After October 1917, the Marxist approach became the basis of Russian historiography.
After October 1917, the creation of the Marxist concept began in Russia. national history.
After October 1917, Marxism became the basis of Russian historiography
Soviet historical science was influenced by the dictates of Marxism-Leninism
The approach that considered Russian history as exclusively independent, was characteristic of Slavophile historians
The approach that considered Russian history as part of a pan-European progressive process was characteristic of Western historians.
Big impact on development historical science in Russia in the 30-40s of the 19th century, discussions between Westerners and Slavophiles had
In the post-Petrine period, German historians, based on the study of Russian chronicles, created Norman theory
At the origins of historical science in Russia were V.N. Tatishchev, M.V. Lomonosov
In Russia, history as a science arises in connection with the study and critical reflection of sources in the 18th century.
Historical science arose in Russia in the 18th century.
Herodotus is called the father of history
Theme 4
An important role in the development of civilizational methodology was played by N. Danilevsky, A. Toynbee, O. Spengler
In accordance with the Marxist approach, the transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out through a social revolution
Dominant in the knowledge of the historical past in Soviet period was a Marxist approach.
The Marxist approach in the history of human society defines 5 socio-economic formations
The linear development of society is a characteristic representation of Marxism
Marxist approach - the transition from one formation to another through social revolution
7) Civilizational approach - reveals the specifics and diversity of local human societies, considers history as the evolution of world and regional civilizations with common cultural and historical features
8) Synthetic approach - combines different approaches
The concept of a catch-up development option has become a modification of the synthetic approach
Geographical determinism - the course of history is determined by the geographic environment
An obligatory component of historical science is the category
Historiography of history:
Historiography - History of historical science, its formation and development
The Short Course in the History of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, which appeared in 1938, secured the party's monopoly on historical truth.
Bayer, Miller - creators of the "Norman theory"
Gumilyov - "From Rus' to Russia"
Danilevsky - began the development of a civilizational approach
M.V. Lomonosov - the founder of the anti-Norman theory
Department of National History and Political Science
Dvoretsky E.V.
NATIONAL HISTORY
IN summary
Manual for updating knowledge
Belgorod 2009
Introduction
This manual is intended for students who have mastered the discipline "national history" to update the residual knowledge of the course.
The structure and content of the manual correspond to the content of the existing requirements: the program of the Federal Internet Exam, and the nature of the control questions.
The manual consists of sections corresponding to the main didactic units of the control program. Each section contains material grouped under the topics of the control program.
Separately, the manual presents:
Glossary of terms
List of historical personalities
List of historical concepts
Didactic unit 1
Theory and methodology of historical science:
Functions of historical knowledge:
The function of history from the point of view of society (society) is cultural
1. Cognitive function - identifying patterns of historical development.
2. The function of social memory is a way of identifying and orienting society and the individual.
In the Soviet period, Marxism was the official ideology, so the practical-political function of historical knowledge came to the fore.
4. Educational function - the formation of civil, moral values and qualities
Cicero's statement "History is the teacher of life" reflects the educational function of history
5. Predictive function – makes it easier to predict the future.
The function of historical knowledge, formulated in the statement of the German mathematician and philosopher G.V. Leibniz "The present, born of the past, gives birth to the future", is a function of prognostic
In the logical series of functions of historical knowledge, an extra element is the adaptive function
The highest level of historical knowledge is scientific and theoretical
History Study Methods
1. Comparative - comparison of historical objects in space, in time and identification of similarities and differences between them.
It consists in identifying a set of single-order phenomena of similarity and difference between them
2. Retrospective - sequential penetration into the past in order to identify the causes of an event, phenomenon.
3. Ideographic - description historical events and phenomena. Gets unique single information about an object
4. Typological - classification of historical phenomena, events, objects.
5. Genetic - describes the properties and functions of an event or phenomenon in the process of their reconstruction
6. Systemic - reveals the internal mechanism of functioning and development
7. Problem-chronological - the study of the sequence of historical events in time
8. Synchronous - the study of historical events occurring at the same time
9. Nomothetic - establishes the general, having the form of a law
History methodology:
1) Methodology - the doctrine of the methods (approaches) of research, illumination historical facts, scientific knowledge.
2) Theological approach - considers the historical process as the result of the manifestation of the divine will, the world spirit
3) Rationalism - An approach that considers the mind as the only source of knowledge and historical development
4) Subjectivism - the course of history is determined by outstanding people
5) Evolutionism:
- a doctrine that asserts that everything that exists is in the process of progressive development
An approach that considered history as the process of the ascent of mankind to more and more high level development
6) Marxism:
An approach according to which the historical process was presented as a successive change in the history of mankind of socio-economic formations
Methodology, according to which the historical process was presented as a successive change in the history of mankind of socio-economic formations
Marxist theory arose in the 19th century.
The creators of the formation theory were: K. Marx and F. Engels
Marxist understanding of the causes of the emergence of the state:
The formation of classes and the intensification of the struggle between them
Changing socio-economic relations
Marxism is characterized by the absolutization of the class struggle
Formation is the fundamental concept of Marxism
The Marxist approach in the history of human society defines 5 socio-economic formations
The linear development of society is a characteristic representation of Marxism
Marxist approach - the transition from one formation to another through social revolution
The dominant approach in the knowledge of the historical past in the Soviet period was the Marxist approach.
In accordance with the Marxist approach, the transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out through a social revolution
7) Civilizational approach - reveals the specifics and diversity of local human societies, considers history as the evolution of world and regional civilizations with common cultural and historical features
An important role in the development of civilizational methodology was played by N. Danilevsky, A. Toynbee, O. Spengler
8) Synthetic approach - combines different approaches
The concept of a catch-up development option has become a modification of the synthetic approach
Geographic determinism- the course of history is determined by the geographical environment
An obligatory component of historical science is the category
Historiography of history:
Historiography - History of historical science, its formation and development
Herodotus is called the father of history
Historical science arose in Russia in the 18th century.
In Russia, history as a science arises in connection with the study and critical reflection of sources in the 18th century.
At the origins of historical science in Russia were V.N. Tatishchev, M.V. Lomonosov
In the post-Petrine period, German historians based on the study of Russian chronicles created the Norman theory
A great influence on the development of historical science in Russia in the 30-40s of the 19th century was exerted by discussions between Westerners and Slavophiles.
The approach that considered Russian history as part of a pan-European progressive process was characteristic of Western historians.
The approach that considered Russian history as exclusively independent was characteristic of Slavophil historians.
Soviet historical science was influenced by the dictates of Marxism-Leninism
After October 1917, Marxism became the basis of Russian historiography
After October 1917, the creation of the Marxist concept of national history began in Russia.
After October 1917, the Marxist approach became the basis of Russian historiography.
Marxist historians began to actively develop the problems of socio-economic history in the second quarter of the 20th century.
The Short Course in the History of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, which appeared in 1938, secured the party's monopoly on historical truth.
Bayer, Miller - creators of the "Norman theory"
Gumilyov - "From Rus' to Russia"
Danilevsky - began the development of a civilizational approach
M.V. Lomonosov - the founder of the anti-Norman theory
P.N. Milyukov - Historian and politician, leader of the Cadets. Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Provisional Government
M.N. Pokrovsky – one of the founders of Soviet historical science. Bolshevik historian. He stood at the origins of Soviet historical science. Considered the founder of the Marxist concept of national history
B.A. Rybakov - Soviet Slavic-Russian archaeologist and historian. Author of the book "Paganism Ancient Rus'»
CM. Solovyov - founder of the state school of Russian historical science in the middle of the 19th century. gave an exceptional role to the geographical factor in the life of society and its history.
V.N. Tatishchev – a contemporary of Peter I, a participant in the Battle of Poltava. Together with Miller, he wrote the first generalizing work on the history of Russia. He became the founder of the "noble" historical science.
Didactic unit 2
Ancient Rus' and socio-political changes in the Russian lands in the XIII - XV centuries:
Formation and development of the Moscow (Russian) centralized state.
Formation of the Moscow state: the second half of the 15th - the first third of the 16th century.
The activities of Ivan III (1462 - 1505):
1) In 1478 he annexed the Novgorod Republic. Take out the bell
2) Annexed Tver in 1485.
3) Took the title "sovereign of all Rus'"
4) Introduced the "rules of St. George's Day" - limiting the exit of peasants from the feudal lord according to the Sudebnik of 1497 - The first serf measure in Russian legislation.
5) The elderly was introduced - a cash collection from peasants when leaving for another landowner (Sudebnik 1497)
6) 1480 - "Standing on the Ugra" - the overthrow of the Horde yoke
7) Adoption of the first all-Russian Sudebnik - 1497
8) Formation of the Moscow State
The political unification of the Russian lands under Ivan III ended with the annexation of the Novgorod Republic, the Principality of Tver
Vasily III - annexed Pskov and Ryazan
Trouble in Russia
The reason for the beginning of the Troubles was the suppression of the Rurik dynasty
The Beginning of the Time of Troubles - Boris Godunov
The reign of False Dmitry I - 1605 - 1606
1606 - the murder of False Dmitry I
1606 - 1610 - the reign of Vasily Shuisky
Creation of the Tushino camp - 1608- False Dmitry II
1610 - 1613 - "seven boyars"
1611 - the formation of the militia of P. Lyapunov, D. Trubetskoy and I. Zarutsky
Liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders– 1612
Bolotnikov's uprising: 1606 - 1607
Didactic unit 5
USSR in 1922 - 1953
Education of the USSR. Forced construction of socialism: industrialization, collectivization, cultural revolution. Political regime.
The "Declaration on the Formation of the USSR" and the "Union Treaty" were adopted in December 1922 by the First All-Union Congress of Soviets
The USSR was created as a voluntary association of republics on equal grounds– Leninist principle
I.V. Stalin as a project of unification Soviet republics a plan of "autonomization" was proposed - the entry of the Soviet republics into the RSFSR on the rights of autonomies
The Soviet model of the national state structure was based on:
the right of republics to freely secede from the USSR
delimitation of powers between the authorities of the union and union republics
Lenin's plan for a federal structure
equality of the union republics
the principle of broad self-government of the union republics
"New political thinking" -
A nationwide referendum on the preservation of the USSR was held
The dissolution of the USSR and the creation of the CIS took place in accordance with the Belovezhskaya agreements on December 8, 1991.
TERMS
1. "Arakcheevshchina" - the policy of militarization of the population through the creation of military settlements
2. Baskak - a representative of the Khan, who exercised control over the local authorities
3. Farm work - the work of a peasant for hire
4. "Bironovshchina" - The Board of Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1740)
5. Boyar - senior combatant
6. " Brusilovsky breakthrough» Russian army Southwestern Front- May 1916 (most significant success)
7. "Rebellious age" - XVII century.
8. Veche - a national assembly in Rus'
9. Vira - money penalty
10. Military settlements - A form of organization of troops that appeared during the reign of Alexander I, in which military service was combined with housekeeping
11. Estate - hereditary land ownership
12. Temporarily obligated condition of peasants - the obligation to work out the corvée and pay dues until the land is redeemed
13. Temporarily liable peasants - former serfs who were not transferred for redemption after the reform of 1861 and carried duties in favor of the landowners
14. Exit - the annual payment of the Russians to the Horde, tribute to the Golden Horde
15. Purchase - a farmer who took out a loan
16. "Forbidden years" - a ban on peasants to leave the owner even on St. George's Day, introduced by decrees at the end of the 16th century. (1581 and 1592)
17. Zemsky Sobor - an organ of class representation in the 16th - 17th centuries.
18. Zemstvos - all-estate self-government bodies - 1864
20. "The golden age of the Russian nobility" - the reign of Catherine II
21. "Zubatovshchina" - the policy of disintegrating the labor movement through the creation of police-controlled workers' organizations
22. Yoke - system of Horde domination over Russian lands
23. "Chosen Rada" - unofficial government under Ivan IV
24. Sharecropping - renting land by a peasant from a landowner for a share of the harvest
25. Historiography - History of historical science, its formation and development
26. State peasants - worked in factories instead of paying taxes to the state
27. Collectivization - transformation Agriculture in the 20s - 30s.
29. "Counter-reforms" - the internal policy of Alexander III, aimed at revising the reforms of the 1860-1870s.
30. Confiscation - gratuitous seizure of property of private individuals, including landed property after October revolution
31. "Kornilovshchina", Kornilov rebellion: an attempt by General Kornilov to carry out, relying on units loyal to him, a counter-revolutionary coup - 25-th of August
32. "Cross-kissing record" - an agreement between Vasily Shuisky and the boyars
34. Magistrate - body of city government
35. "Locality" - the procedure for appointment to public office in accordance with the nobility of the family
36. Methodology - the doctrine of the methods (approaches) of research, coverage of historical facts, scientific knowledge.
37. "Ministerial leapfrog" - transient shifts of ministers
38. Metropolitan - head of the Russian Orthodox Church in Kievan Rus
39. Modernization - the process of transforming all spheres of society and accelerating the pace of development
40. Monopolies - arisen in late XIX centuries of business associations that exercised control over markets by concentrating material and financial resources
41. "Neo-Stalinism" - the political rehabilitation of Stalin
42. "Novo-Ogarevsky process" - an attempt to develop a new Union Treaty
43. "New political thinking" - foreign policy course of M.S. Gorbachev
44. Oprichnina - territories allocated in the 1550-1570s. in a special destiny with a special army and state administration
45. Polyudye - a way of collecting tribute, a detour by a prince with a squad of subject lands to collect tribute
46. Posad - trade and craft settlement outside the walls of the Kremlin
47. Posadnik - an administrator who manages the city on behalf of the prince (in Novgorod - an elected position)
48. Graveyards - places of tribute collection
49. "Elderly" - a cash collection from peasants when leaving for another landowner
50. Estate - land ownership provided on the terms of service
51. Privatization - the transfer of state property into the hands of private individuals, joint-stock companies
52. "Progressive Bloc" - an inter-party coalition formed in the IV State Duma in 1915
53. Prodrazverstka - a system of procurement in the Soviet state during the civil war
54. Industrial revolution - Transition from manual labor to machine, from manufactory to factory
55. "Enlightened absolutism" - liberal reformism in the name of preserving the feudal system
56. Protectionism - the policy of encouraging domestic production by protecting it from foreign competition and imposing high duties on imported goods
57. Rasputinism - abuses associated with the activities of Grigory Rasputin, who enjoyed unlimited confidence in the royal family
58. "Russian Truth" - the first written code of laws of Ancient Rus'
59. Ryadovich – contract farmer
60. Secularization - the transformation of church property into state property
61. Tysyatsky - led the city militia in Ancient Rus' (in Novgorod - an elected position)
62. Ulus - a province in the Golden Horde
63. Lessons - a fixed amount of tribute introduced by Princess Olga
64. "Lesson years" - the period of investigation of fugitive peasants, initially - 5 years, then increased to 15 years.
65. The Constituent Assembly is a body called upon to finally and legally resolve the issue of the state and power in Russia
66. Khan - ruler of the Golden Horde
67. Evolutionism is a doctrine that asserts that everything that exists is in the process of progressive development
68. St. George's Day - a time limit on the right of peasants to leave the landowner, introduced by the Code of Laws of 1497
69. Label - khan's charter, giving the right to reign
Chronology of national history:
862 - the calling of Rurik
907 - Prince Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad (Constantinople)
945 - the murder of Igor by the Drevlyans
988 - Baptism of Rus'
1097 - Lubech Congress
1113 - 1125 - Reign of Vladimir Monomakh
1147 - the first annalistic mention of Moscow (Yuri Dolgoruky)
1223 - the first meeting of Russian troops with the Mongols, the battle on the river. Kalka
1240 - Battle of the Neva (Alexander Nevsky against the Swedes and Germans); fall of Kyiv under the Mongols
1237 - the invasion of Khan Batu (on North-Eastern Rus')
1242 – Battle on the Ice(on Lake Peipus) (Alexander Nevsky against the Swedes and Germans)
1243 - Formation of the Mongol state by Batu Khan Golden Horde on the lower Volga
1252-1263 - Reign of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky
1276 - 1303 - The reign of Daniil Alexandrovich. The beginning of the rise of Moscow. Formation of the Moscow Principality
1299 - Transfer of the metropolitan see from Kyiv to Vladimir
1326 - Transfer of the metropolitan see from Vladimir to Moscow
1327 - Uprising in Tver. Cholkhan was killed. Suppressed by Kalita. Label in the hands of Moscow
1382 - Tokhtamysh burned Moscow
1439 - Union of Florence
1462-1505 - The reign of Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich
1471 - Ivan III's campaign against Novgorod
1478 - The fall of the independence of Veliky Novgorod, its annexation to Moscow
1480 - "Great standing" on the Ugra river of Russians and Tatars, the overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke
1485 - joining Tver to Moscow
1497 - The first all-Russian Sudebnik of Ivan III. Decree on St. George's Day
1505 - 1533 - The reign of the Grand Duke Basil III Ivanovich
1510 - Accession of Pskov to Moscow
1521 - Accession of the Ryazan principality to Moscow
1533 - 1584 - The reign of Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible
1547 - wedding to the kingdom of Ivan IV
1549 - First Zemsky Sobor
1550 - Sudebnik of Ivan IV (confirmed the decree on St. George's Day, increased the old one)
1550 - The introduction of the archery troops. (3 thousand people)
1551 - Stoglavy Cathedral under Ivan IV the Terrible
1558-1584 – Livonian War for access to the Baltic Sea
1565 - 1572 Oprichnina of Ivan IV the Terrible
1581 - Yermak's campaign in Siberia
1581 - Introduction of "Forbidden Years" (temporary ban on peasant crossings)
1584 - 1598 the reign of the last Rurikovich - Fedor Ioannovich (actual ruler - Boris Godunov)
1589 - The establishment of the patriarchate under Fedor (the first patriarch - Job)
1597 - Decree of Tsar Fedor on "lesson years" (the term for detecting fugitives is 5 years)
1598 - the end of the Rurik dynasty
1598-1605 reign of Boris Godunov, beginning of the Time of Troubles
1603-1604 Rebellion of serfs in the suburbs under the leadership of Khlopko Kosolap
1605-1606 reign of False Dmitry I (Grigory Otrepiev). Overthrown by Muscovites and Shuisky
1606-1610 reign of Vasily Shuisky
1607 defeat of the Bolotnikov uprising
1608 - the creation of the Tushino camp 1607-1610 The uprising of False Dmitry II (Tushinsky thief)
1610-1612 reign of the Seven Boyars (Polish prince Vladislav was invited to the throne)
1612 Liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders
1613-1645 reign of the first Romanov - Tsar Mikhail Romanov
1645-1676 Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (Quiet)
1648-1649 - Salt riot
1649 "Cathedral Code" Alexei Mikhailovich
1654 completed the accession to Russia of Left-Bank Ukraine
1654 Beginning of Nikon's reforms. The split of the Russian church
1662 - Copper riot
1670-1671 Rebellion of Stepan Razin (from the Don to the Volga, further up the Volga)
1676-1682 Tsar Fedor Alekseevich
1682-1725 - Tsar, then Emperor Peter I (first under Sophia's regency)
1700-1721 – North War(accession to Russia of part of the Baltic coast)
1711 Senate instead of the Boyar Duma
1717-1721 12 colleges established by Peter I instead of outdated orders
1721 - the introduction of the Synod, the elimination of the patriarchate
1722 - introduction of the "Table of Ranks"
1725-1762 - the era of "palace coups"
1762 - 1796 - the reign of Catherine II, "enlightened absolutism"
1764 - Carrying out the secularization of church land ownership
1773-1775 - uprising under the hands. Pugacheva
1785 "Charters of Letters" of Catherine II: to the nobility and cities
1796 - 1801 - reign of Paul I
1801 - 1825 - reign of Alexander I
1802 - Collegiums were replaced by new central government bodies - ministries
1803 - adoption of the decree on "free cultivators"
1807 - Peace of Tilsit
1810.1 Jan. - Establishment of the State Council (existed until 1906). First Secretary of State of the State Council - M.M. Speransky
1812 - Patriotic war against the Napoleonic army
1818 - project by A.A. Arakcheev on the abolition of serfdom
1825 - 1855 - Nicholas I (Palkin)
1837-1841 "Kiselev reform" - the reform of the management of state peasants
1853-1856 – Crimean War(defeat)
1842 Decree "On obligated peasants" Nicholas I
1855-1881 - Alexander II the Liberator, carrying out "great reforms"
1874-1876 - "going to the people" of the revolutionary populists in order to raise the peasants to the revolution
1876 - the organization of revolutionary populists "Land and Freedom" was created in St. Petersburg
1881.1 Mar. Assassination of Alexander II
1881-1894 - Alexander III Peacemaker, carrying out counter-reforms
1881 - transfer of former serfs to the mandatory redemption of land
1883 - in Geneva, Plekhanov created the first Russian Marxist group, called the "Emancipation of Labor"
1897 - the introduction of the gold ruble during the forced industrialization of S.Yu. Witte
1898 - the emergence of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP)
1903 - the split of the RSDLP into two wings - the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks - at the II Party Congress
1904-1905 - Russo-Japanese War
1905 - 1907 - the first Russian revolution
1905 - Issuance of a decree on the abolition of peasant redemption payments
1905 January 9 - "Bloody Sunday" (execution of a peaceful procession to the Winter Palace on January 9) - the beginning of the first Russian revolution
October 17, 1905 "Manifesto of October 17" on the introduction of democratic freedoms and the election of the State Duma
1906 - Decree on the withdrawal of peasants from the community and the right to secure allotment land in personal property (beginning Stolypin reform)
1906-1916 Stolypin agrarian reform
1907-1912 III Duma
1915 - the creation of the Progressive Bloc, the transformation of the IV State Duma into an opposition center
1917-1921 "War Communism"
1918 November - Brest Peace terminated after the accomplishment of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in Germany, the end of World War I
1922 - Treaty of Rapallo with Germany on the restoration of diplomatic relations in full
1922 - Genoa Conference
1924-1925 - the beginning of the "streak of diplomatic recognition" of the USSR
1921-1928 - NEP
1928 - the beginning of forced industrialization
1929 - transition to complete collectivization
1933 - The USSR headed for the creation of a system in Europe collective security After the Nazis came to power in Germany
1934 - USSR joins the League of Nations
1939 - The USSR was expelled from the League of Nations as an aggressor
1939-1940 - Soviet-Finnish war
1940 - entry Soviet troops to the Baltics and Moldova
1941 - as part of the USSR - 16 republics
1945 - creation of the UN
1949 - Creation of NATO
1949 - the elimination of the US monopoly on nuclear weapons, testing the first atomic bomb USSR
1950-1953 - Korean War as part of the Cold War
1953 - death of Stalin
1953 - 1964 - "thaw", the reign of Khrushchev
1954 - the beginning of the development of virgin and fallow lands
1955 - creation of the Department of Internal Affairs
1956 - XX Congress of the CPSU, debunking the personality cult of Stalin
1957 - launch of the first artificial satellite Earth
1957 - creation of economic councils
1961 - adoption of the III program - building communism
1961 - first manned flight into space
1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis as part of the Cold War
1962 - suppression of workers' protests in Novocherkassk
1964 – 1982 - Brezhnev's rule, Stagnation
1970s, first half - international détente
1977 - the adoption of the third Constitution of the USSR, which stipulates that the CPSU is the "core of the political system"
1980 - boycott of the Moscow Olympics by Western countries as part of the "cold war"
1988 - XIX All-Union Party Conference - the beginning of the reform of the political system
1990 - introduction of the post of President of the USSR
1990 - the abolition of Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR, which secured the monopoly position of the CPSU in society
1991, 8 Dec. - the dissolution of the USSR and the creation of the CIS (Belovezhskaya agreements) - 12 states at the turn of the century
1991 - the first presidential elections in Russia
1992-1993 - political crisis, confrontation between the legislative and executive branches of government
1992, 31 Mar. – the signing of the Federal Treaty, which contributed to the strengthening of the Russian state
1993 - introduction of a state of emergency, shelling and storming of the "White House"
1993 - dissolution of the Supreme Council and the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR
1994 - completion of withdrawal Russian troops from Central and of Eastern Europe
1998 - default under Kiriyenko
2000 - election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation
2005 - monetization of benefits
2006 - national projects
2006 - creation of the Public Chamber
Personalities:
Alexander I (1801-1825)
Alexander II (1855-1881)
Andrey Bogolyubsky - Prince of Vladimir and Suzdal
Andrei Kurbsky - governor, member of the Elected Rada under Ivan IV
Arakcheev - who actually ruled the country in 1815-1825. temporary worker of Alexander I (introduced military settlements, author of one of the projects for the abolition of serfdom)
Beria L.P. - People's Commissar of Internal Affairs
Brusilov A.A. - leader of the largest offensive on the Russian-German front (1st World War)
Witte - carried out forced industrialization, introduced a wine monopoly
Voroshilov K.E. - People's Commissar of Defense
Wrangel P.N. - commanded the troops of southern Russia in the Crimea (white movement)
Vsevolod the Big Nest - Prince of Vladimir and Suzdal
Gaidar - in the early 90s of the XX century. conducts price liberalization, begins privatization, conducts "shock therapy"
Godunov Boris - the beginning of the Time of Troubles is connected with his reign
Gorbachev - the first president of the USSR
Davydov - participant Patriotic War 1812, one of the founders of the partisan movement
Daniil Alexandrovich - the first Moscow prince (1276-1303), son of Alexander Nevsky
Denikin A.I. - from January 1920 "Supreme Ruler of the Russian State"
Donskoy Dmitry - Prince of Moscow (1359-1389), victory in the Battle of Kulikovo over Mamai
Catherine I - wife of Peter I, reign in the era of palace coups (1725-27)
Catherine II - "enlightened absolutism"
Ivan I Kalita - Prince of Moscow (1325-1340)
Ivan III (1462 - 1505) - introduced the "rule of St. George's Day", took the title of "sovereign of all Rus'"
Ivan IV the Terrible (1533 - 1584) - conquered the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, convened the Stoglavy Cathedral, introduced the oprichnina
Kaganovich L.M. - People's Commissar of Railways (1935 - 42)
Kiriyenko is the prime minister who defaulted in 1998
Kirov S.M. - First Secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee and City Party Committee and Secretary of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks from 1934
Kiselev - under Nicholas I carried out a reform of the management of state peasants (1837-41)
Kolchak A.V. - was the supreme ruler of Russia since November 1918 (white movement)
Lunacharsky A.V. - the first people's commissar of education
Merkulov V.N. - People's Commissar for State Security (1941)
Molotov V.M. - People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs
Otrepiev Grigory - the alleged name of False Dmitry I ( Time of Troubles)
Peter I - the first Russian emperor(since 1721), years of government - 1682-1725; introduced a poll tax, recruitment duty
Plekhanov - created in exile the first Russian Marxist group "Emancipation of Labor" (1883)
Pokrovsky - historian of the 20th century, the era of revolutionary upheavals
Potemkin - favorite of Catherine II, won Crimea from Turkey
Razin - the leader of the uprising of 1670-71.
Solovyov - historian of the 19th century, the era of bourgeois reforms
Speransky - a reformer of the era of Alexander I (offers a draft reform government controlled, the establishment of the State Council,), under Nicholas I, codifies laws
Stalin I.V. - General Secretary of the CPSU (b)
Stolypin - Chairman of the Council of Ministers, who held in 1906-1911 agrarian reform
Tarakanova E. - an adventurer who pretended to be the daughter of Elizabeth Petrovna and A.G. Razumovsky
Tatishchev - the first Russian historian of the era of Peter I, the founder of historical science, who made an attempt to create the first generalizing work on history
Fradkov, prime minister under Putin, monetized benefits
Furtseva E.A. - Minister of Culture of the USSR
Chernomyrdin - Prime Minister under Yeltsin, denominates the ruble,
supports the fuel and energy complex
Yudenich N.N. - Commander of the White Guard North-Western Army, led the offensive against Petrograd
Yuri Danilovich - Prince of Moscow (1303-1325), fought with Tver (Mikhail of Tver)
Concepts:
"Autonomization" - Stalin's project for the unification of the Soviet republics
Barbarossa - plan lightning war against the USSR
"Brusilovsky breakthrough" - a heroic page in the history of World War I
"Rebellious Age" - XVII century.
"Great reforms" - reforms carried out by Alexander II
"Great turning point" - a concept related to the collectivization of agriculture
Votchina - hereditary land ownership ( Kievan Rus)
Military settlements - a form of organization of troops that appeared during the reign of Alexander I, in which military service was combined with housekeeping
"War Communism" - the economic policy of the period of the civil war
Temporarily liable peasants - former serfs who were not transferred for redemption after the reform of 1861 and carried duties in favor of the landowners
All-Russian Emergency (VChK) - a commission to combat counter-revolution, sabotage and speculation, created in December 1917. chaired by F.E. Dzerzhinsky
"Democratic impulse of war" - hopes for broad democratic transformations after the Great Patriotic War
Deportation - forced resettlement of a number of peoples in the 1930s-1940s.
Twenty-five-thousanders - a concept that characterizes the policy of complete collectivization of agriculture
"Charter to the nobility" - a document of 1785, securing the rights and privileges of the nobility
Purchase - a peasant who took a loan
Zemsky Sobor - class-representative body
Zemstvos are all-estate bodies of local self-government created under the reform of 1864.
Industrialization - the process of creating large-scale machine production in industry and other sectors of the economy
Elected Rada - unofficial government under Ivan IV
Boards - central government bodies that replaced orders
Collectivization - the transformation of agriculture in the USSR in the late 1920s - early 1930s.
Conversion - the transfer of the economy from military production to peaceful rails after the Second World War
"Conditions" - the conditions for limiting the royal power proposed by Anna Ioannovna
Confiscation - gratuitous seizure of property of individuals, incl. landownership after the October Revolution
Cosmopolitanism - the struggle in the post-war period (after the Great Patriotic War) with "groveling before the West"
“Cross-kissing record” - during the reign of V. Shuisky, this is the first agreement between the king and his subjects
"Bloody Sunday" - execution in St. Petersburg on January 9, 1905 of a peaceful procession to the Winter Palace with
Synchronous - the study of historical events occurring at the same time
Nomothetic - establishes a general, having the form of a law
Methodology History
A science that does not belong to the auxiliary historical disciplines is ... Numismatics
An important role in the development of the civilizational approach was played by ... N. Danilevsky and O. Spengler, Toynbee
The approach, according to which the course of history is determined by the geographical environment, is called ...
Geographic determinism
The dominant approach in the knowledge of the historical past in the Soviet period was _______________ approach.
Marxist
theological approach
The approach, according to which the historical process was presented as a successive change in the history of mankind of socio-economic formations, was called ...
Marxism
The approach that considered history as the process of mankind's ascent to an ever higher level of development was called ...
Evolutionism
A major role in the development of the civilizational approach was played by...
O. Spengler and A. Toynbee
The methodology, according to which the historical process was presented as a successive change in the history of mankind of socio-economic formations, was called ...
Marxism
The approach that regards the mind as the only source of knowledge and historical development is ...
Rationalism
The founders of the formational approach to history were ... K. Marx, F. Engels
In accordance with the Marxist approach, the transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out through ... social revolution
A major role in the development of civilizational methodology was played by...
N. Danilevsky and A. Toynbee
Marxist theory arose in the ______ century. 19
Consideration of the historical process as a result of the manifestation of the divine will, the world spirit is characteristic of ... theological approach
The creators of the formation theory were ...
K. Marx and F. Engels
The concept of a catch-up development option has become a modification of the ____________ approach.
Synthetic
The Marxist approach in the history of human society defines _________ socio-economic (s) formations (s).
Five
The approach in which the course of history is determined by outstanding people has been called ...
Subjectivism
Consideration of the historical process as a result of the manifestation of the divine will, the world spirit is characteristic of ...
Theological approach
The civilizational approach to history corresponds to the thesis of
Diversity of local human societies
Historiography History
After October 1917, the creation of the _______________ concept of national history began.
Marxist
Russian writer, publicist and statesman N.M. Karamzin in 1816-1817 published the first eight volumes of his work...
"History of Russian Goverment"
In modern historical science, the anthropological approach has become widespread, which assigns a priority role to
man, his inner world
After October 1917, the national historiography was based on ...
Marxism
The founder of the Marxist concept of national history is considered ...
M.N. Pokrovsky
In the XVIII century. German historians I. Bayer, G. Miller created ...
Norman theory
The two founders of the theological approach to the study of history were...
Aurelius Augustine (Blessed), Thomas Aquinas
The history of historical science, its formation and development is called ...
Historiography
Diktat influenced Soviet historical science...
Marxism-Leninism
Appeared in 1938, "A short course in the history of the CPSU (b)" ...
Secured the party's monopoly on historical truth
IN. Klyuchevsky
The ancestor of Russian historical science is a participant in the reforms of Peter the Great, the author of the work "Russian History"
V.N. Tatishchev
The approach that considered Russian history as exclusively independent was characteristic of historians-...
Slavophiles
To a new look historical sources, which has become widespread in Russia since the second half of the 1990s. relate...
Periodical press materials
In modern historical science, the anthropological approach has become widespread, which assigns a priority role to ...
geographical factor
After October 1917, the creation of the ____________ concept of national history began in Russia.
Marxist
The monument of moralistic literature of the 16th century is
"Russian Truth"
All-Russian chronicle, compiled in the 12th century. in Kyiv, the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor, is called ...
"The Tale of Bygone Years"
In Russia, history as a science arises in connection with the study and critical reflection of sources in the _______ century.
The founder of anti-Normanism is considered to be a Russian scientist - an encyclopedist ...
M.V. Lomonosov
The approach that considered Russian history as part of a pan-European progressive process was characteristic of historians-...
Westerners
The first critic of the Norman theory of the origin of the Old Russian state was a Russian scientist
M.V. Lomonosov
At the origins of historical science in Russia were...
Marxist historians began to actively develop the problems of socio-economic history in the second quarter of the 20th century.
After October 1917, the Marxist approach became the basis of Russian historiography.
After October 1917, the creation of the Marxist concept of national history began in Russia.
After October 1917 ᴦ. Marxism was put in the basis of Russian historiography
Soviet historical science was influenced by the dictates of Marxism-Leninism
The approach that considered Russian history as exclusively independent was characteristic of Slavophil historians.
The approach that considered Russian history as part of a pan-European progressive process was characteristic of Western historians.
A great influence on the development of historical science in Russia in the 30-40s of the 19th century was exerted by discussions between Westerners and Slavophiles.
In the post-Petrine period, German historians based on the study of Russian chronicles created the Norman theory
At the origins of historical science in Russia were V.N. Tatishchev, M.V. Lomonosov
In Russia, history as a science arises in connection with the study and critical reflection of sources in the 18th century.
Historical science arose in Russia in the 18th century.
Herodotus is called the father of history
Theme 4
An important role in the development of civilizational methodology was played by N. Danilevsky, A. Toynbee, O. Spengler
In accordance with the Marxist approach, the transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out through a social revolution
The dominant approach in the knowledge of the historical past in the Soviet period was the Marxist approach.
The Marxist approach in the history of human society defines 5 socio-economic formations
The linear development of society is a characteristic representation of Marxism
Marxist approach - the transition from one formation to another through social revolution
7) Civilizational approach - reveals the specifics and diversity of local human societies, considers history as the evolution of world and regional civilizations with common cultural and historical features
8) Synthetic approach - combines different approaches
The concept of a catch-up development option has become a modification of the synthetic approach
Geographical determinism - the course of history is determined by the geographic environment
An obligatory component of historical science is the category
Historiography of history:
Historiography - History of historical science, its formation and development
The Short Course in the History of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, which appeared in 1938, consolidated the party's monopoly on historical truth. Bayer, Miller - the creators of the "Norman theory"
Gumilyov - "From Rus' to Russia"
Danilevsky - began the development of a civilizational approach
M.V. Lomonosov - the founder of the anti-Norman theory
Method of creative reading At the beginning of the XX century. many advanced teachers in reading lessons began to use active creative methods of work: drawing, modeling, dramatization, etc. In the Russian language programs issued by the People's Commissariat for Education in 1920, there was an independent department ... [read more]
From the end of the War of Independence in 1783 to the start civil war in 1861 the territory of the USA increased several times. During the "Indian Wars" there was a seizure of land by the indigenous population - the Indians. In 1803, T. Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon for $15 million -... [read more]
Changes in the economy, demography, technical equipment of cities. Construction railways(344 thousand km of railway lines) - in Europe, militarization à growth of industrial. centers. Construction of cities - satellites connected economically. Development trend big cities and... [read more]
Sociobiology Appearing in the 80s of sociobiology as a new co-social behaviorism of the sociological system is a memorable phenomenon in the development of sociology. The essence of sociobiology is based on the development of the biological foundations of the general forms of the social behavior of a person. On the thought of one of ... [read more]
The beginnings of the emergence of new methods reached the first half of the XX century. the bula is marked by superhumanly different forms, structure and types of microorganism metabolism. In the 30th century, the Dutch teachings of A.Ya. Kluiver and representatives of the yoga school as a result of reaching ... [read more]
Neurosis is a chronic disorder of higher nervous activity, caused by psycho-emotional overstrain and manifested by violations of the integral activity of the brain - behavior, sleep, emotional sphere and somato-vegetative activity. This is a psychogenic illness, ... [read more]
The military defeat of Germany in the First World War, internal, social and class contradictions, the influence of events in Russia led to a revolutionary explosion in November 1918. As a result, the imperial power of the Hohenzollern dynasty and order was eliminated in Germany ...
Historiography of history
1. The founder of the "noble" historical science, who made an attempt to create the first generalizing work on the history of Russia, is considered ...
a) V.N. Tatishchev
b) S. M. Solovyov
c) L.N. Gumilyov
d) M.N. Pokrovsky
2. The founder of the Marxist concept of national history is considered ...
a) M.V. Lomonov
b) V.N. Tatishchev
c) V.O. Klyuchevsky
d) M.N. Pokrovsky
4. In the post-Petrine period, German historians, based on the study of Russian chronicles, created ...
a) anti-Norman theory
b) "the theory of official nationality"
c) the theory of "Russian socialism"
d) Norman theory
5. The founder of anti-Normanism is considered ...
a) M.V. Lomonosov
b) V.O. Klyuchevsky
c) V.N. Tatishchev
d) M.N. Pokrovsky
6. After October 1917, Russian historiography was based on ...
a) voluntarism
b) Marxism
c) rationalism
d) subjectivism
7. In the XVIII century. German historians I. Bayer, G. Miller created ...
a) "theory of official nationality"
b) anti-Norman theory
c) Norman theory
d) the theory of "Russian socialism"
8. The founder of anti-Normanism is considered to be a Russian scientist - an encyclopedist ...
a) L.N. Gumilyov
b) V.O. Klyuchevsky
c) M.V. Lomonosov
d) S.M. Solovyov
9. The founder of anti-Normanism is considered to be a Russian scientist - an encyclopedist ...
a) V.N. Tatishchev
b) B.A. Rybakov
c) M.V. Lomonosov
d) N.M. Karamzin
10. After October 1917, the creation of the ____________ concept of national history began in Russia.
a) bourgeois
b) Marxist
c) philosophical
d) populist
11. The history of historical science, its formation and development is called ...
a) source
b) historiography
c) methodology
d) ethnography
12. After October 1917, the ____________ approach became the basis of Russian historiography.
a) civilizational
b) evolutionary
c) theological
d) Marxist
13. After October 1917, the creation of the _______________ concept of national history began.
a) civilizational
b) Marxist
c) theological
d) evolutionary
14. Appeared in 1938 "A short course in the history of the CPSU (b)" ...
a) introduced a pluralistic approach to the study of the historical past
b) secured the party's monopoly on historical truth
c) opened the era of glasnost in the study of history
d) opened the "thaw" period
15. In Russia, history as a science arises in connection with the study and critical reflection of sources in the _______ century.
a) XV
b)XX
c) XVIII
d) XVII
16. At the origins of historical science in Russia were ...
a) S.M. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky
b) V.N. Tatishchev, M.V. Lomonosov
c) V.I. Lenin, G.V. Plekhanov
d) N. Danilevsky, A. Toynbee
17. Discussions between…
a) Westerners and Slavophiles
b) revolutionary and liberal populists
c) Marxists and Socialist-Revolutionaries
d) Cadets and Octobrists
18. The approach that considered Russian history as part of a pan-European progressive process was characteristic of historians - ...
a) populists
b) monarchists
c) Slavophiles
d) Westerners
19. The approach, which considered Russian history as exclusively independent, was typical for historians - ...
a) anarchists
b) Westerners
c) Slavophiles
d) Decembrists
20. Diktat influenced Soviet historical science...
a) autocracy
b) Marxism-Leninism
c) theology
d) civilizational approach
21. An outstanding Russian historian was ...
a) N.M. Karamzin
b) I.M. Sechenov
c) N.I. Lobachevsky
d) I.I. Mechnikov
22. Historian - Bolshevik was ...
a) S.M. Solovyov
b) P.N. Milyukov
c) M.N. Pokrovsky
d) V.O. Klyuchevsky
23. An outstanding Russian historian was ...
a) G.R.Derzhavin
b) S.M. Solovyov
c) F. Prokopovich
d) I.I. Polzunov
24. "The Course of Russian History" became the pinnacle of creativity ...
a) V.O. Klyuchevsky
b) S.M. Solovyova
c) N.I. Kostomarova
d) N.M. Karamzina
25. The largest noble historian of the second quarter of the 18th century. was…
a) V.N. Tatishchev
b) N.M. Karamzin
c) A.N. Radishchev
d) A.I. Herzen
Historiography of national history
1. Compare historians and their works.
1) N. Karamzin
2) V. Klyuchevsky
3) M. Pokrovsky
a) "Historical Science and Class Struggle"
b) "Course of Russian History"
c) "History of the Russian State"
2. Match the name of the historical school and the period of its formation.
1) noble historiography
2) revolutionary historiography
3) public school
a) second half of the 18th century
b) the end of the XVIII century.
c) the middle of the 19th century.
3. Match historians and schools of thought.
1) N. Karamzin
2) N. Novikov
3) K. Aksakov
a) enlightenment
b) sentimentalism
c) Slavophilism
4. Match the names and works of historians of the 20th century.
1) M. Tikhomirov
2) B. Rybakov
3) L. Gumilyov
a) "Paganism of Ancient Rus'"
b) "Ancient Moscow XII-XV centuries"
c) "From Rus' to Russia"
History Methodology
1. Consideration of the historical process as a result of the manifestation of the divine will, the world spirit is characteristic of ...
a) theological approach
b) geographical determinism
c) subjectivism
d) Marxism
2. Consideration of the historical process as a result of the manifestation of the divine will, the world spirit is characteristic of ...
a) theological approach
b) Marxism
c) evolutionism
d) rationalism
3. The approach, according to which the course of history is determined by the geographical environment, is called ...
a) geographical determinism
b) geography
c) rationalism
d) geology
4. The approach, according to which the course of history is determined by outstanding people, was called ...
a) subjectivism
b) Marxism
c) rationalism
d) theological
5. The approach, according to which the course of history is determined by outstanding people, was called ...
a) determinism
b) evolutionism
c) synthetic
d) subjectivism
6. The approach that considered history as the process of mankind's ascent to an ever higher level of development was called ...
a) theological
b) evolutionism
c) subjectivism
d) voluntarism
7. The approach that considered history as the process of the ascent of mankind to an ever higher level of development was called ...
a) evolutionism
b) theological
c) geographical determinism
d) subjectivism
8. The approach, according to which the historical process was presented as a successive change in the history of mankind of socio-economic formations, was called ...
a) civilizational
b) Marxism
c) rationalism
9. The methodology, according to which the historical process was presented as a successive change in the history of mankind of socio-economic formations, was called ...
a) subjectivism
b) objectivism
c) Marxism
d) voluntarism
10. The creators of the formation theory were ...
a) G. Plekhanov and V. Zasulich
b) V. Lenin and Yu. Martov
c) N. Danilevsky and A. Toynbee
d) K. Marx and F. Engels
11. The approach that considers the mind as the only source of knowledge and historical development is ...
a) subjectivism
b) rationalism
c) evolutionism
d) Marxism
12. An approach that considers reason the only source of knowledge and historical development is ...
a) class
b) rationalism
c) formational
d) geographical determinism
13. A big role in the development of civilizational methodology was played by…
a) S. Solovyov and V. Klyuchevsky
b) V. Lenin and G. Plekhanov
c) K. Marx and F. Engels
d) N. Danilevsky and A. Toynbee
14. The dominant approach in the knowledge of the historical past in the Soviet period was _______________ approach.
a) synthetic
b) Marxist
c) theological
d) civilizational
15. In accordance with the Marxist approach, the transition from one socio-economic formation to another is carried out through ...
a) cultural revolution
b) economic reforms
c) educational policy
d) social revolution
16. The concept of a catch-up development option has become a modification of the ____________ approach.
a) Marxist
b) theological
c) synthetic
d) civilizational
17. The Marxist approach in the history of human society determines _________ socio-economic (s) formations (s).
a) two
b) five
c) four
d) three
18. Marxist theory arose in the ______ century.
a) XXI
b) XIX
c)XX
d) XVII
19. A big role in the development of the civilizational approach was played by…
a) S. Solovyov and V. Tatishchev
b) N. Karamzin and M. Lomonosov
c) O. Spengler and A. Toynbee
d) V. Lenin and G. Plekhanov
20. A major role in the development of the civilizational approach was played by ...
a) N. Karamzin and V. Solovyov
b) M. Lomonosov and V. Tatishchev
c) N. Danilevsky and O. Spengler
d) P. Pestel and N. Muravyov
21. Name the approach that considered history as a process of ascent to an ever higher level of development.
a) subjectivism
b) evolutionism
c) synthetic
d) theological
22. Methodology is…
a) theory scientific research
b) the theory of scientific and cognitive activity, aimed at studying and developing methods of scientific knowledge
c) scientific discipline about the patterns of historical development
d) a scientific discipline that studies the laws of the historical process
23. One of the main tasks in the knowledge of social processes is the disclosure ...
a) biological conditioning of human society
b) social functions and their role in the development of the social whole
c) the influence of natural and climatic conditions on a person
d) subject and object of historical knowledge
24. The emergence of Marxism refers to ...
a) late XVIII V.
b) the middle of the 19th century.
c) the beginning of the 18th century.
d) the beginning of the 20th century.
25. One of the main methodological approaches of modern historical science is ...
a) subjective
b) class
c) civilizational
d) formational
26. Methodology is…
a) collection statistical methods research
b) the ability to arrange events in chronological order
c) descriptive research
d) set of basic approaches and research methods
27. Formative approach to the study and presentation of history does not match position -...
a) human history is one
b) progressivity of historical development
c) all countries go through the same stages of development
d) the historical process is discontinuous
28. Civilizational approach to history does not match position -...
a) the historical process is discontinuous
b) each community of people goes through certain stages of development, in many respects similar to human ages
c) each community of people has a unique look and bright characteristic features
d) human history is one
29. The founder of the theory of formations was ...
a) V.I. Lenin
b) A. Toynbee
c) K. Marx
d) I.V. Stalin
30. One of the prominent representatives of the civilizational approach to history is ...
a) F. Engels
b) V.O.Klyuchevsky
c) A.Toynbee
d) K. Marx
History Study Methods
1. Establish a correspondence between the method of historical knowledge and its definition ...
1) typological
2) retrospective
3) synchronous
a) the study of historical events occurring at the same time
c) sequential penetration into the past in order to identify the cause of the event
2. Establish a correspondence between the method of historical knowledge and its definition ...
1) comparative
2) typological
3) problem-chronological
c) study of the sequence of historical events in time
3. Establish a correspondence between the method of historical knowledge and its definition ...
1) comparative
2) retrospective
3) ideographic
4. Establish a correspondence between the method of historical knowledge and its definition ...
1) systemic
2) typological
3) comparative
a) classification of historical phenomena, events, objects
b) comparison of historical objects in space and time
5. Establish a correspondence between the method of historical knowledge and its definition ...
1) systemic
2) retrospective
3) synchronous
a) disclosure of internal mechanisms of functioning and development
b) sequential penetration into the past in order to identify the cause of the event
c) the study of different historical events occurring at the same time
6. Specify the correct correspondence between the method and its definition ...
1) comparative
2) systemic
3) problem-chronological
b) comparison of historical objects in space, in time
c) disclosure of internal mechanisms of functioning and development of historical phenomena, objects
7. Specify the correct correspondence between the method and its definition ...
1) ideographic
2) typological
3) problematic - chronological
a) classification of historical phenomena, events, objects
b) study of the sequence of historical events in time
c) description of historical events and phenomena
8. Specify the correct correspondence between the method and its definition ...
1) ideographic
2) comparative
3) typological
a) description of historical events and phenomena
b) classification of historical phenomena, events, objects
c) comparison of historical objects in space, in time
9. Specify the correct correspondence between the method and its definition ...
1) systemic
2) ideographic
3) synchronous
a) disclosure of internal mechanisms of functioning and development of historical phenomena, objects
c) the study of different historical objects occurring at the same time
10. Indicate the correct correspondence between the method and its definition ...
1) ideographic
2) systemic
3) problem-chronological
a) study of the sequence of historical events in time
b) description of historical events and phenomena
c) disclosure of internal mechanisms of functioning and development