Hello dear blog readers! Intuition is the ability to feel when it is necessary to take action, and when it is better to lie low, moreover, this feeling is always true, and appears unexpectedly. Humanity has known about it for a long time, already in antiquity Plato studied this ability, and today I invite your attention to consider its characteristics, and what role it plays in the life of an ordinary person.

general information

Modern psychology does not really understand how intuition works, believing that it is hidden somewhere in the bowels of the unconscious. Provided that a person has an excellent connection with consciousness. It is believed that children under the age of 4 have this connection to perfection, they, having no experience and sufficient knowledge about the world around them, clearly determine their actions. And over time, the more knowledge appears, the less they are able to feel and anticipate adverse situations.

The female “feel” is also famous, and indeed, it is more developed among them, if only because most women do not have perfect logical thinking, and rely on their feelings and observations. They do not always criticize information, only if the source causes suspicion and unpleasant emotions in them. And men, on the contrary, learn from childhood to restrain emotions, to control their state, so they lose touch with the sensitive part. They prefer to analyze using logic, relying on reliable facts and proven arguments.

Maybe you noticed that even in the field of psychic services, mostly women? But because a well-developed male intuition is a rarity.

There is a diagram that indicates exactly how the process of foresight takes place. It was created by Graham Wallace in 1926. By collecting data from other scientists, Hermann Helmholtz and Henri Poincare, who were famous in the field of mathematics, he developed one clear scheme of the creative process, which is what he called.

Description of each ability stage

1. Preparation. A person consciously searches for information about some problem, the focus of attention narrows, that is, he notices absolutely everything that is connected with it. Thinking and trying to find solutions to deal with it.
2. Incubation. It seems that he has hit a dead end, not a single sensible idea and thought. Although in fact at this moment the subconscious mind is actively working, even when the consciousness is busy with completely different issues.
3. Enlightenment. At a completely unexpected moment, insight occurs, enlightenment, as if a current had been struck. Sometimes it happens that it is even difficult to describe in words what happened.
4. Examination. In this stage, the person tries to give a convenient form to his insight.

What types are there?

Corporal

It is not connected with our mind, but manifests itself in the form of physical sensations. By the way, it is with its help that we recognize the emotions of other people, feeling when they are lying and when they are telling the truth. You can learn more about this from the article about. So, it happened that when you first met a person you did not like? But you couldn’t justify to yourself exactly why, and over time, getting used to it, you began to trust him, and at some point he acts meanly to you. Here is your "chuyka", as they say, worked perfectly on a physical level, trying to warn about a dirty trick.

Our mind does not have time to process as much information as the body receives. Attention is directed to the knowledge of the surrounding world. For example, when we are looking for some address in a new city, and while the brain is busy looking for the right path, our legs “carry” into unfamiliar alleys, so confidently that later it turns out that they really went in the right direction. But this happens to those who trust themselves, relying on their feelings, and do not develop a clear route.

intellectual

It is such a hybrid, a mixture of experience, sensuality and logical thinking. It would seem an impossible combination, but real. The only negative is the duration. It is divided into several subspecies, which do not differ much in meaning:

• Professional. That is, when a person has spent too much time in his profession, he can begin to use a creative approach, coming up with non-standard solutions. difficult situations. And it occurs at a time when the situation seems hopeless. For example, when a doctor, resting somewhere on the sea, saves someone's life with the help of improvised means.
• Scientific. Remember the story about the periodic table? Namely, that Dmitry originally dreamed of her? This is what scientific sensitivity is, it is characteristic of intellectual and creative people, in the eternal search for answers to their questions.
• Creative. It manifests itself in the form of insight, insight, and is the most complex and rare type. It manifested itself vividly in Mozart, because Wolfgang could “hear” his work as a whole, and not like other composers, trying to create various musical fragments and transitions.

emotional

It manifests itself with the help of emotions, for example, anxiety, unreasonable anxiety. Something inside “tells” us that something is going wrong, that there is a catch or a danger. It is he who is most common among women, especially mothers in relation to children who are not around at the moment. Everything is calm and good, a person can even sleep, when he suddenly “undermines” due to the fact that there is a feeling of fear for loved one and a clear understanding that something bad happened to him.

mystical

The description of this species is complicated by the fact that it is the most poorly studied, mysterious and even frightening. At least, psychologists cannot yet explain the mechanisms and principles of its work. And people with a mystical gift are called psychics or magicians. Because they can so adapt to the personality of another, reading information from the Universe, that they easily predict some events, talk about the past and read thoughts. Up to the point that by controlling energy and matter, they are able to change both the present and the future.

These types are manifested in absolutely every person, just not everyone understands that these are clues from our subconscious and sensory organs. For example, someone uses only symptoms, at the level of physical sensations, someone believes that with the help of logic alone he was able to predict difficulties or consequences. It’s like with, the characteristics of each type are present in the character of every person, just one is the leading and main one, because for the individual it turned out to be the most convenient and familiar due to various life circumstances and experience.

What role does it play in life?

If we talk about the role the gift of foresight plays in our lives, I can say that it is very significant, as it helps to prevent many mistakes and disappointments, often saving lives. I'm sure everyone knows about such cases when a person, not realizing and not giving reasons for his decision, cancels a trip, and later finds out that an accident has occurred, and no one survived from his flight.

In such cases, the physical "sense" is more likely to work, and manifests itself in the form of malaise, a cold, which is why you have to stay at home. Such a legal excuse. After all, not every person can follow his desires as soon as he wants, work and family obligations do not allow you to simply say: “But I won’t fly on a business trip, because it seems that something bad will happen.” Agree, then he will not work for a long time in the company.

Conclusion

If you develop the gift of foresight in yourself, you will be able to qualitatively improve your life, because you will end unreliable relationships even before they begin to develop, you will understand where it is worth investing money, and where you will “burn out”, you will be able to feel your partner and notice in a timely manner the moments due to which the relationship is in danger of collapsing. But this does not mean that the logical part of your thinking is depreciated, and that you should not be guided by logic, focusing only on premonitions. No, you must learn to use them in a complex way, without losing sight of your observations, experience, ideas and facts, or any sensations, signs and dreams.

And remember that it is very easy to deceive the mind, especially by using some kind of manipulative method, but intuition is impossible, it can be ignored, not noticed, not taken into account or not believed, but never deceived. Learn to trust yourself and your feelings, and you can do this with the help of the recommendations in the article about. And that’s all for today, dear readers, take care of yourself and your loved ones!

The material for the article was prepared by Zhuravina Alina.

3

There are many in history interesting facts when intuition helped to make discoveries, find solutions to complex problems. At the beginning of the book, we already spoke about the role of intuition in the work of great people. What techniques did the geniuses of art and science use when discovering new laws and looking for solutions? This will be discussed below.

About the benefits of classical music

Music is often a source of inspiration. For example, Walt Disney was very fond of the classics. He said that at the first sounds of his favorite works, associations arose in his head. Disney shared his experience in the animated film "Fantasy", in which the music is accompanied by a whole phantasmagoria of colors.

Listen to your favorite songs more often. For many artists, music gives rise to pictures in their heads, which they then embody on canvases. It is quite possible that music will help you find the answer to your question.

Ask the right questions

Albert Einstein spoke more than once about the importance of the exact wording of the question. “Every question already has an answer,” said the scientist. “If you ask the right question, you can easily find the answer.”

The birth of associations

Associations can also arise under the influence of completely non-standard stimuli. For example, Leonardo da Vinci wrote in Notes: “It is not difficult. just stop along the way and look at the streaks on the wall, or the embers on fire, or the clouds, or the dirt. you can find absolutely amazing ideas there.”

The painter was also inspired by such things as the ringing of bells, in which "you can catch any name and any word that you can imagine."

Each person has their own source of inspiration. Therefore, listen carefully to your inner voice: sometimes the right thoughts come completely unexpectedly, and you will be surprised at the way they arose!

Fashion for diaries

Many people used to keep diaries. Now this tradition is gradually dying out or being transformed (electronic diaries appear). Keeping records is a great exercise for intuition! Rereading your notes, you can note a number of facts, accidents that no one paid attention to before. And yet later such trifles often play an important role.

Researcher Katerina Koks, analyzing many examples, noted that all famous people kept diaries. In their notes, they described their own lives in detail, as if foreseeing that they would become famous in the future. And Isaac Newton, and Thomas Jefferson, and Johann Sebastian Bach and many other personalities kept personal diaries in which they described their feelings and thoughts. In the future, many of the entries were published, and some became real works (for example, Leo Tolstoy used his diary to write a work). Why do all great people leave a legacy in the form of records and diaries? It is assumed that regular journaling contributes to the development of outstanding intelligence.

Sleep - the answer to the question

Of course, dreams are a mystery of our subconscious. Everything seems to be clear here: with the help of dreams, the subconscious communicates with us. However, the way in which this happens is surprising in itself. And it is even more amazing when in dreams we find the solution to a difficult problem!

This, in fact, happened to many scientists, among them the chemist August Kekule. Once he worked all day on a chemistry textbook and in the end felt that he had not done anything useful. The frustrated scientist thought that his thoughts were occupied with something else, and pushing his work aside, he sat down by the fireplace. Peering into the flame, he thought about the benzene molecule, the structure of which was a mystery. Gradually the chemist plunged into a state of drowsiness. And then. Then what is now called a miracle happened.

Half asleep, Kekule saw strange, fantastic shapes in the flames of the hearth. Atoms passed before his eyes, moving in long rows in the fire, writhing like snakes. Suddenly one of the snakes seized its tail and swirled rapidly and furiously. The scientist woke up as if from a flash of lightning.

Kekule realized that he had a solution to a problem that had been tormenting him. The subconscious itself prompted the answer, and the chemist spent the whole night working on the problem. In 1865, he stated that the benzene molecule was composed of six carbon atoms. Surprisingly, the combination of atoms strikingly resembled a snake that the scientist had dreamed of.

Nightmares and sewing machines

Another invention mankind owes to sleep.

Inventor Elias Hove thought about creating a sewing machine, but to no avail. He did absolutely nothing.

One night, Hove had a terrible dream: he was pursued by a gang of cannibals who intended to cook a delicious dinner out of him. The horde of cannibals had almost overtaken him, and death was inevitable. The inventor even saw the tips of the spears of the cannibals, sparkling with a cold sheen. Unexpectedly, subconsciously, Howe noted that each of the tips had a hole - the same as that of a sewing needle. At this point, the inventor woke up covered in a cold sweat.

Hove later realized that the nightmare was the answer to the problem he had set for himself. After all, in order for the sewing machine to work, you only need to move the eye of the needle down to the very tip. Howe followed the advice of his subconscious, and soon the first sewing machine appeared.

Intuition (from intuitio - “contemplation”, from the verb intueor - I look closely) is knowledge based on close attention to the essence of things, events and phenomena.

How to effectively use your "sixth sense"
to succeed in your studies, career, business and personal life?

Intuitive thinking has not been studied enough for science to offer a ready-made algorithm for the development of intuition that works for all individuals in the same way. However, ENOUGH research has been done in the field of intuitive cognition, historical examples and developed methods for the development of individual intuitive thinking in ANY person. So why don't we apply this to our lives? Moreover, EVERY person has intuitive thinking as well as analytical thinking as a potential ability of birth. Potential means requiring development. However, we are haunted by myths about intuition.

Myths about intuition:

1. "Intuition is the opposite of logic."
2. "Intuition is a product of the activity of the right hemisphere."
3. "Intuition is our unconscious."
4. "Some people have intuition and others don't."
5. "Intuition is developed in women, and logic in men."
6. "Intuition is a gift that is given from above and cannot be influenced."

Intuition in business

Akio Morita, CEO of SONY, calls intuition the main component creative thinking and cornerstone technological innovation and the development of new products: “Machines and computers do not have the ability to create, since simple information processing is not enough for creative activity. Creativity requires human thought, spontaneous intuition and courage.” Managers and leaders with experience become wiser on an intuitive level. Intuition lies not only in our brain, but also in the body. Its manifestations can be conditionally attributed to the “head”, “heart”, “hands” and “inside”.

Would you like to develop these levels of personal effectiveness? Then let's look at 4 differences of the "intuitive" mind:

1. Speaks the language of feelings.
2. Acts quickly and spontaneously.
3. It is a complete “pattern recognition system”.
4. Offers us hypotheses, not facts.

intuition in science. Historical example

Nikola Tesla is considered a prominent representative of the intuitive method of research in science. In contrast to Thomas Addison, who is the personification of a galaxy of experimental scientists who achieve their goals by trial and error. Nikola Tesla is the greatest inventor of the 20th century, the author of several thousand inventions. Enthusiastic admirers call him Lord of Lightning, Father alternating current, the Magician and the Man who invented the 20th century! The unit of density is named after him. magnetic flux, a street in Croatia, an airport in Serbia, his face flaunts on banknotes, and he himself is considered in his homeland national hero along with great rulers and warriors.

Nikola Tesla, a Serb by nationality, was born in the province of Lika, which was part of the Austrian Empire. His father is an Orthodox priest who possessed many abilities: he knew several languages, had an excellent style of writing articles, and had an excellent memory. Mother - Duka Mandic - a representative of one of the most glorious traditions of Serbian families, was a talented needlewoman, could not read, but knew many national poems by heart and came up with many useful devices for her home.

As proof of Tesla's intuition, they cite history of the creation of the alternator: when Nikola was in his second year at the Higher Technical School, a DC machine with a collector was brought to the physics classroom. After observing the operation of the dynamo, Tesla declared that it was possible to build an alternating current generator and do without a collector. Tesla was ridiculed because at that time in science, the use of alternating current was considered impossible. Tesla lived with this idea for several years. How does Tesla's famous intuition work?

According to legend, he was walking with a friend in the park, reciting Goethe's Faust by heart, and suddenly saw a diagram of a future generator. “Suddenly, the truth dawned on me. On the sand, I sketched diagrams with a stick, ”Nikola Tesla recalled. And it took several more years before the generator and other equipment created by Tesla served to create the world's largest power plant at Niagara Falls.

Tesla had the intuition of a physicist. Leonardo da Vinci is an artist. Mozart is a musician.

In what area would you like to develop intuition?

Leadership. Oratory. Management. Marketing. Medicine. Pedagogy. Art. The science.

Making decisions. Relationship. Parenting. Purpose. Prediction of the future.

We respect every choice. For those who are already READY, the program " DEVELOPMENT OF INTUITION" has been developed and the best time and place has been chosen to reveal their intuitive thinking.

For those who think, we offer 10 principles of intuitive knowledge:

Principle 10. Keep true to your intuitive personality.

Principle 9: Do things right, do the right things, and follow the right path.

Principle 8. Listen to your head, heart and intuitions.

Principle 7. Express your intuitive feelings.

Principle 6. Develop skills and knowledge (competence).

Principle 5. Beware of weak intuitive feelings.

Principle 4. Rely on the first impression and take it into account.

Principle 3. Do not get confused in your Self (distinguish between emotions, intuition, insight, stereotypes, etc.).

Principle 2: Switch mental gears.

Principle 1: Recognize your intuition.

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Do you want to effectively combine analysis and intuition? To achieve success in education, career, business and personal life? Make the right decisions in complex and time-limited situations? Develop your brain or become a leader?

What is waiting for you?

1. Debunking the myth of intuition.
2. The flip side of intuition: logical fallacies, prejudice, stereotyping, self-deception.
3. Intuitive successes and mistakes.
4. Somatic markers of Damasio.
5. Five Rules for Good Intuitive Judgment.
6. Ten principles of intuitive knowledge.
7. Intuitive knowledge of the future.
8. Intuition and choice of partner.
9. Intuition and decision making.
10. Intuition and extrasensory perception.
11. intuition and creativity.
12. Intuition and Entrepreneurship. Income from intuition.
13. intuition and leadership. Aristotle's Intuitive Leadership. A set of leader values. Vector.

Practice: Crystal Ball, Devil's Advocate, Time Out, Extra Time, Pulsing, etc.

Meditations: "Healing", "Golden Light", "Cash Flow", "Waiting for Sunrise", "Dynamic", etc.

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In psychology, there are several types of intuition, and there are different classifications. The most common and common is the European classification, based on basic human characteristics. Modern European psychology distinguishes the following types of intuition:

1) physical, or bodily. This kind of intuition is based on a person's physical sensations;

2) emotional. It is based on emotions;

3) intellectual, about which philosophers and scientists talked so much;

4) mystical. This kind of intuition is perhaps the most controversial because its driving mechanism cannot be clearly described.

What does it look like in practice? Each of us is dominated by one type of intuition, and on the basis of it we interpret events. If you ask a question about how this or that business will turn out, then people with different types of intuition will predict its ending, based on different impressions. A person with physical intuition will imagine what his physical state will be like - fatigue, energy boost, apathy, stress - and draw conclusions about the success of the event. The intellectual will direct his ability to calculate everything to the situation and try to "scan" it. He will construct his image, which will tell him the solution.

The emotional type will be based on how he feels at the end of the venture. I want to make a small remark: in many respects, the predominance of one or another type of intuition in a person is associated with the national mentality, traditions, and upbringing.

Intuition is also classified according to gender, age, nationality. It has long been noticed that in women intuition is more developed. This has nothing to do with physiological characteristics - it’s just that women from time immemorial have been more closely connected with everything subconscious, mysterious, perceiving, which is why they have learned to listen to the prompts of their subconscious.

Psychologists have noticed that the manifestation of subconscious premonitions is subject to age-related fluctuations. The child's intuition is not clouded yet, nothing blocks it, but as they grow older, the ability to trust instinct is lost. This happens because our entire civilization is aimed at evidence, that is, from school we are taught that only what can be touched, seen, scientifically proven is true. Over time, the ability to perceive, and most importantly, trust intuitive information is lost. The people we call intuitives just managed to happily avoid it.

The child treats his fantasies, desires, intuitive sensations as a reality. For him, there is no impossible and "invented": for him, both Santa Claus and the neighbor's grandfather are real. In his imagination, he connects them, so for him there is no question: "Does Santa Claus exist?" The child asks: “What will Santa Claus give me?”. Children trust their intuition, they do not dismember it with cold analysis.

Adults, of course, treat such things condescendingly. If the kid tells his parents that he saw a terrible monster on the wall in his room, then he will be teased. But the child not only fantasizes: this is how his intuition shows the hidden aggression of an adult, shows the fear of punishment. Only it appears in a completely different form than when children grow up.

Adults prefer to remain silent about their fears or explain them rationally. A person who has reached adulthood will not present his fear in the form of a monster or an evil Baba Yaga. He will simply look for a cure for fear, turning to psychologists and doctors. Very often, children's direct perception is realized in some kind of phobias: someone is afraid of heights, someone is afraid of flying on an airplane, someone is snakes, etc. We call such fears unconscious and correctly determine the reason: this intuition is trying to reach us.

Intuition is a subtle matter, and it is very susceptible to external influences. Our physical ailments have a particularly strong effect on it. Illness burdens our perception, closes access to the information channels of the Cosmos, since all forces are aimed at fighting the disease. Problems with intuition arise in a person at the age of 28–30. True, I will make a reservation that the gift of foreboding is often confused with worldly experience, and the older a person becomes, the more often intuition is replaced by life wisdom. At this age, a person already knows for sure that everything must have a rational explanation, and intuition has nothing to do with reason.

She is situational and fragmented, she speaks in an incomprehensible language, and adults are against any prejudice. Intuition, when informing about the future, draws some meaningless and ridiculous, from the point of view of common sense, pictures. As a result, we turn away from it, and yet the subconscious very often sends us warnings.

One of my acquaintances constantly ordered a cup of coffee with milk in the buffet next to her work. She did this all the time, and there was no reason for her to give up her daily coffee. But one weekday, at the mere mention of coffee with milk, she did not feel well, and she did not take her favorite drink. After a while, everyone who took coffee with milk that day was hospitalized with a diagnosis of “intestinal disorder”. Obviously, the milk was stale, and my friend was the winner. And there are hundreds of such examples.

The problem with intuition also arises because, by the age of thirty, the abilities of the subconscious are so closely intertwined with other mental processes that they are difficult to recognize. An adult perceives intuition prompts through the prism of logic, acquired knowledge, and circumstances. It, like logic, can be obscured by feelings, emotions, unnecessary knowledge.

The most dangerous age for intuitives is 35–45 years. On top of the mid-life crisis inherent in all, the depletion of bioenergy, which is so important for intuition, is superimposed. It has long been recognized that the lowest point of human energy is 41 (according to Chinese teachings - 42) years.

At this time, a person has exhausted all the resources stored since childhood, there is a complete restructuring of consciousness, so the connection with the Cosmos is broken. Then everything returns to normal, however, after 45 years, life experience begins to work actively, and intuition manifests itself only in flashes of insight.

Thanks to science, we know that intuition is necessary for a person for the process of knowing the world, and knowledge, as you know, can occur in various ways. Similarly, the ability to foresee differs depending on what sphere of human activity it serves. This classification is related to the ways of expressing the information received.

1. Professional intuition. This type of subconscious feeling develops in a person engaged in a certain profession - a doctor, teacher, manager, military man, politician, athlete, psychologist, etc. It is associated with the steady accumulation of skill, with the acquisition and development of special skills necessary for one or another professions. Professional intuition helps to find the right and optimal solution to the problem, save time and effort to resolve difficulties, and reveal unclear points in the situation. The sixth sense also allows you to choose the necessary means and techniques of expression.

2. Scientific intuition. This type is most often manifested when a person, as a subject of cognition, faces a very important cognitive task that requires the exertion of the moral, intellectual and physical forces of the body. At this moment, a person concentrates on the task at hand, looking for all sorts of ways to express and resolve it. Scientific intuition means searching rationale collected facts or phenomena. At this time, the scientist, the inventor is constantly focused on the object of research, that is, on the problem that occupies him. As one of the components of the scientific process, scientific intuition operates in a specific language. In principle, this kind of intuition coincides with creative intuition.

3. Creative intuition is the highest form of the gift of foreboding. Some researchers include scientific and artistic intuition in creative intuition. The fact is that creative intuition is based on insight. It works when, it would seem, it is impossible to find a way out, when the limit of the tension of the intellect, will, and feelings of a person is reached. Creative intuition is an expression of a long-term and hard-won result. This kind of subconscious foreboding is necessary and important condition flow of the creative process. Although various scientists and philosophers can be found different points point of view on this problem, one thing is obvious - the great scientific discoveries and masterpieces of art appear largely due to intuition.

American scientist Graham Wallace devoted a lot of research to the phenomenon of creativity. His interests included both creative intuition and the creative process. He built his concept based on the self-observations and memoirs of famous scientists - the German physiologist, physicist and mathematician Hermann Helmholtz and the French mathematician Henri Poincaré. In 1926, Wallace published the now classic four-step creative process. In essence, Wallace did not make any breakthrough - he simply synthesized what was known before him.

The first stage is preparation. This is the stage of posing a problem, diving into it, collecting practical material, etc. Philosophers before Wallace talked about the same thing, arguing that any business is preceded by a stage when nothing works, when all attempts to solve the problem are futile, the way out is not visible and begins it seems that this problem should not be dealt with at all.

The second stage is "hatching the eggs". This is the most painful and long period during which the problem is nurtured. The human brain is working on a task, it is looking for its solution, although the person himself is not working on it. In ancient times, the term "hatching eggs", or "incubation", denoted a certain special action. A person came to the temple and stayed there overnight to get an answer to his question or to be healed of an illness. This action describes the state of the scientist, the creator, who is waiting for the solution of the problem. Philosophers also call this time the period of growth, when Nature must do her work.

The third stage is insight. This is actually insight, discovery, Archimedean "Eureka!". Actually, if we continue the comparison, insight is what a person in the temple is waiting for. At this moment, there is a sharp jump, the transition of the accumulated amount of information into quality. The solution always comes in the form of a symbolic image, a sign that is difficult to describe in words.

The fourth stage is fixation. The final period of the process, which is associated with logic. Consciousness copes with the experienced shock and begins to act logically. The symbol-image is translated into words, a scientific explanation is given for the discovery, etc.

From this diagram it is clear that moments of insight are rare guests in human life. Enlightenment may or may not come. Why some people are overshadowed by brilliant ideas, while others are not, is unknown to science, and, apparently, will not become known. Although modern scientists, relying on Wallace's scheme, have identified a behavior pattern leading to insight. In general, it is not a secret for anyone: you have to work long, hard and persistently on the problem that interests you, study all possible sources, collect extensive material, passionately desire a solution to the problem, do not give up at the first failures, and then ...

Let's digress a little from theoretical reasoning. I want to give examples from the life of the greatest minds of mankind, so that you understand the validity of Goethe's statement that genius is 1% luck and 99% overwork. Intuition can give you a great discovery, but only when you put all your effort into it.

I have already spoken about the great titan of the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci. He attached great importance to intuition, the work of the unconscious, in the life of the creator. Five hundred years before the Austrian physician Sigmund Freud, he spoke of the key role of the subconscious in artistic and scientific insights. Leonardo advised all artists and inventors to study the natural world and memorize their associations in order to embody them later in creations. In his "Notes" the great Florentine instructed: "It's not difficult ... just stop along the way and look at the streaks on the wall, or coals on fire, or clouds, or mud ... there you can find absolutely amazing ideas ...". Centuries later, this method of spontaneously arising associations will be adopted by the Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach. But Leonardo did not stop only at visual impressions - he also connected auditory receptors. All in the same work, he argued that "in the ringing of bells you can catch any name and any word that you can only imagine." It is quite possible that the ringing of bells hastened the moment of insight of the genius of the Renaissance.

The inventor of the sewing machine, Elias Hove, was a workaholic. He worked for a very long time on the development of the first sewing device that could facilitate the work of milliners, but he was always missing something. He was already desperate when he had a nightmare: Hove got on a wild island, and a crowd of cannibals chased him. He could not escape from the savages - they had already almost overtaken him, brought sharply sharpened spears over him. Howe was struck in a dream by the fact that holes were drilled in the tips of these spears.

The savages did not eat the inventor - he woke up from fear. But in the morning, he understood the hint of his subconscious: for the sewing machine to work, it was necessary that the eye of the needle be at the bottom, and not at the top. The night's sleep was the moment of insight that helped Elias Howe to find the right solution, and the seamstresses to find a new tool.

Another evidence of the power of intuition is the work of the great Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. His brilliant music amazed contemporaries, and not so much the music as its creation. Mozart, as it seemed to his contemporaries, wrote his masterpieces as if in between times, without making any visible effort: either he composed symphonies while playing billiards, then while walking, or whistling lightly and carelessly the newly composed overture to the opera " Don Juan" before its premiere. The musical genius himself said that he did not "compose" anything - musical works appear in his head already ready. Here he is - typical example creative intuition, which is realized in the in-site: it reads the information as a whole, in the form of an undivided unity. We find confirmation of this in the letters of the brilliant Austrian composer. He writes that he sees his creation as a whole, "like a dazzlingly beautiful statue"; he hears them in unity: “I do not listen in my imagination to the parts in succession, I hear them sounding simultaneously. I can't tell you how much fun it is!" An even more impressive example of insight is the work of the English physicist, inventor, one of the most prominent scientists in the history of mankind, Michael Faraday. It was he who created the theory of electromagnetic fields and lines of force, which inspired the work of Albert Einstein. “What is so unusual about this?” - you ask. And what is unusual here is that Michael Faraday ... did not know mathematics and other exact sciences. He can safely be called an "intuitive from physics", since he made his grandiose discoveries with the help of intuition.

Thus, the theory of lines of force, which revolutionized scientific world, he designed with rubber bands. In his proof, there was not a single mathematical formula and not a single message on how to apply this theory. Faraday simply knew that there were lines of force in nature, and then it seemed to him that they were like rubber bands - that's all. When later another English scientist, James Clark Maxwell, gave a mathematical justification for Faraday's theories, the discoverer did not understand a word in them and asked Maxwell "to translate the hieroglyphs into human language, which I myself could understand." Is this not proof of the omnipotence of intuition? The famous German chemist Friedrich August Kekule, who lived approximately at the same time as Faraday, on the contrary, was a very scientific and theoretically savvy person. He entered the history of science as the inventor of the benzene ring formula. This discovery was preceded by years of hard, intense and fruitless work. Kekule was close to discovering the chemical formula of the gasoline molecule, but it eluded him. This went on for quite a long time, the scientist was exhausted by the useless struggle with nature. But one day the stage of "hatching the egg" was completed and something happened that, along with Newton's apple and Mendeleev's dream, is considered the greatest miracle of science. new era. Tired of thinking, Kekule fell asleep and had a very vivid and colorful dream. He looked at the flames of the fireplace, and they formed into chains of atoms. These chains turned into snakes that writhed, attacked the chemist, but did not bite him. One of these snakes grabbed its tail and started spinning wildly. Kekule woke up as if struck. He began to feverishly write down the idea that came into his head, and the formula for the gasoline molecule would automatically come out from under his pen. In 1865, Kekule reported to the scientific community of chemists that the benzene ring was made up of six carbon atoms, which were connected to each other, like a dancing snake, which he saw in a moment of insight.

Facts proving great importance insight for the development of science, there is a great variety. One of them is described in the book by V. I. Orlov, dedicated to great inventions: “Bridge engineer Brown (inventor of suspension bridges. - ed.) was poring over a project for a bridge over the River Tweed on his veranda. The paper in front of him was clean, the work did not stick, the bridge did not work. Desperate, Brown left the drawing board and went to freshen up in the garden.

It was the beginning of autumn. Tenacious, silver threads in the sun tangled in the bushes, floated in the wind, and Brown removed them from his lips and eyelashes. It was Indian summer, and a lot of cobwebs appeared in the garden. Brown lay down under a bush, but immediately jumped up, blinking his eyes. He saw a clue in the sky.

He saw a blueprint in the sky, clearly drawn in silver lines on blue. Brown involuntarily read it the way engineers read blueprints: the little bridge shone in the branches, surprisingly light, simple and bold. It was a bridge, not just a web on the branches. The wind shook the branches, but the web did not break. And the more closely Brown peered into this web, the more the elastic threads lengthened and thickened, becoming heavier before his eyes.<…>.

Now Brown knew where to start and what to strive for. He again sat down with drawings and calculations and soon made an invention: he began to build suspension bridges, without expensive and complex foundations supporting the bridge from below. The following significant case is connected with Einstein. Once a journalist asked a physicist if he writes down his brilliant ideas, and if so, where: in a notebook, in a card index or in a notebook. To this, Albert Einstein replied: “My dear, worthwhile ideas come to mind so rarely that it’s easy to remember them!” Illumination is the fruit of a huge inner work of the unconscious, which checks all received data with the data bank of the Universe. If you live by some idea, then one fine moment you will experience an unforgettable sensation of insight, which is incomparable in terms of the strength of experience.

Essence of intuition

The word intuition comes from late Latin intuitio- contemplation, from lat. intueor - I look closely.
Usually, intuition is understood as a sudden insight, a sudden solution to an issue - everything that is characterized by the general convictions of clarity and indisputability of understanding. When they say: "has a highly developed intuition", they mean that such a person, usually a highly qualified specialist in the subject, can reason, demonstrating a deep understanding of the essence of the subject, without thinking at that moment.
The feeling of clear indisputability characterizes all manifestations of intuition and gives rise to the feeling that this is something brought in with the stamp of Truth because literally there was nothing before, and after - here it is: amazing imagination, making you scream "eureka" and rejoice as a gift from outside.
R. Descartes stated:
"By intuition I mean not the belief in the flimsy evidence of the senses, nor the deceptive judgment of the disordered imagination, but the notion of a clear and attentive mind, so simple and distinct that it leaves no doubt that we are thinking, or that one and the same , a solid concept of a clear and attentive mind, generated only by the natural light of reason and, due to its simplicity, is more certain than deduction itself ... ".

There are states that manifest themselves in a dream or in reality on the verge of hallucinations (when it is so easy to excite associations that are not directly related to the current context of thinking), when there is an acute feeling of understanding everything in the world, a feeling that all the secrets in the world are now understood, accompanied by joyful euphoria. But when you try to concretize at least some knowledge, or remember what exactly you managed to understand, nothing happens, everything slips away as if nothing had happened. It is clear that there was nothing, that all the secrets of the universe did not suddenly appear in the head, but there was only the very feeling of understanding in its purest form, not burdened with anything concrete. In the same way, there is a feeling of simply joy, when it is not clear where it comes from, or depression. These feelings arise as a result of the activity of our internal reception: the detectors "good", "bad", "new", "error", "confidence". These feelings have the ability to color everything that is perceived and thought at that moment. These feelings can have a lot of gradations and they are very individual, but the most common of them are inherent in almost everyone, giving rise to familiar emotions.
In the materials Intellectual mechanisms of the psyche ki:
... the term "understanding" introduces difficulties into the problem already by the fact that it is too general for each of those areas where this problem is specified. From the point of view of certain specialists, one term refers to different applications of the subjective image-symbol "understanding" and this leads to contradictions when moving to more general frameworks.
The psychophysiological analogue of such an image is, perhaps, a state of certainty. Behavior is not possible outside a certain context a. The stimulus elicits a response in context e corresponding to existing conditions. Here, experience has already developed matrices of possible solutions - answers in various circumstances.
Signs of operating conditions in some cases can excite contexts of mutually exclusive reactions competing in significance, or, more precisely, this can happen when the perceived signs are not enough to excite a particular context (the ability to recognize is given by experience). At the same time, all the consequences of misunderstanding the situation are observed. If the situation is unambiguous, then anticipatory excitations from an anticipatory stimulus in the established context e will give a forecast corresponding to the accumulated experience.
Sufficiently confident, unambiguous forecasts and give a sense of certainty, understanding. In this case, following the general mechanism, recognition detectors should be formed specific situation and detectors of general certainty. Otherwise, in uncertain or inconsistent contexts, error detectors should be formed that fix the commonality in all ensembles (including significance) characteristic of uncertainty.

Many chains of action programs formed by experience are carried out simultaneously: we breathe, we walk, we wave our arms, we adjust our walk depending on the features of the path, while we think about something (see these mechanisms of the mechanisms of mental phenomena). But the vast majority of the active processes of the brain are not conscious (the point of awareness or the focus of attention is only in one of these processes), and if the result of prognostic activity in one of them exceeds the significance and novelty of the state of the conscious process, then the focus of attention goes there, previously unconscious when this is realized already at the stage of the finished important result (see Mechanism of the orienting reflex) - the effect of insight.
The mental automatisms are organized exactly as the simultaneous operation of many programs of muscular actions. That is why we find it difficult to say exactly how our thought developed: many intermediate activities were not realized and therefore did not leave a trace in subjective memory. But the chains of mental activities were worked out sequentially exactly as the chains of the sequence of phases of actions in muscle reactions, while the focus of conscious attention shifts from one most relevant phase to another most relevant (maximum novelty and significance). And if the relevance manifested itself only after something very significant was discovered by this chain, then the comprehension of this particular activity arises - a thought that appears as if from nowhere (see What is a thought?).

Instant understanding of the situation has just such an implementation mechanism. This is one of the manifestations of intuition. It is clear that if something was not previously represented by life experience, then this will not be recognized. Or it will be recognized falsely (see Illusions of Perception).
There is an opinion that a person who is not familiar with the subject can suggest a valuable idea to a specialist. This is the opinion of the profane, who have a poor idea of ​​the complexity of modern subject specialization. Something doesn't come out of nothing. In the most general terms, a non-specialist can suggest just as effectively as a suggestive fire flame or the waves of the sea or random patterns of plaster cracks. All these generators of incentives for ideas were used by Leonardo da Vinci.
Intuition also manifests itself in the predictive mechanisms of the brain. It is they that lead to insights, when in the still unconscious activity of the brain, with the appearance of some additional elements in the perception and concretization of the context a in the area of ​​unconscious activity, the already existing variant of the possible development of an idea (events) is suddenly activated, which will turn out to be quite significant ( see pre-excitation
or the essence of the forecast). This type of intuition is even more dependent on individual life experience, because in addition to the processes of recognizing the situation itself, there is also a delicate balance of finding an acceptable option in the research context of the psyche (see Motivation).
This is how the French mathematician Jean Dieudonné describes the manifestations and origins of intuition in Abstraction and Mathematical Intuition

...how is proof invented? This process was beautifully described by A. Poincaré on the pages that have become famous: the imagination provides a mathematician, facing a certain problem, with many possible combinations. known facts, theorem, but most of them lead nowhere. If by chance a mathematician found the right path, then they say that he has good intuition, which successfully guided him.
... No one, of course, thinks to deny that the source of basic mathematical concepts, such as number or space, is sensory experience. Starting at about 12 years old, according to professional psychologists, small integers or simple spatial relations (position, magnitude, etc.) may be regarded as fixed, experiential concepts common to all normal people and forming the substratum of the corresponding mathematical concepts.
... there are reasons related to historical development mathematicians, according to which, on concepts that arose mainly from experience, requirements began to be imposed that do not have such an origin at all, and which act as axioms imposed on concepts chosen as basic. After this, of course, there is nothing surprising, although it confused people in their time, that the sensual intuition of the objects under consideration, even real numbers, either in some cases did not exist at all, or was insufficient and deceptive.
... No one can say that he has an intuition of the truth or falsity of Fermat's theorem. Sometimes the intuition one has about certain concepts, starting with the axioms, gives the idea of ​​a proof. A classic example is Bolzano's theorem, which says that a continuous function cannot change sign without vanishing. There is a fairly clear geometric intuition here, which gives the idea of ​​proof. If we try to prove Jordan's theorem*, which is also intuitively obvious, it turns out that here intuition is deceptive. There are also completely non-intuitive objects, classical monsters: the Peano curve, the Brouwer continuum, which is a common boundary of three flat regions, the Antoine ring, which is a completely discontinuous set, although there is a curve that cannot be deformed into a point without crossing this ring. By the way, in order not to go into such distant areas, one can cite such examples of false intuition as the famous drawing, with the help of which they prove that every triangle is isosceles. If you make the drawing so that the point of intersection of the perpendicular to the midpoint of the side and the bisector of the opposite angle is inside the triangle (which is obviously impossible), it is easy to show that the triangle is isosceles. This example well illustrates the fact that the spatial intuition developed in us by elementary geometry can be deceptive.
Therefore, do not let yourself be deceived. Even for concepts that seem close to sensory intuition, the corresponding mathematical objects are, in essence, very different from what we think of them. This fact is the source of the great astonishment that arose among the majority of mathematicians of the 19th century, who believed that the concepts they associated with real numbers, go without saying and cannot lead to extravagant results like the Peano curve.
We are no longer surprised by such phenomena. Starting from the end of the 16th - 17th centuries, mathematicians destroyed the classical concept of number and space and began to study objects that have no sensible equivalent. Nobody has ever seen a group, a ring, a body, a module. The geometries of Lobachevsky, Riemann and all other geometries, p-adic numbers*, differentiable manifolds, were created by mathematicians. How can one speak of intuition for these objects? The answer to this question, of course, is difficult to formulate, since we are talking about completely subjective phenomena. Each mathematician creates for himself an individual mental image, in some way incomparable with the corresponding mental images of others.
First, let us note a common and completely banal point of view: the intuition of a mathematical object gradually develops and depends primarily on the degree of familiarity with this object. What does a mathematician do when he faces a completely new problem for him, which he has never studied and on which he is just beginning to work? Most often, he either does not know at all what questions to ask, or asks absurd questions.
... studying the issue, little by little they begin to settle in an unfamiliar country; getting used to, they come to the ability to guess what should happen when they meet a given mathematical object, and what tool should be used to study it. The absurd mistakes made at the beginning gradually stop. In the end, a certain habit to the topic is developed and, with luck, it is possible to pose a problem and solve it.
... I will devote the rest of the talk to another type of mathematical intuition, namely what I would call the transfer of intuition. I consider this type of intuition to be the main and one of the most important sources of mathematical development.
... They are separated only by language, but it also provides great help, as it allows at any moment to more or less accurately find similar intuitively familiar situations and transfer intuition from these situations to more complex cases. This is not obvious and serious precautions must often be taken...
... In such cases there is something that pushes us to transfer ideas to another mathematical theory. But, so to speak, there are great transfers, which might be called mutations, and which - there is no other way to say - fall from the sky. They give the impression that they are completely unprepared.
... I have just shown how the intuition of linear algebra was transferred to algebraic topology and led to significant progress. The most remarkable thing is the return of this influence back. Mathematicians working on algebraic topology have come to develop a whole series of methods that are special, or at first sight special for their objects of study. It was a question of strictly topological questions until. one day in 1942, the algebraists Eilenberg and McLeney in 1942, Hopf and A. Kartai noticed at about the same time that similar situations occur in questions of pure algebra, and they came up with the idea of ​​transferring to problems of pure algebra the methods successfully applied by algebraic topologists; the success was absolutely extraordinary: homological algebra was a rebound of the intuition of pure algebraic topologists.
... the examples given are, in spite of everything, the simplest. To describe the current turbulent boiling of ideas, one would have to speak of large constructions, where not one or two, but half a dozen intuitions merge.
... the progress of intuition, contrary to what might be supposed, goes hand in hand with the progress of abstraction. The more abstract the phenomenon, the more it enriches intuition. Why? Because abstraction removes from the theory everything that is irrelevant. If you introduce the abstraction skillfully and guided by your instinct (intuition, if you like), then you discard irrelevant relationships. What is left? What's left is a skeleton, and in that skeleton you can sometimes find structures that you wouldn't otherwise be able to see. If you didn't introduce abstraction, the trees would obscure the forest from you, the details would prevent you from seeing the essential.

Esoteric ideas about intuition, of course, do not explain anything, but only refer to a certain transpersonal source of true knowledge external to a person. Despite the many absurd inconsistencies that immediately appear in any attempt to apply such an assumption, this idea is very tenacious precisely because intuition is accompanied by an "inexplicable" feeling of clear certainty, the truth of suddenly understood. What was explained above was quite rationally explained by concrete mechanisms of mental phenomena. Of course, this very confidence in the truth of one person may not at all coincide with the essence of what is understood by another person, which leads to many disagreements in esoteric teachings and differences in religions (See Differences in Religious Theories, Differences in Science and Religion).
These ideas are manifested not only in religious, but in general in professional activity. So, in the Essence of intuition in investigative and judicial practice:

...Declaring real world irrational flow of subjective experiences, in which nothing definite can be found, intuitionists come to the conclusion that it is impossible to know the world through the senses and mental activity. This preaching of mysticism, alien to science, is widely accepted by bourgeois jurists as a justification for lawlessness and judicial arbitrariness. A number of works contain ambiguous arguments that actually focus on the priority of the subjective impressions of the investigator and the judge.
... The process of thinking I is not only a set of detailed conclusions. Along with full logical forms, a person uses such judgments that are accepted in an abbreviated form, while others are completely dropped out, omitted, as long known, proven by experience, proven by practice or established by any branch of knowledge. As a result, the resulting conclusion seems detached, isolated and appears to be pure, unconditioned conjecture.
I. P. Pavlov accurately noticed this regularity. Intuition, he said, "should be understood that way", that "a person remembers the final, but he did not calculate the whole path that he approached, prepared, he did not calculate to this moment" In fact, the result obtained was prepared by the previous thought process, during which the necessary knowledge, and if the solution comes from the first step, it means that the necessary knowledge was updated immediately, due to the fact that the readiness of experience and knowledge of a person was high. Thus, behind the ability to intuitively guess the truth are experience, knowledge, active mental activity, which allow, as it were, to suddenly correctly resolve the issue, understand a complex phenomenon, and predict the further course of events.
Of course, a lot depends on what the problem solver can bring as fantasy, observation, criticality, creative interest, and other intellectual qualities.
In view of the foregoing, it is possible to speak about the immediacy of intuitive knowledge only conditionally, because it is mediated and conditioned by all the previous experience of man and mankind. Stocks of knowledge and life observations, knowledge of ways to solve various cognitive problems do not represent a chaotic heap. In the mind of the researcher, they are systematized and linked by threads of associations. The more mental connections he has, the richer and more versatile his idea of ​​the world. The more often these connections are used, the less effort is required for him to correctly solve the problems that arise.
With intuition, the "deep archives" of human memory are used on the instructions of the intellect. Mental actions, like motor operations, as a result of repeated repetition tend to be reduced, automated, escaping self-observation. direct links between the main elements of the task begin to take shape. Based on a guess, the researcher begins to solve these problems more and more often, without doing analytical work each time and without realizing the way to solve them. On this basis, intuition is developed.
I. M. Sechenov emphasized its resemblance to a highly habitual movement that has become automatic, where the mechanism of the memorization process is hidden by the speed and ease of action. "This analogy," he concludes, "is so complete that I do not hesitate to affirm their psychological unambiguity."

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