Tell me, please, how to agree correctly: "Half of the candidates have (or have) violations"?

The plural form is preferred.

Which is correct: to fire fifty-three candidates or fifty-three candidates? And why?

Answer help desk Russian language

Right: fire fifty-three candidates. Although it is not clear how dismiss candidates(i.e. those who have not even taken office yet).

Hello. Please tell me, is a comma placed when listing the position, rank and scientific degree in the case when they are in front of the surname, and when they are located behind it? What explains this? Thank you.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Commas separate the homogeneous names of academic degrees and academic titles, honorary titles: Doctor of Philology, Professor. But: the dean of the faculty, candidate of technical sciences, associate professor S. I. Sergeev.

Applications after the word being defined are homogeneous (see answer no.).

Good afternoon Thanks for the answer. Again, help is required with the coordination of the sacrament: "... candidate atams who are not specialists ...". Is the end of the sacrament correct?
Sincerely. Alyona

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

fight or fight four candidates ata

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Right: are fighting.

Please tell me how to write abbreviations for phrases like "candida at legal sciences"," Doctor of Laws ", etc. Through a space or together? That is," k. Yu. n." or "c.j.n."?

Thank you

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Spaces needed: K. Yu. n. A space is a sign of a new word.

Good afternoon Now I accidentally stumbled upon your answer No. 221842 regarding the spelling of the word department (Departments) with a lowercase letter physical sciences. You answer that the word “department” should be written with a lower case, this really meets the rules described in textbooks, but in all dictionaries, when it comes to the department of the Academy of Sciences, this word is written with a capital. Earlier, I also asked you this question, and you answered me that with capital letters. So how should you? This is an exception? And I also asked a question to which I did not receive an answer about abbreviations sns (senior Researcher), junior researcher (junior researcher), PhD (candidate of physical and mathematical sciences), etc. Is it possible to write these abbreviations without dots. If there are many such abbreviations in the text, solid dots are obtained. I beg you to answer. Thanks in advance to Nolde Natalia

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Correct spelling from capital letter. Answer 221842 corrected, thanks for the note. Abbreviations with dots are used as common ones; abbreviations without dots cannot be recognized as correct.

Tell me, please, what is the right way, candidate of "political science" or "political" sciences?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Candidate of political sciences.

Can you please tell me if there are any rules for reducing academic degrees? For example, how to correctly abbreviate "candidate of economic sciences": Ph.D. n. or k. ekon. n.?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

There are two versions of the abbreviation on www.sokr.ru: _к. e. n._ and _cand. economy science_.

Dear Help! Why did you dislike me so much? Fifth I ask, well, answer the same, finally! These formal and editorial remarks do not reduce the scientific significance and effectiveness of the study described in the abstract, they characterize them as corresponding (corresponding) to the requirements of the Higher Attestation Commission for candidate dissertations. How right? Thank you.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Right: _as appropriate_. Sorry, it was not possible to answer all questions.

Hello! Tell me, p-ta, how to abbreviate PhD in physical and mathematical sciences? Thank you.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Correct: _k. f.-m. n._ (with dots).

Is the phrase "we will be able to assess your Candidatum" correct? It's about hiring. Thank you.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

The phrase is correct.

On the eve (s) of the elections, candidates begin to campaign. How right. Thank you in advance.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

That's right: _on the threshold_.

Hello! Can I say: I defended my thesis for the degree of Candidate of Science in Biological Sciences? Thank you.

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Correct: defended his Ph.D. thesis; Having defended his dissertation, he received the degree of Candidate of Biological Sciences.

Which is correct: candidate of political or political sciences?

The answer of the reference service of the Russian language

Candidate of political sciences. Only the abbreviation is not "p.", but "plt.". Cm.

Candidate of Sciences in Law (abbreviation in Russian - candidate of jurisprudence, in English - Candidate of Sciences (Law), or PhD in Law) is a fairly high, respectful scientific degree. In 2014, the Supreme Court declared partially invalid the second paragraph of the fourth paragraph of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation concerning the procedure for awarding academic degrees. According to the new rules, in order to become a candidate or doctor of jurisprudence, it is not at all necessary to have a higher education in the field of jurisprudence. The main thing - the presence of higher education, and even what branch of science it will concern, in order to be able to be an applicant for the degree of candidate of legal sciences - does not matter. So, how to become a candidate of legal sciences?

Basic requirements

Where to get a PhD in this branch of science?

A candidate of legal sciences in the Russian Federation can be a graduate of any university that has a law faculty in its structure. Three the best universities RF, offering the most quality education in the field of jurisprudence, for many years now, are unchanged:

1. Moscow State Law Academy;
2. St. Petersburg State University.

The Faculty of Law of Moscow State University is one of the very first faculties that appeared in this university. The scientists of this faculty are implementing a large-scale research program that affects the most diverse areas of jurisprudence. The employees of this university regularly provide legal advice and legal support for international and international public institutions. He actively participates in the development of federal-level bills. Many graduates of this university are prominent modern statesmen. More than 100 associate professors and candidates of sciences, as well as more than 60 doctors of jurisprudence teach at the faculty. The law faculty of Moscow State University has 16 departments. There are three laboratories on the basis of the faculty:

1. Legal Cybernetics and Informatics;
2. political science;
3. Comparative law and socio-legal research.

About 60 specialists and bachelors annually complete postgraduate studies at the Institute "Postgraduate and Doctoral Studies" at Moscow State Law Academy. Stable, at least 80% of them successfully defend their Ph.D.

The Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg State University trains candidates of sciences in 13 different specialties related to the legal sphere. The structure of the faculty consists of 10 departments, the so-called legal clinic, an extensive library and a legal expert center. The faculty appeared in 1724 and the idea of ​​its creation belongs to Peter the Great.

Doctor of Biological Sciences - Dr. Biol. Sciences
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences - Dr. Veterinarian. Sciences
doctor of military sciences - doctor of military. Sciences
Doctor of Geographical Sciences - Dr. Geogr. Sciences
doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences - doctor of geol.-mineral. Sciences
doctor of art history - doctor of art history
doctor historical sciences- Dr. ist. Sciences
Doctor of Cultural Studies - Doctor of Cultural Studies
Doctor of Medical Sciences - dr honey. Sciences
doctor of pedagogical sciences - dr ped. Sciences
Doctor of Political Science - Dr. Polit. Sciences
doctor psychological sciences- Dr. psikhol. Sciences
doctor of agricultural sciences - doctor of agricultural sciences Sciences
doctor of sociological sciences - doctor of sociology. Sciences
doctor of technical sciences - doctor of techn. Sciences
Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Dr. Pharmacist. Sciences
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences
Doctor of Philology - Dr. Philol. Sciences
Doctor of Philosophical Sciences - Doctor of Philosophy. Sciences
Doctor of Chemical Sciences - Dr. of Chem. Sciences
doctor of economic sciences - doctor of economics. Sciences
doctor of juridical sciences - dr. jurid. Sciences
Candidate of Biological Sciences - Cand. biol. Sciences
candidate of veterinary sciences - cand. vet. Sciences
candidate of military sciences - cand. military Sciences
candidate of geographical sciences - cand. geogr. Sciences
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Ph.D. geol.-mineral. Sciences
candidate of art history - cand. art history
Candidate of Historical Sciences - Ph.D. ist. Sciences
Candidate of cultural studies - Ph.D. cultural studies
Candidate of Medical Sciences - Cand. honey. Sciences
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences - Cand. ped. Sciences
Candidate of Political Science - Ph.D. polit. Sciences
Candidate of Psychological Sciences - Ph.D. psychol. Sciences
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - Cand. s.-x. Sciences
candidate of sociological sciences - cand. sociological Sciences
candidate of technical sciences - cand. tech. Sciences
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Cand. pharmacist. Sciences
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Ph.D. Phys.-Math. Sciences
candidate of philological sciences - cand. philol. Sciences
Candidate of Philosophical Sciences - Cand. philosophy Sciences
Candidate of Chemical Sciences - Cand. chem. Sciences
candidate of economic sciences - cand. economy Sciences
candidate of legal sciences - cand. legal Sciences

There are also shorter, informal abbreviations for academic degrees:

Doctor of Architectural Sciences - Doctor of Architectural Sciences;

Candidate of Architectural Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Biological Sciences - Doctor of Biological Sciences;

Candidate of Biological Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Veterinary Sciences - Doctor of Veterinary Sciences;

candidate of veterinary sciences - Ph.D.

doctor of military sciences - doctor of military sciences;

candidate of military sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Geographical Sciences - Doctor of Geographical Sciences;

Candidate of Geographical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Doctor of Geology and Mathematics;

Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Ph.D.

doctor of art history - doctor of arts;

Candidate of Art History - Ph.D.

Doctor of Historical Sciences - Doctor of Historical Sciences;

Candidate of Historical Sciences - Ph.D.

doctor of medical sciences - doctor of medical sciences;

Candidate of Medical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences;

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences - Ph.D.

doctor of political sciences - d.pol.n.;

candidate of political sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Psychological Sciences - Doctor of Psychology;

Candidate of Psychological Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Agricultural Sciences - Doctor of Agricultural Sciences;

Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Sociological Sciences - Doctor of Social Sciences;

candidate of sociological sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Technical Sciences - Doctor of Technical Sciences;

candidate of technical sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Doctor of Pharmacy;

Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences;

Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Philology - Doctor of Philology;

candidate of philological sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Philosophy - Doctor of Philosophy;

Candidate of Philosophical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Chemical Sciences - Doctor of Chemistry;

Candidate of Chemical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Economic Sciences - Doctor of Economics;

Candidate of Economic Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Law - Doctor of Law;

candidate of legal sciences - Ph.D.

Word " chair", often used in Russian translations to mean "department", has no such meaning, but means a managerial ("head") or professorial position at the university.

Here is the Macmillan dictionary definition: "CHAIR - the position or job of being a professor in a university - He held the Chair of Botany at Cambridge for 30 years" - Which can be translated: "He was the chief botanist at Cambridge for 30 years ").

Another example where it says that "chair" is a title ("title"): "University Research Chairs: The University of Waterloo owes much of its reputation and stature to the quality of its professors and their scholarly accomplishments. University of Waterloo recognizes exceptional achievement and pre-eminence in a particular field of knowledge through the designation "University Research Chair" - a title which may be held for up to seven years, with the possibility of a re-nomination. title will receive either a teaching reduction of one course per year or an annual stipend of $10,000, which will be allocated to the Department/School if teaching reduction is chosen. other major research chair is awarded."

The following example shows that the position of "Department Chair" roughly corresponds to the position of the head of the department: "What a Department Chair Can-and Can" t-Do: The responsibilities and limits of power for heads of college departments vary greatly. Every department at a college has one: a chair who, typically, is a faculty member in that department, assigned by the dean to manage the department."

The duties of the "Department Chair" (head of department) are described on the website of the University of Wisconsin: "Department Chair Role and Responsibilities: The chair is responsible for facilitating the operation of a department, the fundamental academic unit within the university. Description of the chair" s roles and responsibilities must be understood in the overall context of responsibility and accountability. ... The chair facilitates the management of the department. To carry out this responsibility, the chair oversees, directly or indirectly, the daily progress towards achieving teaching, research, and service goals as set out in the department's plan. With the Chair's leadership and facilitation, faculty members provide students the educational opportunity necessary to be prepared for meaningful personal and professional lives. To this end, the chair plays an important role in providing the dean/provost, through the budget and planning process, with class schedules, program plans and estimates of resources needed to carry out department functions."

Thus, all the examples given prove that "chair" in the context higher education refers to the position or title of a person and cannot be translated into Russian as "department".