To the greatest extent, the culture of Ancient Russia can be judged by architectural monuments. In pre-Christian Russia, there were wonderful wooden buildings, including churches, but with the advent of Christianity, the stone construction (at first under the guidance of Byzantine masters). The Byzantine cross-domed temple became the main architectural form in Russia. One of the first such buildings was Church of the Assumption of the Virgin near Kyiv (989-996). It had 25 heads and occupied 900 m 2 , a tithe of the prince's income was allocated for its maintenance. It was destroyed by Batu in 1240. The majestic 13-domed cathedral Kyiv Sofia was erected under Yaroslav the Wise. The name of the cathedral, the same as Constantinople, testified to the claims of Kyiv to equality with Constantinople, Russia with Byzantium. Mosaics on the walls and floor, frescoes depicting not only religious, but also everyday scenes - buffoon dances, bear hunting, as well as the families of Yaroslav and other princes, have been preserved. However, in the very symbolism Russian Orthodox Church from the very beginning there was a strict adherence to the classical Byzantine canons. In Russia, even before that, domed churches were built, and now the domed space was occupied by the Almighty, as if reigning over the world. In the apse (rounded altar part) was the Mother of God praying. On the vaults, pillars and walls, in a complex hierarchical order, archangels were depicted - Christ's army, then - prophets, church fathers, martyrs, scenes from the New Testament.
In the 30s. XI century, stone Golden Gate with the gate church of the Annunciation. Saint Sophia Cathedral was built (in 1045-1050) also in Novgorod. The features of Russian northern architecture are already clear in it, it is stricter, more powerful than limestone walls. Cathedrals were built in Polotsk, Chernigov and even in Tmutarakan, in the very south of Kievan Rus, in a city so far away in those days that it even seemed rather fabulous. In the excavations of Russian cities, it was possible to find traces of civil construction in the X-XI centuries, quite solid.
Outstanding works of ancient Russian culture were created in the region literature. Her highest achievements are, of course, annals. The oldest of them is Tale of Bygone Years”, the authorship of which is attributed to Nestor. It was preserved only in handwritten copies - in the collection of 1377 under the title Laurentian manuscript(by the name of the scribe monk), where later events were attributed, the Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh and the Suzdal Chronicle (until 1305) were added, as well as in Ipatiev manuscript beginning of the 15th century. Nestor is credited with the authorship of the first "Lives" - Boris and Gleb, as well as Theodosius of the Caves. A striking example of solemn eloquence is " A Word on Law and Grace» XI century. There are also translations of the early Christian church fathers - John Chrysostom, Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa. The "Christian Topography" by Kozma Indikoplov, famous in medieval Europe, enjoyed wide popularity. Translators, as a rule, gave their own interpretation of events, adding a lot of their own, which made translation an independent genre.
The creation of books was an art in itself, complex and responsible. Even after the appearance of the printing press in Russia, for a long time they wrote on parchment made from calfskin. Goose feathers dipped in ink or cinnabar were used for this. The complexity and high cost of the work made it necessary to save writing: words were not separated, the most commonly used words were abbreviated under “titles”. The solemn, strict handwriting of the 11th-13th centuries was called authorized. Nevertheless, the pages of the books were decorated with artistic miniatures, capital letters were intricately written out. The binding-salary was made of wood and covered with embossed leather, often decorated with gold or silver, precious stones, enamel. Most famous Ostromir Gospel 11th century and Mstislav Gospel XII century.
The most important place both in the church service and in everyday life belonged to music. Already in the first handwritten books there were songs for worship, at first Greek and Bulgarian masters of church singing were invited. Hymns were also composed in honor of their own saints. The earliest of these is kontakion(solemn chant) in memory of the innocently murdered Boris and Gleb. Church singing for a long time was monophonic, as in Europe.
was not forgotten and folk music. Not only ordinary people sang and danced, but also the nobility. Professional musicians also appeared at princely courts. A special phenomenon of folk, "laughter" culture in Russia were buffoons, combining musicians, singers, dancers, acrobats, jugglers, magicians, jesters, mercenaries. The Tale of Bygone Years speaks of buffoons who played the harp, nozzles, tambourines, horns, trumpets, horns, pipes, strings, bagpipes. Fanfares sounded at solemn events. The people loved the collective games arranged for domestic and agricultural holidays.
Works of artistic culture were also created by masters crafts. In Kievan Rus, metalworking, pottery and jewelry were developed. Products of Russian jewelers were in great demand. They were made in the technique grains- a soldered pattern of many balls, filigree- drawings from thin wire, created with high skill enamel.
The collapse of Kievan Rus
Two and a half centuries of peaceful, creative life were replaced by strife and civil strife that began immediately after the death of Vladimir Monomakh in 1125. In 1132, all the principalities of Russia left Kyiv, and feudal fragmentation set in. Russian cities began to separate, which are now usually attributed to the Golden Ring - Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov the Great. Andrey Bogolyubsky(1111-1174), the son of Yuri Dolgoruky, declaring Vladimir the capital of the Rostov-Suzdal principality, moved there from Kyiv the main shrine - the Byzantine icon of the Mother of God, which was a symbol of Orthodox Russia. He even renamed this icon to Mother of God of Vladimir. Was built in Vladimir and the temple Assumption of the Virgin. Even with the names of the temple and icons, Vladimir opposed himself to Kyiv and Novgorod with their temples of Sophia.
In 1169, the troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky captured Kyiv and plundered it. “And the whole Russian land was torn apart,” it is written in one of the chronicles, where the unrestrained multiplication of principalities with inevitable strife was called “the death of the Russian land.” The Tatar-Mongol invaders did not fail to take advantage of this. “Because of our sins, unknown, godless peoples came, and no one knows who they are, where they come from, what their language is,” the Tver chronicle mourns. Even the invasion did not unite the principalities intoxicated with liberty (by that time there were about 50), each of which hoped to stay away, some even colluded with the invaders in the struggle for power. Andrei himself was killed. True, at the beginning of the strife there was still an attempt to stop them. In 1147, the prince Yuri Dolgoruky(end of the 11th century - 1157) a new city was founded exactly in the middle of the Suzdal principality - Moscow. Not soon, however, she managed to become a new center for rallying the Russian lands.
artisticculture
Medieval Russia.
Kievan Rus.
Medieval Russian art embraces from above
eight centuries. Its countdown begins from the middle of the 9th century and
ends at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. Artistic monuments created during this period
culture provided Russian art
recognition all over the world.
Acquaintance with Russian art usually begins
since 988, during the existence of Kievan Rus. significant role in the formation of a unified
Russian culture was played by paganism.
pagan religion - a complex of primitive views,
beliefs and rituals.
In the initial period of the existence of Kievan Rus,
until the end of the 10th century
paganism played the role of state religion
With the adoption of Christianity in Russia
in 988 the old faith
stopped responding
historical situation.
But forever uprooted from
consciousness of the Slavic peoples
pagan traditions failed.
And now we're celebrating some
pagan holidays. 1. Architecture of Kievan Rus.
Grandiose stone construction began in Kievan Rus - this
there were times of the reign of Yaroslav the Wise (c.978-1054).
The Old Russian state with its center in Kyiv reached the highest
heyday.
The dominant character was acquired by the construction of temples and cathedrals
located against the backdrop of manor buildings.
cross-domed church. The main and other pillars divided the temple into naves.
NEF (French nef from Latin navis - "ship") - the main thing
the premises of a Christian church with a cross-domed or
basilic type.
In a narrower sense - longitudinal, elongated in plan
room.
In the eastern part ends with an altar ledge
- apse.
Nave, as a rule,
there were three or five.
The entrance to the church was
western part of the temple.
Above him are ancient Russian
architects built choirs -
upper open
gallery, balcony, where
stayed during
famous divine services
people: the prince, his family and
approximate. Saint Sophie Cathedral.
Kiev City. 11th century
An increase in cross-domed
temples in length comes from
additions from the western side of the pair
pillars.
In the great city cathedrals
increase the number of naves.
It is according to this scheme that
Yaroslav the Wise is the oldest of
cathedrals that have come down to us - the cathedral
Hagia Sophia in Kyiv.
In the XI century. Sophia Cathedral was
thirteen dome.
The number of domes (domes) was deeply symbolic.
Thirteen domes symbolized Jesus
Christ and the twelve apostles
Now in Hagia Sophia - 19 chapters Sophia Cathedral was
founded in 1037 by the prince
Yaroslav the Wise.
According to legend, the temple was
erected on that
the place where the prince won
victory over the pagans
Pechenegs.
For more than ten years we have been building and
decorated the building
Byzantine and local
masters.
Only in 1049 Kyiv
Metropolitan Theopempt
consecrated the majestic
building.
Sophia Kyiv became the main
temple of the country - here Yaroslav
founded the first in Russia
library, a chronicle was kept here,
rewriting and translation of books,
ascending ceremonies were held
princes to the throne of Kyiv, receptions
ambassadors, there were tombs
great princes. Hagia Sophia in Kyiv In 1240, St. Sophia Cathedral was looted and partially destroyed.
warriors of Batu, in 1385-90. Metropolitan Cyprian restored it,
after which it was neglected for more than three and a half centuries,
although he continued to do so. In 1596, the cathedral passes to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic (Uniate)
church, 1630s taken from her by the Kyiv Metropolitan Peter
(Grave), who restored the cathedral and founded a male
monastery. Work on the renovation of the temple continued until 1740,
when it finally took on its current form. Sofia became the burial place of the Kyiv
princes.
Here are buried Yaroslav the Wise, his son
Vsevolod, as well as the sons of the latter -
Rostislav Vsevolodovich and Vladimir Monomakh.
death record
Yaroslav the Wise Saint Sophie Cathedral
in Kyiv (13 chapters)
A worthy successor to the Byzantine and Kyiv
artistic traditions
Novgorod principality.
Saint Sophie Cathedral
in Novgorod (5 chapters)
Built of stone on the model of Sofia
cathedral in Kyiv. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod (1045-1050)
The temple was built by the son of Yaroslav the Wise -
Novgorod
Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich The cathedral played an important role in
social and political life
Novgorodians.
Here were the archives
the library, the treasury was kept,
there was a ceremony
appointments to higher
public positions,
orders were announced.
Eminent people were buried in the cathedral
townspeople. The appearance of the temple is characterized by exceptional
solidity and power. Laconic temple
the image of Sophia served as a model for the subsequent
Novgorod church building.
Five domes crown the cathedral,
the middle dome was gilded
in the 15th century, the outlines of this
domes clearly
reminiscent of a Russian helmet
heroic warrior.
Novgorod Sofia
deservedly
considered one of
outstanding monuments
ancient Russian architecture. On the cross of the central dome
there is a lead figure
dove - a symbol of the Holy Spirit.
According to legend, when in 1570 Ivan
Grozny brutally dealt with
residents of Novgorod, to the cross
Sophia sat down to rest the dove.
Seeing from there a terrible massacre,
the dove petrified with horror.
After the Mother of God revealed to one of the monks that this
the dove was sent as a consolation to the city - and until it flies from
cross, the city will keep them. Saint Sophie Cathedral
in Kyiv
Saint Sophie Cathedral
in Novgorod (5 chapters) 2. Visual arts
Special historical and artistic
valuable mosaics and frescoes
Sophia of Kyiv. This is a unique ensemble.
works of monumental painting
(260m2 mosaics and 3000m2 frescoes) Mosaics and frescoes of the Kyiv Sophia Cathedral were created in
middle of the XI century, specially invited by Yaroslav the Wise from
Constantinople by Byzantine masters.
Christian stories were intended to enlighten the illiterate
people of a pagan country.
On the walls of the temple are depicted scenes from the life of Christ and the Virgin, her
parents Joachim and Anna, apostles Peter and Paul, George
Victorious, patron of Kyiv - Archangel Michael and many
Orthodox saints.
The interior of the temple
rich
painting.
Russian artists used
in
temples blue and pink
shades.
Church buildings
excellent
acoustics (the walls were
pots are installed). Mosaics originally occupied
huge area, but preserved
only a third of them.
The mosaic palette has 177
shades.
Blue color consists of 21 shades,
green from 34,
yellow from 23,
red from 19,
gold out of 25,
silver of 9,
which indicates a high
professional level of masters.
Pieces of smalt laid out on a raw
plaster, placed at different angles
in such a way that the rays of light are on them
falling, reflected under various
corners and created a sparkling, luminous
the surface that gives the mosaics of the cathedral
special expressiveness.
According to the canon,
central mirror
the dome is located
mosaic Christ
Pantokrator
(Almighty) and
around him are figures
four archangels Archangels -
angel chiefs,
they make up
the highest degree
angelic rank. They are
evangelize
Great and
glorious,
reveal the secrets of will
of God, strengthen in
people's faith and
illuminate them with light
Holy Gospel.
Currently, one of the figures of the archangels is mosaic, and
three others have not completely survived to our time: there are
losses in the wings, and the bottom of the clothes and legs were added
artist Mikhail Vrubel with oil paints. In the conch of the central apse - a mosaic image
Our Lady of Oranta (Prayer), with wide
uplifted hands.
Dressed for the holidays
blue and gold clothes
Our Lady is surrounded
shimmering golden
smalts.
mosaic icon
Our Lady, known by
named "Indestructible
wall".
For many centuries among the people
there is a belief that
until it collapses
"Indestructible Wall", stand
and Kyiv. The head of the Merciful Mother is covered with a kerchief
(omophorion) thrown over the left shoulder. Later this
boards will receive in Russia an original interpretation as “Pokrov
Mother of God," with which She spiritually hid the Russian
Earth from evil misfortunes, troubles and enemies.
Separate pieces of the mosaic are placed under
different angles so that around the figure
The Mother of God is always visible dim radiance.
The color palette of the mosaic is very rich: blue
smalt has 21 shades, and green - 34. The location of the frescoes in Sofia Kievskaya is designed for
circular inspection clockwise, as in any other
Byzantine cross-domed church.
Sixteen gospel letters are placed in the central cross.
plots, of which not all have survived to this day.
Sofia repeatedly burned,
rebuilt, in the XIII century suffered from
invasions of the hordes of Batu Khan, in the XV-XVI centuries
stood without a roof at all - all this
adversely affected the frescoes.
To this day, out of 5000 frescoes created in
Just over 2,000 survived in the 11th century.
At the end of the 17th century, ancient frescoes were
whitened with lime and were again accidentally
discovered in 1843 when it fell off
a piece of plaster with oil painting, and
murals of the 11th century were discovered.
However, the walls were cleared
unprofessional and working here and there
the fresco painting was also removed.
Apostle Paul Of particular value among the frescoes
Sophia Cathedral is a group
portrait of the family of Yaroslav the Wise.
The composition was on the north,
western and southern walls of the main nave.
The fresco has been preserved, unfortunately, only
partially.
Portrait represented
a front door
prince, his wife Irina,
daughters - future
queens of France
Norway, Hungary - and
sons who became
famous
political
figures. Yaroslav the Wise himself
was pictured with a layout
Sophia laid by him
Kievskaya. Frescoes adorn the walls, pillars,
vaults.
Among the refined and bright
painting can be seen
images of Saints and scenes from
Gospels.
Reverend Martyr
Evdokia Fresco
Image of musicians and
dancers on the staircase fresco.
Some of the frescoes in the cathedral show not
biblical themes, but mundane subjects. More
late frescoes of the cathedral (17th-19th centuries) are dedicated to
only religious topics. Frescoes in St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod
Unlike Kyiv cathedrals in Novgorod
Sofia does not have expensive marble and slate.
Novgorodians also did not use mosaics
to decorate his cathedral.
Annunciation From
Festive row of the iconostasis
Sebastian martyrs icon
On the walls of St. Sophia Cathedral preserved
fragments of fresco painting of the 12th century, as well as
numerous inscriptions scrawled in various
time by visitors to the temple (starting from the 12th century).
Konstantin and Elena Fresca Homework
Ch.16, Ex. 3 p. 168.
Saint Sophia Cathedral
in Constantinople (Istanbul)
in Kyiv
1. Common in architectural appearance
2. Distinctive features
RUSSIAN ART CULTURE
CULTURE OF KIEVAN RUSSIA
“It is not only possible to be proud of the glory of your ancestors, but you should; not to respect it is shameful cowardice, ”said A. S. Pushkin. He believed that "respect for the past" is "a feature that distinguishes education from savagery."
The memory of the past of his people, their culture, D.S. Likhachev attributed to the moral category associated with the formation of national identity: "A nation that does not value intelligence and culture is doomed to death."
The historical and cultural heritage of Russia, united by the concept Russian world, has more than a millennium of its development. Based on Christian canons and traditions, Russian culture gave the world immortal ideas, images, monuments. These are the St. Sophia Cathedrals in Kyiv and Novgorod, "The Primary Russian Chronicle" and "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", the icons of Andrei Rublev and Dionysius, the poetry of A. Pushkin and M. Lermontov, the novels of L. Tolstoy and F. Dostoevsky, the music of P. Tchaikovsky and S. Rachmaninoff, painting by I. Aivazovsky and I. Repin, the system of K. Stanislavsky, films by S. Eisenstein, Russian ballet and the Bolshoi Theater - these names and cultural phenomena are known throughout the world.
The foundation on which the building of Russian culture was built is the state of Kievan Rus, its culture, which goes back centuries, into the life and life of various East Slavic tribes.
The culture of Kievan Rus of the pre-Mongolian period is one of the pinnacles of European culture of that era.
Its roots go back to the most ancient period of Russian history, to the pre-literate era of the existence of the common homeland of the Eastern Slavs. Their culture was pagan, and therefore most of the works of art that have come down to us are associated with a deep belief in the magical power of natural phenomena, mysterious living beings.
From wood, clay, earth, the Slavs created their dwellings, fortresses. They tried to decorate the wooden parts of the buildings, covering them with carvings of geometric or floral ornaments, painting them with bright organic colors. The Slavs created their temples, in the center of which there were pagan deities, made schematically from stone, wood, less often from metal.
The Slavic craftsmen were especially skillful in creating works of jewelry, decorated with a wide variety of ornaments, for the reproduction of which complex metal processing techniques were used.
It was a time when ideas about the world, aesthetic, ethical categories were reflected in folk art. This period of art development was characterized by syncretism, a combination of verbal elements with musical, choreographic, visual elements, which later became the basis for the formation of various types of art.
Trade relations with Greek and Roman settlements on the coast of the Black and Azov Seas led to contact with the Mediterranean (Greek and Roman) ancient culture.
The milestone event that determined the spiritual and artistic development of the Kievan state for many centuries was the adoption of Christianity in 988.
Kievan Rus X - XI centuries - a powerful feudal state with a developed artistic culture, which occupied one of the leading places in Europe. Foreigners called Kievan Rus the "Land of Cities" Gardarikia, and its center Kiev - the "second Constantinople", where the development of architecture, painting, applied arts, crafts, and folk art reached a high level. The true history of the creation of the state Kievan Rus associated with the activities of Vladimir I Svyatoslavich, who in 980 made the first attempt to unite the pagan tribes of the eastern slopes of the Carpathians to the banks of the Oka and Volga, from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. "Initial Russian chronicle" – "The Tale of Bygone Years"- reports: "And the beginning of the prince Vladmier in Kyiv alone, and put idols on a hill outside the courtyard of Teremnoy: Perun, Khor, Dazhbog, Stribog, Simargl, Mokosh ...". These were the "idols" of various tribes, but Prince Vladimir understood that the interests of Russia - both spiritual and state, called him to other decisions.
Numerous sources testify that from ancient times Christianity began to spread in Russia (before the baptism of Prince Vladimir Svyatolavich in 988). Already the first legend included in the Primary Russian Chronicle tells of the pilgrimage of the apostle Andrew the First-Called, Which one of Korsun(the medieval name of Chersonese, Crimea) went to the mouth of the Dnieper, and then climbing up it (the path “from the Greeks to the Varangians”), he predicted: “Do you see these mountains? As if on these mountains the grace of God will shine, to have a great city of being and many churches, God will raise up to have. The apostle returned, according to the chronicle, through the Volkhov, the Baltic Sea, around Europe, to Rome. Already in this legend, Christianity appears as a beginning, uniting Russia With Europe. The current Crimea was also involved in this process: the path of the Apostle Andrew lay through the Caucasus and the Bosporus (Kerch), Feodosia and Chersonese.
Other sources (Eugene of Caesarea, Life of Clement, Pope of Rome) tell about Clement's stay in Chersonese, about his death, about the martyrdom of Christian bishops in the Crimea and at the mouth of the Dnieper ... Thus, Christianity in the Crimea was recorded already in the III century . By the 10th century, a situation had developed when the neighbors of Russia were Christian states: the Northern Black Sea region, Byzantium. Bulgaria.
It is known that Princess Olga was a Christian, to whom Vladimir was a grandson.
The chronicle describes in detail the process by which Prince Vladimir made the decision to perform the rite of baptism. There are different versions of determining the place of baptism of Vladimir Svyatoslavich. But there are also known facts confirming that Korsun was the place of baptism. This event took place after the capture of Korsun (Chersonese) by Vladimir, from where the prince took to Kyiv some items of church utensils and, most importantly, the relics of St. Clement. By decree of the prince, the Church of the Tithes was erected in Kyiv, part of the clergy of this temple consisted of Korsunians, its rector was Anastas Korsunyanin.
Directly the chronicler of the Tithe Church owns several texts dedicated to Princess Olga and Prince Vladimir. The main idea of these texts lies in the glorification of Vladimir Svyatoslavich as equal to Constantine, who legitimized Christianity in Byzantium.
The story of Vladimir's baptism in Korsun is also included in the Primary Russian Chronicle, and it is given mainly according to the "Word" - one of the works of the scribes of the Church of the Tithes. The text of the Lay reads: “He (Vladimir) was baptized in the church of St. Basil, but there is a church in the city of Korsun in the middle of the city, where the Korsun people gather for bargaining. Subsequently, this temple was lost, in its place was built the Vladimir Cathedral, which was destroyed during the Great Patriotic War. Today the cathedral has been rebuilt.
The adoption of Christianity by Russia first of all led to the humanization of spiritual life and, consequently, art, the strengthening of international relations of Kievan Rus, which led not only to the intensification of trade, but also to cultural exchange. This helped to strengthen the ties of Kievan Rus with the countries of Western Europe and Byzantium, where Christianity had existed since the 4th century. B. Rybakov notes that "the adoption of Christianity put Russia on the same level with the advanced powers of that time."
It was also logical that Christianity in Russia was adopted from Byzantium, with which state, cultural and trade relations had long been established and which at that time was a highly developed state in terms of culture, the heir to the great traditions of ancient art.
Of progressive importance was the fact that with the adoption of Christianity from Byzantium, a wide stream of literature, both ecclesiastical and secular: historical, artistic, philosophical, including works and translations of ancient writers,
In addition to antique, Byzantium had the greatest experience of Christian art. It was there that the canons of worship, icon painting, construction and decoration of churches were established, the rules for depicting saints, compositions on biblical themes were determined. Kievan Rus took from Byzantine culture what corresponded to its aspirations.
The activities of Cyril and Methodius, who compiled the first Slavic alphabet and founded writing in Kievan Rus, were of the greatest importance for the development of culture in Kievan Rus.
In the pre-literate period, oral folk art became widespread - folklore, which reflected a certain stage in the formation of people's consciousness, ideas about beauty; there were various genres of folklore: songs, fairy tales, epics, legends and more. They continued their active existence even after the introduction of writing, exerting a significant influence on literature.
The traditions of heroic epics were developed in dumas (XV - XVII centuries) - historical songs that represented the lyric-epic genre of verbal and musical folk art (for example, "Duma about the Cossack Golota" and others). Dumas told about the struggle of Ukrainians against foreign oppressors, they were performed by folk singers-kobzars or bandurists.
LITERATURE XI–XII cc.
Initially, fiction was not yet distinguished as a special kind of art:
it was included in writing, which also affected the genres of ancient literature of Kievan Rus. Writing was created mainly in the center of the state - Kyiv, as well as in such cities as Chernigov, Galich, Turov, Rostov, etc.
Chronicles (records of events over the years) belong to the oldest types of artistic writing, the emergence of which was due to the desire to know one's history, the past and present of one's people. At first, only scattered records of the outstanding events of the time appeared. Then such records began to be combined into chronicles containing information about the history of Kievan Rus, the heroic and tragic events in the life of its people.
In the annalistic collections of a later time - Lavrentiev (1377) and Ipatiev (beginning of the 15th century), the oldest annalistic collection, The Tale of Bygone Years, compiled in the 12th century, has come down to us. The "Tale" opened the Kyiv chronicle, which continued with entries made in Kyiv (in the Pechersky and Vydubitsky monasteries), in Chernigov and in Pereyaslavl Yuzhny, and concluded with a laudatory word of the Vydubitsky abbot Moses in honor of the Kyiv prince Rurik Rostislavich. The chroniclers in Kievan Rus were both secular and clergy, mostly monks, primarily of the Kiev Caves Monastery.
Distinctive features of the annals of Kievan Rus: emphasized publicism, patriotism, artistic originality. The ancient chroniclers did not have accurate factual material at their disposal, therefore, covering the events of the past, they turned to folklore sources. Folk tales, traditions, legends are especially common in the first part of The Tale of Bygone Years, in the second part there are more literary sources, numerous biblical elements. The use of these materials, as well as the figurative presentation of the authors themselves, give the chronicle the character of not only a historical, but also an artistic monument.
The second part includes both original and translated literary sources, for example, "The Tale" about the murder of Boris and Gleb, "Instruction" by Vladimir Monomakh, the story of the blinding of Prince Vasilko of Terebovl and others.
One of the earliest genres of literature was sermons intended for church service. Their goal was to present and explain the foundations of faith in the "words" of the clergy addressed to the flock. The most prominent representatives of solemn eloquence in Kievan Rus were Hilarion (XI century) and Cyril of Turov (XII century). Hilarion was the author of the well-known sermon "The Sermon on Law and Grace" (between 1037 and 1050). In this brilliant work, Hilarion resolutely acted as a fighter for the independence, independence, power and prosperity of the motherland, which was in tune with the policy of Yaroslav the Wise, who appointed Hilarion the Metropolitan of Kievan Rus (before that and for a long time after that, the metropolitans in the Kievan state were Greeks).
An outstanding preacher, who possessed oratorical and poetic talents, was Kirilliz of the city of Turov - Turovsky. His "words" - sermons, written in bright, expressive language, usually addressed issues of the Christian faith. For example, in the "Word of the New Week at Easter" Cyril symbolically interpreted the spiritual renewal of mankind after the resurrection of Christ through the spring renewal of nature,
In the literature of Kievan Rus, there were also "lives" - stories about the life, pious deeds or sufferings of people canonized by the church (that is, declared saints). Brothers Boris and Gleb, the sons of Prince Vladimir, who were killed by Svyatopolk the Accursed in 1015 because of claims to the throne of Kyiv, were declared the first East Slavic saints. The life has a clearly expressed journalistic tendency aimed at condemning princely strife, at uniting and strengthening Kievan Rus.
A remarkable monument of hagiographic literature of the XII century. is the Kiev Caves Patericon - a collection of stories about individual events related to the founding of the Kiev Caves Monastery, about its individual figures.
Patericon stories praised the Kiev Caves Monastery, founded in the 11th century, as the religious center of Kievan Rus, thus advocating its unification around Kyiv.
One of the most interesting genres of this period is "walking", descriptions of the "holy land" by pilgrims. The first significant monument of the pilgrimage genre is "The Life and Walking of Daniil, the Russian Land of the Hegumen". Daniel was the abbot, apparently, of one of the Chernigov monasteries. In 1106 - 1108. he traveled to Palestine, primarily to Jerusalem. The author described these places in detail, especially the "sacred river" Jordan. The work contains valuable factual data and at the same time is a vivid artistic text.
"Walking" could be secular and religious, even mixed. The "teachings" were distinguished by the same feature. These are edifying works. The brightest and most significant is "Instruction of Vladimir Monomakh",
Vladimir Monomakh (1053 - 1125) was not only an outstanding politician, a wise ruler who did a lot for the unification of Kievan Rus, but also a widely cultured, educated person who outlined his program of political deeds and moral norms in the Teaching. In his narration, Vladimir Monomakh actively refers to the Holy Scripture, quoting it, asserting universal human values. At the same time, he turns to his life experience, to his personal example, which enriches the work, makes it original.
Monomakh does not confine himself to a simple call for unity and an end to strife addressed to his sons, but gives his own idea of a prince who must be courageous and courageous, active and tireless ruler of Kievan Rus. The prince must take care of the stink, the servants, not to let the strong destroy a person.
With his "Instruction" Vladimir Monomakh expressed deep concern for the fate of his homeland. He sought to warn his descendants, to give them advice in order to prevent the collapse of Kievan Rus. "Instruction" enjoyed great popularity and was translated into Slavic and Western European languages.
The most outstanding literary monument of Kievan Rus is "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", a heroic-patriotic poem that occupies a prominent place in the world literature of the Middle Ages. The "Word" arose in the south of Kievan Rus at the end of the 12th century, when the vast state broke up into many principalities, weakly united by a state community. The Word also reflected this disaster of its time and, as a result, the weakness of the defense of the Kyiv state from the nomads, mainly from the Polovtsy.
The historical basis of the Lay is as follows. In the spring of 1185, Prince Igor Svyatoslavich of Novgorod-Seversky decided to oppose the Polovtsy alone with a relatively small squad of Seversky princes - relatives. At the end of April 1185, together with his brother Vsevolod (prince of Trubchevsk and Kursk), son Vladimir (prince of Putivl) and nephew Svyatoslav (prince of Rylsk), he made a campaign against the Polovtsians. On the banks of the Donets, the army found a solar eclipse, which was considered an omen of misfortune, but Igor did not turn his horses. The prince hoped to attack the Polovtsy unexpectedly, to take them by surprise, but the nomads learned about the approach of the prince's squad and prepared for battle. It lasted three days. The first day brought Igor victory. But already on the second day, a small princely squad saw that they had gathered all the Polovtsian land against them. In a fierce battle, auxiliary troops faltered - kovui (from the settled nomads). Igor rode to stop them, but could not stop them, and on the way back to his squad, at the distance of an arrow flight, he was surrounded, wounded and captured by the Polovtsians. Most of the squad was killed, and the survivors, along with the princes, were taken prisoner. Igor managed to escape from captivity and atone for his shame.
The unknown author of The Tale of Igor's Campaign accurately reflected historical events in his work. With a deep sense of bitterness, he described this unsuccessful campaign. Two themes are intertwined in the Lay: epic, state, and lyrical, personal. On the one hand, the fate of the entire Kievan Rus is described, which is subjected to raids by nomads, deprived of unity. On the other hand, in the author’s field of view, the personal fate of the heroes: Igor, who suffered a severe defeat, his wife Yaroslavna, who turns to the forces of nature with a request to save her beloved, and etc. But these themes merge into one: the epic is concretized in the personal, the personal grows to the size of a national one. The joys and sorrows of the heroes of the poem resonate with nature: the sun eclipse warns Igor of defeat, the battle is preceded by a thunderstorm; the wind, the sun, the Dnieper respond to the cry of Yaroslavna, help Igor escape.
The main idea of the work is embodied in the disclosure of the dual theme of the Lay: a call for unification, for the rallying of all princes around Kyiv in the face of a military danger caused by nomadic raids. This idea was a reflection of the interests of the whole people, which the author of the Lay understood well.
For the artistic disclosure of the idea of the work, the author uses a peculiar technique: the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav pronounces the "golden word", in which he addresses all the princes who then lived and ruled in their principalities, calls on the princes to remember their former glory, to unite, to stop strife.
Everything in the "Word" is bright and visible, colorful and embossed. His language is musical, figurative. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" is one of the most humane works of world literature. It is full of strong and exciting feelings, love for a person, sympathy for his suffering.
The "Word" already had an influence on the literature of Ancient Russia ("Zadonshchina", "The Legend of the Battle of Mamaev"). Newly discovered in the 90s of the 18th century by an amateur and collector of antiquities A.I. Musin-Pushkin, "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" has become one of the most significant phenomena in world literature.
Architecture
The monuments of architecture that have come down to us since the time of Kievan Rus evoke admiration for the simplicity and nobility of forms, the high level of construction technology, the richness of interior decoration, and the skill of painters. Craftsmen who erected various residential and outbuildings, city towers, walls, bridges, developed their own architectural style.
With the adoption of Christianity, the construction of temples and monasteries begins. Initially, these buildings were wooden.
Stone construction arises under the influence of Byzantium, where
By the X-XI centuries, the main types of religious buildings were developed. In Kievan Rus, the so-called cross-dome composition became widespread, representing a rectangular volume, dissected by four pillars, on which the central light drum rested. The ends of the spatial cross, rectangular in plan, were covered with cylindrical vaults made of brick and stone. The corner parts were also covered with domed vaults.
The masters of Kievan Rus, taking the cross-domed composition as a basis, introduced elements of wooden architecture into it, gave the temples many domes and pyramids.
In the 10th century, the Church of the Tithes was built in the center of Kyiv (a tenth of the prince's income went to its maintenance). Byzantine architects were invited to build the Church of the Tithes. They introduced a new system of planned and spatial solutions for the architecture of temples.
The Church of the Tithes was the central Christian church in Kyiv. It was of considerable size and had many heads. The walls of the church, built from rows of thin bricks and gray rubble stone, were not plastered and seemed multi-colored, thanks to the peculiarities of the masonry. Such masonry is called mixed, it was typical for most of the buildings of Kievan Rus.
The tithe church was built from 989 to 995. 25 domes decorated this temple with ledges; archaeological excavations have shown that marble, mosaics were used for decoration, the walls were painted with frescoes. On the square near the temple there were statues taken from Korsun. The church was destroyed during the Tatar-Mongol invasion in 1240.
St. Sophia Cathedral is a masterpiece of Kievan Rus architecture. It was built during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, when the Golden Gate, the Church of the Virgin, St. George's Monastery, Irininsky Monastery and other buildings were erected. Sophia Cathedral was conceived not only as the main Christian temple, but also as a center of social and cultural life, as a symbol of the political power of Yaroslav the Wise. Sophia Cathedral for Kyiv was, as it were, the main architectural and compositional core, around which other buildings were grouped.
In 1051 St. Sophia Cathedral was solemnly proclaimed by Metropolitan Hilarion. In 1240, during the invasion of Batu, the cathedral was plundered; for many centuries it burned, was repaired, was subjected to alterations. The original appearance of the cathedral was greatly changed by the restructuring of 1685 1707, when galleries, towers, walls, etc. were built on, the ancient low parabolic domes were given the characteristic for Ukraine of the 17th century. pear-shaped baroque form, they were gilded.
The attention of those entering the temple immediately turned to the altar and the space under the central dome, in the center of which was the image of Christ the Almighty. Mosaic covered the entire central part of the temple. The walls of the temple, arches and pillars from top to bottom were painted with frescoes. Light poured in from above, through the narrow openings of the windows.
Masterpieces of fine art are such mosaics as the figure of the Mother of God - Mary Oranta, the image of Christ the Almighty, the twelve apostles, etc. The richness of the color scheme is striking: about 130 shades were found in the mosaic palette of the masters of Kyiv Sofia! The bright golden color that prevailed in the mosaic was combined with the muted warm tones of marble.
Great skill, expressiveness was achieved by the artists of that period in the fresco technique. The main subjects of the frescoes reflected biblical episodes, were of a cult nature, but among them were also secular paintings. These are two group portraits of the family of Yaroslav the Wise. On one, fragments of images of the two younger sons of Yaroslav were preserved, the rest of the images, including Yaroslav himself, were lost. The general appearance of this fresco is known to us thanks to a sketch from 1651. A fresco depicting women from Yaroslav's family is much better preserved: four full-length figures with individual facial features.
The frescoes depicting everyday scenes are very interesting: hunting for a bear, wrestling of mummers, buffoons, fisticuffs, etc. Separate frescoes depict real and fantastic animals and birds. In contrast to the canonical settings of religious writing, a static composition in secular painting, we see dynamics, the desire to show the movement of a person, galloping horses, running animals, etc. The complex carpet-ornamental floor harmonized with the colors of the mosaics and frescoes.
Following the Kyiv Sofia are being built Sofia Cathedrals in Novgorod and Polotsk, but they are deprived of that magnificence and richness of mosaics, frescoes, marble, which mark the Kyiv Sofia.
In the X-XI centuries, stone construction was actively carried out in Kyiv and other cities. It has both religious and secular character. Thus, excavations testify to the construction of stone chambers next to the Church of the Tithes in Kyiv. These were multi-room stone palaces with wonderful decoration of marble, stone, mosaics and frescoes.
In the 11th century, a stone cathedral was built in the Dmitrievsky Kiev Monastery, in 1088 the Cathedral of the Archangel Michael was consecrated in the Vydubitsky Monastery near Kyiv. In 1073-1078. the main cathedral was built Caves Monastery – Assumption Church, with which the spread of single-dome churches began.
Kyiv during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise turned into a major center culture, crafts and trade. He amazed contemporaries with his size, majestic buildings. Among them are the already described Church of the Tithes and St. Sophia Cathedral, solemn Golden Gate with the gate church, monasteries and princely palaces. In the period of its highest prosperity, Kyiv, in terms of population and size, not only was not inferior to large European cities, but also surpassed them in many ways. It is not surprising that it seemed to contemporaries "radiant majesty", and the traveler Adam of Bremen called it "the decoration of the East".
At the end of the XI century. many feudal principalities were formed in Russia.
The development of the architecture of Kievan Rus in the 12th century is a vivid example of how, under the influence of local conditions, Byzantine schemes were gradually changed and rethought and new original architectural forms and solutions arose. To the features of the culture of the XII century. includes the appearance of local features in the annals, architecture and painting. There is an awareness of cultural figures of the idea of unity, which was the most important moment in the period of feudal fragmentation, the danger of attack by nomads.
Except Kyiv, two more architectural schools are being approved - Pereyaslavskaya and Novgorod. From Pereyaslav architecture, only one structure has survived to this day - St. Michael's Church(Yuri's Goddess) in Acute, which was an outpost of the Pereyaslav principality.
Painting
An outstanding phenomenon in the world medieval art are Kyiv mosaics, most fully preserved in the ensembles Sophia Cathedral and Mikhailovsky Golden-Domed Monastery. In St. Sophia Cathedral, as mentioned earlier, the surfaces of the central dome are decorated with mosaics (" Pantokrator"surrounded by archangels), the central eastern pillars (" Annunciation"), girth arches (" Sebastian martyrs") and the central apse ("Deisus" on the triumphal arch, Our Lady "Oranta", the scene "Eucharist" and "Church Fathers").
From the mosaics of St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral, the entire composition has been preserved " Eucharist", images of Demetrius of Thessalonica, Archdeacon Stephen and the Apostle Thaddeus, as well as fragments of ornaments and other images. Compared to the Sophian mosaics, they have more freedom in interpreting postures and movements, enhanced linearity in the drawing, more intense coloring. A number of details suggest that not only Byzantine, but also Kyiv masters took part in the creation of these mosaics. Alipiy (Alympius).
The main type of monumental fine art in Kievan Rus was fresco painting. frescoes harmonized with stone structures, emphasized their plasticity and shape, made it possible to combine any color combinations, based on the skill and experience of the artist.
Up to three thousand square meters of frescoes survived in Kyiv Sofia. On the walls and vaults of the central part of the cathedral, compositions on gospel themes were made ("Sending the disciples to preach", "The Judgment of Christ", "Descent into Hell" and others), in the side aisles - on "hagiographic" themes about the Mother of God, Peter and Paul, George, Michael, in the choirs on biblical themes, on the pillars - images of martyrs. Unique for all the art of Kievan Rus is a large group portrait of Yaroslav the Wise and his family in the western part of the central space of the cathedral. The entire fresco painting in Sofia is characterized by a harmony of warm, somewhat muted ocher, greenish, pink and blue tones with white highlights.
had a somewhat different character. fresco painting of St. Michael's Golden-Domed Cathedral: It has a brighter color scheme and a more pronounced graphic element. Fresco painting of the late XI - early XII centuries. fragmentarily preserved in the Church of the Savior on Berestov in Kyiv and St. Michael's Goddess in Ostra. Frescoes are a remarkable ensemble of murals of the 11th century. Kirillovskaya churches in Kyiv. Here, for the first time in the system of murals, the composition " Last Judgment". The frescoes are made in a wide and energetic manner with light, somewhat variegated colors.
At the same time, easel painting is spreading - icons. In Kyiv churches there were many icons, both brought from Byzantium and created in Russia. They have been lost over time. From chronicle evidence, we know about the existence of an icon-painting workshop in the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery.
At the beginning of the XII century, an icon was brought to Kyiv, which Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky then transported to Vladimir, hence its name - " Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God", it was created by a Byzantine artist. After repeated renovations and restorations, only the faces of the Mother of God and the baby have survived from the painting of the XII century. Mary caresses the child, and he, clinging to her cheek, trustingly hugs his mother. This so-called "Tenderness" is a plot that has become traditional for icon painting.
Graphic arts
In Kievan Rus, handwritten letters were highly valued. book. Scribes and artists tried to make it unique, one of a kind. They worked in the same workshop and created the book as a whole, where everything - handwriting, color, capital letters, headpieces, illustrations, even the tone of parchment (especially processed leather) - was harmoniously interconnected. During this period there is a book miniature.
The first handwritten book known to us is considered to be Gospel, written in Kyiv in 10561057 for the Novgorod posadnik Ostromir and therefore called Ostromirov. The book is decorated with large colorful capital letters - initials, there are more than eight hundred of them. These letters have a complex shape, they are decorated with floral ornaments. There are four sections in the book, each of them was to be opened by a miniature, located on a separate sheet and depicting an evangelist. Three compositions were made - images of the evangelists John, Luke and Mark, the fourth sheet remained blank. These images are surrounded by lush frames overloaded with complex ornaments. The evangelists are shown writing their compositions and, as it were, interrupting their work for a moment in order to hear the words descending from heaven.
Interesting and miniatures Izbornik Svyatoslav(1073), there is an image of the princely family. In the foreground - Prince Svyatoslav, his wife and child, behind his sons. The whole family, in contrast to the frescoes of St. Sophia Cathedral, is depicted as a compact group.
Of great interest are ornaments handwritten books.
The most common form of art in Kievan Rus was arts and crafts. It absorbed both local centuries-old traditions, and folk features, and stylistic trends of the world artistic process.
Technical skill, fine artistic taste are found in jewelry (earrings, pendants, hryvnias, bracelets). They are made of silver and gold with the use of filigree and granulation.
A floral ornament comes to the fore. Leaves, trees, flowers are cut, engraved, drawn on a wide variety of objects. The "animal" style also appears in the ornament: these are images of monsters and birds combined with elements of floral ornament.
Elements of applied art were also reflected in stone carving, which was used to decorate cathedrals and other buildings. The applied art of Kievan Rus influenced the development of the art of that period as a whole.
Music
Originating in ancient times music accompanied the life of people in Kievan Rus. Songs, dances, instrumental music were an integral part of the holidays - " games". The "Word of the rich and the poor" describes the performance of musicians "with harp and flute", singers, dancers, jesters.
Among the musical instruments of Kievan Rus were percussion - tambourine, macro, organ, wind - horn, trumpet, horn, surna, ocarina, kuvichki, fife, pity, maybe bagpipes, strings - harp and whistle, or smyk.
Trumpets and horns sounded during hunting and campaigns, single strings and as part of an orchestra sounded at holidays.
Already in the 10th-11th centuries, professional performers emerged. These are the storytellers singers epics and legends (remember Boyan in "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"), another group was represented by buffoons, entertainers, entertainers, who were both musicians and dancers, magicians, etc.
Music sounded in the Christian church. worship was accompanied by singing, there were also musical notes - singing manuscripts-books. Such books of the 12th century have survived to this day, where, along with the liturgical text, musical signs have been preserved: " banners" and " hooks". And the manuscripts themselves bore the names "znamenny" and "hook". Two note systems differed: kondakardnaya and znamenny. Kondakami called short songs of praise in honor of the saints, collections of these songs were called Kondakaria. They also corresponded to a special musical notation - a two-line system of special signs. Kondakar of the 12th-13th centuries, only five have survived. The second note system, the znamenny one, received a wider development and after the 14th century occupied a dominant position. The znamenny musical system has been deciphered, while the kondakar system has not yet been deciphered.
Thus, the material and spiritual culture of Kievan Rus of ancient times reached a high level, laying the foundation for the development of national culture.
CULTURE OF NORTH-EASTERN RUSSIA XII - XVI CENTURIES.
In the XII century, Russia was a set of feudal principalities. Along with Kyiv, new cities rose, new centers of culture appeared. The primacy among the isolated lands belonged to northern Vladimir-Suzdal principality, the heyday of which was prepared by the activities of the prince Yuri Dolgoruky. And it was there that one of the most beautiful artistic ensembles in all of medieval Europe was created, in which famous masterpieces are presented. architecture, painting and sculpture.
Prince Yury Dolgoruky, the son of Vladimir Monomakh, built numerous fortresses and cathedrals in the north of Russia: the Church of Boris and Gleb in Kideksha (4 km from Suzdal) and the Cathedral of the Transfiguration in Pereslavl-Zalessky. These were temples-heroes, they were distinguished by weighted proportions, squat, which resembled fortifications. Their interior was simple and strict.
Under the son of Yuri Dolgoruky, Andrey Bogolyubsky, Vladimir became the largest center of Russian culture. Earth ramparts are being erected around the city; From the west, a gate leads to the city, named after the example of Kyiv Golden. At the opposite end of the city - Silver. Temples are being built. The Assumption Cathedral (1158 - 1161) was built on the high bank of the Klyazma and became the architectural center of the city. The cathedral is three-aisled and single-domed. It was there that the greatest Russian shrine was located - Icon of Our Lady of Vladimir. Two and a half centuries later, Andrei Rublev decorated this cathedral with frescoes, which were the pinnacle of ancient Russian monumental painting.
A unique example of the embodiment of Christian morality, the preaching of peace, love and kindness was the work of Andrei Rublev, an icon painter of the 15th century. His " Trinity"- one of the most significant and spiritual creations of world painting. Rublev turned to the traditional religious plot: three beautiful young men appeared to the biblical patriarch Abraham, and he, guessing the trinity of the Divine in the wondrous wanderers, slaughtered the calf and treated them.
In Rublev's work, everything is symbolic, and the head of the calf in the sacrificial cup acquired the meaning of the gospel lamb, a symbol of Christ's sacrifice in the name of love and salvation of the human race. This immortal creature acquired a universal human meaning, for in a figurative form it affirmed what is eternal: goodness, sacrifice and love.
The most remarkable building of the time of Andrei Bogolyubsky - Church of the Intercession on the Nerl(1165), which impresses with its harmony, dynamism and lightness of forms. The church is inextricably linked with the surrounding landscape. It is perceived as a poem in stone.
Under Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest, Vladimir-Suzdal Rus reached its highest power. The Assumption Cathedral was restored after the fire; built the church of St. Dmitry (1194 - 1197). This small church is distinguished by heavy rhythm and power, but the cathedral is built and proportioned in its own way. On its outer walls there are stone carvings, reliefs depicting the biblical king David, the prince with his sons, a plot from the novel "Alexandria" - the flight of Alexander the Great to heaven. Under the successors of Vsevolod, the churches of the Nativity of the Virgin in Suzdal and Georgievsky in Yuryev-Polsky were erected.
All temples were painted with frescoes and decorated with icons. Prominent icons of this time: Dmitry Solunsky, Yaroslavskaya Oranta. A Russian school of icon painting was created, which is characterized by folk ornamentation, bright, colorful combinations, the introduction of carmine (red paint), which was alien to Byzantine painting.
Decorative and applied art is developing, reaching its peak in the design of the Golden Gate of the Nativity Cathedral (the fire section method was used).
The Mongol-Tatar invasion destroyed many churches, icons burned down, people died. The tragedy of the Russian people is reflected in literature, which carried out the mission of the unifier. She retained the best that was accumulated in the spiritual development of Kievan Rus and could become the basis of the revival.
In the middle of the XIII century. "The Life of Alexander Nevsky" is being created, where Alexander's victory over the German knights on Lake Peipus in 1242 is depicted in a style typical of military stories.
Only Novgorod and Pskov escaped ruin during the Mongol-Tatar invasion, where Russian culture of the 13th-15th centuries flourished.
Culture of Novgorod
Novgorod its power stood out from the cities of the northwest. "Mr Great Novgorod" - they called him. Due to its geographical position, Novgorod became a trade intermediary between the West and the East. The power of the prince in Novgorod was limited by the veche, which was revered as the supreme state body. It was a boyar republic, but the voice of the people was heard at the veche.
Since ancient times, Novgorodians have been famous as builders of wooden temples, fortresses and palaces. In 1045-1050. they erected the first stone cathedral - Sofia in the center of Detinets (Novgorod Kremlin), on the banks of the Volkhov. Its founder is Prince Vladimir, son of Yaroslav the Wise. It is a five-nave temple with five apses in the east. It is simpler and more severe than the Kyiv Sophia, it has five chapters (instead of thirteen). From the murals in the temple, a composition depicting the first Christian emperor Constantine and his mother Helen has been preserved. Next to her head is the inscription "Olena", which speaks of the Novgorodian origin of the author of the fresco.
At the beginning of the XII century, Novgorod turns into a veche republic, the princes are expelled from Detinets. They settle in the Settlement, where they build monasteries-fortresses with temples, asserting their authority.
The largest monument of this time - St. George's Cathedral of St. George's Monastery. It combined monumentality, epic power and simplicity. Impenetrable walls are dissected by powerful blades. The cathedral has three asymmetrically arranged domes, to which the entire interior space of the temple seems to be directed.
AT painting beginning of the 12th century. there were two directions: Greekophile, under the influence of Byzantium (the painting of the St. Nicholas Cathedral and others), and the direction that was influenced Western Europe(frescoes of the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Theotokos of the Anthony Monastery).
Frescoes were of particular importance. Church of the Savior on Nereditsa, which once covered the walls, vaults, dome of the temple with a single carpet. They testify to the fact that Novgorod developed its own school of frescoes. In the dome there is a scene of the Ascension of Christ, in the apse there is Our Lady Oranta with the image of Christ on her chest in a circle, and under it are two rows of saints. The Last Judgment is depicted on the western wall, and the gospel story about the Passion of Christ is on the walls. Art is harsh and even formidable. In the images of the saints, a truly national, strong-willed and courageous force breathes.
Icon painting reached a high level. In the icon Angel Golden Hair"(end of the 12th century) the influence of Byzantium is still felt, but" the sadness in the eyes, so radiant and deep "(L. Lyubimov), already reflects the state of the Russian soul. The face of Christ in the icon is expressive" Savior not made by hands". The icon "Assumption" (first half of the XIII century) strikes with the truth of life in the image of the grief of the saints, mourning Mary.
The icon "Christ on the Throne" (XIII century) belongs to the Novgorod school, which is distinguished by its bright, folk character of painting and ornamentation. The icon is also painted in the local, Novgorodian style. Nicholas the Wonderworker"(1294), the first work of easel painting, which has the signature of the artist - Alexey Petrov. The saint's face is round, Russian, kind-hearted, affectionate.
Birch bark documents are evidence of the high level of Novgorod culture. retaining the features of the colloquial speech of Novgorodians, their way of life, way of life.
A trade and craft center similar to Novgorod was Pskov, where the veche also ruled and life was distinguished by great democracy. Pskov is the front line of defense from the Livonian knights, from Lithuania. Strong fortifications are erected here. Cathedrals are like fortresses. Architectural structures of this period: Pskov-Pechersk monastery, Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral of the Mirozh Monastery. In the art of Pskov, the folk principle affected. The iconography is dominated not by cinnabar, as in the Novgorod icons, but by the green color: "The Cathedral of Our Lady", "Descent into Hell" and others.
The Mongol-Tatar yoke led to the destruction of many monuments of art of North-Eastern Russia, the masters died or were taken prisoner. In the first half of the XIV century. the revival of Russia begins, the northeastern principalities unite. Cultural centers Novgorod, Pskov, at the end of the XIV century. - Moscow.
Novgorod in the 14th century experiencing a rise in culture. Heretical teachings, which were a kind of protest against the official church, testify to intense philosophical thought. Novgorodians travel, there is a rapprochement with the southern Slavs.
New features appear in architecture. Churches are being erected Fyodor Stratilat(1360s) and the Savior of the Transfiguration on Ilyin (1374), they are characterized by an eight-slope roof and one apse in the east. These are single-domed high temples with elegant decor. In the XV century. especially outstanding buildings are the stone walls and towers of the Novgorod Kremlin, the episcopal palace, as well as the building, which later received the name of the Faceted Chamber.
The heyday of the monumental painting XIV century is associated with the activity Theophan the Greek- an artist who came to Russia from Byzantium. In 1378 he painted the Novgorod church Savior of the Transfiguration on Ilyin. The plots of the frescoes are traditional: the formidable Christ Pantocrator, the prophets and forefathers. Theophanes was a master of the sharp individual characteristics of saints who are endowed with stern and strong characters. One of the brightest stories Trinity next to it are the figures of saints. Here and pillars, the first holy hermits who tortured the flesh and lived on pillars; and ascetics who retired to the desert. Saints of Theophan are wise philosophers, like the artist himself was.
General red-brown tone, dark contours, folds of clothes, sometimes forming lightning-like zigzags, skillfully thrown whitewash "engines" - " nervous, extremely dynamic painting conveying ... human passions, doubts, thoughts, impulses "(L. Lyubimov).
Novgorod icons 15th century is a brilliant page in the history of world painting. They are marked by a bright originality. This is mainly an image of saints popular in Novgorod - the prophet Elijah, Paraskeva with Anastasia, the patroness of trade, St. George slaying the dragon. St. George is revealed as a fighter for the victory of light over darkness.
Interesting icon " The battle of Suzdal with Novgorod", the earliest painting in Russian art on a historical theme. The composition is three-tiered, where the story of the transfer of the icon from the church unfolds sequentially Spas on Ilyin in detinets, about the deceit of the Suzdal people and the victory of the Novgorod people. The beauty of an icon lies in its graphic clarity, in the rhythm of what is depicted, in the extreme expressiveness of its coloring.
One of the famous Novgorod icons of the 15th century. - "Deesis and Praying Novgorodians", commissioned by the boyars Kuzmins, they are presented in the lower tier of the icon. Episodes of the gospel story are depicted in the icon " Nativity"(The Virgin and Child are painted in bright cinnabar in the center). The Flor and Laurus icon, which goes back to Slavic pagan art, is unusual. The plot of the Entombment icon is dramatic, which is distinguished by an emotional expressive character. The Mother of God, clinging to the body of Christ, is an image of inconsolable suffering. This is a traditional Russian cry over the deceased, this is maternal grief, so familiar to Russian women.
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ARTISTIC CULTURE OF KIEVAN RUSSIAN RUSSIA X-XI centuries
ACCEPTANCE OF CHRISTIANITY The pagan period in the history of the ancient Slavs was not an example of a highly developed civilization and did not leave samples of outstanding cultural monuments. The adoption of Christianity was a necessary step for the Slavs to enter the community of Western European countries, which were at a higher stage of development. The architectural monuments of Ancient Russia reflect the development of religious ideas, and the main historical stages in the formation of a single Russian state. Stone cathedrals were built in honor of the most important events in the history of Ancient Russia. The legend about Vladimir's choice of the Christian religion is told in The Tale of Bygone Years
In the temple, not only divine services and sacraments (baptism, communion, etc.) were performed, but also secular ceremonies - for example, the solemn accession of the prince to the throne. The building of the temple was the residence of the metropolitan (head of the Orthodox Church). Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv had the first library, archive and school in Russia. Princes and metropolitans were buried here. Yaroslav the Wise himself was buried in this temple in 1054. This temple in Kyiv has survived to this day. QUESTION: What building was simultaneously an archive, a library, a school, a hall for secular ceremonies, and a cemetery?
ORTHODOX TEMPLE STRUCTURE AND INTERIOR DEVELOPMENT Together with Christianity, Russia adopted the cross-domed structure of the temple from Byzantium. This type of church is square in plan. Its interior space is divided by four pillars into three naves (from Latin - ship): central and lateral. The two vaults intersect at right angles, forming a cross in the space under the dome - the most important symbol of Christianity. At the intersection of the vaults there is a light drum topped with a dome. It rests on pillars connected by arches (they are called girth arches). The upper part of the walls of the temple is completed by zakomaras (from the other Russian mosquito komora - vault). They are semicircular, as they repeat the shape of the vaults.
The first domes in Russia were low, semicircular. They repeated the shape of the domes of Byzantine churches. Then helmet-shaped domes appeared (a helmet, a helmet - an old military metal headdress), and even later - bulbous ones. The number of domes had a symbolic meaning. Two domes meant the divine and earthly origin of Christ, three domes - a symbol of the Holy Trinity (God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit), five - Christ and four evangelists, thirteen - Christ and 12 disciples-apostles. Each dome is topped with an Orthodox cross, always facing east.
Usually the temple has three entrances: the main (western) and two side (northern and southern). In Ancient Russia, galleries, or walks (from the word “walk”) were built around the church. They were erected from three sides - northern, western and southern. Some temples had annexes, each of which had its own altar and could perform services. The extension on the western side of the temple (where the main entrance was) was called the vestibule.
Under the floor of the church there were cellars in which noble people and clergymen were buried. The eastern part of the temple has apses (from the Greek apse - arc) - semicircular ledges. Depending on the size of the temple, there may be one or five apses. Each is covered with a semi-dome. In the apses there is an altar ("altar"). Only men can enter the altar.
In the center of the altar is a throne - a square stone table, a symbol of the Holy Sepulcher. According to the Orthodox faith, during the service, the Lord invisibly abides on the throne. In the southern part of the altar there is a sacristy (diakonnik) - a room where church utensils and vestments (robes) of priests are stored. To the left of the throne, in the northern or northeastern part of the altar, there is a special table - an altar. During the service, consecrated bread and wine are placed on it for communion. The altar is separated from the rest of the church by an iconostasis (a partition with icons). In front of him is an elevation - salt. On the sides of the salt are kliros - places for singers. The protrusion in the center of the salt, opposite the Royal Doors, is called the pulpit (from the Greek. "Ascend"). Sermons are delivered from the ambo, the Gospel is read.
Spirituality SPIRITUALITY is the highest level of development and self-regulation of a mature personality, at which the highest human values that are outside of hierarchical relationships become the main motivational and semantic regulators of its life activity. Spirituality differs from religiosity in that the source of the latter is the external world in the form of prescriptions and traditions, while the source of spirituality is the inner experience of a person.
Sobornost Sobornost is a concept introduced by the Russian philosopher A.S. Khomyakov (1804-1860), developed in the 19th century by Slavophiles, covering the entire way of life, a complex of moral and ethical norms within the community. These norms unconditionally condemn individualism, the desire of an individual to oppose himself to the community of "fellow believers". Sobornost rejects such a concept as "personal happiness", arguing that "it is impossible to be happy alone."
Features of ancient Russian art 1. Lack of authorship (anonymity of works of art) 2. Canonicality was expressed in traditionally repetitive images (in painting there were picturesque originals that were a model for imitation or copying; in Ancient Russia there was no word "composer", there were chanters - who connected church texts with musical sounds, based on a certain model of creativity.Temple architecture was also subject to canonical prescriptions.In literature, each cast genre had its own system of stylistic turns, verbal formulas.3. Symbolism.Masters revealed images that were hidden from the eyes of the living on earth.A symbol is a connection between two worlds, a sign of another world in this world.
The first flowering of ancient Russian art is associated with the era of Kievan Rus, which became the successor to Byzantine traditions. At the beginning of the XI century. 400 churches were built in Kyiv. Before the adoption of Orthodoxy, pagan Russia worshiped many gods. Baptism of Russia in 988 It gave a powerful impetus to the development of artistic culture.
Architecture of Kyiv The Golden Gate is the main entrance to the city from the southwest, from the Byzantine Empire. If the gates are like this, then what is the city itself like? Golden Gate. Reconstruction by S. Vysotsky
Remains of the Golden Gates The main entrance to Kyiv was a gigantic architectural structure - a vaulted array, built of brick and stone. Two parallel walls, covered with a vault, formed a passage 25 m deep. The Gate Church of the Annunciation with a gilded dome crowned the building. The two massive wings of the central gate were bound with gilded copper, which sparkled brightly in the sun. Most likely, this determined their name. In the lower part of the Golden Gate, under the church, there were vaults for valuables.
Reconstruction - sarcophagus over the Golden Gate
One of the oldest stone buildings in Kyiv was the Church of the Tithes, built in 989-996. In honor of the Holy Mother of God. Reconstruction
Church of the Tithes According to the annals, Grand Duke Vladimir Krasnoe Solnyshko "thought to create a church of the Most Holy Theotokos and send the craftsmen from the Greeks." The brick church was founded in Kiev next to the princely court in 989. Prince Vladimir gave her a tithe from his income, so the church was called the Tithe. This is the oldest of the monumental buildings known to us in Russia. The many-domed Desyatinnaya Church consisted of three naves, separated by three pairs of pillars; It had three apses. Its dimensions were 27.2 x 18.2 m. It was surrounded by galleries on three sides. Inside the temple there were choirs - a balcony for the prince and his entourage. The building of the church was built from plinth. Plinth is a flat brick measuring 30x40x5 cm. In Kyiv, the plinth was special, thin - only 2.5-3 cm thick. Greek craftsmen brought many marble details of interior decoration with them (Rus did not yet know marble). On the square in front of the temple, “four copper horses” were placed - trophy sculptures from Korsun. The church collapsed during the capture of Kyiv by the Mongols in 1240, when the surviving residents of the city took refuge in it. Only the remains of the foundation have been preserved.
Cathedral of St. Sophia in Kyiv In 1037, construction began on the grandiose main temple of the capital - the Cathedral of St. Sophia. Thus, Yaroslav the Wise proclaimed Kyiv equal to Constantinople, where the main cathedral was also dedicated to St. Sofia. In 1019, Yaroslav, nicknamed the Wise (978-1054), became the sole ruler of the Russian land.
Hagia Sophia Cross-domed five-nave thirteen-domed temple, built after the victory of Yaroslav the Wise over the Pechenegs. It continues the traditions of ancient Slavic architecture with its pillar-like log cabins, cages and golden-domed towers. The temple was not whitewashed, and brick and gray granite stone (plintha) alternated with pink opal (a solution of lime, sand and crushed brick), which gave its walls a pleasing elegance to the eye. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. 11th century (reconstruction).
The cathedral was built of red brick interspersed with pink opal.
The cathedral was built by Russian masters under the guidance of architects from Byzantium. The columns were made of bricks. Cornices, fences, floors were made of local slate, the so-called red slate, which has a beautiful crimson-violet color. The floors were covered with mosaics. Outside, the cathedral was decorated with niches and windows, crosses and meanders laid out of plinth - geometric ornaments, masonry with a hidden row and stripes of rough, unprocessed stone. In XV II-X V III centuries. The cathedral has been remodeled. In our time, the ancient masonry is visible only in areas where the plaster was specially removed.
Many domes are a distinctive feature of the St. Sophia Cathedral. One large and twelve smaller domes symbolize Christ and his twelve disciples.
Sophia of Kyiv Twelve powerful cruciform pillars divide the huge inner space of Sophia. Under the main dome, in a light-filled space, sermons were delivered and solemn state ceremonies were performed, and the highest clergy gathered in the altar itself. Above, in the choir stalls, earthly lords appeared: the prince and his entourage. Below, where the light turned into twilight, people crowded. Interior
Sophia of Kyiv The abundance of spans, arches that adorn the space of the temple, created the impression of monumentality and splendor of its interior decoration. Numerous colorful frescoes and sparkling mosaics, covering from top to bottom the dome space, walls, vaults and pillars, gave the temple a special splendor and solemnity. Interior
The abundance of spans and arches of various nature is an essential feature of the premises of St. Sophia Cathedral.
The spans and arches seem to “rhyme” with each other, grow, expand and end in a vast domed space with a huge triumphal arch framing the altar.
Inside the building, the dome was perceived not as the largest volume, but as the highest space, as the main source of light.
Inside the cathedral, high in the center under the very dome, Christ the Almighty is depicted.
The grandiose figure of the Mother of God (praying), who raised her hands to her Divine son in prayer for the human race, is located in the apse.
Eucharist
Above the altar, as a prototype of the liturgy taking place in the temple, it is depicted how the apostles with outstretched hands approach the altar; Christ gives them wine and bread.
The main images of St. Sophia Cathedral are made with mosaics and are concentrated in the central, most front and bright part of the temple.
The mosaics depicting the Church Fathers are distinguished by their exceptional subtlety of colorful hues. Radiant colors bring something light to these strict images.
Christ Mother of God
Gregory the Wonderworker Gregory of Nyssa
Archangel
Single combat of Jacob with the archangel Michael.
In the painting of the temple, along with sacred persons and events, the real world that surrounded a person found a place for itself. Family of Yaroslav the Wise
Sophia Kyiv St. Sophia burned twice. In the XIV century. the temple stood without a roof, with collapsed walls and a modern view of the collapsed western side. The temple was rebuilt several times. The last one is in the 18th century. in the Ukrainian baroque style.
The architecture of Veliky Novgorod The Novgorod Sophia Cathedral in the form in which it was erected in the 12th century has not been preserved. At first it was single-domed, with a round dome and three apses. During the rebuilding of the burned-out cathedral, four more smaller ones were erected around the dome, which was put in place of the old one. Chapels began to be attached to the temple on both sides.
Sophia of Novgorod The walls of the temple from the outside were devoid of any decorative details. The appearance is distinguished by simplicity, rigor and asymmetry of forms.
Sophia of Novgorod In the interior of the temple, two-arch spans, four- and octagonal pillars are used. The walls and vaults are covered with frescoes of amazing beauty.
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign" In the expressions "Words ..." not only the events of the unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsy of Novgorod-Seversky Prince Igor in 1185 are depicted, as is narrated in the annals, but events from princely civil strife, campaigns and successful battles are also recalled, starting from ancient times. Before us is, as it were, a folk history, a folk epic in a book presentation by a writer of the late 12th century.
Viktor Vasnetsov. After the battle of Igor Svyatoslavich with the Polovtsians. 1880
V. G. Perov "Lament of Yaroslavna". 1881
The Tale of Bygone Years Also called the "Original Chronicle" or "Nestor's Chronicle") is the earliest of the ancient Russian chronicles of the beginning of the 12th century that have come down to us. The covered period of history begins with biblical times in the introductory part and ends with the year 1117
Ostromir Gospel The oldest Russian handwritten book written in the middle of the 11th century. The most valuable monument of the Old Slavonic language of the Russian edition. The Ostromir Gospel refers to the liturgical type of books of Holy Scripture. In the main part of the text, the book contains gospel daily readings. Ostromir was a representative of one of the most influential Russian families: his grandfather - Dobrynya (served as a prototype for the epic Dobrynya Nikitich) - was an uncle to Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, who baptized Russia. Ostromir, the second cousin of Prince Vladimir, Izyaslav's cousin, orders a luxurious book, being at the zenith of his fame, for he considers his tenure in Novgorod almost like co-government with the Kyiv prince.
Resources used: E.P. Lvova, N.N. Fomin, World Artistic Culture. From its inception to the 17th century” Essays on history. - M .: Peter, 2007. L. Lyubimov "The Art of the Ancient World" - M.: Enlightenment, 1980 N.N. Kutsman "Elective course Culture of the Ancient World". - Volgograd "Corypheus", 2001. Yu.E. Galushkin "World Artistic Culture". - Volgograd: Teacher, 2007. Magazine "Art" №7 1993 T.G. Grushevskaya "Dictionary of the MHK" - Moscow: "Academy", 2001. A.I. Nemirovsky. "Book for reading on the history of the Ancient World", 2000. CER "World Artistic Culture Grades 10-11" CJSC "Infostudiya Ekon". COR "Culturology" CJSC "New Disk". COR "MHK from its inception to the XVII century" Publishing house "Piter".
Lesson summary on MHC in grade 10
"The Artistic Culture of Kievan Rus"
The purpose of the lesson:
Educational:
To acquaint students with the cultural monuments of Kievan Rus.
To form the concept of the influence of Byzantium on the culture of Ancient Russia, the creative processing of the traditions and originality of Russian culture.
To acquaint students with the cross-domed system of temple construction, the main architectural elements, and the painting system.
Describe the level of development of fine arts and artistic crafts in Russia.
Educational:
To form the perception of Old Russian culture as an integral part of the national Russian culture.
Raise interest in the study of the history of Russia and folk art.
Developing:
To be able to determine the artistic merit of architectural monuments.
Be able to describe and analyze new monuments of art.
To be able to express their attitude to the monuments of culture and art.
Teaching methods:
Exposure method.
Method of comparison and comparison of monuments of ancient Russian architecture.
Method of historical analysis of the considered phenomena.
Lesson type:
Lesson-research, which contributes to the awakening of interest, develops a craving for learning new things, and involves students in the creative process.
Lesson structure:
Class organization.
Actualization of basic knowledge on the topic "The Art of Byzantium".
The content of the lesson on the topic "Artistic culture of Kievan Rus".
Summing up and conclusions.
Grading.
Homework.
Equipment and materials:
epigraph
reproductions depicting cultural monuments of Kievan Rus.
Glossary of terms: cross-domed temple, nave, apse, dome, drum, sail, altar, support, choirs, plinth, fresco, mosaic, smalt, Pantokrator, Oranta.
Dates:988, 1037, 1052.
Persons:Vladimir the Red Sun, Yaroslav the Wise.
Monuments of culture and art: Cathedral of St. Sophia of Kyiv, Cathedral of St. Sophia of Constantinople, Golden Gates, icon of Our Lady of Vladimir.
Epigraphs: Keeping the history of that ... Kievan Rus,
We're picking up the true faith... the wreckage
Already the eleventh century ... we carry the cross
God forbid, help ... Orthodox descendants ...
Lesson content
I. Class organization.
(A musical fragment from the "Frescoes of St. Sophia of Kyiv" by V. Kikta sounds)
SLIDE 1
Introduction by the teacher.
Teacher: Under the year 1037, the chronicler wrote down "Lay Yaroslav the great city, he has the golden gates: lay the church of St. Sophia ...". Indeed, Yaroslav built new stone main city gates and called them Golden. Above the Golden Gate Yaroslav built the Church of the Annunciation. He built the main city cathedral of Hagia Sophia, which he decorated with gold, silver, and icons. Tell me, what city did the prince rebuild? (KYIV). What do you think we will talk about in class today? (ARTISTIC CULTURE OF Kyiv RUSSIA)
SLIDE 2
Introductory conversation with students.
The concept of "culture" includes everything that has been created by the mind, talent and hands of the people for thousands of years. Monuments of the history of culture are material evidence of the centuries-old experience of the development of mankind. They, as a focus, reflect the development of the productive forces and the artistic culture of society. In the culture of Ancient Russia, several stages can be distinguished.
Writing in a notebook :
The culture of the Eastern Slavs is the tradition of paganism.
The culture of Kievan Rus is a synthesis of the achievements of the Eastern Slavs and the Christian culture of Byzantium.
The culture of the fragmentation period - local schools are being created on the basis of the culture of Kievan Rus.
Teacher. Interview with students on:
How was Russian culture born? Will pagan spiritual traditions influence the development of culture after the adoption of Christianity?
What influenced its development?
How did Christianity influence the development of culture? - these questions will be in the center of our attention.
Answers. Russian culture developed as the culture of all Eastern Slavs, while maintaining pagan traditions. Russia was open to influences. It was Byzantium that first was the subject of development, then the norm and role model, then creatively reworked. Thus, its culture was synthetic, that is, it absorbed various cultural trends, while remaining original, retaining national features.
But before we begin our fascinating journey through Kievan Rus, let's outline the most important features of ancient Russian art.
(Anonymity, even in those cases when the author put his name in the manuscript or on the wall of the temple, he did not seek to express his own "I")
2. canonicity .
(Art was expressed in traditionally repeated plots, images, means of artistic generalization. Each of the arts had its own set of canonical rules.)
3. Symbolism .
(The most striking feature of the special artistic language of ancient Russian art. With the help of symbols (signs), the masters revealed images of heavenly spiritual reality, which is hidden from the gaze of people living on earth).
Over the course of several lessons, we will talk with you about the artistic culture of Medieval Russia. The period of its existence covers more than eight centuries. Its countdown starts from the middle of the 9th century and ends at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries. Russian culture has its roots in the distant times of paganism. She inherited from the ancient Slavsthe fundamental principles of the language, rich mythology, the art of carving all sorts of bizarre figures and household items from wood, cutting down huts and erecting towers.
II. Updating of basic knowledge on the topic "Byzantium"
SLIDE4.
Teacher. Byzantium had a huge influence on the development of Russian culture. Russia accepts Christianity in its Orthodox version. When did it happen? How it was?
Answers. In 988. A story about Vladimir's embassy to all countries. Only in Byzantium did the ambassadors "feel themselves in heaven."
Teacher. How was the adoption of Christianity in Russia? Did the pagan Slavs calmly accept him? When and where could the following scene be observed: “They entered the water and stood there, some up to their necks, others up to their chests, ... some held babies, and already adults wandered ... and there came together people without number.” Another saying has been preserved: "He baptized Putyata with fire, and Dobrynya with a sword."
In the formation and development of ancient Russian art, a huge role was played byAdoption Christianity from Byzantium in 988 . Baptized Russia, along with religion, inherited rich artistic traditions: stone architecture,type of cross-domed church , mosaic and fresco compositions in the spaces of architectural structures, stricticonography rules (canon), wondrous chants which are compared with angelic singing. The first Russian teachers were Greeks. But that doesn't mean thatancient Russian culture blindly imitated Byzantine, shebrought something own , originally Russian. For example, architects brought into the overseas style features of national architecture, originating from the wooden architecture of Russia, which is characterized by majestic simplicity and elegant decorativeness of churches.
The Old Russian state with its center in Kyiv reached its peak during the reign ofYaroslav the Wise (978-1054). Large-scale construction began, especially in Kyiv. The most famous building, which becameHagia Sophia (1037).
SLIDE 5
There were two in your classproblem groups who will try to vividly present the material about the Hagia Sophia in Kyiv and Novgorod. And together we will try to create"Living Newspaper" the material of which will allow you to learn interesting intriguing facts on the topic under study. Please fill in the comparison cards during our lesson - the characteristics of two magnificent cathedrals (students are given cards)
CARDS - APPENDIX №1
The first problem group speaks about Hagia Sophia in Kyiv
SLIDE 6
A huge five-nave cross-domed church with 5 altar apses and 13 domes, covered on three sides by wide galleries, in the corners on the western side rise two stair towers leading to the choirs. The total area of the cathedral is about 1300 m2, the height to the top of the main dome is 28.6 m, the total length is 41.7 m, the width is 54.6 m. The walls were elegantly laid out of plinth (flat red brick) in a technique with a recessed interspersed with raw stone next to it. The masonry was fastened with zemyanka - a solution of lime, sand and crushed bricks. Divine services were held in the cathedral, sermons were delivered, princes were enthroned. The illumination of the temple was carried out due to the cut long slit-like windows in the drums of thirteen domes. Subsequently, the cathedral underwent a thorough restructuring.
SLIDE 7
Of particular artistic value is the mosaic of St. Sophia of Kyiv. She is admired for her magnificence. The mosaic occupies 260 m2. According to the canon, in the central dome there is a mosaic of Christ Pantocrator (Almighty), and around it are the figures of four archangels. Currently, one of them is mosaic, and the other three, in place of the lost ones, were painted by the artist M.A. Vrubel with oil paints.
SLIDE 8
In the central apse there is a mosaic image of Our Lady Oranta (Praying) with her arms raised wide. The Mother of God is dressed in festive blue-gold clothes, her gesture of hands is perceived not only as an image of prayer, but also the personification of the intercession of the baptized people, the protection of the city and the state. The people called Our Lady Oranta the Indestructible Wall and believed that as long as Oranta was intact, Kyiv, “the mother of Russian cities,” would stand. Also in the temple you can see the mosaic work “Annunciation. Mary", "Annunciation. Archangel Gabriel"
SLIDE 9
The frescoes of St. Sophia of Kyiv surprise with the perfection of the execution technique. The images of the apostles, archangels, evangelists and holy warriors look majestically and solemnly from the vaults of the walls, domes, stairways. The frescoes cover an area of 3000m2. Very interesting among them is a group portrait of the family of Prince Yaroslav the Wise located on three walls of the western part of the central nave. Previously, it depicted the Grand Duke with his wife, sons and daughters, passing the model of St. Sophia Cathedral to Jesus Christ, seated in the center on the throne. At present, only the image of the princely daughters humbly walking with candles in their hands has been preserved. On the walls of Hagia Sophia, one can observe the frescoes "Descent into Hell", "Archangel", "Meeting of the Righteous Elizabeth with the Most Holy Theotokos". Also in the cathedral there are frescoes with scenes from the everyday life of the princes: noisy feasts, dances, hunting, fights, bear-baiting, circus performances with the participation of buffoons, acrobats, mummers.
SLIDE 10 Fresco "Buffoons".
Monumentality, laconicism, majesty, generality of the character of the image is observed in the early icons of the 11-12th centuries. The craftsmen who created them were natives of Byzantium, from whom the Russian craftsmen learned their experience.
SLIDE 11 Icons of the 12th century "Savior Not Made by Hands" and "Angel of Golden Hair" are made in the traditions of Kievan Rus. They have less ascetic severity, restraint, which was inherent in Byzantine icons.
Teacher:
I suggest you startdesign of the "Live Newspaper" interesting facts about Sophia of Kyiv (students read out their findings and attach them to the newspaper)
Teacher: Veliky Novgorod was the second most important city of Kievan Rus, the residence of the heirs of the Grand Duke's throne.Novgorod art from the moment you were bornharmonized with a strict and solemn appearance of the Russian North and had a distinct identity. The characteristic features of Novgorod architecture were mixed masonry of local stone and plinths, one- and five-domed onion and helmet-shaped domes, decorative decoration of drums, splendor and splendor of interiors.
The second problem group makes a presentation about the Hagia Sophia in Novgorod.
SLIDE 12
Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod was built, as you know, in 1045-50. At least 10 thousand cubic meters of stone and brick went into the construction of the St. Sophia Cathedral. At the same time, the main mass of the walls is made of stones of local origin. Brick was used to cover the vaults.
SLIDE 13 The height of Sophia from floor level to the cross on the central dome is 36.7 m, the width is 39.3 m, the length is 34.5 m. The uneven surfaces of the walls, cut through by windows in the form of narrow slits without a frame, were perceived as a solid, impenetrable mass of stone. The walls of the temple in the 12th century were whitewashed, which gave the building integrity, massiveness, and strength. The appearance of the cathedral was distinguished by simplicity, austerity and asymmetry of forms.
SLIDE 14 Very little fresco painting has been preserved in Sophia of Novgorod. Above the western entrance to the cathedral is a fresco of 70 m2, made in 1528. Depicted on the wall with paints are Abraham's conversation with three angels, below Sophia, the Wisdom of God, and the Image of the Savior Not Made by Hands, and on the sides are two archangels. The original painting survived only in the central part. In the 1890s, the fresco was restored.
SLIDE 15 In the central dome of the temple there was a unique fresco "Christ Pantokrator". It was destroyed in 1941 (historical summary from Live Newspaper).
The icon of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul from the Hagia Sophia was striking in its size of 236 x 150 cm. and an elegant silver salary. The apostles are depicted in full growth, with their attributes (Paul with a book, Peter - with the keys to paradise, a scroll and a staff - a symbol of power).
(Students continue to fill in the Live Newspaper columns with exciting material) SLIDE 16
Teacher: After listening to a very capacious information about the Hagia Sophia in Kyiv and Novgorod, I ask you to prepare for a comparative analysis of the characteristic cards of two monuments of ancient Russian art. What do they have in common? How do they differ significantly from each other?
(Students make conclusions according to the completed cards)
APPENDIX №1
At the end of our lesson, I want to ask everyone what new things you learned today, what information intrigued you, would you like to visit Kyiv and Novgorod to see these shrines, etc.
(At the end of the lesson, fragments from "Frescoes of St. Sophia of Kyiv" by V. Kikta. Students read the poem "Kievan Rus")
I pray for you again
Holy Kievan Rus.
There is no sweeter land for me,
Than my native side,
Where near the Dnieper, like a lush garden,
There is a mighty Kyiv-Grad.
Where the greenery is noisily having fun,
Playing with the wind Where to frolic
Barefoot children, and the song is flowing near the Dnieper.
On the gold of the Lavra domes,
To merge with the bell ringing,
And finally go down
Under the Temple there is a canopy where candles are placed,
And the whisper of old Russian speech
From the mouth accidentally flies
And the smoke of the censer raises
Those words are prayer clouds.
Hear them, God Almighty!
Oh, holy Russia! So that always
You shone like a bright star
And glorified Orthodoxy,
A lot of work put in
Human hopes and hopes,
Sacred prayers and suffering.
A lot of people died
For your glory and freedom.
And, I thought, for hundreds of years
Your greatness and dawn ...
Oh Rus! - I ask you with reproach,
Why are you broken by discord?!
Why does the prince say to the prince
What does the hour tell us to split up?!
And before a strong Power -
At the feet of the enemy. Where is the glory
That enemies are a blind army
Did it make you tremble?
Former cowards have become bold,
Already prepared bows, arrows,
To strike their hearts,
To take away the father from the children,
And a son, so that a mother loses,
To saturate the earth with blood.
Innocent blood ... How to understand
Is your downfall to the end?
What's this? the craft of the Creator,
Or the mistake of our ancestors?
But it's all in the past. Drink the Chalice.
You don't ask for an answer
Why do I pray again at night
By the light of a wax candle
Something that hasn't been around for a long time.
You better extinguish in your heart
Sadness about Kievan Rus.
APPENDIX №1
Card - characteristics of the Hagia Sophia in Kyiv and Novgorod
Kievan Rus.Kyiv
Kievan Rus.
Novgorod
Belonging to the type of architecture (volumetric structures, landscape, urban planning)
Volumetric structures
Volumetric structures
temple type
five-nave cross-domed church with 5 altar apses
Five-aisled cross-domed church
Number and shape of domes
13 heads, bulbous
Five-headed, helmet-shaped
Cathedral height
Height to the top of the main dome 28.6 m
The height of Sophia from floor level to the cross on the central dome is 36.7 m.,
Cathedral length
total length - 41.7 m
length 34.5 m
Cathedral Width
width - 54m
width - 39.3 m
Artistic means and techniques for creating an architectural image (symmetry, proportions, chiaroscuro, color modeling, material that formed the basis, etc.)
A large-scale, grandiose construction The walls are elegantly laid out of plinth using a technique with a recessed interspersed stone next to it. The masonry was fastened with zemyanka - a solution of lime, sand and crushed bricks. The illumination of the temple was carried out due to the cut long slit-like windows in the drums of thirteen domes. There is an asymmetry in the arrangement of chapters. Subsequently, the cathedral underwent a thorough restructuring.
The appearance of the cathedral was distinguished by simplicity, austerity and asymmetry of forms. The main mass of the walls is made of stones of local origin. Brick was used to cover the vaults. Asymmetrically arranged domes, tightly clustered in the center. Uneven surfaces of the walls, cut through by windows in the form of narrow slits without a frame The temple is perceived as a solid, impenetrable mass of stone. The walls of the temple in the 12th century were whitewashed, which gave the building integrity, massiveness, and strength.
Teacher. So, the adoption of Christianity was a decisive turn, a break with the previous pagan tradition. Together with the new religion, a new artistic system comes to Russia. The Byzantine system, built on a solid foundation of secular and ecclesiastical authority, came in handy for the court of Prince Vladimir. To assert the power of the emerging state of Kievan Rus, art, and one of its types, turned out to be indispensable. What kind of art is this?
Answers. Architecture.
Teacher. Why this art form?
Answers. Wooden buildings have not been preserved, and stone buildings have been standing for about a thousand years.
Teacher. In the 10th century, stone construction began in Russia. Russia is called the country of cities. A great future for Kyiv was predicted by Andrew the First-Called. According to legend, he visited a city in Russia and predicted: "A great city will be here, and the Lord will erect many churches and baptize the Russian land." Has his prophecy come true?
Answers. Yes, that is exactly what happened. Kievan Rus became a mighty power.
Teacher. So, the luxury and solemnity of Byzantine architecture served as a model for the construction of stone cathedrals in Kyiv. Russia adopts the cross-domed system of the temple from Byzantium (draw a diagram). In plan, such a temple is a square, inside there are 4 pillars or supports that hold the dome. Thus, the main symbol of Christianity is visible in it - the cross and the dome as a symbol of heaven. This type of temple is also called a temple on 4 pillars or pillars. What elements of the temple do you know?
Working with a table I. Task: You can perform one of several types:
write down the names of the elements in the notebook;
show them in illustrations;
in a more complex game version - correlate the names and their definitions, connect them with arrows, because, as a rule, students randomly name elements.
Working with a tableII. The artistic system of the painting of the temple.
You can complete one of several types of tasks, depending on the time allotted in the lesson. I offer three options for completing the task:
invite students to independently create a system for painting the temple. The task is carried out in the notebook "My painting system". Then we collectively find out which image corresponds to the place and role in the design of the temple. We write in the notebook "Byzantine system".
call the students to the board and offer to connect the elements of the temple and the images that, in their opinion, should be placed here with arrows. Then work with the class to determine the correct placement. Write down "Byzantine system" in your notebook.
Immediately perform in the form of a game, explaining the constructive role of architecture and the placement of images of saints.
Conclusion: The decoration of the temple reflects the constructive role of architecture.III. Learning new material Artistic culture of Kievan Rus.
Write down the plan.
Architecture
art
Craft
Exercise. From this series of architectural monuments, select those known to students and answer the questions:
What are their names?
Where were they created?
What historical period do they belong to?
On what grounds were they identified?
Picture line: Parthenon, Colosseum, Sophia of Constantinople, Sophia of Kyiv, Sophia of Novgorod.
students perform the task. They must define the monuments of antiquity (the Parthenon and the Colosseum) as pagan, the rest as Christian.
Teacher. Here is about Christian monuments of architecture will be discussed today. Before us is the ancient and eternally young, in the rays of the rising sun, the Russian land. The bells are ringing. We are on ancient Kyiv land. At that time, Kyiv was called "the mother of Russian cities". The first stone church in Russia was called Tithes. Why do you think one of the first churches in Kyiv was called Tithes: 10 foundation stones, 10 doors, 10 windows, 10th part of income for maintenance?
Answers. The prince gave a tenth of his income for the upkeep of the church.
Teacher. To make it easier for you to understand the topic, to feel the breath of the era, listen to the historical information about the reign of Vladimir the Red Sun, when the first immortal monuments of ancient Russian architecture were created.
Guide I. History reference. The student performs a prepared advanced task about the personality of Prince Vladimir the Red Sun and his cultural activities. The prince begins a large construction in Kyiv. He builds powerful fortress walls around it. The main entrance gates to the city are called Golden and Silver. The basis of the prince's activity was the desire to create a powerful state that could compete with Europe and claim primacy. He summed up the ideological base, created an ideological justification for the continuity of princely power, introduced Christianity in the Byzantine version. Under him, the construction of churches in Russia began. The main goal is to establish the strength and power of the new center of the Russian land.
Problem question. Could art stay the same? What ideas should it assert?
Student responses. The glorification of power, strength and power, the greatness of power.
Teacher. Let's hear how it happened. Who continued the work of Vladimir to decorate the Russian land?
Guide II. History reference.
The student performs with a prepared advanced task about the activities of Yaroslav the Wise. The performance is accompanied by a display of pictorial series with views of architecture. In 1037, the prince builds the main temple of his state - the Cathedral of St. Sophia of Kyiv. In The Tale of Bygone Years, the author writes: “After all, the Father plowed and softened his land, that is, he enlightened him with baptism. This one sowed the hearts of believers with bookish words. And we reap, accepting the teaching of the book.
Teacher. Write down the name of the new church in your notebook. Let's see if the prince coped with the task. How was the new cathedral supposed to tell about this? (Showing reproductions, compare with Sophia of Constantinople).
Student responses.
Teacher. Yaroslav the Wise built the main temple in honor of the Wisdom of God - Hagia Sophia, which has its own characteristics. It increases in size, grows in length and width by adding supporting pillars. Area - 1300 sq. meters, the height of the dome - 30 meters. Composition, rhythmic volumes, gathering towards the center. A stepped pyramidal composition is formed, crowned with 13 chapters. Where does this number come from?
Answers. Different opinions are expressed, someone is sure to remember the devil's dozen.
Teacher. Everything in the temple is symbolic, even the number of domes. It stands for 12+1=Christ with 12 apostles. By the way, the Church of the Tithes had 25 chapters. The temple is being built by Russian masters under the guidance of Byzantine architects. The temple was built from pinkplinths - wide and flat fired brick, which enhances the effect of decorativeness and picturesqueness. The light from the windows in the drum illuminates the space under the dome. Sermons were delivered under the main dome, solemn ceremonies were performed. Upstairs, in the choir stalls, the prince appeared with his retinue. The image of Christ Pantocrator reigned in the dome, in the piers - a string of saints, in the central apse there was an image of the Mother of God with arms raised up - Oranta. Who does it remind you of?
Student responses. Pagan Makosh - the protector of the hearth.
Teacher. This is how pagan and Orthodox traditions coexist in art. The people of Kiev loved her and believed that the Mother of God would protect them from adversity. They nicknamed it "The Unbreakable Wall".
Painting of this period is represented quite widely in mosaics, frescoes, icons. It was monumental painting associated with architecture and icons. The temple was richly decorated. On the walls glittered with goldmosaics. It was a real art: pieces of glass - smalt - were placed at different angles, when a ray of the sun fell on them, it was reflected and fell on the next one. The whole image sparkled and shimmered. The mosaics of the Cathedral of St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery ("Eucharist", "Dmitry of Thessalonica") have survived to this day. In addition to the "shimmering painting", the temple was decoratedfrescoes.Images of Yaroslav's family have been preserved, and the fantasy of Russian masters has manifested itself in the side towers. They placed images that did not correspond to church canons. These were scenes from social life, hunting, images of mummers, etc. From the frescoes you can find out what the princes did at their leisure - they loved music, singing, hunting, buffoon games.
On the walls wereicons.It was here that the famousIcon of Our Lady of VladimirXII in. - “the eternal song of motherhood”, as I. Grabar called it, which came to Russia from Byzantium. "Saint George"embodied the ideal of the defender of the Fatherland. The favorite subjects of icon painting were the life of Mary, events from the life of Christ and the saints. In strict faces, in large dark eyes, one can feel a tense inner life, conviction in one's faith, readiness for sacrifice in its name. This harsh painting embodied the moral ideal of our people, its strength and steadfastness in the face of trials.
Russian art craft famous all over the world. Graceful jewelry, genuine masterpieces are created by Kyiv jewelers. What methods of making jewelry were known to ancient Russian craftsmen?
Let's turn to the table.
Scan
openwork or soldered on a metal background pattern of thin gold or silver wire
Grain
small gold or silver balls (from 0.4 mm), which are soldered onto a filigree ornament
cloisonne enamel
a special technique of enameling, where the enamel fills the gaps between metal partitions soldered with a rib on the metal surface.
Craftsmen not only made decorations, but also made frames for icons, church utensils (illustration). Consider ornaments, establish their connection with pagan motifs.
Teacher. And what happened in the rest of Russia?
Guide III. History reference.
At the end of XI-beginning of XII centuries cross-domed churches began to be built throughout Russia. They were built by Russian craftsmen from local materials and taking into account local traditions. In 1052, Sophia of Novgorod was built in Novgorod, later - St. Nicholas-Dvorishchensky Cathedral, St. George's Cathedral of the St. XI century, in the image of the Church of the Tithes) and the Borisoglebsky Cathedral. Similar cathedrals were erected in Vyshgorod, Peryaslavl, Smolensk. Thus, in Russia there are various art schools, united by common features. Political and economic difficulties do not allow the princes to build huge city cathedrals, like St. Sophia of Kyiv or Novgorod. AT XII century, in all Russian principalities, single-domed 4-pillar churches grow up, which embody a vivid artistic image.
Questions to consolidate the material.
What did we learn about the architecture of St. Sophia of Kyiv?
under which prince it was built: Vladimir, Yaroslav, Vsevolod, Andrey Bogolyubsky;
what does the number of chapters mean: damn dozen, Christ with the disciples, the age of the prince, the number of builders;
what do the images say? (about the life of princes)
type of image of the Mother of God in the cathedral: Eleusa, Oranta, Hodegetria, Sign;
its name by the people of Kiev: Indestructible wall, Burning bush, Almighty.
Teacher. List the features of the temple.
Answers.
many heads
pyramidality
growing up - the principle of hierarchy
rhythm of volumes - picking up to the center
proportionality - a sense of harmony
Teacher. What artistic image contains this temple?
Answers. Students choose words to define. Bring them to the concept of "glorification of power and greatness", "feeling the grace of God."
Teacher. What feelings does it evoke?
Answers. The beauty.
IV. Results and conclusions on the topic of the lesson
Russia is the heir to Byzantine traditions.
Russian masters creatively reworked the Byzantine system and filled it with new content.
Artists created a special man-made world.
Pagan traditions will constantly "come around" in Russian art.
Art created by unknown masters.
Architecture is the leading art form that expresses the ideas of its time.
High level of construction technology.
Architecture serves as a symbol of the glorification of the power of the prince and reflects beauty in harmony with the natural world.
With one building system - cross-domed - temples receive a different figurative incarnation and content.
The main principle is beauty.
It enters our life, becomes a part of it and is connected with modernity.
Old Russian culture is part of the spiritual culture of mankind.
So in art X-XII centuries the Russian people immortalized their youth, their love for their native land. Ancient Russian art is a great creation of its time. It is unique, like the era that gave birth to this art. And it enters the spiritual culture of modern man as a certain stage in the artistic development of our people, as a living evidence of its creative power at the dawn of national history.
V. Grading.
VI. Homework. Make a crossword puzzle with new terms.