B) satisfactory -4;
C) unsatisfactory -3;
D) left school, works - 2;
D) left school, does not work - 1.
3. Child's health:
A) practically healthy - 5;
B) often gets sick within the limits of normal development - 4;
C) has chronic diseases - 3;
D) mental retardation -2;
D) has congenital pathologies, neuropsychiatric diseases - 1.
4. Sanitary and housing conditions of the family:
A) comfortable separate apartment - 5;
B) a separate apartment with the parents of the spouses - 4;
C) more than one room in a communal apartment with amenities - 3;
D) a room in a communal apartment with private facilities - 2;
E) a room in a hostel, in a barrack without amenities - 1.
5. Family income:
A) they can practically not deny themselves anything - 5;
B) mostly enough money, but takes a loan or debt to buy durable goods - 4;
C) there is money for everyday expenses, but buying clothes causes difficulties - 3;
D) live from paycheck to paycheck - 2;
D) there is not enough money to pay - 1.
6. The level of social well-being of the family:
A) an atmosphere of mutual support, goodwill - 5;
b) a healthy lifestyle emotional coloring: without quarrels and without great affection, live "out of habit" - 4;
C) quarrels, scandals in the family, one of the parents is prone to drinking - 3;
D) criminal record of parents, drunkenness, assault, severe form of mental retardation of one or both parents - 2;
D) are registered with a diagnosis of alcoholism, drug addiction, antisocial behavior - 1.
7. Behavior of the child at school:
A) good - 5;
B) satisfactory - 4;
C) unsatisfactory -3;
D) has repeatedly been seen in antisocial behavior - 2;
D) is registered with the IDN-1.
8. Out-of-school communication with the child:
A) on the basis of constant joint classes in circles, sections, on the basis of common positive interests - 5;
B) non-systemic leisure communication on interests, one-time meetings for joint spending of free time - 4;
C) communication based on empty pastime, lack of positive goals - 3;
D) asocial groups with a focus on drinking, petty hooliganism, fights, toxic substances - 2;
E) criminogenic groups, consisting of IDN, with a focus on petty theft, theft Vehicle, drugs - 1.
9. Life goals of the child:
A) clearly defined - 5;
B) a positive orientation in the formulation of life goals, but the idea of the ways and means of achieving them is vague, uncertain - 4;
C) the absence of specific goals and plans for the future or the presence of unrealistic plans - 3;
D) goal orientation is more likely to have a negative connotation, they are primitive, unspiritual, the reference group is peers with an asocial orientation of interests -2;
E) clearly negative, asocial orientations towards life goals, lack of orientation towards socially useful work. Interests are limited, offenses are noted, it is registered with IDN - 1.
10. Emotional attitude of parents with children:
A) constant support, reasonable demands on children, democratic relations, atmosphere of trust - 5;
B) blind love - 4;
C) for parents, their own life is primary, but the attitude towards children is friendly, interested - 3;
D) indifference, lack of care for children, neglect, children as an additional burden, additional problems - 2;
D) tense-conflict relations between parents and children, various forms violence applied to children - 1.
Instructions for determining the generalized indicator of the social well-being of the family.
The questionnaire can be used in schools based on the information collected about the child and his family. The questionnaire allows you to timely identify families at risk of taking preventive measures and identifying ways individual work with them.
When analyzing the characteristics of a particular child, a set of points:
Below 30 - suggests that a particular child belongs to a high-risk group (the lower the score, the higher the risk);
From 31 to 40 - the social well-being of the child is determined within the average norm;
More than 40 - high level social well-being of the child (the more points, the higher the level of well-being).
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Generalization
GENERALIZATION - a mental combination of similar features of several objects in one concept about these objects. For example, letters and numbers are generalized into the concept of *sign*. Those similar features of individual objects that stand out in the process of their analysis, comparison and abstraction are summarized. - this is also the transition from a more particular concept to a more general one, from thoughts about the general to thoughts about the more general. happens with words. Every word refers not to a single object or phenomenon, but to their multitude. Allocate empirical and theoretical generalization. The function of empiricism of generalization consists in ordering the variety of objects, in their classification. The function of theoretical generalization consists in ascending from the abstract to the concrete, in highlighting the essential internal connections of an object that define this object as complete system. In the process of assimilation by students of a new concept, it is important to consider and, in particular, independently search for relevant examples.
List of random tags:
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Hull Clark Leonard - Hull Clark Leonard (05/24/1884 - 1952) - American psychologist, representative of neobehaviorism, author of the "hypothetical-deductive" concept of behavior. He relied on those requirements for the methodology of constructing a theory and experiment that were developed in the natural sciences, primarily in mathematics. He proceeded from the need to introduce “intermediate variables” between the elements of classical behaviorism, which he proposed to consider need, reaction potential, skill strength, goal.
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Hallucination - Hallucination - the perception of a really absent object or its signs, subjectively recognized as a real perception. It occurs, as a rule, with various mental disorders, in stressful situations, as well as during prolonged sensory isolation.
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Sense of inferiority - FEELING OF INDEFICIENCY - a stable form of a person's experience of his real or imagined inferiority, formed when a person notices one or another of his shortcomings. A feeling of inferiority that arises in a child as a result of his awareness of his biological or other inferiority and causes him to develop his own lifestyle that can allow him to develop abilities and gain superiority over others. The feeling of inferiority is caused both by organic-morphological and functional deficiencies of organs, anomalies of organs, their functions, etc., and by subjective factors; assessment of natural weakness, difficulties in social relations, etc. The feeling of inferiority is not a passive state, it can be a stimulus mental development individual, if he seeks to overcome inferiority. In this case, the stronger the feeling of inferiority, the stronger the desire to overcome it in the form of a desire for superiority.
In the course of the thought process, four operations take place. These include, in particular, the division, definition, limitation and generalization of concepts. Each operation has its own characteristics and patterns of flow. What is a generalization? How is this process different from others?
Definition
Generalization is through it, when a specific feature is excluded, a different definition is obtained as a result, having a wider scope, but significantly less content. It can be complicated to say that generalization is a form of increment of knowledge through a mental transition to the general from the particular in a certain model of the world. This, as a rule, corresponds to the transition to a higher level of abstraction. The result of the considered logical operation will be a hypernym.
general information
Simply put, generalization is the transition from specific concepts to the family. For example, if we take the definition of "coniferous forest". By generalizing, the result is a "forest". The resulting concept already has content, but the volume is much wider. The content has become less due to the fact that the word "coniferous" - a specific sign - has been removed. It should be said that the original concept can be not only general, but also singular. For example, Paris. considered to be singular. When making the transition to the definition of "European capital", then there will be "capital", then "city". This logical operation can be subverted by various definitions. For example, to conduct a generalization of work experience. In this case, through the transition from the particular to the general, the comprehension of activity takes place. Generalization of experience is often used when there is a large accumulation of methodological and other material. So, gradually eliminating the characteristic features that are inherent in the subject, there is a movement towards the greatest expansion of the conceptual volume. As a result, content is sacrificed in favor of abstraction.
Peculiarities
We have considered such a concept as generalization. Its purpose is the maximum removal of the original definition from its characteristic features. At the same time, it is desirable that the process proceed as gradually as possible, that is, the transition should occur in the direction of the closest species with the widest content. A generalization is not a limitless definition. A certain general category acts as its limit. This is a concept that has the ultimate breadth of scope. These categories include philosophical definitions: "matter", "being", "consciousness", "idea", "movement", "property" and others. Due to the fact that these concepts do not have a generic affiliation, it is not possible to generalize them.
Generalization as a task for artificial intelligence
The formulation of the problem was carried out by Rosenblatt. In the course of the "pure generalization" experiment, it was necessary to switch from a perceptron or brain model to one stimulus from a selective response to a stimulus similar to it, but not activating any of the previous sensory endings. A weaker kind of task may, for example, be the requirement to extend the system's response to components of a category of similar stimuli that are not necessarily separated from the previously shown (or perceived by touch or heard before) stimulus. In this case, it is possible to explore spontaneous generalization. In this process, the criteria of analogy are not imposed by the experimenter or introduced from outside. It is also possible to study forced generalization, in which the researcher "trains" the system in terms of similarity.
Limitation
This logical operation is the opposite of generalization. And if the second process is a gradual removal from the features inherent in a particular object, then the restriction, on the contrary, is designed to enrich the complex of characteristics. This logical operation provides for a reduction in volume based on the expansion of content. The restriction is terminated at the moment when a single concept appears. This definition is characterized by the most complete volume and content, where only one subject (object) is assumed.
conclusions
The considered operations of generalization and limitation are processes of abstraction and concretization within the boundaries from a single definition to philosophical categories. These processes contribute to the development of thinking, knowledge of objects and phenomena, their interactions.
Through the use of generalizations and limitations of concepts, the thought process flows more clearly, consistently and clearly. At the same time, the considered logical operations should not be confused with the selection of a part from the whole and consideration of the resulting part separately. For example, a car engine includes several parts (starter, air filter, carburetor, and others). These elements, in turn, consist of other, smaller ones, and so on. In this example, the concept that follows is not a kind of the previous one, but only its constituent element. In the process of generalization, characteristic features are discarded. Along with the decrease in content (due to the elimination of features), the volume increases (as the definition becomes more general). In the process of limitation, on the contrary, the generic concept adds more and more specific characteristics and features. In this regard, the volume of the definition itself decreases (because it becomes more specific), and the content, on the contrary, increases (due to the addition of characteristics).
Examples
In the educational process, generalizations are used in almost all cases when definitions are given through a specific or generic difference. For example: "Sodium" - chemical element. Or you can use the nearest genus: "Sodium" - a metal. Another generalization example:
And here is an example of a restriction in Russian:
- Offer.
- Simple sentence.
- Simple
- A simple one-part sentence with a predicate.
Generalization (lat. generalisatio) - mental operation, the transition from the thought of the individual, contained in the concept, judgment, norm, hypothesis, question, etc., to the thought of the general; from thoughts about the general to thoughts about the more general; from a number of facts, situations, events to their identification in some properties with the subsequent formation of sets corresponding to these properties (see: Inductive generalization). Not only concepts but also judgments are formed through inductive reasoning. Analytical is understood as O., carried out on the basis of the analysis of the corresponding linguistic expressions, definitions, application of the rules of deduction and not requiring recourse to experience. Examples can be mental transitions from the concept of "mechanical form of matter movement" to the concept of "form of matter movement", from the judgment "Whales are mammals" to the judgment "Whales are vertebrates", from the question "Is this problem solvable in this case?" to the question “Is this problem solvable in the general case?”, from the legal norm “theft is prohibited” to the norm “theft is prohibited”. Synthetic (or inductive) are understood as O. associated with the study of experimental data. They are used in the formation and development of various concepts, judgments (including laws), scientific theories. In traditional logic, the definition of a concept is understood as the transition from the concept of lesser generality to the concept of greater generality by discarding features that belong only to those elements that are included in the scope of the generalized concept (the transition from the concept of "right triangle" to the concept of "triangle"). The opposite of O. is the operation of limiting a concept. An important role in synthetic identifications is played by the abstraction of identification. The O. process is widely used in the formation of concepts, not only in scientific knowledge, but also, for example, in the process of forming artistic images.
Definitions, meanings of the word in other dictionaries:
Philosophical Dictionary
(lat. generalisatio) - a mental operation, the transition from the thought of the individual, contained in the concept, judgment, norm, hypothesis, question, etc., to the thought of the general; from thoughts about the general to thoughts about the more general; from a series of facts, situations, events to their identification in some ...
Philosophical Dictionary
conclusion from particular to general. is induction, i.e. the conclusion will always be hypothetical. It presupposes an abstraction from some features in which objects differ from each other, since thought retains only features that are present in all objects. With scientific...
Psychological Dictionary
Cognitive process leading to the selection and meaning of relatively stable properties of the surrounding world. The simplest types of generalization are already carried out at the level of perception - , manifesting as the constancy of perception - . At the level of human thinking - a generalization ...
Psychological Encyclopedia
(English generalization) - one of the main characteristics cognitive processes, consisting in the selection and fixation of relatively stable, invariant properties of objects and their relationships. The simplest kind O., made in terms of direct perception, allows a person ...