25. Characteristics of verbal teaching methods
These methods occupy a leading place in the system of teaching methods, allow you to transfer large amounts of information in the shortest possible time, pose problems for the trainee and indicate ways to solve them.
Verbal methods are divided into the followingkinds : story, explanation, conversation, discussion, lecture, work with a book.
1. storytelling method involves oral narrative presentation of content educational material. From a pedagogical point of view, the story should:
– ensure the ideological and moral orientation of teaching;
– contain only reliable and scientifically verified facts;
– include a sufficient number of vivid and convincing examples, facts;
– have a clear logic of presentation;
– be emotional;
– to be available;
– reflect the elements of personal assessment and the attitude of the teacher to the stated facts and events.
2. Underexplanation one should understand the verbal interpretation of regularities, essential properties of the object under study, individual concepts, phenomena.
Explanation is a monologue form of presentation.
Usage this method requires:
– accurate and clear formulation of the task, the essence of the problem, the question;
– consistent disclosure of cause-and-effect relationships, argumentation and evidence;
– use of comparison, comparison, analogy;
– attracting vivid examples;
– impeccable logic of presentation.
3. Conversation - a dialogical method of teaching, in which the teacher, by setting a carefully thought-out system of questions, leads students to understand new material or checks their assimilation of what they have already studied.
Types of conversations: introductory or introductory, organizing conversations; conversation-messages or identifying and forming new knowledge (heuristic); synthesizing, systematizing or fixing.
During the conversation, questions can be addressed to one student (individual conversation) or students of the whole class (frontal conversation).
One type of conversation isinterview .
The success of the interviews largely depends on the correctness of the questions, which should be short, clear, meaningful.
4. Main purposeeducational discussion in the learning process - stimulating cognitive interest, involving students in an active discussion of different scientific points of view on a particular problem, encouraging them to comprehend various approaches to arguing someone else's and their own position. Before the discussion, it is necessary to thoroughly prepare the students both in terms of content and formally, and to have at least two opposing opinions on the problem under discussion.
5. Lecture - a monologic way of presenting voluminous material. The advantage of a lecture is the ability to ensure the completeness and integrity of the students' perception of educational material in its logical mediations and relationships on the topic as a whole.
A school lecture can also be used when repeating the material covered (overview lecture).
6. Working with a textbook is the most important teaching method.
tricks independent work with a printed source: note-taking; drawing up a text plan; citation; annotation; peer review; drawing up a certificate; compiling a matrix of ideas - comparative characteristics of homogeneous objects, phenomena in the works of different authors.
Method - a word of Greek origin, means the path of research, the way to achieve something, theory, teaching. A specific feature of teaching methods, in contrast to the methods used in some other activity, is that learning is a two-way process, which combines, on the one hand, the teaching activity of the teacher, on the other hand, the learning activity of students.
In pedagogy, there are many definitions for the concept of "teaching method". Here are two of them:
teaching method is a way of interconnected activity of a teacher and students, aimed at solving the problems of training, education and development;
a teaching method is a way of transferring knowledge by a teacher and their assimilation by students (N.M. Verzilin).
Since there is no single definition of "teaching method", there is no single classification of methods. There are different approaches to the classification of teaching methods:
depending on the source of knowledge:
verbal (story, conversation, discussion, work with a textbook and other literature, briefing);
visual (demonstration of experiments, visual aids - natural objects, illustrative - models, paintings, films, etc.);
practical (laboratory and practical work, observations, experiments, experiments, exercises, modeling, activities in nature);
gaming (didactic, simulation, role-playing, theatrical and other types of games);
according to the nature of cognitive activity:
reproductive (explanatory and visual);
method of problematic presentation of educational material;
partial search (heuristic);
research;
for didactic purpose:
methods of studying new knowledge;
methods of consolidating knowledge;
control methods.
The same method can be placed in any type of classification. All these classifications do not contradict each other, but help to evaluate
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the value of a particular method in different learning situations. For example, such a verbal method as a story can be applied in several cases: firstly, in the process of explaining new material by the teacher, without asking for “help” from the students; secondly, within the framework of a problematic presentation (the teacher offers problematic questions and situations that children solve in the course of the teacher’s story, as if “helping” him explain the new material); thirdly, the teacher uses the storytelling method to consolidate knowledge. In MIOM, most often, the classification of teaching methods is used depending on source of knowledge. Each teaching method can be considered from three parties: 1) source of knowledge; 2) the nature of the teacher's activity; 3) the nature of the students' activities (Table 2). Table 2. Features of teaching methods depending on the source of knowledge , de activities of teachers and students Parties |
[methods of teaching the world around |
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|
verbal |
Visual |
Practical | ||
|
visual |
Practical work (activity), experiments, observations | |||
|
Doer |
Guides perception with the help of the word (speaking and listening) |
Guides perception through display or demonstration |
Guides perception through coaching |
Determines the rules of the game, manages the game |
|
Doer |
Perceive information (listen and speak) |
Receiving information through observation |
Perceive information on one's own performing practical |
Perceive information during the game |
The structural unit of any method is methodical approach. A methodical technique is a specific action of a teacher and students aimed at education. The same techniques are included in different teaching methods, and one way of communicating information can be implemented in different ways.
Methodological techniques according to the nature of the activities of the teacher and students can be divided into following groups(classification by N.M. Verzilin and
V.M. Korsunskaya):
organizational practices. Their use is associated with different organization of the application of certain methods. For example, in verbal methods, children can answer either from the floor or at the blackboard, reading the text can be organized aloud or silently. Among practical methods, laboratory experiments can be carried out individually or collectively. In visual methods, a visual object can be demonstrated in front of a class, with a walk through the rows, in transfer from desk to desk;
technical methods, As a rule, they are associated with the use of various auxiliary equipment: fixtures, lights, devices, including technical training aids. So, in verbal methods, questions for a conversation can be given on cards or posters, knowledge testing is carried out with
using questionnaires in which children make the necessary entries. The role of technical methods in visual methods is especially great, because it is here that various devices are used to a greater extent. In practical methods, this is the use of instructional tables, cards, setting up experiments in vessels, on plots; fixing the results of observations and experiments in notebooks, calendars of nature and labor; modeling with various devices;
logical tricks contribute to the understanding of the educational material, and, therefore, influence the development of the mental activity of students. The educational process should be built in such a way as to stimulate the analytical and synthetic activity of the brain. This problem is solved by using didactic logical techniques.
There are the following logical methods:
A) comparison. Comparison helps to identify similarities and differences in objects and phenomena. For example, knowledge about the autumn color of leaves will be more complete if autumn leaves a particular plant to compare with summer ones. Comparison allows you to identify common and distinctive features different plants and their individual parts, different groups animals, plan and map, various forms of land surface, etc.;
b) opposition- this is a comparison of mutually exclusive features of objects and phenomena. As a result, the true essence of the object, phenomenon is revealed and the false one is discarded. So, when forming the concept of "fruit" by comparison, children identify a number of signs of fruits, including such common signs for all fruits as the presence of seeds in them and the fact that they are formed in place of a flower. But what signs are essential, the main ones for the fetus? Practice has shown that students, in addition to the indicated general features, also call the edibility of fruits essential. Based on this, children classify root crops, potato tubers, cabbage heads, etc. as fruits. In this case, the opposition technique is used: students are invited to consider cut root crops, potato tubers, cabbage heads, etc. Children do not find seeds in them. So, such a sign
as edibility, is excluded from the essential features of the fruit. The method of opposition makes it possible to identify the essential features of trees, shrubs, grasses, deciduous and coniferous plants, to determine the color of ice, etc.;
V) analogy. This technique is used when you need to independently compose a description of an object or phenomenon by analogy with that which was compiled collectively or which is given in a textbook for an identical object or phenomenon. For example, in a lesson on the topic “Plants of the field”, a characteristic of one of the plants is collectively compiled by identifying and recognizing signs. Other plants taken for study in the lesson, the children characterize on their own - by analogy. Analogy can be useful in studying the properties of substances, the characteristics of various components of natural zones, etc.;
G) classification. With its help, objects and phenomena are combined into groups according to similar characteristics. This technique requires a lot of analytical and synthetic activity of children. First, students must analyze the features of objects and phenomena, then find common ones among them (perform a synthesis), on the basis of which they combine them into groups. When studying the world around them, children distinguish the following groups: wildlife, not Live nature; plants, mushrooms, animals; trees, shrubs, herbs; deciduous and coniferous plants; insects, fish, birds, animals, etc. The classification technique can be applied in two ways: the teacher himself gives the basis for the classification or suggests that students do it. In the first case, the task, as a rule, is formulated something like this: underline the names of domestic animals with one line, and wild ones with two. In the second case, the task can be formulated as follows: combine the listed animals into groups. At the same time, students themselves choose the basis for classification: some children can distinguish groups of domestic and wild animals, others - insects, birds, animals. Both results should be considered correct. In both cases the children performed similar mental operations;
e) systematization. It requires the arrangement of objects or phenomena in a certain order, in a system. So, when characterizing natural areas, it is very important to observe the following system of presentation: inanimate nature - features of plants and animals - human use of nature - nature protection in a given natural area. The successful use of systematization is facilitated by the preparation of a plan. In essence, a plan is a formal, external expression of a given technique;
e) identifying causes and relationships. The condition for this technique is that children have a certain stock of knowledge gained as a result of direct perception of objects and phenomena of the world around them. Uncovering causes and relationships helps students explain facts and therefore understand them. This technique requires a particularly active analytical and synthetic activity of the brain and, in comparison with other techniques, presents a certain difficulty for children. However, practice
The use of this technique shows that children do well with such tasks that arouse interest in the world around them. This technique is implemented in questions and tasks that begin with the words “why”, “what is connected with”, “explain the reasons”, etc., as well as when working with diagrams, models. Useful tasks for children to draw up some schemes and models on their own. The possibilities of applying this technique are quite wide when analyzing what is happening in inanimate nature, between inanimate and living nature, in living nature. The role of this technique is very great in the development of the ecological culture of junior schoolchildren, since it is it that allows us to understand the most important law of ecology about the universal interconnection in nature;
and) generalization. This technique allows you to highlight the general and the main thing in a particular system of knowledge. Its external manifestation is tasks of the type: what is common in this knowledge, draw a conclusion, what is the essence of what is happening, as you understand, etc., and the end result is the formulation of rules, concepts, conclusions. Generalization requires active mental activity with a predominance of synthesis. Therefore, this is one of the most difficult tricks. The method of generalization allows you to avoid remembering a lot of factual information, forms the most important skill of educational work, without which further learning will be impossible or very difficult.
The list of listed logical techniques (as well as organizational and technical ones, by the way) is not complete and final.
In the practice of teaching the surrounding world, techniques are not always used in their pure form. So, logical techniques require a certain organization of students, and the use of technical means may also be required. The combination of techniques also occurs within groups. For example, it is difficult to imagine the effect of methods of classification, systematization, analogy, etc. without the method of comparison. Reception of generalization requires a sufficiently high degree of systematization of educational material.
Verbal methods of teaching the world around
In teaching the world around, three verbal methods are mainly used: 1) storytelling; 2) conversation; 3) work with the text of the book.
Verbal methods include the word and speech of the teacher and students, as well as the written word. For example, a conversation is a dialogue between a teacher and students; the story can also be both a teacher and a student. In general, verbal methods are used in conjunction with all other teaching methods (visual, practical, game).
Verbal methods are used for the purpose of: 1) development of cognitive activity and logical thinking of schoolchildren; 2) assimilation by students of ready-made information presented by the teacher; 3) creating a problem situation in the lesson; 4) development of emotional susceptibility of students, calling a sense of empathy.
Verbal methods are more often resorted to when: 1) it is necessary to describe a picture or process; 2) there is little time in the lesson, but a large amount of material needs to be presented; 3) for some reason it is impossible to use practical and visual methods.
Verbal methods have their advantages and disadvantages. The advantages include the fact that the lively and emotional word of the teacher is indispensable in the study of the world around. For example, when conducting practical work, the attention of students may be distracted by insignificant features of the subject being studied, and it is the word of the teacher that corrects and directs the attention of children. The disadvantage of verbal methods is that the attention of younger students can only be concentrated on something for up to 5 minutes, and then it weakens. Therefore, it is necessary to combine verbal methods with visual and practical ones.
Consider the verbal methods of teaching the world around us in more detail.
Story- this is a consistent oral presentation of educational information, used when the material is unfamiliar or unfamiliar to students. The story can be used in preparation for observations, when setting up experiments, during an excursion, etc. To a greater extent, the story is used in the study of historical topics. In the structure of the story, three stages (stages) can be distinguished: 1) the creation of a problem situation (the plot); 2) disclosure of content (climax);
problem resolution (decoupling). Thus, a school story is similar in structure to a work of art.
The advantage of the story is that students receive a large amount of information in a short time, and assimilate it holistically. The method develops memory, ability to listen, attention. The disadvantage of the method is that the information is transmitted in ready-made and children must take it on faith. In addition, the method poorly develops the creative mind. osh leniya children.
Story requirements. 1) scientific character; 2) accessibility for perception by younger students; 3) must be educational in nature;
short in duration (preferably up to 5 minutes in grades I-II and no more than 15 minutes in III- IV); 5) must be emotional, bright, interesting; 6) must be accompanied by an illustration.
Preparing the teacher for the story. 1) determination of the purpose and subject matter of the story; 2) determining the place of the story in the lesson; 3) selection of content, including from additional sources - encyclopedias, reference books, scientific and popular science literature; 4) selection of excerpts from fiction to decorate the story; 5) selection of means of illustration; 6) writing a story plan, thinking through methodological techniques. It is important that the material is presented in a certain logical sequence; 7) compiling a summary of the story.
In the course of applying the storytelling method, various methodological techniques can be used: activating attention, posing problematic questions, logical methods of comparison, highlighting the main thing, generalization and
conclusions, giving examples, a combination of a story with a conversation, a demonstration of visual aids, etc.
The type of story is briefing. It is usually carried out before performing experiments and practical work. A feature of the briefing is its conciseness, informativeness. During the briefing, the teacher programs the actions of the students and their sequence.
Classification of stories. In the methodology of teaching the world around, there are several ways to classify a story.
For didactic purposes There are three types of stories:
introductory, or story-introduction. Its purpose is to prepare children for learning new material;
current story, or narrative story. It reveals the content of the new material;
conclusion story. The goal is a generalization of the studied and conclusions.
By the nature of the presentation of educational material allocate:
storytelling. It is a report of information from an eyewitness;
story-description. Used to create a figurative representation of an object or phenomenon. Often carried out according to illustrations, which depict plants, animals, seasons; reproductions of paintings by artists. When describing seasonal phenomena, works of art by M.M. Prishvin, K.G. Paustovsky and other writers;
explanation story. It is used to reveal the features of an object or phenomenon and to reveal relationships in nature. In the process of explanation, new concepts are introduced. The explanation should be carried out using illustrations (figures, tables, etc.). May alternate with conversation.
An explanatory story is also used in preparing students for observation, practical work. By explaining, students are instructed on the upcoming work (the teacher tells what to work with, how to do the work, how to arrange the results).
Most often in the course "The World Around" a combination of descriptive and explanatory stories is used.
According to the logic of construction The story can be of two types:
inductive - when a generalization is made on the basis of a number of facts. Usually, the first lessons on a topic include factual material, which is gradually accumulated and comprehended. Therefore, inductive stories are used in such lessons;
deductive - when the general position is confirmed by facts. The deductive story is used more often in generalizing, final lessons on the topic.
In its purest form, the story primary school rarely used. It is usually accompanied by elements of conversation.
Conversation- this is a dialogue (conversation) between the teacher and students, conducted on pre-prepared questions. The teacher leads and directs the conversation. The main condition for conducting a conversation is that the students have a certain minimum of knowledge on the topic of the conversation. The teacher, with the help of appropriate questions, mobilizes the knowledge and practical experience of students, makes them think, comprehend the material, answer the question. Thus, the teacher brings students to the perception of new material, encourages children to draw conclusions and generalizations. The great value of the conversation is that it develops the thinking and speech of students.
The conversation allows you to implement an individual approach to students. The teacher, differentiating questions, depending on the preparation of a particular student, can involve weak and passive students in the conversation. The conversation increases the activity of the class, and this is its positive role. In addition, the conversation allows you to combine the study of new material with the identification and verification of existing knowledge.
The method of conversation has its drawbacks: firstly, it usually takes a lot of time, and secondly, such a question-answer form of studying the material gives fractional knowledge, makes it difficult to holistically perceive new information, does not teach students to transfer scientific knowledge in a coherent form.
Preparing the teacher for the conversation.
definition of the topic and purpose of the conversation; 2) drawing up a conversation plan; 3) formulating questions for the conversation (they should be clear, their sequence should be thought out, questions should make you think about the answer; the effectiveness of the conversation depends on the quality of the questions); 4) selection of means of illustration.
Rules for asking questions during a conversation. The question is asked to the whole class, then the teacher pauses (gives time to think about the question and formulate the answer) and then asks one of the students. If the student's answer is incomplete, another student completes it. If the answer is no, then the question is formulated anew and, possibly, divided into more specific ones. The teacher summarizes the answers of the children and once again formulates the correct answer. In grades I and II, simple and short questions are posed, usually about what the children saw and did themselves. IN III- In grade IV, questions are formulated so that children can give a detailed answer, and not limit themselves to one simple phrase. The most appropriate questions in a conversation are for analysis, comparison, generalization. Questions that require the reproduction of existing knowledge are not so useful for the development of students' thinking. Avoid questions that can be answered with a simple yes or no. You should not ask questions that contain a ready-made answer. The teacher should pay attention to the culture of students' speech, correct illiterate wording of answers. In a conversation, students receive new knowledge, so the questions of the conversation should be
aimed at discoveries. Such conversations are called heuristic or exploratory conversations.
At the end of the conversation, a conclusion should be drawn, which constitutes new knowledge.
During the application of the conversation method, the following techniques can be used: asking questions, discussing the answers and opinions of students, correcting students' answers, formulating conclusions, etc.
Classification of conversations. Depending on didactic goals There are the following types of conversations:
introductory. Its purpose is to systematize and generalize existing knowledge. Such a conversation can be held at the beginning of the school year, at the beginning of the study of the section and at the beginning of the topic;
reporting. It involves introducing children to new material. The teacher, with the help of questions based on existing knowledge, leads students to the necessary conclusions, helps to establish connections between individual facts and phenomena;
generalizing. Its goal is to systematize and generalize the knowledge gained. Conducted at the end of a lesson, topic, or entire course. In the process of a generalizing conversation, it is important to highlight the basic concepts of the material covered and find out how these concepts are learned by children. It is necessary to show the relationship between objects and phenomena and, on the basis of this, bring students to independent conclusions.
By the nature of the cognitive activity of students conversation can be: 1) reproductive (reproduction and operation of known information); 2) heuristic (search) - is aimed at discovering knowledge by the children themselves (for this they use problematic questions, situations, tasks to identify cause-and-effect relationships, etc.).
By form of management allocate conversations: 1) catechetical (question - answer); 2) deployed.
According to the way of thinking the conversation can be: 1) inductive, when the teacher poses private, interconnected questions to the students. Based on the facts at the end of the conversation, students should draw a conclusion; 2) deductive, when a definition is first given, a rule under which concrete facts are brought. Deductive conversations are held more often at generalizing, final lessons.
It is impossible to confine oneself only to conversation in the classroom, if only because children become the main source of information in this method, because it is they who mainly answer the questions posed. The conversation should be combined with other methods: with the teacher's story (conversation based on the teacher's story), with observations in nature (conversation based on the results of observations), with work with illustration tools (map, drawing, etc.), with reading the educational text (conversation by reading).
The type of conversation is educational discussion(polylogue). This method is especially actively used in developmental learning systems. A discussion is an exchange of opinions and ideas on a specific
problem for adoption single solution. In the lessons of the surrounding world, the discussion has the character of a cognitive dispute.
Before the discussion begins, the rules for its conduct are established (polite address to each other, do not interrupt the speaker, criticize the idea, not the person, etc.). The discussion should be preceded by a deep study of the material on the problem under discussion, otherwise the discussion will result in a pointless dispute. The method is more effective in grade IV, when students already have enough knowledge to defend their point of view.
Forms of discussion:
round table. When using this form of discussion, the problem is discussed in a small selected group of students. During the discussion, there is an exchange of views with the rest of the class. There can be several discussion groups. For example, a round table on the topic "Ecology of our region" assumes the presence of several discussion groups: ecologists, industrialists, residents, doctors, workers Agriculture, lawyers and just sympathizers who can express their point of view;
debate. In this form of discussion, the problem is discussed by members of two competing teams representing alternative points of view (for example, a debate can be held on the topic “Should a person destroy forest pests?”);
court hearing. At the same time, the discussion has the nature and form of a trial: the participants in the court are the suspect, the victim, witnesses, the prosecutor, the lawyer, jurors, and the judge. For example, you can hold a trial of a wolf accused of killing hares.
Preparing for the discussion. First, the purpose of the discussion is set. Then the problem is defined, the form of the discussion is chosen, the course of the discussion is planned, the participants are selected, the roles are distributed. Questions are thought out with which the teacher can intervene in the course of the discussion (questions such as “What do you think ...?”, “What would happen if ...?”, “What do you mean?”, “What are the facts in defense of ) "can you give your theory?" etc.).
The advantages of the educational discussion method include increased class activity, development of speech, the ability to defend one's point of view, communication skills, and creative understanding of the studied material. Disadvantages of the method: 1) the discussion is not as effective in transferring information as the story; 2) requires high self-organization of students.
Book work. The book is one of the most important sources of knowledge. Of all books, the most important in acquiring knowledge for schoolchildren is textbook. The textbook sets the amount of knowledge that students must learn, the pace of passing the material.
The structure of textbooks around the world. Textbooks on the world around us contain two main structural "blocks": the educational text and the extra-text component (see figure).
The structure of the school textbook on the world around
The training text includes three elements: 1) main text is the text that conveys the main information. It presents facts, gives descriptions and definitions of concepts, reveals relationships and patterns; 2) additional text related to the main, but not required to study. Stories, proverbs, sayings, riddles, fairy tales, popular scientific information are used as additional texts. In textbooks, additional texts are most often presented in various headings, for example, "It's interesting", "It's useful to know", "For the most inquisitive", "A man lived in the world", etc.;
explanatory text represented by a glossary of terms, various reference information, notes, etc.
The out-of-text component also consists of three elements:
apparatus for organizing assimilation(system of questions and tasks);
orientation apparatus- table of contents, font selections (large, bold, italics), symbols (various stripes, circles, exclamation or question marks); 3) illustration material- drawings, photographs, maps, charts, tables, graphs.
Almost all textbooks have printed workbooks, which include tasks for organizing students' independent work. In the workbooks there are many tasks for working with text containing missing words, which the student must enter using the textbook, tasks in the form of illustrations: filling in diagrams, tables, captions under the figures. In the workbooks, space is also reserved for the drawings of the children themselves. For the development of cognitive interest, there are tasks in the form of puzzles, crossword puzzles, riddles, etc. To draw up the results of practical work in notebooks, there are tables, diagrams, contour maps. The notebook saves time for students and teachers, allowing you to take notes and do practical work in specially designated places in the notebook.
Before starting the study of the course "The World Around", it is necessary to explain to the students how the textbook is built and how to use it.
How to work with the textbook:
orientation techniques in the textbook - finding the right paragraph, drawing, diagram, task;
methods of working with text (explanatory reading, finding the right data, planning);
methods of working with tasks and questions (orientation in them, independent work with them, the ability to choose the sources of information necessary for answering);
methods of working with a plan and a map (reading symbols, searching for objects, determining the distance);
techniques for working with drawings, photographs, tables (comparison, description);
techniques for working with several components of the textbook: table and text, text and task, text and map, etc.
In elementary school, two main forms of work with the textbook are used: in the classroom and when doing homework.
Additional literature in teaching the world around. In the process of teaching the world around us, in addition to the textbook, other printed sources of knowledge are used: additional educational,
fiction, popular science literature, magazines, etc. In the last two decades, the possibilities of using additional literature have increased significantly due to the emergence of a large number of well-published books (encyclopedias, reference books) and magazines.
Options for working with additional literature:
reading the text by students or the teacher at the stage of learning new material or generalization. Reading passages in class should be small in size so that reading is not long and tedious for students;
verbal communication of children about what they have read;
note-taking;
drawing up a certificate on an object or natural phenomenon, historical figure etc.;
preparation of reports-messages;
recording terms and their meanings in a dictionary;
creating diagrams in notebooks illustrating what is being studied.
For the development of independence of children, it is important to teach them to work with reference literature. You can work with reference books both in the classroom and at home. To teach students to work with reference books, the teacher can give tasks such as “Find in the dictionary the meaning of the word ... ocean, mainland, molt, etc.”, “Using the reference book, characterize ... the desert, insects, flowering plants and etc.”
One of the methods that encourage children to get acquainted with additional literature is the teacher showing illustrations and reading excerpts from books in the lesson.
It is useful to post lists of literature for extracurricular reading, which is recommended for students to read during the school year. At the same time, it is necessary to control students - to talk with them about what they have read, to use the material of the books they have read in educational work.
The teacher should be attentive to the choice of books and texts to read, especially if the book contains a historical theme. The point is that the same historical events can be interpreted differently in modern publications and books published 15-20 years ago.
Thus, verbal methods are very widely used in the process of teaching younger students about the world around them. Naturally, the word is not the only source of information for getting acquainted with the outside world. Therefore, verbal methods are combined with visual and practical teaching methods.
Visual methods of teaching the world around
The use of visual methods is closely related to the implementation of the principle of visibility. But the concepts of "visual methods" and "the principle of visibility" are not identical. Visibility as a learning principle is realized with any methods. Visualization performs the function of the method when it becomes the main source of knowledge.
Visual aids are widely used in verbal methods. Conducting a story or conversation, the teacher reinforces his word with a demonstration of visual aids. Here, visual aids are not the main source of information, but only reinforce, concretize
teacher's word. In this case, independent cognitive activity of students is limited.
Visual aids in visual methods are a source of independent reasoning, generalizations, and conclusions.
As visual aids in teaching the world around, natural objects and phenomena, their models or their images on a plane (drawings, photographs, slides, films, etc.) can be used. Before using any visual method, students are given specific cognitive tasks. They indicate how to observe, what to discover, what to compare with, and what to learn.
The advantages of visual methods include an increase in the activity and independent cognitive activity of students, the development of empirical thinking, observation, and speech.
The difficulties of applying visual methods are associated with the presence of the objects themselves for study. Security educational process natural visual aids is difficult due to environmental problems. The use of visual visual aids requires material costs, which schools often cannot afford to the extent necessary.
Classification of visual methods.
By the nature of benefits distinguish: 1) demonstration methods
(demonstration of the experiment and natural objects - living plants and animals, herbariums, collections, inanimate objects of nature, other handouts); 2) illustrative methods (the use of artificial or visual aids - models, drawings, diagrams, screen-sound teaching aids (ESSE), etc.).
By nature of work distinguish: 1) demonstration of experiments by the teacher;
work with visual aids (objects of living and inanimate nature, visual aids, etc.).
Let us consider in more detail the use of various visual methods in the lessons of the world around us.
Demonstration of natural visual aids(live plants and animals, herbariums, stuffed animals, etc.). At the same time, children get an idea about the appearance (size, shape, color), about the properties of the object. The demonstration enlivens, activates the process of assimilation.
In preparation for the lesson, the teacher selects the objects and thinks about how to display them, as well as the time and place. The main requirement during the demonstration is that all students consider the main features of the object being studied. Depending on the size, an object can be displayed in two ways: large objects are displayed frontally (the object is placed on a stand, the necessary lighting is created); small objects the teacher carries through the rows. If there are a lot of objects, then you can distribute them to children for each desk. During the demonstration, students should carefully consider the object. Observation should be conducted but in advance prepared tasks. The task can be given to children orally or written on the board, on cards. IN
the task indicates how to consider the object, what to look for, with what to compare, etc.
The method of demonstrating an object and the features of working with it depend on the specifics of the object. Let's consider how the work with the herbarium and stuffed animal will be carried out.
Working with the herbarium: 1) the name of the plant (a scientific name is given using binary nomenclature: chamomile, nettle, etc.); 2) plant habitat. (geographical
distribution, natural zone, natural community); 3) life form (tree, shrub, herbaceous plant); 4) finding and showing parts (organs) of a plant; 5) description of forms, coloring of different parts of the plant; 6) significance in nature and human life.
Working with a scarecrow: 1) species name (full scientific - gray crow, great tit, etc.); 2) habitat; 3) dimensions (when describing, it is customary to give not dimensions in cm, but dimensions in comparison with visually well-known species of birds - with a sparrow, dove, crow (small birds are compared with a sparrow, large birds with a crow). At the same time, they say: a nightingale the size of sparrow, song thrush somewhat larger than a sparrow, etc.); 4) color features; 5) features of the beak (for birds) and teeth (for mammals) in connection with the mode of nutrition and lifestyle; 6) the shape of the trunk and limbs; 7) significance in nature and human life.
Demonstration of experiences. The demonstration experiment is conducted by the teacher, and the children observe, analyze its course and results. Usually, demonstration experiments include those that are forbidden for children to conduct for safety reasons (experiments using chemical reagents, alcohol lamp fire). They are also carried out when it is difficult or impossible to observe any process or phenomenon in natural conditions, therefore such a process is reproduced artificially. For example, demonstration experiments are carried out when it is necessary to show the moisture content in the soil, the combustibility of minerals, the water cycle in nature.
Demonstration requirements: 1) it is necessary to determine the purpose of the experiment, its time (duration) and place in the lesson;
the experiment should be carried out on a demonstration table or on a stand so that all children can clearly see what is happening; 3) students need to set a cognitive task (you can create a problem situation); 4) list the equipment to be used and explain its purpose; 5) You must strictly follow the safety rules. Beforehand, it is necessary to check the equipment, conduct a safety briefing, and first aid must be available; when experimenting with the use of fire, you need to have containers with water, a fire extinguisher; 6) during the experiment, children's attention should be drawn to the processes that are important for the formation of new knowledge; 7) you need to comment on what is happening or have a conversation with the children (ask
questions “what are you observing?”, “why is this happening?”); 8) at the end of the demonstration, you need to sum up and draw a conclusion.
Methods of using illustrative aids. Illustrative visual aids are used in almost all lessons of the world around. Such aids include models, dummies, educational pictures, photographs, filmstrips, slides, films.
For example, the lessons use the human skeleton, models of internal organs. The skeleton is demonstrated when studying the topic "Skeleton and Posture". Students can be given the task to find the sections of the skeleton - the skull, spine, ribs, limbs; compare parts of the skeleton with your body and find out which bones are connected movably, which are motionless. Next, children can be given the task to think about how the skeleton changes with incorrect posture.
Often in the lessons various means of illustration are used. printed visual aids. They are usually used if it is not possible to observe an object or phenomenon in nature. They create in students a figurative representation of an object or natural phenomenon. Using a picture or photograph, the teacher can: 1) talk about its content; 2) have a conversation with students; 3) give the task to analyze it. Working with educational pictures has an educational value: looking at a well-painted picture, students experience aesthetic pleasure.
Methodology for the use of educational films. The content of the film should be related to the topic and purpose of the lesson. Educational films have advantages over other illustrative visual aids:
objects and phenomena of the surrounding world are perceived simultaneously with the help of sight and hearing, which facilitates perception and improves understanding of what is being studied; 2) films show in dynamics a real picture of the surrounding world; 3) films make it possible to visualize the processes that go on in nature too quickly (the movement of the wings of an insect) or too slowly (the development of a ravine, the development of a plant from a seed) - this can be done using slow or accelerated filming, various special effects; 4) you can show objects and processes that cannot be observed in real life (the work of internal organs, life inside a hive or anthill, etc.); 5) this teaching method allows a large amount of information to be transmitted to children in a short period of time; 6) the great educational and developmental value of films - they develop horizons, cognitive interest, are important for aesthetic and environmental education.
There are various options for using films in the classroom:
when communicating new knowledge after the teacher's explanation. In this case, the film serves as an illustration to the explanation; 2) instead of an explanation. At the same time, the film itself is a source of knowledge; 3) can be used in general lessons.
Preparing the teacher for the film demonstration. The teacher must first study the content of the film (i.e., watch the film before the lesson), determine the place and role of the film in the lesson, and make assignments for students. The task indicates what you should pay attention to when watching a movie, what questions to find answers to, etc.
Before watching a movie, you can show students natural objects or their images, conduct a conversation to clarify knowledge. During the screening of the film, you can give explanations. After watching the film, you should again conduct a conversation to systematize and check what you have learned.
The duration of the demonstration of the film in the primary grades should not exceed 10-15 minutes, otherwise the students' attention is scattered.
There are a large number of educational films about the world around. To use them, you need special equipment (film projector, VCR, digital disc player, computer, interactive whiteboard, etc.). It should be possible to darken the audience where the film is shown.
The film can be prepared by the teacher on his own, for example, on an excursion. Taking a video camera, the teacher can take pictures of interesting objects and natural phenomena, traces of human influence on nature, sights, etc.
When teaching the world around you, you can also use such a source of video information as a TV. There are many different programs about animate and inanimate nature, travel, famous people. The content of such programs is generally quite accessible to younger students. In the lesson, you can show selected excerpts from these programs. If it is impossible to demonstrate an excerpt from the program in the class, then you can give the task to watch it at home, and the program is discussed in the class.
Demonstration of filmstrips and slides. The advantage of using filmstrips and slides is the ability to display images of objects and natural phenomena on the screen close-up. Another advantage is that the teacher can supplement the information on the subtitles with his own story. Filmstrips and slides, as well as films, can be used when studying new material, in general lessons. To activate thinking, the teacher can close the subtitles under the frames and give the task to the children to comment on what they see. As with films, before the lesson, the teacher himself gets acquainted with the content of the filmstrip (or slides), composes questions and assignments. At the lesson, before the demonstration, a conversation is held with the children to update existing knowledge. At the end of the show, a conversation is again held to consolidate the studied material. You should not demonstrate more than 7-8 frames without a break, otherwise the children's attention will be scattered.
Filmstrips and slides can be used in preparation for practical work or excursions. For example, there is a series of slides "Plan and
map", which can be demonstrated before practical work on the ground, in order to update children's knowledge about the plan, map, methods of orientation. There are slides on the topic "Animals of the reservoir", which can be shown before going on an excursion to the reservoir.
Methodology for working with cartographic aids
The map can be considered a triune learning tool: firstly, it itself serves as an object of study, secondly, it is a visual aid, and thirdly, it is a source of knowledge. These three components are interconnected, because, without knowing the map, it is impossible to use it as a means of visibility and a source of knowledge. Therefore, the initial component is the knowledge of the map itself.
Primary school uses the following cartographic aids: wall maps, table maps (atlases).
In all programs of the surrounding world, the following are mandatory for study: types of cards: physical maps of the hemispheres, Russia and its region, a map of the natural zones of Russia. In connection with the integration of social science material into the course "The World Around The World", historical maps are also used. Some programs may additionally use demographic, climate, political and other types of maps.
Features of cards used in elementary school: 1) the scale should be given not only as a numerical ratio (1:5 OOO OOO), and also in the form of an explanatory text - 1 cm 50 km; 2) brighter colors should be used in the design of the card; 3) the map should contain only the main, largest objects - large cities, rivers, seas, mountains, i.e. it should not carry a large information load.
wall maps must be large enough to be seen by children in the back rows. Some distortions are allowed on them - a thicker image of the coastline, simplified outlines of objects (mountains, islands, etc.), bright contrast coloring is used. Wall maps are used during the study of new material, when repeating and generalizing what has been learned. It is very important that children work with wall maps and table maps at the same time. Otherwise, they get used to working with one type of map and find it difficult to navigate in another.
Board cards have a small scale, so they should be further simplified. Desktop cards are used mainly for independent work (for example, when doing homework).
contour maps used for exercises and for control purposes. Children need to be taught to find objects on the contour map and sign them, apply landforms (mountains, hills) and signs of minerals.
Right-handed plotting data on a contour map. 1) inscriptions are made small and clear; 2) rivers are signed parallel to their course, mountains -
parallel to their elongated ridges, cities, islands and lakes - along the parallels; 3) if the map is colored, then this is done in the same way as it is customary to designate heights and depths (water - in blue, lowlands - in green, hills and mountains above 200 m above sea level - in various shades of brown).
The beginning of work with contour maps should be supervised by the teacher. The sequence of work can be as follows: the teacher shows the object on the wall map, then the children find this object on the atlas map, and then find and mark the object in the contour map. The teacher walks along the rows and checks the correct mark. If everything is in order, then the children put the name on the map.
Working with the map involves the solution of three tasks:
understand map. To understand the map, children must be able to navigate in space, measure distances and put them in a reduced form on paper, that is, scale;teach know map. To know the map, children must imagine the outlines of the continents, oceans, the location of cities, rivers, mountains, etc.;
How, then, in practice, to ensure that children understand the map, know it and know how to read? In different programs of the surrounding world, this is achieved in different ways. Consider how L.F. recommended doing this. Melchakov. The work should be carried out in several stages:
first, children learn to measure distances, navigate in space, fix three-dimensional objects on a plane and, conversely, recreate a three-dimensional image of an object from its image on a plane;
at the next stage, the concepts of "horizon", "horizon line", "horizon sides" are introduced;
then there is training in orienteering in the surrounding objects, the sun and the compass;
introduction of the concept of "scale", drawing plans for premises (classroom, room);
the image of objects in the drawing using conventional signs;
acquaintance with the terrain plan: with conventional signs, with a way to determine the direction (the reference point is the “north-south” arrow on the left side of the plan);
studying the features of the map and understanding the differences between the map and the plan;
direct work with maps. At the same time, children are first introduced to physical card Russia, then with a map of the hemispheres, natural zones and with a map of their region;
work with the globe. At the same time, the parallelism of work with the globe and the map is important in the beginning.
At present, they began to use the reverse principle of work when getting acquainted with cartographic material: first, acquaintance with the shape of the Earth, with a model of the Earth - a globe, studying the possibilities of transferring a volumetric body to a plane (introducing the concept of "projection"), studying a map of the hemispheres, then Russia and its region , comparing a map and a plan, learning how to build a plan.
Rules for displaying objects on the map: 1) when showing, you should not block the card with your body, you need to stand facing the window so that the shadow from the body does not fall on the hag; 2) the display must be carried out with the help of a pointer;
you need to show not the inscription, but the location of the object; 4) rivers are shown from source to mouth, mountains - by a line in the direction of elongation of the ridge, peninsulas - by tracing along the coastline and along the isthmus on land, large territories and water areas are circled along the borders (this is how, for example, the borders of states, seas, river basins and etc.);
the show should be commented on, and one should use the “geographical language”: say not “above”, “below”, but “in the north”, “in the south”, etc.
The use of the globe in the lessons of the world around. Starting to work with a globe, you need to use a map in parallel so that children can correlate large objects (continents, oceans) with their image on the map.
The globe is used in the study of the following topics:
the shape and size of the earth. Children see that our planet has the shape of a ball. You can measure the length of the equator with a thread and then measure it with a ruler. The resulting value (40,000 km) can be correlated with some distance known to children (for example, before the nearest city) and thus get an idea of the size of the planet;
daily rotation of the earth. With the help of a globe and a table lamp imitating the Sun, it can be shown that the globe at a particular moment can only be illuminated from one side. On the illuminated side it will be day, on the unlit side it will be night. Since the Earth rotates on its axis, day and night follow each other. All this can be shown with the help of a special device - tellurium;
the movement of the earth around the sun. It can be shown using the same globe and lamp or tellurium. Children see that it is precisely because of the movement of the Earth around the Sun that the seasons change;
natural areas. studying natural areas Earth, the globe can be used to solve two problematic issues:
a) why is it cold in the Arctic, in the tundra, and hot at the equator? The reason is the small angle of incidence sun rays on the surface of the Earth in high polar latitudes; the rays, as it were, glide along the earth without warming it up. And at the equator, the sun is always high above the horizon and warms the earth well. The nature of the fall of the sun's rays can be shown with a ruler;
b) why are there polar days and nights in the polar regions? This is due to the fact that the Earth's axis has a certain constant angle of inclination and at the moment when, rotating around the Sun, the northern hemisphere is turned towards it, the polar day is observed beyond the Arctic Circle, and the polar night is observed beyond the southern Arctic Circle at this moment. As the Earth moves in its orbit, the position changes, and at some point the southern hemisphere will be turned towards the Sun - now there will be a polar day.
The globe is also used as a geographical map. Unlike a map, there are no distortions on the globe - it can be used to determine the distance between the remote points of the planet with greater accuracy. On the globe, more accurately than on the map, the shapes of the continents and oceans are displayed.
All work with cartographic aids prepares younger students for the study of geography in subsequent grades.
Practical methods of teaching the world around
Practical teaching methods are closely related to visual and verbal methods. They are based on the cognitive activity of schoolchildren. When applying practical methods, objects and devices are transferred to the hands of students for independent research.
Practical methods make it possible to implement such important principles of didactics as an activity approach and humanization of the educational process. The child turns from the object of learning into the subject of his own activity, which best of all corresponds to his nature. Practical methods develop thinking, practical skills, interest in learning, form the creative abilities of students, activate the theoretical and practical cognitive activity of students.
The main difficulty in applying practical methods is that their use requires a large amount of handouts and the necessary equipment. When applying practical methods, the process of obtaining the final learning outcomes usually turns out to be longer than when using verbal and visual methods.
Practical methods include: 1) observations; 2) experiments
(experiments); 3) practical work; 4) modeling.
Observation. Observation is a purposeful perception of the surrounding reality by all senses.
In the methodology of teaching the world around, there is no consensus on which group of methods to include observations. They are sometimes referred to as visual methods (V.M. Pakulova), since they are illustrative in nature, then to practical ones (Z.A. Klepinina), since they are of a research nature.
Classification of observations:
by form of organization- individual, group and Front;
by duration- short-term (at the lesson, on excursions) and long-term (usually outside school hours);
by volume- local (observation of a specific object of the surrounding world, for example, a plant) and complex (for example, observation of seasonal changes in the forest);
at the place of observation- lesson, excursion, extra-curricular (in the corner of wildlife, in the educational and experimental area) and home.
The purpose of educational observation can be either the accumulation of some facts, or the establishment of patterns.
observing the sun. Students can be given the following tasks:
a) observe the sunrise and sunset and determine which side of the house it rises and which sets; b) compare how the sky looks at sunrise and sunset, draw sunrise and sunset in a notebook; c) observe the shadows from objects at 9, 12 and 18 o'clock and determine at what time the shadow is the shortest; d) determine the time of sunrise and sunset, the length of the day;
weather monitoring. Observation is carried out according to the plan: the state of the sky is determined (clear, cloudy or overcast), air temperature, direction and strength of the wind, precipitation (if any, what - rain, snow), atmospheric pressure, snow cover height (if any). The results of observations are recorded in a diary using special symbols;
observations of surface forms and their changes (determining the depth of the ravine and changing this depth with time);
soil observations (measurement of the thickness of soil layers on an outcrop, study of water permeability, comparison of soils of different composition, determination of the date of thawing of the upper soil layer (10 cm) in spring and the date of freezing of this layer in late autumn or winter);
observations of water bodies (study of seasonal fluctuations in the water level, determination of the dates of freeze-up, the beginning and end of ice drift, the beginning and end of floods);
observations of plants and animals (seasonal changes in wildlife, external features of plants and animals, relationships in wildlife). Children can be given the following tasks: a) determine the dates of the beginning of sap flow in trees of different species, bud break, flowering, fruit ripening, leaf color changes, the beginning of leaf fall, the arrival of certain types of birds in the spring and their departure in autumn, the beginning of singing, the appearance of chicks (by search food by parents, by squeaking in nests); b) compare the movements of different animals (swimming, crawling, flying, running, jumping); compare appearance and
behavior of an adult animal and a cub; c) determine the dependence of the occurrence of certain insects on the distribution of host plants;
observations of natural communities (forest, meadow, reservoir, field);
observation of a person (over the structure of the human body and its functioning, labor human activities relationships between people).
You can observe not only objects and phenomena in the natural environment, but also their images in various teaching aids (paintings, photographs, slides, films, etc.).
Organization of observations by the teacher:
the purpose and tasks of observation should be clearly formulated in front of students;
it is necessary to organize conditions for effective observation: think over the place of observation, rationally place children;
it is necessary to outline a plan and methods of observation, prepare questions that will be asked during observation and in the course of a dialogue with children, as well as tasks that children will perform;
in addition to direct viewing (which is carried out with the help of vision), other analyzers should be used - hearing, taste, smell, touch. For example, in the autumn forest you can hear how the leaves fall, how it rustles under your feet, remember what summer sounds of nature are missing now (birdsong), you can determine how it smells in the autumn forest, compare the smells of different mushrooms;
methods should be used to increase the effectiveness of observation. To look at an object or its part does not mean to see and remember its image. And that is what is most important in learning. After examining the object, you can invite the children to close their eyes and mentally imagine what they just saw. From the first time, the images are often fuzzy, blurry. Then repeated observations are used. This technique can be repeated several times until the children have a clear idea of the subject. Another technique is students' imitation of movements and sounds of objects and natural phenomena. For example, the teacher can give the children the task to repeat with their hands the movements of the wings of a bird, falling leaves; voice - the sound of thunder, the singing of a bird or the sounds of other animals;
the productive activity of children in the process of observation should be determined in advance. This can be making sketches, a schematic representation of objects, a verbal description of observations, entering data into tables, diaries of observations, collecting natural material for further work in the class.
When conducting observations, in addition to the methods already mentioned, others are used: visual inspection, measurements with the help of instruments, a preliminary slide show or a film, etc.
The use of the observation method in teaching develops students' observation skills. Observation is the ability of a person to notice the most subtle, inconspicuous features, signs, properties in the world around him. You can develop the observation of children with the help of various methods of activating attention. For example, you can offer tasks that require a description of the appearance of an object, finding certain details, and identifying differences between two similar objects.
The most convenient living objects for observation are plants. Here, for example, is how Z.A. Klepinin during an excursion to the forest:
select tree. Mentally divide it into organs. Take a close look at the smallest organ - the leaf. Determine its shape, color, pattern of the edge of the sheet. Notice how the leaf is attached to the stem;
close your eyes and imagine this sheet in detail. Describe it from memory. Compare with the leaf of a neighboring tree.
Observations are closely related to various practical works and experiments.
Experiences. Experience is a way of studying objects and natural phenomena in specially created artificial conditions. Experiments are also carried out when some artificial element is introduced into the natural process. For example, no matter how much we consider the soil, it will not be possible to detect air in it. To detect air in the soil, it must be lowered into water. The water will displace the air in the soil, which will go through the water in the form of bubbles. When performing experiments, the unity of knowledge, skills and abilities of students is ensured, their curiosity and independence are brought up. But the main goal of the experiments is the acquisition of new knowledge.
At the lessons of the surrounding world, experiments are conducted to study the properties of rocks, water, snow, ice, air; the composition and properties of the soil are determined; experiments are carried out to determine the necessary conditions for seed germination, experiments to study the importance of light, water, minerals, heat for the growth and development of plants and animals, etc.
Experiments can be divided into demonstration (performed by a teacher or a specially trained student) and laboratory (performed by students). Demonstration experiments are related to visual teaching methods, they were discussed in paragraph 6.3. Practical teaching methods include only laboratory experiments. Laboratory experiments can be frontal, group and individual.
A special place is occupied by experiments carried out at the training and experimental site. They are usually long-term and often take the entire growing season. In such experiments, there should be control and experimental objects. For example, in an experiment it is required to study
influence of seed planting depth on the emergence of seedlings of plants. To conduct this experiment, two plots are allocated, identical in area, soil fertility and illumination. Seeds of one plant are taken, for example, beans, which are sown on both plots at the same time. In the future, the plants are equally cared for. The difference lies in only one thing: on the control plot, the bean seeds are planted at a normal depth, and on the experimental plot, either at a greater depth or at a smaller one, depending on what goal is set in the experiment.
Preparing the teacher for the experience. In preparation for the experience, the teacher:
determines how the experiment will be conducted - by each student, a pair or a group of several students; 2) checks the equipment, selects the necessary materials for the experiment. If the experiment is carried out for the first time, be sure to conduct it alone, without children, in order to work out the technique of conducting, determine the duration of the experiment; 3) develops questions and tasks for experience; 4) think over the form of fixing the results of the experiment.
Experience requirements 1) a clear statement of the goal of the experiment, the creation of a problem situation, the advancement of a hypothesis, the answer to which can be given by the results of the experiment; 2) complete instructions on the technique of performing the experiment with showing technical methods of execution;
checking the children's assimilation of the course of the upcoming work by retelling the briefing; 4) timely distribution of material and equipment for the experiment (before the start of the lesson, individual sets of materials and equipment for the experiment should already be prepared in boxes or on trays); 5) the simultaneous performance of work by all children (this is important when performing frontal work; children perform all actions at the command of the teacher); 6) cleaning equipment at the end of the experiment; 7) children's report on the results obtained and conclusions.
Practical work in the lessons of the world around. In the methodology of teaching the world around, there is no unambiguous interpretation of what practical work is. Some methodologists do not distinguish at all between experiments and practical work. The same essentially the same work in the school textbooks of different authors can be called experiments and practical work.
Nevertheless, we will try to identify the specific features of practical work. Practical work involves independent practical activities of schoolchildren in the acquisition and assimilation of knowledge. In the course of practical work, children combine motor (motor) and mental activity, as a result of which they form practical skills and abilities.
The main goal of practical work is the formation of skills to use the acquired knowledge.
Practical work (as well as experiments) but the form can be individual, group and frontal.
In the lessons of the surrounding world, the following are performed: types of practical work:
work with objects of nature (with herbaria, living plants, collections of fruits, seeds, insects, minerals). These are works on recognition, definition, description of natural objects. For example, children are given herbariums of tree leaves, and children must determine the type of tree by the shape of the leaf plate. This also includes many types of work in a corner of wildlife and on a geographical site;
work with instruments (thermometer, barometer, gnomon, compass, precipitation gauge, snow gauge, magnifying glass, etc.). Many types of these works are carried out on excursions and on a geographical site;
work with cartographic material (plans, maps, globe). In practical classes, children realize the importance of the scale of the map, symbols, learn to determine distances, determine the direction of the flow of rivers, the location of minerals, etc. Work with contour maps is of great importance;
graphic works (implementation of diagrams, drawings, plans). For example, children draw up a plan for the school yard, their village, etc.
The requirements for conducting practical work are the same as for conducting experiments.
Experiences and practical work in elementary school have a very great importance, as they form the basis of research activity in children.
Modeling. A model is a visual material substitute for objects, reflecting their structure, features, internal relationships and allowing you to abstract from the insignificant characteristics of the object or phenomenon under study. The model allows not only to observe any phenomenon, but also to carry out various manipulations with it. A model can be a description, diagram, graph, layout, etc.
Modeling in the course "The World around" is a system of actions for building, transforming a model, the elements of which are similar to the elements of a real natural system.
There are material (real) and ideal (speculative) models. Material models include a globe, a model of a thermometer, a flower, a heart, etc. Ideal models are created mentally based on an analysis of reality. In order to make ideal models available to others, they are transferred to paper, a board, a computer, etc. in the form of signs, drawings, diagrams, tables, etc. Ideal models are divided into two groups: sign and figurative. Examples of iconic models are weather symbols, plan and map symbols. Figurative models include schemes of the water cycle in nature, the development of a plant from a seed, the chains of connections between individual components of nature, various instructive drawings (rules for caring for indoor plants, making a filter, etc.).
Do not confuse the model as a visual aid and simulation as a teaching method. If a finished model, a pre-drawn diagram, is brought to the lesson, then this is a visual aid. Modeling performs the function of a method when a child creates a model on the basis of the image created in the head and in the process of activity receives information about the object or phenomenon being modeled. At the lessons of the surrounding world, modeling is carried out from sand, clay, plasticine and other materials. Can be simulated various forms surfaces, types of reservoirs, fragments of natural communities; in notebooks, students themselves create (draw) models of the directions of the sides of the horizon, models of the terrain or the path of movement in the form of a plan, a scheme for the development of a plant from a seed, the water cycle in nature, etc.
The value of modeling in the educational process. The need to use models instead of the object or phenomenon itself is due to the fact that these objects or phenomena cannot be brought into the classroom for study. The model gives a more complete picture of an object or phenomenon than a table: if the table gives a planar image, then most models are three-dimensional. When modeling, an object is created in which the studied features of the original are easier to study than by direct observation. Modeling shortens the process of studying some long-term processes. Thus, it is not at all necessary to observe the entire process of development of a plant from a seed, which can last for many months. It is enough to select its individual stages and, having created a model-scheme, to obtain the appropriate knowledge. The same can be said about the water cycle in nature. Another advantage of modeling is that this method, like other practical methods, excludes the formal transfer of knowledge to students; the study of an object or phenomenon takes place in the course of active practical and mental activity of the child. Therefore, the use of the modeling method develops the thinking and creative abilities of the child. In progress cognitive process with the help of simulation, different analyzers work, which contributes to the development of the sensory sphere of children.
Modeling can also have disadvantages. Models are built on the principle of simplifications, so some details and details can be omitted from the model, and, conversely, essential aspects are strengthened. Therefore, the model may have a certain difference from the original. As a result, the student does not receive any information. However, most often this information does not have a negative impact on knowledge about a given object or phenomenon. For example, the knowledge that the development of a plant from seed to seed is a sequential process will not be less qualitative if the student traces the individual stages and does not record the appearance, for example, of each new leaf. This is the value of the model, as it allows you to give knowledge, excluding numerous elements that are similar to each other. The disadvantages of modeling include the need to have available
materials, certain equipment. In addition, younger students still have weak practical skills, which may affect the quality of the created model, its aesthetics.
Modeling in the learning process is more often used in programs on the world around A.A. Pleshakova and E.V. Chudinova - E.N. Bukvareva.
Using this method, one must take into account that the model simplifies the object, makes the signs necessary for the formation of new knowledge explicit, and provides only separate aspects, connections and relationships. Therefore, modeling must be combined with other methods, in particular with the observation of real objects in nature.
Problem-search methods of teaching the world around
Learning by the method of discovery, search or research has been known for a long time. Ya.A. also wrote about this. Comenius and J.-J. Rousseau.
Traditional primary school education relies primarily on such mental processes as perception and memory. With this approach, the student plays a “secondary” role: his task is to carefully listen to new material, read, remember and reproduce it. Moreover, the closer to the text the student then reproduces the material, the higher he will receive the mark. Such learning is called reproductive or informing. Naturally, the development of the student is carried out with this approach is not enough, he does not form the skills of self-education. Therefore, scientists, methodologists and innovative teachers in the early 60s. 20th century began to introduce new active and intensive teaching methods. In these methods, the student became an active, interested participant in learning. Such active methods are also called problem-search methods. M.N. Skatkin singled out three such methods: the method of problem presentation, partial search and
research.
Problem presentation method. It lies in the fact that the teacher, reasoning aloud, poses a problem and solves it himself. In this case, illustrations are used, experiments are shown, if necessary. Students follow the logic of the presentation. That is, in form - this is a story-explanation.
Partial search method (or heuristic). The essence of the method is that knowledge is not transferred to students in finished form by direct explanation and illustration. Children are asked a question to which they cannot immediately answer. The answer can be found out by performing the necessary experiments and practical work. This method goes through four steps:
at the first stage, a problematic question (task) is posed, i.e., a problematic situation is created. Students begin to think of possible ways to answer the question. At this stage, the cognitive interest of students is stimulated (excited);
At the second stage, students express possible solutions to the problem. If the children have difficulty, then the teacher suggests a further search option;
at the third stage, the children solve the problem according to the proposed option. "If the goal is achieved, the answer to the question is found (the problem is solved), then go to the next stage. If the answer is not found, then the second and third stages are repeated;
at the fourth stage, the results obtained are comprehended, conclusions are drawn (the results can be correlated with the processes occurring in nature, children can perform tasks on using the acquired knowledge in practical activities).
All learning experiences are organized using the partial search method.
To use the partial search method, it is not at all necessary to conduct experiments and observations. You can simply let the children read and analyze the text in which they must find information to answer the problematic question.
research method. It is characterized by the fact that students, realizing the problem, put forward a hypothesis themselves, come up with a method of verification, conduct observations, experiments, record the results and draw conclusions. That is, the problem is solved completely independently. E[o children of primary school age are not yet capable of such independence. Therefore, this method is not fully used in elementary school.
Game methods of teaching the world around
Before school, the main activity of children is the game. With the advent of the school, the leading activity becomes study. But there should not be a sharp boundary in the child's activities during the transition to school. Learning activity should "grow" out of the game. Therefore, at the stage of schooling, the game "should occupy a certain place.
The game is a special form of activity, human activity. There are two main forms of human activity - labor and learning.
There is no consensus on the method or form of learning to count the game.
BEHIND. Klepinina considers the game as a form of organization of educational activities of students. To distinguish the form from the method, in her opinion, allows identifying the source of knowledge, according to which the method is established. From her point of view, the game itself is not a source of knowledge. She only organizes the activities of children. For example, a child is playing with a construction set. During the game, he creates a model of some kind of car - models a car. The process of modeling and gives knowledge about the car. Hence, the leading method in this game is the simulation method. In role-playing games, according to Z.A. Klepinina, the leading methods are verbal. N.F. Vinogradova considers the game as a method of learning.
The great importance of play activity in the learning process was not recognized immediately. Before the revolution, the question of games in the classroom
natural science was not set. Teachers, methodologists, scientists (V.F. Zuev, A .I. G'erd, K.D. Ushinsky and others) believed only that education should be entertaining and interesting. The most important way the formation of interest in learning was considered the use of visualization in the educational process, the method of comparison, research, practical work.
After the revolution, teachers began to pay more attention to the use of games in the learning process. For example, N.K. Krupskaya believed that the school underestimated the organizational role of the game. The transition from free play to school to school is too abrupt. There is a contradiction between the desire to play and a significant decrease in the share of play in the child's activity. Therefore, various didactic games and other entertaining materials should be used, especially in grades I-II.
At present, teachers do not dispute the unique possibility of playing in the educational and educational process.
The value of games in the educational process: 1) help energize
student activities; 2) develop cognitive activity, observation, attention, memory, thinking, imagination;
educate positive moral qualities; 4) maintain interest in what is being studied; 5) relieve fatigue in children; 6) the material studied during the game is better remembered and stored in memory longer.
Preparing the teacher for the game. The teacher determines: 1) the goal; 2) knowledge, skills and abilities that will be tested and formed during the game; 3) the theme and material that will be used during the game (“props”, reference materials, etc.); 4) the roles of students; 5) rules of the game; 6) game time; 7) ways of summing up.
When choosing games for a lesson, you need to take into account their level of complexity and accessibility to children. It should be based on the knowledge and skills of children. During the game, children should be attentive, active and should not interfere with each other.
Classification of games. There are many options for classifying games, one of which we will consider. Games used in teaching the world around can be divided into the following groups:
desktop; 2) didactic; 3) role-playing; 4) business;
intellectual.
Board games. These include puzzles, crosswords, chainwords, etc. These games are characterized by the presence of a game rule, which contains a game task. The board game develops imagination, ingenuity and observation, broadens one's horizons. While playing, students not only develop, but also gain knowledge. These games have an element of competition (who is faster, who is more correct, etc.). As a result, children learn to reason quickly and logically. Board games are carried out both individually and in the course of a group, collective
work. Board games provide an opportunity for a differentiated approach to working with students.
Board games can be held at one of the stages of the combined lesson (for example, at the stage of checking homework). The use of such games is a way for children to switch from one activity to another. Board games can also be used in generalizing and control lessons.
Consider the main types of board games.
Crossword. The word "crossword" in translation from English means a word intersection. The solver of the crossword puzzle needs to fill in the intersecting rows of cells with letters so that the words given by meaning are obtained horizontally and vertically.
Using crossword puzzles, you can find a differentiated approach to students. Usually, well-performing students finish their work in class ahead of schedule. So that they do not get bored and do not interfere with others, they can be offered small crossword puzzles on the topic being studied.
The developing and organizing role of crossword puzzles is that when solving them, students have to work without any coercion with textbooks, manuals, reference books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, etc. Asking the meanings of incomprehensible and unsolved words in crossword puzzles, students involuntarily force teachers, parents and other people around to think and get involved in the educational activities of children.
Compiling crossword puzzles by students themselves also has a great educational effect: children systematize their vocabulary, group words according to the number of letters, etc. Unbeknownst to themselves, students clarify the spelling of various terms.
Rebus - this is a riddle in which instead of a word to be guessed, or parts of it, signs are placed, objects are drawn, the names of which must be guessed, and then the word is read. In rebuses, not only individual words can be encrypted, but also entire phrases - proverbs, sayings. Examples of puzzles: with 3 w - swift; 40 a - forty.
Chineward- A puzzle task consisting of a series of cells in which you need to enter guessed words, and the last letter of the previous word is the first letter of the next.
Didactic games. A didactic game (learning game) is a type of activity in which children learn.
Didactic game has the following components: 1) didactic goal (task); 2) game rule; 3) game action.
Didactic purpose expressed in the goal of the game (what the teacher wants to check, what to teach, what knowledge to consolidate, supplement, clarify).
game rule are the terms of the game. Rules help guide the Game process. Rules are usually formed by the words "if...then...".
game action is the content of the game. This can be any action - any manipulation of the object, work for a limited time, etc.
According to N.F. Vinogradov, the game should be an obligatory structural element of the lesson in grades I and II. In grades III-IV, it is still advisable to conduct didactic games, but they are no longer separate structural elements of the lesson.
Very effective games on ecology and nature conservation. In the course of such games, children not only receive relevant knowledge, they develop environmental literacy, and interest in the problems of environmental protection is activated.
One of the types of didactic game - competition-auction. Participants compete in the best knowledge of any topic. For example, on the topic "Forest - a natural community", the presenter announces the task to list the animals living in the forest, and puts up a raffle prize (for example, a set of postcards depicting animals or plants). For example, someone from the class calls the wolf. The host says: “Wolf, time! Wolf two! ”, while hitting the table with a hammer. Then someone calls the fox, etc., until the hammer hits three times. The winner is the participant who gave the last correct answer.
It is better to organize didactic games not at the beginning of the study of the topic, when the knowledge of children is still insufficient, but at the end, when you need to check what is learned well and what needs to be repeated.
Games with rules are not very effective for developing children's creativity. This is due to the peculiarity of the didactic game process. After the game is set and the teacher has announced the game rule and action, the students can no longer change anything at their own discretion. If you make a change in the game (for example, change the game rule), then a new game appears. Thus, there is practically nothing creative in the didactic game. As a result, a didactic game is a reproductive activity in which previously acquired knowledge is used. Consequently, the didactic game is closer to the learning activity, and not to the gaming one. That is why N.F. Vinogradova considers the didactic game to be one of the teaching methods, and not a form.
Role-playing games. Role-playing games are more conducive development of the imagination, creative thinking, communicative skills. At the lessons of the surrounding world, it is easy to create conditions for children to play various roles - plants, animals, animated objects. Living and non-living objects are endowed with human qualities and can speak and think. As a result, students, taking on someone else's role, put themselves in the place of another. Game activity should be separated from learning, from the point of view of students. At the same time, the guidance from the teacher is preserved, and the game itself takes place within the framework of the lesson - the same time, the same room, the same participants. But all this is, as it were, "hidden" from the students and is not so important. Indeed, in this case, the teacher is not an "instructor", he does not indicate how to play, but a partner in the game. At the same time, the specific components of the game are preserved: roles, interaction between them, game plot, game accessories, etc.
It is important that the teacher does not replace the role-playing game with tricks that only look like games. For example, if characters such as Dunno, Znayka or Pinocchio are introduced into the lesson, but the students do not interact with them, take on their roles, then this will not be a game. If the task is checked by the teacher with the help of Znayka, then this is not a game, but if one of the children takes on the role of Znayka, then this is already a game.
Role play is an independent, individual activity, even if children play in a team. The game must always remain free, not an activity imposed from outside. For a role-playing game, only an interesting plot, a "push" is required. The less game means (objects, costumes, accessories) are used, the more children's imagination will manifest itself.
The beginning of the game is to create an imaginary situation. That is, the children are given the task of imagination: “Imagine ...”, “As if you ...”, “If you were ...”, etc.
In the lessons of the world around you, you can use various themes of role-playing games. For example, "Appointment at the doctor" - children take on the roles of a doctor, nurse and patients; "Journey to the North" - children take on the roles of the inhabitants of the North and their guests; "A trip to their hometown" - children take on roles, for example, residents of Tver and guests of Tver.
The most important component of a role-playing game is the interaction of roles. For a normal interaction of roles, children must be able to listen to a partner, take into account his opinion, change their behavior depending on the behavior of other participants in the game. Help to acquire these skills role diapers. Such dialogues are very important, the participants of which are real people. At the same time, children gain experience in social behavior, relationships with other people, the ability to navigate in various situations. The topics included in the course "The World Around You" allow you to organize such dialogues: "Greetings from the grandmother on the holiday", "Inviting friends to visit", "Calling the doctor to the grandfather", "Conversation with the help desk in order to find out when the train arrives, on which dad arrives, ”etc.
There are many forms of role-playing games: “composing”, chain games, theatrical, role-playing, etc.
Small role-playing games can be part of the so-called " composed”, which are many in the course of N.F. Vinogradova "The world around" for class I. At the same time, the teacher gives the children the beginning of a story or fairy tale, and the children come up with, compose a continuation. For example, the teacher offers the children the following “invention”: “Three brothers met: March, April and May - and argued which of them is the most beautiful, hardworking and rich. Let's listen to the brothers and try to determine which of them is right ... ".
IN chain games one student continues the statement of another. This form of the game can be used when considering topics affecting the culture of relationships between people, ethical standards, etc.
For example, the teacher suggests naming relatives in a chain (mother, grandfather, father, uncle, sister, brother, etc.). It is impossible to repeat what has already been said.
Another type of role play is theatrical games. This refers to mini-performances in the lesson. Such a performance is related to the topic of the lesson, and the basis for it is small fairy tales, stories, poems and other works of art. The methodology for working on a mini-performance is as follows: the teacher introduces the children to the work, helps to distribute roles, offers dohma to learn the words of the role, prepare a costume or some of its elements. The performance is performed without special rehearsals. Only one task is set for child actors: to play their role so that everyone understands who he is by character (kind, evil, etc.). For example, for a theatrical performance, you can use the texts of N.N. Sladkova, V.V. Bianchi and other writers.
Another type of role-playing game used in teaching the world around is role-playing games. In the methodology for conducting such a game, it is important: 1) external design; 2) distribution of roles; 3) preparing children for the game; 4) knowledge about the objects of the game;
approximation of the game environment to the real one. Such games are good to play in nature, for example in the forest. Often they are timed to coincide with school holidays (for example, Forest Day, Bird Day, etc.).
Business games. Examples of such games are travel games. At the same time, participants travel along a certain route, consisting of stages-stations, on foot or on an imaginary plane, train, ship. Stations can be natural communities in their area, natural areas, countries of the world, etc. At each station, students complete tasks, answer questions and receive the appropriate points. The Kohmanda with the most points wins.
A business game develops children's imagination, teaches them to reason, compare, prove, and tell.
Mind games. These include puzzle games. Riddles are allegorical images of objects or phenomena that need to be guessed. Riddles often take a poetic form.
The main types of riddles are as follows:
a) riddles in which a description of an object or phenomenon is given by listing signs:
On the back of the needle
Long and spiky
And he curls up into a ball
There is no head, no legs (hedgehog);
b) riddles, in the description of which metaphors are used: many arms, but one leg (tree);
c) riddles-problems to be solved. They do not present a description of the object or phenomenon itself, but the literal composition of the word, its
denoting. Riddles-tasks can be of several forms: charades, metagrams, anagrams:
charades - in them you need to unravel a word consisting of several parts. Each part is an independent word. To guess the charade, first, signs of individual words, parts are given, and then a word is given, combined into one whole, which must be guessed. The charade is always guessed in parts, this makes it easier to guess as a whole. For example:
Beginning - note
Then - deer decoration,
And together - a place of lively movement (road);
metagrams - tasks based on the sequential change in the word of one or more letters. For example:
With "b" - I am painful,
With "m" - I devour clothes,
With "r" - the actor needs me,
With "s" - important for the cook (pain - mole - role - salt);
anagrams are riddles in which, when syllables and letters are rearranged, as well as when read from right to left, words acquire a new meaning. Letters cannot be added or left out. For example: road - cities, reed - mouse, kite - lace;
Developing thinking, riddles introduce children to the world around them. Riddles draw attention to such features of objects and phenomena that often go unnoticed. In other words, riddles are a body of knowledge about the world around us.
Riddles given in the form of a game are called quizzes.
TO mind games are also games-analogues of television programs"Field of Miracles", "What? Where? When?", KVN, etc.
This is not a complete list of games and game exercises that a teacher can use in the educational process around the world. New games are constantly being developed: many teachers and methodologists are working on this.
For the teacher, the result of the game is always an indicator of the level of achievement of students in the acquisition of knowledge or in their application. Therefore, the game is an easy way and one of the ways to test knowledge.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
ALMATY STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER ABAI
4th year student
Psychological and pedagogical
faculty, departments of PMNO
Mustafayeva Asima Alikhanovna
PECULIARITIES OF USING VERBAL METHODS OF TEACHING IN JUNIOR SCHOOLCHILDREN (BY THE MATERIAL OF LABOR EDUCATION)
Graduate work
Scientific supervisors:
Satkanov O.S. - Professor, Ph.D.
Aitpaeva A.K. . – Acting Associate Professor, Ph.D.
ALMATY 2000
| Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 3 |
| Chapter I . Theoretical foundations of the problem of verbal |
| teaching methods ………………………………………………………. 6 |
| I .1. The problem of teaching methods and |
| their classification in modern |
| psychological and pedagogical literature ……………………………… 6 |
| I .2. Verbal teaching methods and their |
| use in the educational process of elementary school ………… 19 |
| Chapter II . Experimental pedagogical work on lessons |
| labor training using verbal |
| methods in grade 3 (on the example of working paper with cardboard) ….. 28 |
| II .1. Labor lessons, their content and teaching methods ……..……. 28 |
| II .2. Description and analysis of results |
| experimental and pedagogical work ………………..……………………… 48 |
| conclusions ………………………………………………………………………. 51 |
| References ……………..…………………………….. 53 |
INTRODUCTION
Relevance. In the education system, a special place is occupied by the initial stage of education, which lays the foundation for future knowledge. The transition to market relations, which led to fundamental changes in society, requires a new approach to the educational functions of the general education school and, of course, the improvement of the educational process.
The problem of teaching methods is one of the most important in pedagogical science and in the practice of schooling, since teaching methods are the main tools with which the teacher equips students with the basics of science, develops their cognitive abilities, ensures personal development, and forms a scientific worldview.
It depends on the choice and nature of the use of this or that method whether the educational work for children will be joyful and interesting or burdensome, performed only “to serve the service”. These features of teaching methods were very subtly noticed by A.V. Lunacharsky. He wrote: “... It depends on the methods of teaching whether it will arouse boredom in the child, whether teaching will slide over the surface of the child's brain, leaving almost no trace on it, or vice versa, this teaching is perceived joyfully, as part of a child's game, as part of a child's life, will merge with the child's psyche, become his flesh and blood. It depends on the method of teaching whether the class will look at the classes as hard labor and oppose them with their childlike liveliness, in the form of pranks and tricks, or this class will be soldered by the unity of interesting work and imbued with noble friendship for its leader.
Strengthening the connection between education and life, with productive labor brings to the fore the question of strengthening the educational impact of teaching methods, of connection, of the unity of educational and educational work. And this again requires the improvement of well-known teaching methods and the development of new, more rational ones.
Such prominent scientists as N.K. Krupskaya, A.S. Makarenko, A.V. Lunacharsky, S.L.
As the experience of scientific educational psychologists shows, along with other teaching methods, in the practice of school work, a prominent place is paid to the verbal method of teaching.
The verbal method acts as one of the leading types of educational activity of children in all subjects of primary education; it is widely used in teaching at the senior levels of the school. The verbal method occupies its rightful place, is even included in general classification teaching methods.
In connection with the relevance of this problem, the purpose of the study was determined - to find the best ways to use verbal teaching methods in elementary school.
An object- the process of teaching younger students.
Item- the use of verbal teaching methods in labor lessons in elementary school.
Tasks:
1. To reveal the essence of the concept of teaching methods, to consider different approaches to their classifications and the conditions for their use.
2. To reveal the methodology for using verbal teaching methods in labor lessons in grade 3 when working with paper and cardboard.
Research methods:
Analysis of scientific - pedagogical literature;
Study and generalization (experience of teachers working in the primary grades), i.e., experimental - pedagogical work;
Program analysis;
carrying out experimental and pedagogical work.
Research base:
Secondary school No. 92. 3, a ”class.
Work structure
The thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references.
In the theoretical chapter, the theoretical background of the problem of verbal teaching methods, the foundations of the problem of teaching methods in elementary school are considered. Based on the analysis of theoretical literature, the essence of the pedagogical features of the use of verbal teaching methods in elementary school was revealed.
In experimental and pedagogical work, work was carried out using verbal teaching methods in labor lessons. The analysis of the results of experimental and pedagogical questions is described.
In conclusion, conclusions are given on the work done and recommendations on the use of verbal teaching methods in the lessons of labor, work with paper and cardboard.
Chapter I . Theoretical foundations of the problem of verbal teaching methods.
I . 1. The problem of teaching methods and their classification in modern psychological and pedagogical literature.
The effectiveness and fruitfulness of training depend on the methods. Methods determine the creativity of the teacher, the effectiveness of his work, the assimilation of educational material and the formation of personality traits of the student.
The implementation of the tasks of the mental, moral, labor, aesthetic and physical development of younger schoolchildren, especially six-year-old children, depends on teaching methods.
In general education and vocational schools, the most important importance is attached to the improvement of teaching methods. The new structure of school education, the development of a new content of textbooks, manuals, the strengthening of the worldview and labor training of students, the introduction of modern computer technology and computers into the educational process, the preparation of each student for choosing a profession, Internship in the basic enterprises, the beginning of schooling from the age of six requires a fundamental revision of teaching methods.
Method (from the Greek metodos) means the path of knowledge; theory, teaching. Teaching methods depend on understanding general patterns knowledge of the surrounding world by a person, that is, they have a philosophical methodological justification and are the result of a correct understanding of the inconsistency of the learning process, its essence and principles.
In the Philosophical Encyclopedia, the method is defined as a form of practical and theoretical development of reality, based on the laws of motion of the object under study. This deep position determines the methodological approach and the initial theoretical foundations to the problem of teaching methods. The content of the training is fixed in the training material. It is the content of knowledge, skills in curricula, textbooks, manuals that determines the degree of education, culture of students, labor training.
The teaching method is a form of theoretical and practical mastering of educational material based on the tasks of education, upbringing and development of the personality of students.
The teacher acts as an intermediary between the knowledge recorded in the experience of mankind and the consciousness of a child who does not have this knowledge.
The teacher suggests the path of knowledge that the student must follow in order to assimilate certain aspects of human experience. But the teacher does not just transfer knowledge, like an electronic computer, but organizes certain ways, methods, methods of mastering educational material.
Teaching method is a way of activity aimed at communication of educational material and its assimilation by children. This is one side of the definition of teaching methods. In pedagogy, this side is spoken of as ways of teaching. However, the cognitive activity of students is complex, dialectically contradictory. The methods of the teacher's cognitive activity do not automatically determine the nature of the students' mental activity. The path of knowledge offered by the teacher creates certain trends and conditions for adequate cognitive activity of students.
The methods of assimilation of educational material by children are not identical to the methods of teaching. Therefore, in teaching, the methods of cognitive activity of students are also characterized, which depend on and are determined by the methods of teaching, but are different from them. In this sense, we can talk about ways of teaching. This is the second side of the definition of teaching methods. Therefore, teaching methods in pedagogy are always spoken of as the methods of work of the teacher and the methods of cognitive activity of students, methods that are aimed at fulfilling educational tasks.
The methodology, N.K. Krupskaya wrote, is organically connected with the goals that the school faces. If the goal of the school is to educate obedient slaves of capital and the methodology will be appropriate, and science will be used to educate obedient performers who think as little as possible on their own ... if the goal of the school is to educate conscious builders of socialism and the methodology will be completely different: all the achievements of science will be used to teach them to think independently, to act collectively, developing the maximum of initiative and self-activity” .
Teaching methods depend on the goals and content of education. Teaching methods have a psychological basis. Age-related opportunities for learning and personal development have a significant impact on the ways of teaching and learning. A deep understanding of the mental activity of students and personality traits allows you to find more effective ways learning.
Teaching methods also depend on the anatomical, physiological, and biological characteristics of the developing organism. In the process of organizing the cognitive activity of students, it is necessary to take into account their age-related biological development, on which many components of learning depend: working capacity, fatigue, the state of creativity, physical health, hygiene conditions at school.
Teaching methods should have a deep theoretical justification, stem from pedagogical theory. However, outside of practical use, outside of practice, teaching methods lose their meaning. Practical orientation is a necessary essential side of teaching methods. They provide a direct link between pedagogical theory and practice. The deeper and more scientific theory the more effective the teaching methods. The less the theory is expressed in pedagogical concepts, the less teaching methods depend on this theory.
The established traditions of teaching and learning have a significant impact on teaching methods. Pedagogical science summarizes the best practices of schools and teachers, reveals the scientific foundations of traditional education, helps the creative search for modern, more effective methods.
The method itself is neither good nor bad. The educational process is based not on the methods themselves, but on their system. “No pedagogical means, even generally accepted, as we usually consider suggestion, explanation, conversation, and social influence, can always be recognized as absolutely useful. The best remedy in some cases is bound to be the worst.”
The teaching method must be clear and specific. Then the teacher will see which tasks can be set and solved with this teaching method and which cannot be completed. The scientific nature of the teaching method also means the clarity and certainty of the students' thoughts: purpose, means, methods, main and secondary results of evidence and reasoning in the process of mastering the material.
The systematic nature of teaching methods determines the measure of their effectiveness. A single method of studying educational material, even if it is very appropriate in a given lesson, outside the system may not have a noticeable effect on the development of students. For example, observation of real natural phenomena will be productive when it is a necessary link in the system of teaching methods with which the corresponding topic is studied.
An obvious requirement for teaching methods is their accessibility. The way of learning should be understandable and acceptable for the student, and the ways of studying the educational material should correspond to the age-related possibilities of mastering knowledge.
The methods of assimilating knowledge will be both easy and difficult at the same time: easy from the point of view of operations of thinking and ways of reasoning that are familiar and understandable to the child; difficult in terms of the content of the educational material and the formation of new methods of means logical evidence. One of the requirements is the effectiveness of the teaching method. Any method of explanation by the teacher and the assimilation of knowledge by students should give the planned or expected result.
The combination of theoretical and practical is a necessary requirement of training. One cannot proceed unilaterally either from theory or from practice; recommending certain ways of teaching schoolchildren. The theoretical substantiation should have a practical orientation. Practical recommendations, advice, provisions should be theoretically substantiated.
The main thing in teaching methods is the implementation of educational, upbringing and developmental functions of training.
The pedagogical content of the teaching method is to give and maintain a dialectical unity to all components and aspects included in the structure of the method. The method, in essence, becomes pedagogical when the place, significance and possibilities of each of the components of the implementation of the educational, upbringing and developmental functions of training are determined. The relationship of the essence, principles and methods of teaching ensures such unity.
Techniques are distinguished in the structure of teaching methods.
Reception is a detail of the method, separate operations of thinking, moments in the processes of mastering knowledge, in the formation of skills and abilities. Reception does not have an independent learning task, but is subject to the task that is performed by this method. The same learning techniques can be used in different methods. Conversely, the same method for different teachers may include different techniques. The method includes techniques, but is not a set of learning techniques. The teaching method is always subordinated to a specific goal, fulfills the set educational task, leads to the assimilation of a certain content, and leads to the planned result.
In the pedagogical environment, the opinion was rightly established that the educational process is inherent in a two-sided character. In the educational process, the leading activity of the teacher and the cognitive student are distinguished.
The teacher needs to think about the psychological justification of some of the generally accepted forms of teaching. The teacher has a variety of methods at his disposal, each method can be used differently: the structure of any method includes extensive sets of techniques.
"Psychological" features are inherent in each educational method. Any cognitive method has its own “psychological structure”. The method of presentation is characterized by high activity of the work of representation, imagination, thinking, but is accompanied by inhibition of the functions of speech and rhetoric.
At school, the method of "oral presentation of the teacher" is given paramount importance. And the teacher usually considers this method "easy". Insufficiently trained teachers often prefer to use it instead of both conversation and observation. But in reality, the method of presentation turns out to be very “difficult”, since in order for the students, according to the teacher, to receive completely meaningful, ordered and solid knowledge, the art of presentation must be at a high level.
When presenting, the teacher has to take care not only of the accuracy and brightness of the images-representations with which he enriches students, not only of the semantic impeccability of generalizing concepts, not only of emotional expressiveness and artistic finishing of speech, but also make special efforts to maintain attention, apply various techniques to facilitate the process of reasoning of students.
The success of all pedagogical techniques depends on the characteristics of children's mental reactions to educational influences. And it is the “positive” reactions that lead to the most favorable outcome. Psychologist S. L. Rubinshtein in his book, Fundamentals general psychology” writes that the structure of the learning process includes the initial acquaintance with the material or its perception in broad sense words, its comprehension, special work to consolidate it and, finally, mastery of the material, in the sense of the ability to operate with it in various conditions, applying it in practice.
S. L. Rubinshtein clearly forms this role, the internal conditions through which all external influences are refracted.” External causes always act only indirectly through internal conditions. With such an understanding of determinism, the true meaning that a person acquires as an integral set of internal conditions for patterns is associated. mental processes. Our main “psychological” prerequisite was the confidence that in the course of training the student’s energy can be activated, relying, along with mental activity, on his feelings, on the aspirations of the will, combining mental work with motor actions. To this end, the planned practical measures had to be connected with forms of work that evoked emotional uplift, with the personal initiative of students, with independence in work, and with various methods of collective action.
There is a wide variety of teaching methods. Classification of teaching methods: I.Ya. Lerner and M.N. Skatkina, D.O. Lordkipanidze, M.I. Makhmutova, E.Ya. Golant, E.I. Perovsky are known in the history of pedagogical thought and have survived to this day. Modern conditions for improving learning, increasing the complexity of educational knowledge, increasing their volume and depth give rise to new forms and methods of teaching. Classification groups methods based on certain logical aspects, components, learning objectives.
The basis for the classification of teaching methods proposed by I.Ya. Lerner and M.N. Skatkin is an internal characteristic of the mental activity of students. They proposed the following system of teaching methods:
1. Explanatory-illustrative, or reproductive, method.
It is used in cases where students acquire knowledge received from a teacher, from a book or other sources in a finished form. This method is of great importance at the initial stage of studying a particular topic.
2. The problematic method is used in cases where students are given ready-made knowledge; at the same time, the educational material is grouped and arranged in such a way that a problem is posed to the students. To solve it, the teacher, using a system of evidence, shows a logical path and means, i.e. as if it reveals the path along which the study of the issue should go. This method can be widely used when giving problematic lectures in universities.
3. Partial search method. It is used in cases where students themselves, from various sources, get acquainted with the factual material of the topic or part of it and, by performing the appropriate tasks, are led to a possible analysis of the facts and their relationships, building part of the search plan and independent conclusions.
4. The research method is used in cases where students, in accordance with the problem posed to them, study the literature of the issue, known facts, build a research plan, preliminarily put forward a hypothesis, conduct research and form a solution to the problem.
The Georgian teacher D.O. Lordkipanidze proposed a classification of teaching methods according to the sources from which students draw knowledge and acquire skills. This classification proceeds from the recognition of the unity of the image, word and practical activity in cognition, in particular in teaching.
Classification of teaching methods by source of knowledge:
But even such a classification of methods does not reveal their inner essence, since it does not reflect the activities of students in the process of using these sources, and also does not show the mental processes that are associated with this activity. However, being relatively simple and convenient for practical use, this classification is the most widely used in modern pedagogical literature.
The most common in pedagogy at the present time is the classification of E.Ya. Golant, E.I. Perovsky, which divides all teaching methods into three groups: verbal, visual and practical. The basis of this division is the nature of educational cognitive activity from the point of view of the predominant source of knowledge. If the main source of educational information in the process of explaining the teacher and acquiring knowledge by children is the word without relying on visual aids and practical work, then all such teaching methods become similar, despite the different subjects and topics. There is a group of methods that are called verbal. These include a story, a conversation, an explanation, an independent study of the topic from educational books, special texts, tape recordings and educational television and radio programs.
The visual group includes teaching methods using visual aids. The nature of visual aids significantly affects the understanding of educational material, determines the content and structure of the student's thought. Visual methods cannot be isolated from verbal teaching methods, because any visual aid is explained, analyzed, and is a source of additional or basic information on the issue under study. Therefore, visual methods are a conversation, and a description, and a story, and an explanation, and independent study, but with the help of visual means. Great reliance on sensory images, on the sensation and perception of the student when using visual aids creates a peculiar structure of the student's cognitive activity. The child thinks figuratively, concretely, and this creates a good basis for the formation of abstractions and understanding of the theoretical positions being studied.
Practical teaching methods include methods related to the process of forming and improving the skills and abilities of schoolchildren. Obviously, every method of teaching is connected with practice. However, the term “practical methods” indicates that the main activity of students in the classroom is the implementation of practical tasks. These methods include written and oral exercises, practical and laboratory works, some types of independent work.
The classification, which considers four aspects of methods: logical-content, source, procedural and organizational management, was developed by S. G. Shapovalenko.
With a holistic approach, it is necessary to distinguish three large groups of teaching methods:
methods of organization and implementation of educational and cognitive activities;
methods of stimulation and motivation of educational and cognitive activity; 3) methods of control and self-control over the effectiveness of educational and cognitive activity.
The simplest classification of teaching methods, called binary, was developed by Makhmutov according to the methods of the teacher's work and the methods of the student's activity.
The first group includes teaching methods: story, conversation, description, explanation by the teacher, etc., in which the teacher plays the leading role. The tasks of the student are to follow the logic of the teacher's reasoning, to understand the content presented, to remember and subsequently be able to reproduce the studied material. The closer the student's thought to the teacher's reasoning system is the determining factor. The possibilities of independent reasoning and thoughts of students are limited. The main task of the students is to listen to the teacher and understand him.
The second group includes teaching methods: exercises, independent, laboratory, practical and test papers. The nature of the student's cognitive activity determines the effectiveness of the proposed method. The role of the teacher is reduced to the skillful management of the teaching of schoolchildren: the selection of materials, the organization of the lesson, the analysis of completed tasks and control. The success of the teaching ultimately depends on how the student thought, how he completed the tasks, how much he showed independence and activity, how much he used theoretical positions in the process of solving practical tasks. The main thing is the cognitive activity of the student, and the role of the teacher is the skillful organization of this activity.
Each of those groups of methods reflects the interaction of teachers and students. Each of the main groups of methods, in turn, can be subdivided into subgroups and individual methods included in them. Since the organization and the process of carrying out educational and cognitive activities involve the transfer, perception, comprehension, memorization of educational information and the practical application of the knowledge and skills obtained in this case, the methods of verbal transmission and auditory perception of information (verbal methods: storytelling) must be included in the first group of teaching methods. , lecture, conversation, etc.); methods of visual transmission and visual perception of educational information (visual methods: illustration, demonstration, etc.); methods of transferring educational information with the help of practical, labor actions and its tactile, kinesthetic perception (practical methods: exercises, laboratory experiments, labor actions, etc.).
Methods of organization and implementation of educational and cognitive activities according to Yu.K.Babansky.
Verbal methods, visual and practical methods (aspect of the transmission and perception of educational information)
Inductive and deductive methods (logical aspect)
Reproductive and problem-search methods (aspect of thinking)
Methods of independent work and work under the guidance of the teacher (learning management aspect)
Methods of stimulating and motivating educational and cognitive activity, based on two large groups of motives, can be divided into methods of stimulating and motivating interest in learning and methods of stimulating and motivating duty and responsibility in learning.
Methods of control and self-control in the learning process can be divided into their constituent subgroups, based on the main sources of feedback during the learning process - oral, written and laboratory - practical.
The proposed classification of teaching methods is relatively holistic because it takes into account all the main structural elements of the activity (its organization, stimulation and control). It holistically presents such aspects of cognitive activity as perception, comprehension and practical application, takes into account all the main functions and aspects of the methods identified by this period of pedagogical science. But this classification does not just mechanically combine known approaches, but considers them in interconnection and unity, subject to the optimal combination. Finally, the proposed approach to the classification of methods does not exclude the possibility of supplementing it with particular methods that arise in the course of improving teaching in modern school.
A number of classifications have been developed: by I.Ya. Lerner, and M.N. Skatkin, D.O. Lordkipanidze, M.I. Makhmutov, E.Ya. Golant and E.I. complication of educational knowledge, an increase in their volume and depth, gives rise to new forms and methods of teaching children.
I .2 . Verbal teaching methods and their use in the educational process of elementary school.
The success of learning with these methods depends on the student's ability to understand the content of the material in a verbal presentation.
Verbal teaching methods require the teacher to have a logical sequence and evidence in explanation, the reliability of the material, the imagery and emotionality of presentation, literary correct, clear speech. The verbal methods of teaching include, first of all, such types of oral presentation of knowledge by the teacher as a story, a conversation, a school lecture. In the first years of the work of the Soviet school, verbal teaching methods were treated negatively, unreasonably regarding them as a relic of the past. Later, starting from the 1930s, verbal methods, on the contrary, began to be overestimated, teaching acquired a verbal, verbal character, as a result of which a certain separation of learning from life was observed.
Modern didactics attaches great importance to the verbal method of teaching, while at the same time distinguishing the inadmissibility of their isolation from other methods and the exaggeration of their meaning. The word of a wise and respected mentor, which meets the most important pedagogical requirements, not only plays the role of a true torch of knowledge for students, but also has an indelible emotional impact on them, has great educational value, and is an important means of shaping the scientific worldview, behavior, and positive personality traits of a comprehensively developed person. .
Various types of verbal presentation of the material by the teacher must meet the following basic pedagogical requirements:
1. Scientific and ideological orientation, consisting in a strictly scientific approach to the selection of material and the assessment of its ideological and political significance.
2. Logical consistency and evidence, which provides a systematic nature of knowledge, their awareness.
3. Clarity, clarity and intelligibility, contributing to a solid assimilation of knowledge, creating the necessary basis for correct generalizations and conclusions.
4. The figurativeness, emotionality and correctness of the teacher's speech, which facilitate the process of perception and comprehension of the material being studied, arousing interest and attracting the attention of students, acting not only on the mind, but also on their feelings.
5. Taking into account the age characteristics of students, providing for the gradual complication of the oral presentation of the material by the teacher at successive stages of training and the strengthening of students' abstract thinking.
With all types of oral presentation of knowledge, one should strive to combine them with other methods (using demonstrations, illustrations, exercises, etc. in the course of presentation) and ensure maximum student activity (by preliminary familiarizing them with the topic, briefly disclosing the purpose and presentation plan, posing during the presentation, the problematic nature of the presentation, posing questions during the presentation that make the students' thoughts work). The pace and tone of the presentation of the material by the teacher is of great importance. Too fast a pace makes it difficult to perceive and understand what is heard, at a very slow pace, the interest and attention of students is lost; too loud and too quiet, monotonous presentation also does not give good results. A funny joke, a sharp word, an apt comparison are very appropriate.
The verbal teaching methods include a story, a lecture, a conversation.
A story is a monologue presentation of educational material used for the consistent presentation of knowledge. This method is widely used in elementary grades when presenting descriptive material, which is dominated by facts, images, events, ideas, concepts. The leading function of this method is teaching. Associated functions - developing, educating, incentive and control - correctional.
According to the goals, several types of stories are distinguished:
Story-introduction, story-narration, story-conclusion. The purpose of the first is to prepare students for the study of new material, the second serves to present the intended content, and the third concludes the learning segment.
The effectiveness of this method depends mainly on the ability of the teacher to tell stories, as well as on how the words and expressions used by the teacher are understandable to students and correspond to their level of development. Therefore, the content of the story should be based on the experience of the students, while expanding it and enriching it with new elements.
The story serves as a model for students to build a coherent, logical, persuasive speech, teaches you to express your thoughts competently. Preparing for the story in the lesson, the teacher outlines a plan, selects the necessary material, as well as methodological techniques that contribute to the maximum achievement of the goal in the existing conditions. During the story, the main point is highlighted and emphasized. The story should be short (10 min.), plastic, flow on a long emotional background.
In the process of preparing and conducting a story, experienced teachers are guided by the following didactic requirements:
Take full account of the characteristics of children of primary school age. They have poorly developed voluntary attention, purposeful analysis of perceived facts and events. They are quickly distracted, they get tired and cannot listen to the teacher's story for a long time;
Clearly define the topic, the tasks of the story, attract the interest, attention of children to the topic. Namely, attention is the door through which passes everything that only enters the human soul from outside world”;
Provide for familiarization with new material at the beginning of the lesson, when the children are still alert, not tired;
To ensure the scientific character, reliability of the material presented;
Concentrate on the education of socially significant, core qualities of the child's personality, evaluate events, actions, facts, express own opinion, express their feelings, attitudes;
To acquaint children with the plan of the content of the story, to present the material in a strict system, is logical;
Highlight leading positions, ideas, socially significant ideas, focus the attention of children on them;
Select bright, typical facts, interesting and convincing examples necessary for generalization, rely on specific ideas of children;
Present the material in an accessible way for students, emotionally, expressively, in an entertaining way;
Slow down the difficult part of the educational material when it is necessary to formulate a conclusion, definition, rule: avoid using words like: how to say, means, this is the same, etc.
To activate the attention of children by including heuristic techniques, setting and solving problematic issues;
Combine presentations with reading passages, fragments of texts from a textbook or study guide;
Ensure that children record rules, definitions, dates, facts, the most important provisions;
Accompany the presentation with illustrations, demonstrations, tso;
Repeat the most significant, important provisions, conclusions.
As one of the verbal teaching methods, an educational lecture involves an oral presentation of educational material, which is more capacious than a story, more complex in logical constructions, concentrated mental images, evidence and generalizations. The lecture, as a rule, occupies the entire lesson or lesson, while the story occupies only part of it.
The lecture uses methods of oral presentation of information: maintaining attention for a long time, activating the thinking of listeners; techniques that ensure logical memorization: persuasion, argumentation, evidence, classification, systematization, generalization, etc. Lectures are given mainly in the upper grades of secondary school. To effectively conduct a lecture, one must clearly think over its plan, strive to present the material logically and consistently, adhering to all points of the plan, making summaries and conclusions after each of them, not forgetting about semantic connections when moving on to the next section. It is equally important to ensure accessibility, clarity of presentation, explain terms, select examples and illustrations, and use a variety of visual aids.
Conversation is a very common way of teaching that can be applied at any stage of the lesson with different learning goals: when checking home and independent work, explaining new material, consolidating and repeating the summing up of the lesson, when answering students' questions. The conversation is carried out in cases where there are grounds for a conversation, that is, students have some information and knowledge about the material being studied. The conversation allows you to connect the educational material with the personal experience of the child. During the conversation, students reproduce the necessary knowledge and associate it with the reported educational material. The teacher has good feedback. From the questions and answers of the student, he sees what the child understands and what he does not understand. Therefore, during the conversation, he can make adjustments, change the depth and volume of the material, and provide additional information. The conversation is carried out in any classes, but it is of primary importance in primary education. Initial scientific knowledge is based on the ideas of the child, on his personal experience. It is most convenient to reproduce and form ideas in the mind of a younger student, which are the basis for mastering new material in a lesson in primary school, it begins with a conversation that aims to connect the new with the studied material, with what is known to children.
In training, two types of conversation are mainly used: catechetical and heuristic. In elementary education, catechetical conversation is used mainly in testing and evaluating students' knowledge, consolidating, and also in analyzing texts they have read.
Heuristic conversation is usually given to communicate new knowledge. Questions and expected answers are arranged in such a way that they bring the student's thoughts to new positions, conclusions. Students have the subjective impression that they themselves are making discoveries. Currently, this type of conversation is widely used in problem-based learning.
The success of the conversation depends on the skillful formulation of a series of questions and the knowledge of the expected answers of the students. The teacher's questions should be clearly posed, without unnecessary, explanatory words. The question should not be repeated in different wordings. It is necessary to change the wording of the question based on the answers of the students, if it is found that the children do not understand the content of the question or are not active enough. It is not recommended to give leading, prompting, clarifying questions to get quick answers. The similar nature of the questions can be used in teaching in order to organize a certain path in the student's reasoning. Questions should provide for a certain logical form of thought: the transition from the general to the particular, from single and specific facts to general provisions, comparison, analysis, synthesis, generalization, abstraction and other operations of thinking.
Students need to be taught to complete answers, especially in elementary grades. The formulation, under the guidance of a teacher, of clear, understandable in content and form of presentation of answers is one of the important means of developing the logical thinking of students. In the primary grades, it is important to teach the child to express the entire content of the thought in response. The task of the teacher in any form of answer is to obtain information from the students on the question asked and to understand whether he thinks correctly. The student's answer may not fully coincide with the content of his thought. Sometimes the student does not deeply understand the educational material and cannot form an answer, in other cases he does not know how to verbally formulate the answer correctly, although he understands the educational material. And of course, there are cases when a student, especially a junior schoolboy, thinks little about the essence of the concepts and provisions being studied, but tries to guess what answer is needed to the question asked. The advantage of conversation as a teaching method is that in each answer the teacher receives information about the student's knowledge. With additional questions, he clarifies the train of thought of the student and thus gets good opportunities to control the cognitive activity of students.
Work on the textbook.
Along with the oral presentation of knowledge by the teacher, a significant place in the learning process is occupied by the methods of independent work of students in the perception and comprehension of new educational material. The didactic meaning of independent academic work is due to the fact that it is based on the active cognitive activity of each student in mastering knowledge. KD Ushinsky believed, for example, that only the student's independent work creates conditions for a deep mastery of knowledge. P.F. Kapterev argued that each new step in the improvement of the school was the application of the principles of self-education to the school education of youth.
The essence of the method of working on a textbook and educational literature is that the mastery of new knowledge is carried out independently by each student through thoughtful reading of the studied material from the textbook and understanding the facts contained in it, examples and the theoretical generalizations arising from them (rules, conclusions, laws, etc.). At the same time, along with the assimilation of knowledge, students acquire the ability to work with a book. This definition gives a fairly clear idea of the nature of this method and emphasizes two important interrelated aspects in it: independent mastery of the studied material by students and the formation of the ability to work on educational literature.
A similar approach to working with a textbook gradually penetrated into didactics and private methods. For example, in the manual, Pedagogy, edited by I. A. Kairov, only some forms of using the textbook in the classroom were touched upon. It said, in particular, that if the material in the textbook is particularly difficult to understand, the teacher analyzes the plan of this paragraph with the students, “work is being done on separate, difficult to digest places of the text” . Here, in fact, are all the forms of using the textbook in the classroom, as they were interpreted in pedagogy. The didactic effectiveness of students' work on a textbook for independent assimilation of new knowledge depends to a decisive extent on its proper organization. When conducting classes, the teacher is obliged in each case to determine how it is more expedient to use the textbook in the classroom so that it stimulates the mental duration of the children and does not lead to cramming and formal memorization of the material being studied. In this regard, it is necessary to touch upon some general didactic requirements for the organization of work on a textbook in the course of lessons.
First of all, the correct choice of material (topic) for independent study by schoolchildren in the lesson is essential. Any work with a textbook and educational literature should be preceded by a detailed introductory conversation of the teacher. In the process of classes, the teacher needs to observe the independent work of students, ask some of them how they understand the issues being studied. If some students have difficulty, the teacher needs to help them.
Work with the textbook in no case should take up the entire lesson. It must be combined with other forms and methods of teaching. So. After working with the textbook, it is necessary to check the quality of assimilation of the material studied, to conduct practical exercises related to the development of skills and further deepening of students' knowledge. Serious attention should be paid to the development in schoolchildren of the ability to independently comprehend and assimilate new material from the textbook. Continuity is important in this regard. B.P. Esipov noted that in the lower grades such work begins with independent reading of small fiction stories, and then popular science articles with their subsequent retelling or answers to the teacher's questions. Similar techniques should be applied at first and during the transition of students to the middle classes. Then, when working with a textbook, students should be able to independently identify the main questions, draw up questions, draw up a plan of what they read in the form of questions and theses, be able to argue the most important provisions, make extracts, use a dictionary when reading, analyze the illustrations placed in the book, etc. d.
Chapter II. Experimental - pedagogical work at the lessons of labor training using verbal methods in the 3rd grade (on the example of working paper with cardboard)
II .1. Labor lessons, their content and teaching methods
The State Standard of Primary Education of the General Education School of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the curricula developed on its basis by the decision of the Collegium of the Ministry of Education of 26.06.95, No. 3/2 was approved as a project and after a general discussion, recommended by the decision of the Board of 18.07.96, No. 8 /1/5 for consistent implementation in schools starting from the 1998/99 academic year.
The standard, together with curricula and textbooks, educational and methodological complexes, is being introduced into grades 1-4 of schools in 1998.
The democratization of the entire sphere of life, including the sphere of education in the conditions of a sovereign state, is a powerful impetus for schools to get out of the crisis. The adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Law on Education” is a guarantee of this.
The proposed “Concept of the content of education at the primary level of a general education school” should be taken as one of the tactical decisions for the direct implementation of the strategic direction of reforming the primary stage of the system continuing education.
The significance and functions of primary school in the system of continuous education are determined not only by its continuity with other levels of education, but also,
first of all, the enduring, unique value of this stage in the formation and development of the child's personality.
In this regard, the main function of the initial stage is the formation of intellectual, emotional, business communicative readiness of students for active interaction with the outside world.
Labor training is an obligatory condition and an integral part of the education, upbringing and development of the child at the primary stage of the general education school, implemented by means of a variety of classroom and extracurricular activities of students.
The purpose of labor training is the education of the personality of students on the basis of the formation of labor activity.
This goal determines the following tasks:
Development of sensory and mental abilities, moral, aesthetic, economic and environmental education;
Formation of inclinations and interests, education of students' behavior;
Formation in students of practical skills in the artistic processing of various materials, design and modeling, handling the simplest tools; development of creative initiative, elements of technical thinking;
Purposeful and systematic formation of skills, skills of planning labor actions, independent and mutual control of the assessment of one's own and others' work, self-service, etc.
All these goals and objectives are carried out on the basis of national tradition, arts and crafts of the Kazakh people. Having studied the above blocks, for example, we took the form: Working with paper and cardboard.
So, work with paper and cardboard, where provided (20 hours), takes into account the observance of labor safety rules with the student of the technique of working with a board, a simple pencil, a ruler, scissors, a needle, a brush. Organization of the workplace and fulfillment of personal hygiene requirements; For example, consider a few fragments of the lesson.
LESSON PLAN
In 3rd grade (1-4)
Lesson topic: Working with paper and cardboard.
Application of the Kazakh ornament.
Purpose: Consolidation, expansion, generalization of knowledge
processing of paper and thin cardboard.
development of children's creative imagination.
teaching children the ability to work
team, personal responsibility for work
a team.
Formation of ideas about the right
and safe working practices
Material and color cardboard, color velvet paper,
tools: glue, scissors, pencil, ruler, brush
for glue.
LESSON PLAN:
Organization of the children's group.
Repetition of the past.
The topic of the lesson.
Analysis of the object of labor and planning activities.
Practical activity of children.
Summarizing. Error analysis. Organization of an exhibition of children's works.
Workplace cleaning.
DURING THE CLASSES:
Teacher: Students:
Hello guys!
Sit down!
Today in class manual labor we will
do the application.
You already know that applique is a kind
fine arts, which
based on overlay, gluing
various details on the material adopted
Guys, what is an application? This is a sticker
different
details on
some background.
Right!
Application refers to widely
widespread artistic
creativity - decorative and applied
art.
Since ancient times, man has sought
make your dwelling, clothes not only
comfortable but also beautiful. To each
people have their own ornament. Because
people lived and live in different conditions
and they are surrounded by various amazing
world of nature. And what you see helps.
person in creating their local,
national ornaments for decoration
niya of all kinds of products.
Guys, what do you think
to create an ornament for the Kazakh
people, where did the Kazakhs live? In the steppes.
Right. And in the endless Kazakh
steppes grazed huge herds of animals
here. And who knows what kind of animals Sheep, lo-
grazing in the steppes? shadi, camels
Right! And the motive for compiling
branched horns served as patterns
rams. And numerous herds
camels left on the ground
traces and the Kazakh people embodied
from the national ornament - ink -
taban (camel footprint). Them
decorated with various items
folk crafts. He was used
in wood carving, embroidery, art
venous processing of felt products.
Feeling the need for watering holes,
farming
Kazakh people created an ornament
Rodnichok - kainar".
In the Kazakh ornament there are
juicy tones such as red, co-
brown, burgundy, blue, black.
Using them and elements of the Kazakh
ornament, we made our own
ornament.
Today we will make an orna-
ment of geometric shapes.
What do you know geometric square, directly-
shapes? square, triangle
square.
Right! Here we are triangles
and applicable in its ornament.
For work we need:
glue, scissors, colored sheet
paper background and sheet of another
colors for triangles, caran-
dashi, gon.
Check if everything is in place. All.
Fine. Look at the board
several folk ornaments
Kazakhstan. You choose one
of them. Have you chosen? Fine. Yes.
Before you start working
let's remember the technique
the dangers of working with scissors, and
glue (the guys call the rules
work with scissors and glue).
Okay, well done, you all remember.
Now you can get started.
Be careful and careful
handle the adhesive so as not to
smear.
(children work independently)
I walk around the class and follow the work I'm done.
students. (After working with a scissor- I completed.
mi - physical minute.)
I see that almost everyone is finished.
Serik and Natasha are also finished
Well done boys! Everyone gets
beautiful ornaments. I do-
may our grandmothers would pon-
loved these original apps
Look how neat
performed by Raushan. Well done!
I will take this work to the exhibition.
(Grading).
Guys what kind of ornament are we today Ornament
completed? Kazakh
Right! And in what form? In the shape of
Fine. And now each application.
Clean up your jobs
attendants go through and collect
work folders and glue.
All is ready? Well done!
Everyone did a great job today.
The lesson is over. We got up.
You can go for a change.
Teaching methods, determined by sources of information, include three main types: verbal, demonstration and practical methods.
Oral verbal methods. The most widespread in the practice of labor training are such oral verbal methods as explanation, storytelling, conversation, and instruction.
The explanation is characterized by conciseness and clarity of presentation. When preparing the work, the teacher explains how to rationally organize the workplace; when planning - how to draw up a drawing and determine the sequence of work; in the process of explanation, the teacher introduces children to the properties of materials and the purpose of tools, rational labor actions, techniques and operations, new technical terms.
Instruction can be viewed both as a teaching method and as a set of verbal methods used in the lesson. Instruction as a teaching method is understood as an explanation of the method of labor actions, to correct the practical activities of students. Distinguish between introductory, current and final briefing. Introductory briefing includes setting a specific labor task, describing operations, explaining the rules for performing labor techniques and conducting self-control. The current briefing includes an explanation of the mistakes made, finding out the reasons for incorrect work and an explanation of the correct techniques. The final briefing includes an analysis of good work, a description of the mistakes made in the work, and an assessment of the work of students.
The story is used by the teacher mainly to communicate new knowledge. It should be clear, concise, and combine accurate technical information with vivid, lively storytelling. The story can be built on inductive, deductive and genetic principles. In the first case, the teacher introduces children to specific objects of technology and production and gradually moves on to generalizations; second, introduce students to general terms and then illustrates them with specific examples; in the third, it leads schoolchildren to an understanding of objects, showing the history of their occurrence. The perception of the story is aggravated when the teacher introduces elements of problem into it, shows contradictions in the development of science with the construction of hypotheses and ways to confirm them. The teacher's story in the primary grades, as a rule, is based on the knowledge previously acquired by students, systematizes the ideas and concepts of children about known objects, and teaches them to apply knowledge in practice. Very little time is allotted for the teacher's story in the labor lesson; therefore, its content should be extremely brief, strictly correspond to the purpose of the lesson and the practical labor task. Usually the teacher's story is accompanied by a demonstration of materials, tools, equipment, graphic aids. When using new terms, the teacher should clearly pronounce them and write them down on the board. The story must meet the following didactic requirements: be reliable, logically consistent, clear, evidence-based, emotional, understandable for students primary school. In the lessons of labor training, the story often turns into a conversation.
The conversation is aimed at acquiring new knowledge and consolidating it through an oral exchange of views between the teacher and students. It contributes to the activation of children's thinking: under the guidance of a teacher, children comprehend the educational material, discuss it, establish links between theoretical material and practice. The conversation can be used at various stages of the lesson. The conversation at the beginning of the lesson helps children to establish connections with previous lessons, determine the materials and tools necessary for work, and present the sequence of the work process. Especially valuable should be considered a heuristic conversation, which allows you to maximize the mental activity of students, independently find a solution to feasible educational problems. Like a story, a conversation is more convincing when it is accompanied by a demonstration of natural objects and their images. In the course of practical work, it may be necessary to conduct an ongoing conversation. In which, by posing specific questions and answering them, the teacher conveys additional information about the labor process. After the end of the practical work, a final conversation is often held, the main purpose of which is to involve the students themselves in discussing the work, teaching them a critical attitude towards the results of their work. Of great educational and educational importance are the conversations held after the excursion to the production.
Demonstration methods implement the principle of visualization of learning, providing direct perception by students of specific objects and their images. Demonstration methods activate the sensory and mental processes of the child, making it easier for him to assimilate the educational material. As noted, the demonstration aids available to the teacher can be divided into two groups: natural and visual. In-kind benefits include materials, tools, samples of finished products, etc.; to visual - layouts, table models, paintings, photographs, drawings, diagrams, filmstrips, technological maps, etc. In each case, the teacher selects the most optimal visual aids for the lesson.
Indicative list of use of demonstration aids
| Types of work under the program |
|
| 1. Acquaintance of children with material |
Demo Collections |
| lamy: paper, cardboard, |
tions. Distribution kits |
| cloth, various materials |
material samples |
| llamas, seeds |
|
| 2. Giving information to children |
Technological collections |
| on the production of industrial |
tions. Filmstrips. Movie- |
| materials, mining and |
movies. Paintings |
| application of natural materials |
|
| 3. Study in the process of experiments |
Tables - collections |
| material properties |
|
| 4. Learning processing techniques |
Tools and accessories |
| materials: familiarity with inst- |
bleating. Technological |
| tools, fixtures, |
ie tables. tables |
| work methods. Manufacturing |
on work culture. |
| provided by the program |
Semi-finished samples |
| comrade Technological |
|
| 5. Consolidation of practical |
Product samples. Those- |
| skills in labor lessons and |
nological maps. |
| After hours |
Homemade allowances |
Each manual - factory-made and home-made - must meet educational and educational tasks, be scientifically reliable, and correspond to the age characteristics of students. Manuals should help students find the most common and typical in objects. They must be precise, concise, and persuasive. The teacher usually combines a demonstration of the manual with an explanation. For example, when making an envelope in grade 3, the teacher distributes one envelope to the students on the desktop, which can be unfolded, and shows a large envelope. Looking at the envelopes, the children determine the number of sides of the envelopes and strips for gluing. The teacher offers to press the unfolded envelope tightly against the upper left corner of the album sheet and circle it with a pencil. When stroked, the contours of the scan may not turn out very neat. Therefore, the teacher invites the children to check the scans with a ruler and a square and make corrections to them. The teacher asks what needs to be done to seal the envelope. (It is necessary to draw three additional fold lines). In order for the paper to fold evenly, it is necessary to draw along the fold line along the ruler with the blunt end of the scissors. After cutting and bending, the reamer is adjacent to the other, and the strips cover the bent sides from the sides and top. For some students, the strips will not fit snugly on the sides. It is necessary to check the dimensions again and eliminate inaccuracies. The final operation is gluing. Demonstrating the drawing of the scan, the teacher shows that each line in the drawing has its own purpose: the contours are indicated by a solid thick line, the dimensions are indicated by a thin solid line, the fold is a dash-dotted line with two points, the places where glue is applied are hatched, dimensions are indicated in millimeters. The teacher once again suggests checking the accuracy of the scan markup, and then glue the envelopes. The combination of demonstrations of natural objects with the word of the teacher makes learning more intelligible, awakens children's interest in the work task, awakens their creative initiative. As a result of active observation of a product sample, children themselves determine where to start work, what elements to build a scan from, what materials to prepare, with what tools and what methods to carry out technological operations.
Demonstrations combined with heuristic conversations are especially useful in labor training lessons. In this case, in the process of observation, children are encouraged to independently search for rational ways to conduct the labor process.
The combination of image demonstrations with the written word is now becoming more common in labor lessons. When introducing students to the labor of adults, the teacher demonstrates paintings, filmstrips, films about the pulp and paper, printing, textile, ceramics, and construction industries. When studying materials, tools, working methods, organizing work, studying safety, tables are widely used. In some cases, the teacher uses the tables as illustrations, in others - as instructions. For example, tables showing paper folding processes are used as illustrations when explaining work methods, and as instructions during practical work. For some topics in labor training lessons, it becomes necessary for students to demonstrate a series of paintings on a particular topic.
In the classroom, along with the demonstration of finished images, the teacher has to make drawings, sketches and drawings on the blackboard of the image with strict observance of all the requirements of GOST.
Practical methods. At labor training lessons, students, along with polytechnical knowledge, master general labor polytechnical skills: to design a product of labor, plan a labor process, equip a workplace, carry out operations of marking, processing, measuring, assembling, mounting, finishing, and conducting self-control. Skill is knowledge put into practice. The ability is understood as the conscious performance by the student of the given actions with the choice of the correct methods of work. Knowledge may not be brought to the level of skills. For example, a student may know how to cut paper with a knife, but not be able to perform this operation. Therefore, in order to turn knowledge into skills, it is necessary to conduct additional briefings and training exercises. In the process of learning skills, the child perceives someone else's experience, for example, the experience of a teacher, but the main role here belongs to the personal experience of the student.
When learning skills, labor operations are usually divided into smaller elements - labor techniques and actions. At the first stage of training, each labor action is carried out by the student at a slow pace with careful consideration of each element performed. Meaningful and mastered labor actions are gradually combined into labor techniques, which, in turn, require further understanding and improvement in the process of special exercises. Labor techniques are gradually combined into operations, and then into labor skills. Usually, skills are considered as the initial stage of a skill, which is understood as a child's automated activity. However, the most complex skills may include elements of practiced skills. Thus, skills and abilities are in a dialectical unity, they complement and condition each other. However, a skill always differs from a skill in that it is constantly associated with the conscious, non-automatic performance of labor actions. During the formation of skills in the cerebral cortex, a lot of associations (connections) are created between sensory, analytical, motor and other parts of nerve cells. In the primary grades, the teacher usually does not set the goal of bringing the mastery of labor operations to the level of automated skills, with the exception of the simplest actions for operating graphic information and mastering the simplest methods of working with tools. Therefore, in the lessons of labor training, the teacher focuses on the formation of labor skills in children.
In the process of labor polytechnic training, primary school students form three main groups of skills. The first group includes polytechnic skills: measuring, computing, graphic, technological; to the second - general labor skills; organizational, design, diagnostic, operator; to the third - special labor skills: processing of paper, cardboard, fabric, various materials, assembly, adjustment, etc.
The formation of skills is always associated with the practical activities of students. Therefore, the basis of methods for the formation of skills should be based on the types of activities of students.
WORK LESSON PLANNING
When developing calendar plans for each class, the teacher should rely on the basic requirements of the reform of the general education and vocational school, which say that in order to improve the content of education, it is necessary:
Be very clear about key concepts and leading ideas academic disciplines to ensure the necessary reflection in them of new achievements of science and practice;
To radically improve the organization of labor education, training and vocational guidance in a general education school; to strengthen the polytechnical orientation of the content of education; to pay more attention to practical and laboratory studies, to show the technological application of the laws of physics, chemistry, biology and other sciences, thereby creating the basis for labor training and vocational guidance for young people;
For each subject and class, determine the optimal amount of skills and abilities required for students to master.
At the lessons of labor training, primary school students master the elementary methods necessary in life for working with various materials, growing agricultural plants, repairing educational and visual aids, making toys, and various useful items for the school. Already at this stage, acquaintance with some professions accessible to the understanding of children begins.
It is pedagogically most expedient to take the progress of students in mastering a complex of program knowledge and skills as the basis for thematic planning for the year and for all years of education in the primary grades. It should also be taken into account that the knowledge and skills acquired in lessons on one type of technical labor are used in conducting lessons on other types of technical and, to some extent, agricultural labor.
In methodological terms, various options for planning labor training lessons are possible, but at the same time, the teacher’s attention should be focused on starting from the first lessons of technical and agricultural labor to start promoting children in mastering a whole range of program knowledge and skills that have initial polytechnical significance. Any lesson, with all the variety of methods of conducting it, must ensure at each stage the fulfillment of all or some part of the complex requirements of the labor training program.
In preparation for classes, the planning of labor training lessons is central. The teacher must give a clear idea of the objects of labor, tools, polytechnical knowledge and skills of labor activity. All methodological, theoretical and practical tasks are solved by the teacher when compiling calendar plan for the academic year. As an example, we give a fragment from the calendar plan (Table 2).
An exemplary fragment of the calendar - thematic plan labor training lesson:
| Product of labor (product) |
Subject of labor (materials) |
Tools of labor (tools) |
Polytechnic knowledge |
Polytechnic Skills |
|
| Application of the Kazakh ornament |
writing paper |
Square pencil, scissors, brush, glue, colored paper, template, stencil |
Consolidation of the concepts of density, strength, thickness, color of paper cutting, gluing paper; formation of concepts about the location of fibers in paper. |
Consolidation of skills to mark, bend and cut paper; the formation of the ability to determine the main direction of the fibers in the paper, tear the sheet in different directions, hold the strips vertically, moisten the edges of the sheet with a brush, the ability to correctly distribute along the plane of the paper |
Methods determined by the types of activities of students.
According to the types of students' activities, methods are divided into reproductive (reproducing), partially search, problem and research.
Reproductive methods contribute to the formation of skills to memorize information and reproduce it. The verbal methods discussed above, in combination with demonstration methods, can be characterized as explanatory-illustrative from the point of view of the teacher's activities. These methods are mainly based on the transfer of information using words, the demonstration of natural objects and graphic images. The knowledge obtained on the basis of the use of the explanatory - illustrative method, as a rule, remains at a low level of knowledge - copies, i.e. students memorize information and reproduce it reproductively. To achieve more high level knowledge, the teacher organizes the activities of children to reproduce not only knowledge, but also methods of action. Playback methods specified types activities are successfully assimilated using reproductive methods. In this case, much attention should be paid to briefing with a demonstration of working methods. The essence of the introductory, current and final briefing is described above. When performing practical tasks, the reproductive activity of children is expressed in the form of exercises. The number of reproductions and exercises when using the reproductive method is determined by the complexity of the educational material. Practice shows that, for example, to master the techniques of cutting paper with scissors in a straight line, it is enough to carry out up to ten exercises, and to master the techniques of cutting a block of a book with a knife along a folded ruler, it is necessary to perform up to a hundred exercises. It is known that elementary school students cannot perform the same training exercises for a long time. Therefore, the system of exercises should be built in such a way that elements of novelty are constantly introduced into them. For example, paper folding exercises in grade 3 are carried out over several lessons in the process of making various crafts: bags, pockets, hats, cups, pigeons, boats, boats, boxes. Similarly, in the process of reproductive activity, exercises are carried out on cutting paper with scissors, gluing paper, etc.
The partial search method, sometimes called heuristic, includes elements of reproductive and search activities. The essence of the method lies in the fact that students are not given the final solution of the problem, they are invited to solve some of the feasible questions on their own. To develop independence and creative initiative, the teacher uses various techniques. At the first stage, children perform tasks according to technological maps with a detailed description of operations and methods of work. Gradually, when compiling technological maps, part of the data is deliberately omitted. This forces children to solve some tasks that are feasible for them on their own. Further, the amount of missing data in technological map increases. Students learn first in the classroom under the guidance of a teacher, and then independently develop a technological process for making simple products, while finding rational ways of working. For example, when making a folder for postcards, students solve part of the feasible tasks in the process of searching. They set the number of covers for the folder, determine the length, width and thickness of the folder by the size of the stack of postcards. Next, students count how many and what parts. So, in the process of partial search activity, students first get an idea about the product, then plan the sequence of work, and, finally, carry out technological operations to implement projects into finished products.
The problem method of teaching involves the formulation of certain problems that are solved as a result of the creative activity of students. This method reveals to students the logic of scientific knowledge. Elements of the problem methodology can be introduced in the lessons of labor training in the 3rd grade.
So, when modeling boats, the teacher demonstrates experiments that pose certain problems for students. A piece of foil is placed in a glass filled with water. Children watch the foil sink to the bottom. Why does foil sink? Children put forward the assumption that foil is a heavy material, so it sinks. Then the teacher makes a box out of foil and carefully lowers it upside down into the glass. Children observe that in this case the same foil is kept on the surface of the water. Thus, a problematic situation arises. And the first assumption that heavy materials always sink is not confirmed. So, the point is not in the material itself (foil), but in something else. The teacher offers to carefully consider again a piece of foil and a foil box and establish how they differ. Students establish that these materials differ only in shape: a piece of foil has a flat shape, and a foil box has a voluminous hollow shape. What are empty objects filled with? (By air). And air has little weight. He is light. What can be the conclusion? (Hollow objects, even from heavy materials, like metal, filled with "light" air, do not sink.) Why don't large sea boats made of metal sink? (Because they are hollow) what happens if a foil box is pierced with an awl? (She will drown.) Why? (Because it will fill with water.) What happens to a ship if its hull gets punctured and fills with water? (The ship will sink.)
Thus, the teacher, creating problem situations, encourages students to build hypotheses by conducting experiments and observations, enables students to refute or confirm the assumptions put forward, and independently draw reasonable conclusions. In this case, the teacher uses explanations, conversations, demonstrations of objects, observations and experiments. All this creates problem situations for students, involves children in scientific research, activates their thinking, forces them to predict and experiment. Thus, the problematic presentation of educational material brings the educational process in a general education school closer to scientific research.
The research method should be considered as the highest stage of students' creative activity, in the course of which they find solutions to new problems for them. The research method forms students' knowledge and skills that have a high degree of transfer and can be applied in new work situations. The use of this method brings the learning process closer to scientific research, where students get acquainted not only with new scientific truths, but also with the methodology of scientific search. Naturally, the content of the research method in science differs from the research method in teaching. In the first case, the researcher reveals to society new, previously unknown phenomena and processes; in the second is a student discovers phenomena and processes only for itself, which are not new for society. In other words, in the first case, discoveries are made on the social plane, and in the second, on the psychological plane. The teacher, putting before the students a problem for independent research, knows both the result and the ways of solving and types of activities that lead the student to the correct solution of the problem posed. Thus, the research method in the school does not aim to make new discoveries. It is introduced by the teacher in order to instill in students the character traits necessary for further creative activity.
Consider the elements of the research method using a specific example. At the lesson, the teacher sets the task for the children - to choose paper for making a boat, which should have the following features: it should be well painted, be dense, durable, thick. At the disposal of each student there are samples of writing, newsprint, drawing, household (consumer) paper and tracing paper, brushes, jars of water. In the process of simple research, from the available types of paper, the student chooses for the manufacture of the hull of a boat model such paper that has all of the listed features. Let's say that the first student starts checking the sign of coloring. Passing a brush with paint over samples of writing, newsprint, drawing, consumer paper and tracing paper, the student establishes that writing, drawing, consumer paper and tracing paper are thick papers, newsprint is loose. The student concludes that newsprint is not suitable for the hull of a boat. By tearing up existing paper samples, the student establishes that writing and consumer paper is fragile. This means that these species are not suitable for the manufacture of a boat hull. Next, the student carefully examines the remaining types of paper - drawing paper and tracing paper - and establishes that drawing paper is thicker than tracing paper. Therefore, for the manufacture of the hull of the boat, it is necessary to use drawing paper. This paper has all the necessary features: it is well colored, dense, durable, thick. Checking the types of paper should begin with a sign of strength. After this check, only two types of paper would remain at the disposal of the student: tracing paper and drawing paper. Checking the sign of thickness made it possible for the student to immediately choose the drawing paper necessary for the boat from the remaining two types. When using the research method, as the considered example of choosing paper shows, the student is not given a ready-made solution to the problem. In the process of observations, trials, experiments, simple research, the student independently comes to generalizations and conclusions. The research method actively develops the creative abilities of students, introduces students to the elements of scientific research.
II .2. Description and analysis of the results of experimental and pedagogical work.
Experimental and pedagogical work was carried out in the 3²a² class of school No. 92 in Almaty (30 students), a parallel class 3²b² (28 students) was taken as a control.
Before starting the lessons on the problem of our research, we conducted independent work in both classes.
At one of the lessons, we set a task to identify knowledge, skills and abilities in verbal methods of teaching students. A lesson was held, in this lesson only a task was given, without explaining the task, without instructing the subsequent completion of the upcoming tasks, the students were also not reminded of safety and sanitary hygiene, that is, a lesson without using the verbal method. And the task was this: Application of the Kazakh ornament
Ram horn.
An example is attached to the board. Children independently without the provision of individual assistance from the teacher began practical work. After observing the whole lesson, and by the end of the lesson, the work of the students was collected. After analyzing these works, the level of knowledge and skills of students according to the verbal method was revealed. The results are not the best. The works were evaluated according to 3 criteria developed by the criteria.
Criteria:
1. A clear understanding of the instructions and tasks assigned to the student;
2. Better and more successful (without errors) performance of the task;
3. An objective verbal report of students on the work performed.
Results of independent work
(beginning of experimental and pedagogical work)
An analysis of the results of independent work showed that 43.3% - 13 students in the experimental class received a score of ²5², 35.7% - 10 students in the control class, ²4² - respectively 50% -15 students, and 50% - 14 students, an assessment ²3² received 6.7% - 2 hours, and 14.3% - 4 hours.
The obtained results indicate that the knowledge of the students of the two classes is approximately at the same level.
Where the research was carried out, it turned out that the class was difficult, the teachers changed every year, the students are very mobile, noisy, but there are no underachieving students in the class. As a result, we observed the following indications. The work was done by all the students, they treated their work creatively, many of the work was done, but not neatly the children did not understand the correct selection of color combinations, laying them out against the background, working with tools, safety and personal hygiene were not observed. That is, the children did not understand the goals and objectives of the task, there was no more successful work, that is, consistent instruction.
A similar lesson was also held in both classes. This lesson was conducted using the verbal teaching method.
Quest: Broken horn.
Job and task reported.
Orally stated the task, instructed the subsequent implementation of the upcoming tasks. All stages of the lesson were followed, conversations were held, leading questions were asked, to which the students answered themselves. An example is attached to the board. Visually-practically shows the sequence of work. After that, for practical activities, where 20-30 minutes are allotted. Some students received individual assistance, all students were actively working, Special attention paid attention to the quality of work. After completing their work, they handed over for verification. When analyzing the work of students, it turned out that when completing this task, the level of skills and knowledge is much higher in both classes.
The results of the control cuts in the experimental class.
An analysis of the results of the assessments showed that there were significant improvements in both classes. We compared the results of completing tasks in the experimental and control classes.
A verbal report was carried out, students were also interviewed about their work. At the end of the lesson, shortcomings were identified, good work and appreciated.
The questions were like this:
How is the part pasted on the background smeared?
(From left to right).
First, what do we coat the detail or the background with?
How do we cut out the details?
(Without distorting the shape).
What should be done to make it easier to navigate the placement of a particular part when gluing?
(Mark their locations with a pencil).
Thus, the analysis of the results of independent work in the control and experimental classes is low, that is, not indicative. Because in both classes the lesson was conducted without using the verbal method. When performing the next task in the lesson in both classes using the verbal method, the level of knowledge and skills of students increased became the most significant.
CONCLUSIONS
The analyzed scientific and pedagogical literature and the conducted experimental and pedagogical work showed that in the process of labor training of younger schoolchildren, great importance is given to the use of verbal teaching methods.
Thus, the development of this problem attracted the attention of many scientists, educational psychologists.
A number of classifications have been developed: by I.Ya. Lerner and M.N. Skatkin, D.O. Lordkipanidze, M.I. Makhmutov, E.Ya. Golant and E.I. modern conditions improving learning, complicating educational knowledge, increasing their volume and depth, gives rise to new forms and methods of teaching children.
The teaching method is a form of theoretical and practical mastering of educational material based on the tasks of education, upbringing and development of the personality of students. This deep position determines the methodological approach and the initial theoretical foundations to the problem of teaching methods.
The success of verbal teaching methods used in the educational process of elementary school depends on the teacher's ability to correctly construct a verbal explanation and on the student's ability to understand the content of the material in a verbal presentation. It is impossible to allow the isolation of the verbal method of teaching from other methods and the exaggeration of their meaning. This method is pivotal in the educational process; all other methods are built on it.
The experimental and pedagogical work we have carried out, the analysis of the experience of teachers and attendance at labor training classes in elementary school have shown that verbal methods are used by teachers in the process of labor training of younger schoolchildren. However, teachers do not always correctly, rationally and reasonably use this method. It is necessary that everything be in moderation, an excessive increase in conversation distracts from the purpose of the lesson. During practical work, some teachers not only control the manufacturing process, but also interfere in it, so the principle of independence of the manufactured application disappears.
The implementation of verbal teaching methods must be given due attention in labor lessons, because. teachers are not always serious and responsible about the labor lessons themselves as a secondary subject. Labor training should be given special preference due to the characteristics of children of primary school age.
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Topic: Characteristics of verbal teaching methods.
The concept of teaching methods.
Choice of teaching methods.
The essence and content of the classification of teaching methods by the source of knowledge.
1. The concept of teaching methods.
Method(from the Greek word metodos "way to something") means a way to achieve the goal.
Search for an answer to the traditional didactic question - how to teach? - brings us to the category of teaching methods. Without them, it is impossible to achieve the goal, to realize the intended content, to fill learning with cognitive activity.
The method is the core of the educational process, the link between the projected goal and the end result.
Teaching methods- these are ways of ordered interconnected activities of the teacher and students, aimed at solving the problems of education, upbringing and development in the learning process. (A.E. Dmitriev and Yu.A. Dmitriev).
Techniques are distinguished in the structure of teaching methods.
learning techniques- these are elements, components, details of the teaching method. (For example, briefing, issuing a task; in the method of teaching a conversation, the constituent elements can be methods of asking questions, requirements for student answers; communicating a plan for presenting new material can become a method of storytelling, explanation; methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison are used in explanation, conversation, story, exercises).
2. Choice of teaching methods.
The choice of teaching methods depends on:
from specific pedagogical goals (formation of knowledge, development of skills and abilities, their consolidation, repetition, generalization);
on the features of the content of educational material (complexity, novelty);
on the age characteristics and capabilities of students;
on the level of preparedness of students, the level of formation of their ZUN;
from the educational and material equipment of the educational institution - the availability of equipment, visual aids, technical means (ICT);
on the capabilities and individual characteristics of the teacher, his personal qualities, the level of theoretical and practical preparedness, pedagogical excellence.
3. The essence and content of the classification of teaching methods by the source of knowledge.
There are hundreds of classifications for various reasons. Here are the most developed ones.
1 classification: according to the source of knowledge.
Teaching methods
Sources of knowledge, skills, methods of their transfer and acquisition
|
verbal methods learning |
Visual Methods learning |
Practical Methods learning |
|
|
explanation discussion |
work with a book |
observations illustrations demonstrations |
exercises laboratory works practical work implementation of educational and labor |
|
living word |
book |
life events or their images |
practical experience |
Verbal teaching methods- lecture, story, conversation, explanation, discussion, work with a book. These methods are widely used in the process of forming theoretical and factual knowledge in children. Provides verbal exchange of information between the teacher and students.
Familiarization of students with facts, ideas is carried out mainly in finished form. Not enough attention is paid to the formulation and solution of problematic tasks, the fulfillment of tasks of a search creative nature, the development of logical thinking in children, cognitive independence and activity.
Story involves an oral narrative presentation of the content of the educational material. This method is applied at all stages of schooling. Only the nature of the story, its volume, duration changes. According to the goals, several types of stories are distinguished: story-introduction, story-exposition, story-conclusion.
story-instep(goal) - preparing students for the perception of new educational material. This type of story is characterized by relative brevity, brightness, emotionality of presentation, allows you to arouse interest in new topic, arouse the need for its active assimilation.
Narrative story the teacher reveals the content of the new topic, carries out the presentation according to a certain logically developing plan, in a clear sequence, highlighting the main, essential, using illustrations and convincing examples.
Conclusion story usually done at the end of the class. The teacher in it summarizes the main thoughts, draws conclusions and generalizations, gives instructions for further independent work on this topic. In the course of the story, such methodological techniques as activating attention, accelerating memorization - mnemotechnical, associative, logical comparisons, comparisons, highlighting the main thing, summarizing are used.
The story is accompanied by a seriespedagogical requirements:
include a sufficient number of vivid and convincing examples, facts proving the correctness of the put forward provisions;
have a clear logic of presentation;
highlight the leading positions, ideas, focus the attention of children on them4
be emotional, expressive;
reflect the elements of a personal assessment and the teacher's attitude to the facts and events presented (i.e. express their own opinion, express their feelings, attitude);
the story should be short (up to 10 minutes) - take into account in every possible way the characteristics of children of primary school age, they have poorly developed voluntary attention, a focused analysis of perceived facts, events, they quickly get tired, cannot listen to the teacher's story for a long time;
presentation can be combined with schoolchildren reading passages, fragments from a textbook or teaching aid;
ensure that children record rules, definitions, dates, facts, the most important provisions;
repeat the most significant, important provisions, conclusions (for example, for a detachment of predators it is common:
eating animal food
developed sense organs
well developed brain
Explanation- verbal interpretation of patterns, essential properties of the object under study, disclosure of facts, derivation of rules, laws, methods of action, demonstration of experiments.
Explanation is a monologue system of presentation. Explanation is most often resorted to when studying theoretical material, solving chemical, physical, mathematical problems, theorems; in the disclosure of causes and effects in natural phenomena and social life.
When explaining by teachers, pedagogical requirements must be observed:
goals, objectives of explanation are clearly formulated, issues to be disclosed are highlighted;
the material is presented in a strict sequence, system;
provide understanding children of educational material, involving them in the active observation of the explained phenomena, illustrations and demonstrations, ICT;
establish a connection with past experience, with their ideas and concepts;
use comparisons of facts, objects, phenomena, comparisons, analogies - this is the basis of understanding. For example:
1. comparison of similar and polar positions (addition-subtraction, multiplication-division, vowels-consonants).
2. matching after the rules are well learned:
b - an indicator of the softness of consonants; b - a separating hard sign
written at the end and in - written in the middle of a word;
middle of a word;
after consonants; - after consonants;
before consonants; - before vowels;
shows that consonants - shows that consonants are not
pronounced softly do not merge with vowels
attracting vivid examples;
highlight the essential features that characterize the essence of the assimilated rules, concepts, laws. For example, the following features of the concept of "triangle" are clearly distinguished:
closed broken line;
consists of three line segments;
has three corners;
the sum of any two sides is greater than the third;
the sum of all the angles of a triangle is 180.
The explanation is combined with the demonstration of visual teaching aids, experiments, using ICT, personal computers.
Explanation as a teaching method is widely used in working with children of different age groups. However, in middle and older age, due to the increasing complexity of the educational material and the increasing intellectual capabilities of students, the use of this method becomes more necessary than in working with younger students.
Conversation belongs to the most famous methods of didactic work. It was masterfully used by Socrates. The leading function of this method is motivating, but it also performs other functions with no less success. There is no method more versatile and effective in every respect. The essence of the conversation is to encourage students to update (remember) the knowledge they already know with the help of targeted and skillfully posed questions, to achieve the assimilation of new ones through independent reflections, conclusions and generalizations. The conversation makes the student's thought follow the teacher's thought, as a result of which he moves step by step in mastering new knowledge. The conversation activates thinking as much as possible, serves as an excellent means of diagnosing the acquired knowledge and skills, contributes to the development of the cognitive forces of students, and creates conditions for the operational management of the process of cognition. Its educational role is also great.
The conversation is most effective for:
preparing students for work in the classroom;
familiarizing them with new material;
systematization and consolidation of knowledge;
current control and diagnostics of knowledge assimilation.
Several methods have been proposed conversation classifications:
introductory (organizing);
messages of new knowledge (Socratic, heuristic, etc.);
systematizing (fixing);
control and correction.
Introductory conversation usually done before the start of the course. Its purpose is to reveal whether the students correctly understood the meaning of the upcoming work, whether they have a good idea of what and how to do. Before the excursion, laboratory and practical classes, the study of new material, such conversations have a significant effect.
Conversation - message most often happens:
catechetical (question-answer, not allowing objections, with memorizing answers),
Socratic (soft, respectful on the part of the student, not allowing doubt and objection),
heuristic (putting the student in front of problems and requiring his own answers to the questions posed by the teacher).
Any conversation forms an interest in knowledge, cultivates a taste for cognitive activity. The current school predominantly uses heuristic conversations. The teacher, skillfully asking questions, encourages students to reflect, to go to the discovery of the truth through their own efforts and reflections.
Systematizing (fixing) conversations serve to generalize and systematize the knowledge already available to students.
TOcontrol and correctional conversations are used for diagnostic purposes and when it is necessary to develop, clarify, supplement with new facts or provisions the knowledge that students have.
For the successful application of the conversation, first of all, serious preparation for it by the teacher is necessary.
Pedagogical requirements for using the conversation method:
It is very important to correctly formulate and ask questions. They should have a logical connection with each other, reveal in the aggregate the essence of the issue under study, and contribute to the assimilation of knowledge in the system.
You should also not ask "prompting" questions containing ready-made answers.
Equally important is the technique of question-answer training. Each question is asked to the entire class. And only after a short pause for reflection, the student is called to answer.
Students who "shout out" answers should not be encouraged.
The “weak” should be asked more often, giving the rest the opportunity to correct inaccurate answers.
Long or "double" questions are not asked.
If no one can answer, you need to reformulate, break it into parts, ask a leading question.
You should not achieve imaginary independence of students by suggesting suggestive words, syllables or initial letters, according to which you can give an answer without being hindered by reflection.
The success of the conversation depends on contact with the class. It is necessary to ensure that all students take an active part in it, listen carefully to questions, consider answers, analyze the answers of their comrades, and strive to express their own opinion.
Each response is carefully listened to. Correct answers are approved, erroneous or incomplete answers are commented, clarified. The student who answered incorrectly is invited to discover the inaccuracy himself, and if he fails to do this, call for help from his comrades.
With the permission of the teacher, students can ask questions to each other, but as soon as he is convinced that their questions have no cognitive value and are asked for the purpose of imaginary activation, we stop asking questions.
The teacher should be aware that conversation is an uneconomical and difficult method of teaching. It requires time, effort, appropriate conditions, a high level of pedagogical skill. When choosing a conversation, it is necessary to weigh the possibilities of oneself and the students.
Discussion- its main purpose: stimulating cognitive interest, involving students in an active discussion of different scientific points of view on a particular problem, encouraging them to comprehend different approaches, to argue someone else's and their own position. But this requires the presence of at least 2 opposing opinions on the issue under discussion. Without knowledge, the discussion becomes pointless, meaningless and inaccurate, and without the ability to express an idea, it becomes confusing and contradictory. The discussion, on the one hand, assumes that students have the ability to clearly and accurately formulate their thoughts, build a system of reasoned evidence, on the other hand, it teaches them to think, argue, and prove their case. In this situation, the teacher himself must demonstrate to the students an example of this style of argumentation, teach students to accurately express their thoughts and be tolerant of the wording of schoolchildren, respectfully amend their arguments, unobtrusively retain the right to the last word, not claiming to be the ultimate truth. . A well-conducted discussion has a great educational and educational value: it teaches a deeper understanding of the problem, the ability to defend one's position, and take into account the opinions of others.
Memo to the participant of the discussion.
Discussion is a method of solving a problem, not a form of showdown.
Don't talk too long to give others a chance to speak.
Weigh your words, speak them deliberately, control your emotions so that your rational thoughts reach their goal.
Strive to understand the position of opponents, treat it with respect.
Object specifically, without distorting or distorting the meaning of what was said.
In order not to fall into absurdity or barbarity, do not add anything to what your opponent has said, do not suspect him of what he did not express, especially of secret plans and insidious intentions.
Resist the inertia of the flow of words.
It is unacceptable to speak on unfamiliar issues.
Speak only on the subject of discussion, do not flaunt your erudition and general erudition.
Fight the temptation to please or annoy someone with your performance.
Lecture differs from other methods of verbal presentation:
a) a stricter structure;
b) the logic of the presentation of educational material;
c) the abundance of reported information;
d) the systemic nature of knowledge coverage.
The subject of a school lecture is mainly a description of complex systems, phenomena, objects, processes, the connections and dependencies between them, mainly of a causal nature. From this it follows that the lecture is applicable only in the upper grades, when students have already reached the level of training required for the perception and comprehension of the material of the lecture. In terms of volume, the lecture takes a whole lesson, sometimes a “paired” lesson.
The lecture method is introduced gradually, growing out of explanations and conversations.
The conditions for the effectiveness of a school lecture are (ped.requirements):
preparation by the teacher of a detailed plan of the lecture;
communication to students of the plan, familiarizing them with the topic, purpose and objectives of the lecture;
logically coherent and consistent presentation of all points of the plan;
brief summarizing conclusions after the coverage of each item;
logical connections in the transition from one part of the lecture to another;
problematic and emotional presentation;
living language, timely inclusion of examples, comparisons, vivid facts;
contact with the audience, flexible control of the mental activity of students;
multilateral disclosure of the most important provisions of the lecture;
the optimal pace of presentation, allowing students to write down the main points of the lecture;
selection (dictation) of what should be recorded;
the use of visualization (demonstrations, illustrations, videos), which facilitates the perception and understanding of the studied provisions;
a combination of lectures with seminars, practical exercises, in which individual provisions are thoroughly analyzed.
The lecture saves study time, is one of the most effective methods in terms of information content perception, which, depending on a number of conditions, can range from 20 to 50%.
Job With textbook and book became one of essential methods learning.
Textbooks, books are one of the main sources of knowledge. Folk wisdom says: “From time immemorial, a book has raised a person”, “Whoever reads a lot knows a lot”, “A book is a friend, without it it’s like without hands.” In the textbook, knowledge is presented in a systematic way. The material in them is reliable, well-tested.
The main advantage of this method is the ability for the student to repeatedly process educational information at a pace that is accessible to him and at a convenient time. Educational books successfully perform teaching, developing, educating, encouraging, control and correctional functions. Texts about work, about the Motherland, the best people, their noble deeds aim children at reflection, awaken their emotions, help broaden their horizons, and form moral qualities.
The purpose of independent work with a book may be to get acquainted with its structure, skim through, read individual chapters, search for answers to certain questions, study the material, referencing individual passages of text or the entire book, solving examples and problems, performing control tests, and finally, memorizing material on memory.
To teach children to work with the text of a textbook and a book, to form their need for reading is the most important task of a teacher. “There are many good books in the world, but these books are good only for those people who know how to read them” (D.I. Pisarev). “If the majority of your students,” stresses Sh.A. Amonashvili, “do not want to read, then you are a bad teacher; if most of your students are passionate about reading, then you are a good teacher; and if in your class all the guys are addicted to reading, then you are not only a good teacher, you are not only a good teacher, you are a good educator ”(Sh.A. Amonashvili “How are the children doing?”)
Working with a book is a complex and difficult method of teaching for schoolchildren. A significant part of graduates do not master it properly: being able to read, they do not understand the meaning of what they read. Therefore, the share of this method in common system it is necessary to increase, prepare the student for independent work with the book, develop the ability to read freely and understand what is read; to highlight the main thing in the studied material; keep records, draw up structural and logical diagrams (basic notes); select literature on the subject under study. It is necessary to form these skills in students from the first day of their stay at school.
The most widespread are two types of work with the book: in the classroom under the guidance of a teacher and at home on their own in order to consolidate and expand the knowledge gained in the lesson. Modern educational books are more and more "squeezed" in volume, their compilers tend to "pack" a large amount of educational material into summary tables, diagrams, graphs, visual models, classifications, etc. Therefore, teachers should pay more attention to the analysis of information presented in a compressed form, to form in schoolchildren the ability to “fold” and “unfold” knowledge.
To facilitate the memorization of material, the teacher is obliged to familiarize students with the rules for memorizing various information (mnemonics - rational ways of memorizing material).
Learning to work with a book involves the formation of self-control skills in schoolchildren. It is necessary to ensure that the student judges knowledge of the material not by how many times he has read the text of the textbook, but by the ability to consciously and in detail state the content of what he has read. To do this, it is necessary to form the habit of devoting more time not to reading the material, but to actively recalling it from memory.
There are a number of techniques for independent work with printed sources:
note-taking - summary, a summary of what was read.
drafting a text plan The plan can be simple or complex. To draw up a plan, after reading the text, it is necessary to break it into parts and title each part.
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thesis - a summary of the main ideas read.
citation - verbatim excerpt from the text. Be sure to indicate the output data (author, title of the work, place of publication, publisher, the year of publishing, page).
annotation - a concise summary of the content read without losing the essential meaning.
peer review - write a short review expressing your attitude about what you have read.
drafting references - information about something obtained after searching. References are statistical, biographical, terminological, geographical, etc.
drafting formal logical model - a verbal-schematic representation of what has been read.
drafting thesaurus - an ordered set of basic concepts for a section, topic.
drafting idea matrices - comparative characteristics of homogeneous objects, phenomena in the works of different authors.
systematically exercise schoolchildren in reading, conducting a semantic analysis of the content of what they read, in preparing answers to questions, in using diagrams, tables given in textbooks, in presenting their opinions, and writing.
to develop the skills of information culture among schoolchildren - to choose the right books from catalogs, use reference books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, the Internet.
verbal methods(E.I. Perovsky, E.Ya. Golant), then this...