general characteristics surface water quality
The characterization of the quality of the rivers of the Vologda Oblast was made on the basis of materials obtained as a result of hydrochemical monitoring at 50 points, which are controlled by the Vologda Central Hydrometeorological Service, and 1 point of production control (JSC Severstal) at water bodies of the Vologda Oblast:
29 rivers, Kubenskoye Lake, Rybinsk and Sheksninskoe (including Lake Beloe) reservoirs.
The assessment of water quality was carried out in accordance with the developed by the Hydrochemical Institute and put into effect in 2002 RD 52.24.643-2002 " Guidelines. A method for a comprehensive assessment of the degree of contamination of surface waters by hydrochemical indicators, using the software package "UKIZV - network".
Based on the analysis of samples taken in 2010, it can be concluded that the surface waters of the region mainly belong to the 3rd class (the "polluted" category) - 60% of the observation points, to the 4th class (the "dirty" category) - 36% , to class 5 (category "extremely dirty") - 2% of points, which is explained by the natural origin and background nature of the increased content of iron, copper and zinc in the surface waters of the region, as well as chemical oxygen demand (COD), which mainly determine the value UKIZV. At the same time, the anthropogenic component of pollution is clearly seen only in watercourses, the natural flow of which is much less than the volume of wastewater entering them (the Pelshma, Koshta, Vologda, Sodema, and Shogrash rivers). Class 2 (the category “weakly polluted” includes 2% of points (Figure 1.2. and Table 1.2.).
Compared to 2009, there was a decrease in the number of water bodies classified as quality class 3 (“polluted” category), while the number of objects classified as class 4 (“dirty” category) increased simultaneously.
Analysis possible causes showed:
In 2010, compared to 2009, the volume of polluted wastewater decreased by 2.3 million m3, the mass of pollutants decreased by 0.6 thousand tons;
The deterioration of water quality has affected in most cases water bodies, the anthropogenic impact on which is insignificant or completely absent.
Thus, it can be concluded that the deterioration of water quality in the water bodies of the region is associated with an abnormally high temperature and a shortage of precipitation during the summer low water period of 2010, which led to an increase in oxidative processes and an increase in the share of groundwater in the formation of runoff. As a result, there was an increase in the content of substances in the water nitrogen group, as well as substances characteristic of water-bearing soils (copper, zinc, aluminum, manganese).
Table 1.2.
Comparison of surface water quality in the region based on the 2009 and 2010 UKWIS Composite Indicator.
| year 2009 | 2010 | ||||
| UKWIS | UKWIS | class, category (category) of water quality | |||
| White Sea basin | |||||
| lake Kubenskoye - village Korobovo | 2,32 | 3A (contaminated) | 3,17 | 3B (very polluted) | Cu (3.6 MAC), COD (2.6 MAC), Fe (1.3 MAC), BOD5 (1.7 MAC) |
| R. Uftyuga - village Bogorodskoe | 4,68 | 4A (dirty) | 3,68 | 3B (very polluted) | Fe (1.9 MAC), Cu (2.0 MAC), COD (1.3 MAC), BOD5 (2.5 MAC), SO4 (1.2 MAC) |
| R. Bolshaya Elma - d. Filyutino | 2,72 | 3A (contaminated) | 3,60 | 3B (very polluted) | Cu (5.1 MAC), Fe (1.4 MAC), COD (2.1 MAC), BOD5 (1.5 MAC), SO4 (1.2 MAC) |
| R. Syamzhena - with. Syamzha | 3,50 | 3B (very polluted) | 4,66 | 4A (dirty) | Fe (4.9 MAC), Cu (11.0 MAC), COD (3.6 MAC), Zn (2.2 MAC), petroleum products (1.9 MAC), NO2 (1.1 MAC) |
| R. Kubena - village Savinskaya | 3,13 | 3B (very polluted) | 4,86 | 4B (dirty) | Cu (28.3 MAC), Fe (2.9 MAC), COD (2.2 MAC), Zn (6.9 MAC), NH4 (1.0 MAC), petroleum products (1.0 MAC) |
| R. Kubena - village TroitseEnalskoe | 3,34 | 3B (very polluted) | 2,26 | 3A (contaminated) | Fe (2.7 MAC), Cu (3.0 MAC), COD (1.5 MAC) |
| R. Sukhona - 1 km above Sokola | 3,62 | 3B (very polluted) | 3,57 | 3B (very polluted) | Cu (4.9 MAC), COD (2.5 MAC), Fe (1.1 MAC), BOD5 (1.3 MAC), phenols (1.8 MAC), Ni (1.4 MAC), Mn ( 1.0 MPC) |
| R. Sukhona - 2 km below Sokola | 4,00 | 3B (very polluted) | 4,34 | 4A (dirty) | Cu (5.3 MAC), COD (2.5 MAC), Fe (1.7 MAC), BOD5 (1.3 MAC), phenols (1.8 MAC), Ni (1.4 MAC), Mn ( 1.0 MPC) |
| R. Toshnya - d. Svetilki | 3,36 | 3B (very polluted) | COD (2.4 MAC), BOD5 (1.6 MAC) | ||
| R. Toshnya - Vologda, water intake PZ | 4,39 | 4A (dirty) | 4,48 | 4A (dirty) | Cu (4.8 MAC), COD (1.8 MAC), BOD5 (1.7 MAC), NH4 (1.1 MAC), NO2 (1.3 MAC) |
| R. Vologda - 1 km above the city of Vologda | 4,54 | 4A (dirty) | 4,32 | 4A (dirty) | Cu (8.0 MAC), COD (2.3 MAC), Fe (1.9 MAC), BOD5 (1.4 MAC), Ni (1.3 MAC), Mn (1.5 MAC), phenols ( 1.2 MPC) |
| R. Sodema - Vologda | 7,43 | 4B (very dirty) | 7,64 | 4B (very dirty) | BOD5 (2.8 MAC), NO2 (3.8 MAC), COD (2.7 MAC), NH4 (2.2 MAC), petroleum products (4.3 MAC), phenols (2.5 MAC) |
| R. Shogrash - Vologda | 8,40 | 4B (very dirty) | 7,45 | 4G (very dirty) | NH4 (4.5 MAC), BOD5 (2.5 MAC), COD (2.2 MAC), NO2 (3.6 MAC), petroleum products (1.2 MAC), phenols (2.5 MAC) |
| R. Vologda - 2 km below Vologda | 5,54 | 4B (dirty) | 6,02 | 4B (very dirty) | NO2 (4.2 MAC), NH4 (4.1 MAC), Cu (4.4 MAC), BOD5 (3.3 MAC), COD (2.7 MAC), Fe (2.3 MAC), phenols (1.4 MAC), Ni (1.5 MPC), Mn (1.5 MPC) |
| R. Lying - v. Zimnyak | 3,26 | 3B (very polluted) | 2,92 | 3A (contaminated) | Cu (5.4 MAC), Fe (2.6 MAC), BOD5 (1.5 MAC), COD (2.4 MAC) |
| R. Sukhona - 1 km above the mouth of the river. Pelshmy | 2,70 | 3A (contaminated) | 2,68 | 3A (contaminated) | COD (2.2 MAC), Fe (1.2 MAC), Ni (1.5 MAC), NO2 (1.7 MAC) |
| Water body - settlement | year 2009 | 2010 | |||
| UKWIS | class, category (category) of water quality | UKWIS | class, category (category) of water quality | indicators exceeding the MPC (Cav / MPC) | |
| R. Pelshma | 7,29 | 5 (extremely dirty) | 7,89 | 5 (extremely dirty) | Fe (4.3 MAC), BOD5 (20.5 MAC), lignosulfonates (14.6 MAC), phenols (15.3 MAC), COD (11.9 MAC), NH4 (2.4 MAC), NO2 ( 1.2 MPC), oxygen (1.0 MPC) |
| R. Sukhona - 1 km below the mouth of the river. Pelshmy | 2,70 | 3A (contaminated) | 2,81 | 3A (contaminated) | COD (2.2 MAC), Fe (1.2 MAC), phenols (1.1 MAC), Ni (1.4 MAC) |
| R. Sukhona - s. Narems | 3,06 | 3B (very polluted) | 3,76 | 3B (very polluted) | COD (3.0 MAC), Cu (6.1 MAC), Fe (2.5 MAC), BOD5 (1.9 MAC), Mn (1.0 MAC), Ni (1.2 MAC) |
| R. Dvinitsa - the village of Kotlaksa | 3,17 | 3B (very polluted) | 3,68 | 3B (very polluted) | Fe (3.5 MAC), Cu (6.4 MAC), petroleum products (1.1 MAC), COD (2.9 MAC), BOD5 (1.0 MAC), NH4 (1.0 MAC) |
| R. Sukhona - above the city of Totma | 2,74 | 3A (contaminated) | 3,06 | 3B very (polluted) | Fe (3.4 MAC), COD (2.9 MAC), Cu (3.8 MAC) |
| R. Sukhona - below the city of Totma | 3,98 | 3B (very polluted) | 3,33 | 3B (very polluted) | Fe (2.9 MAC), COD (2.9 MAC), Cu (3.6 MAC), NO2 (1.5 MAC) |
| R. Ledenga - d. Yurmanga | 4,01 | 4A (dirty) | 5,06 | 4A (dirty) | Cl (1.1 MAC), Fe (2.2 MAC), COD (2.7 MAC), SO4 (3.4 MAC), Cu (3.5 MAC), BOD5 (1.4 MAC) |
| R. Old Totma - village Demyanovsky Pogost | 3,71 | 3B (very polluted) | 3,05 | 3B (very polluted) | COD (1.6 MAC), Fe (1.5 MAC), Cu (2.1 MAC), BOD5 (1.2 MAC), SO4 (1.5 MAC) |
| R. Upper Erga - village Pikhtovo | 3,67 | 3B (very polluted) | 3,29 | 3B (very polluted) | Fe (2.6 MAC), Cu (4.2 MAC), COD (1.8 MAC) |
| R. Sukhona - 3 km above Veliky Ustyug | 3,01 | 3B (very polluted) | 3,51 | 3B (very polluted) | Cu (5.4 MAC), COD (2.2 MAC), Fe (2.6 MAC), Ni (1.4 MAC), Mn (1.2 MAC) |
| R. Kichmenga - village Zakharovo | 2,74 | 3A (contaminated) | 3,61 | 3B (very polluted) | Fe (2.0 MAC), COD (1.8 MAC), Cu (3.6 MAC) |
| R. South - d. Permas | 3,03 | 3B (very polluted) | 1,98 | 2 (lightly polluted) | COD (1.8 MAC), Fe (3.6 MAC), Cu (2.9 MAC) |
| R. South - d. Strelka | 3,36 | 3B (very polluted) | 3,24 | 3B (very polluted) | Fe (4.7 MAC), COD (1.7 MAC), Cu (5.4 MAC), Zn (1.0 MAC) |
| R. M. Northern Dvina - below the city of Veliky Ustyug (Kuzino) | 3,39 | 3B (very polluted) | 3,78 | 3B (very polluted) | Fe (4.3 MAC), Cu (7.1 MAC), COD (2.0 MAC), Ni (1.4 MAC), Zn (1.1 MAC), Mn (1.2 MAC) |
| R. M. Northern Dvina - 1 km above the town of Krasavino (Medvedki) | 3,75 | 3B (very polluted) | 3,43 | 3B (very polluted) | Fe (3.3 MAC), Cu (5.8 MAC), COD (2.1 MAC), Zn (1.2 MAC), BOD5 (1.0 MAC) |
| R. M. Northern Dvina - 3.5 km below the town of Krasavino | 3,41 | 3B (very polluted) | 4,02 | 4A (dirty) | Fe (3.2 MAC), COD (2.4 MAC), Cu (6.3 MAC), Zn (1.1 MAC), Ni (1.7 MAC), BOD5 (1.0 MAC), Mn ( 1.5 MPC) |
| R. Vaga - village Gluboretskaya | 3,53 | 3B (very polluted) | 4,36 | 4A (dirty) | Cu (3.5 MAC), Fe (3.3 MAC), COD (2.6 MAC), BOD5 (1.1 MAC), petroleum products (1.6 MAC) |
| R. Vaga - below with. Verkhovazhye | 4,72 | 4A (dirty) | 3,66 | 3B (very polluted) | COD (1.6 MAC), Fe (1.8 MAC), Cu (3.2 MAC), SO4 (1.3 MAC), NO2 (1.5 MAC), BOD5 (1.4 MAC) |
| Caspian basin | |||||
| R. Kema - village Popovka | 2,49 | 3A (contaminated) | 3,08 | 3B (very polluted) | Fe (3.9 MAC), COD (1.6 MAC), Cu (2.0 MAC), NH4 (1.0 MAC) |
| R. Kunost - d. Rostani | 2,77 | 3A (contaminated) | 2,97 | 3A (contaminated) | Fe (2.2 MAC), Cu (4.1 MAC), COD (2.1 MAC) |
| lake Beloe - d. Kisnema | 2,77 | 3A (contaminated) | 3,04 | 3B (contaminated) | Fe (5.8 MAC), Cu (2.9 MAC), COD (2.9 MAC), NH4 (1.1 MAC) |
| lake Beloe - Belozersk | 3,35 | 3B (very polluted) | 3,07 | 3B (very polluted) | Fe (4.5 MAC), COD (2.8 MAC), Cu (2.7 MAC) |
| Sheksna reservoir. - village Krokhino | 2,58 | 3A (contaminated) | 2,11 | 3A (contaminated) | Fe (5.7 MAC), Cu (5.0 MAC), COD (2.6 MAC) |
| Sheksna reservoir. - With. Ivanov Bor | 3,23 | 3B (contaminated) | 4,28 | 4A (dirty) | Fe (6.2 MAC), Cu (3.7 MAC), COD (2.5 MAC), petroleum products (1.0 MAC), NO2 (1.7 MAC) |
| R. Yagorba - d. Mostovaya | 4,93 | 4A (dirty) | 5,00 | 4A (dirty) | Fe (1.1 MAC), COD (1.8 MAC), BOD5 (2.0 MAC), SO4 (4.3 MAC), Cu (2.3 MAC), Ni (1.4 MAC), petroleum products (1, 6 MAC), NH4 (1.1 MAC), NO2 (1.5 MAC), Mn (1.0 MAC) |
| R. Yagorba - Cherepovets, 0.5 km above the mouth | 3,75 | 3B (very polluted) | 4,41 | 4A (dirty) | Cu (3.6 MAC), Fe (2.2 MAC), COD (2.7 MAC), Ni (1.7 MAC), BOD5 (1.4 MAC), Mn (1.3 MAC) |
| R. Costa - Cherepovets | 6,29 | 4B (dirty) | 6,11 | 4B (dirty) | NO2 (5.7 MAC), Cu (6.6 MAC), Zn (2.8 MAC), SO4 (1.9 MAC), Ni (1.7 MAC), COD (2.7 MAC), BOD5 (2.0 MAC), Fe (2.0 MAC), Mn (1.8 MAC), NH4 (3.6 MAC) |
| R. Andoga - village Nikolskoye | 3,67 | 3B (very polluted) | 3,33 | 3B (very polluted) | Fe (4.2 MAC), Cu (3.7 MAC), COD (3.1 MAC), petroleum products (1.9 MAC) |
| R. Ships - village BorisovoSudskoe | 4,29 | 4A (dirty) | 4,54 | 4A (dirty) | Fe (3.8 MAC), Cu (9.0 MAC), COD (1.3 MAC), Zn (1.5 MAC), BOD5 (1.6 MAC), NH4 (1.1 MAC), NO2 ( 1.3 MPC) |
| R. Chagodoshcha - village Megrino | 2,72 | 3A (contaminated) | 2,69 | 3A (contaminated) | Fe (4.6 MAC), Cu (2.8 MAC), COD (1.8 MAC) |
| R. Mologa - above the city of Ustyuzhna | 2,89 | 3A (contaminated) | 3,15 | 3B (very polluted) | Fe (3.2 MAC), COD (1.8 MAC), Cu (3.1 MAC), BOD5 (1.1 MAC) |
| R. Mologa - below the city of Ustyuzhna | 2,71 | 3A (contaminated) | 3,53 | 3B (contaminated) | Fe (3.0 MAC), COD (1.8 MAC), Cu (4.3 MAC), Zn (1.0 MAC), BOD5 (1.2 MAC) |
| Rybinsk reservoir – 2 km above the city of Cherepovets | 3,16 | 3B (very polluted) | 3,85 | 3B (very polluted) | Cu (4.1 MAC), COD (2.2 MAC), Fe (1.9 MAC), Ni (1.0 MAC), BOD5 (1.0 MAC) |
| Rybinsk reservoir - 0.2 km below the city of Cherepovets | 3,31 | 3B (very polluted) | 4,26 | 4A (dirty) | Cu (3.5 MAC), COD (2.6 MAC), Fe (2.3 MAC), Ni (1.6 MAC), NO2 (1.0 MAC), BOD5 (1.3 MAC), Mn ( 1.3 MPC) |
| Rybinsk reservoir - With. Myaksa | 3,74 | 3B (very polluted) | 3,24 | 3B (very polluted) | Cu (3.8 MAC), COD (2.4 MAC), Fe (2.6 MAC), NH4 (1.1 MAC) |
| Baltic basin | |||||
| R. Andoma - village Rubtsovo | 3,67 | 3B (very polluted) | 3,27 | 3B (very polluted) | Fe (7.5 MAC), COD (2.3 MAC), Cu (2.9 MAC), NH4 (1.0 MAC) |
Figure 1.2
Figure 1.3.
Changes in water quality along the length of Kubenskoye Lake - Sukhona River -
r.Malaya Northern Dvina in 2009-2010
Figure 1.4
Changes in water quality along the length of Beloe Lake - Sheksninskoye Reservoir. -
Rybinsk reservoir in 2009-2010
R. Pelshma
River water quality Pelshma for 2010 (Figure 1.5.) deteriorated within the category 5 "extremely dirty" - UKWHI = 7.89 (in 2009 UKWHI = 7.29).
The main pollutant ingredients are lignosulfonates and phenols, the average content of which was 14.6 MPC and 15.3 MPC, respectively. The maximum values of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) were observed in summer and amounted to 83.0 MPC. The maximum content of phenols and lignosulfonates was also observed in winter and amounted to 22.3 and 21.06 MPC, respectively.
Figure 1.5.
River water quality Pelshma in 2003 - 2010
R. Sukhona near the town of Sokol and the mouth of the river. Pelshmy
River water quality The Sukhona upstream of the city of Sokol improved in comparison with 2009 within the category 3B "very polluted" (IWQW equal to 3.57), below the city of Sokol it worsened with the transition from category 3B "very polluted" to category 4A "dirty" ( UKWEE equals 4.34) (Figure 1.6.).
Figure 1.6.
River water quality Sukhonas in the area of Sokola in 2003 - 2010
Above the mouth of the river Pelshma river water quality The sukhona remained within category 3A "contaminated": UKIZV2010 = 2.68, UKIZV2009 = 2.70.
Below the mouth of the river Pelshma river water quality The sukhona also remained within category 3A "contaminated" (UKPIW2010 = 2.70, UKPIW2009 = 2.81) (Figure 1.7.).
Figure 1.7.
River water quality Sukhona near the mouth of the river. Pelshma and s. Narems in 2003 - 2010
R. Vologda. Water in the river above the city (Figure 1.8.) compared to previous year in 2010, it remained in category 4A "dirty" (UKIZV2010 = 4.32, UKIZV2009 = 4.54).
Below the city of Vologda, in 2010, the water quality deteriorated compared to 2009 with the transition from category 4B “dirty” to 4C “very dirty” (UKWEE2010 = 6.02, UKWEE2009 = 5.54).
Figure 1.8.
Change in the quality of river. Vologda in the region of Vologda in 2003 - 2010
To a limited number of indicators that determine the water pollution of the river. Vologda downstream of the city and the conditions of the UKIZV include ammonium nitrogen (4.1 MPC) and nitrite nitrogen (4.2 MPC), BOD5 (3.3 MPC), phenols (1.4 MPC), copper ions (4.4 MPC), nickel (1.5 MPC), iron (2.3 MPC), manganese (1.5 MPC).
Rybinsk reservoir
The water quality of the Rybinsk Reservoir. according to the indicator of the UKWAP above the city of Cherepovets, it worsened within the category 3B “very polluted” (WHIW = 3.85) (Figure 1.9.).
The quality of water downstream of Cherepovets (village Yakunino) deteriorated with the transition from category 3B “very polluted” to category 4A “dirty”: UKWHI2009 = 3.31, UKWHIW2010 = 4.26.
In the area with Myaksa water quality has improved within category 3B “very polluted”: UKWHI2009 = 3.74, UKWHI2010 = 3.24.
The main substances that determine the value of the Rybinsk Reservoir IWQW are copper, iron, and COD ions, which are of natural origin and background character. In the area with In Myaksa, ammonium nitrogen (1.1 MPC), Yakunino BOD5 (1.3 MPC), June manganese (1.3 MPC) were noted.
Figure 1.9.
Changes in the quality of the Rybinsk Reservoir. in the area of Cherepovets in 2003 - 2010
R. Costa
In 2010, the water quality in the river. Koshte (Figure 1.10.), compared to 2009, remained within the category 4B “dirty water” at UKWIS 6.11 (in 2009 UKWHI = 6.29).
The main substances polluting the water of the river. Koshta, were COD (2.7 MPC), nitrite nitrogen (5.7 MPC) and ammonium (3.6 MPC), sulfates (1.9 MPC), BOD5 (2.0 MPC), nickel ions (1.7 MPC), zinc (2.8 MPC), copper (6.6 MPC), iron (2.0 MPC) and manganese (1.8 MPC).
Figure 1.10.
River water quality Koshty near the city of Cherepovets in 2003 - 2010
R. Yagorba
River water Yagorby (Figure 1.11.) in 2009, upstream of the city of Cherepovets (village Mostovaya), belonged to category 4A "dirty" (UKPIW = 5.00), which is slightly higher than the level of 2009 (UKPIW = 4.93). Within the city of Cherepovets, the water quality deteriorated with the transition from category 3B "very polluted" to category 4A "dirty": UKWEE2009 = 3.75, UKWEE2010 = 4.41.
Among the main ingredients polluting the water of the river. Yagorbs include: nickel ions (1.4 - 1.7 MPC), copper (2.3 - 3.6 MPC), iron (1.1 - 2.2 MPC), manganese (1.0 - 1.3 MPC ), BOD5 (1.4 - 2.0 MAC), COD (1.8 - 2.7), ammonium nitrogen ((1.1 MAC) and nitrite (1.5 MAC), sulfates (4.3 MAC) and oil products (1.6 MPC).
Figure 1.11
River water quality Yagorba in 2003 - 2010
In order to assess and identify the impact of economic activity on the quality of surface waters, the calculation of the water pollution index (WPI) was also carried out, in which the concentrations of substances with increased natural values were not taken into account.
Assessment of the quality of surface waters according to the complex indicator "Water Pollution Index (WPI)" showed that in 60% of observation points in 2010 the water was classified as "clean", in 34% - "moderately polluted", in 4% (R. Koshta - 3 km above the mouth, the Vologda River - below the city of Vologda) - polluted, in 2% (Pelshma River) - "extremely dirty" (Table 1.3.).
The greatest anthropogenic load in the region is experienced by the Pelshma, Koshta, Vologda rivers below the city of Vologda, Sodema, Shogrash.
The cleanest water bodies of the region are the rivers Yug, Kubena, Chagoda, Lezha, Kunost, Mologa, Kema, Staraya Totma, B. Elma, Syamzhena, Ledenga, V. Erga, Andoga, Andoma, lake. Beloe, oz. Kubenskoe, Sheksna reservoir.
Table 1.3. Comparison of surface water quality in the region for 2009 and 2010.
| Water | Locality | year 2009 | 2010 | ||
| WPI | water quality | WPI | water quality | ||
| White Sea basin | |||||
| lake Kubenskoe | village Korobovo | 0,51 | pure | 0,75 | pure |
| R. Uftyuga | village Bogorodskoe | 1,11 | moderately polluted | 1,04 | moderately polluted |
| R. B. Elma | village Filyutino | 0,64 | pure | 0,76 | pure |
| R. Syamzhena | in line with Syamzha | 0,57 | pure | 0,86 | pure |
| R. Cubana | village Savinskaya | 0,54 | pure | 0,69 | pure |
| R. Cubana | Troitse-Enalskoye village | 0,56 | pure | 0,46 | pure |
| R. Suhona | 1 km above Sokola | 1,28 | moderately polluted | 1,01 | moderately polluted |
| R. Suhona | 2 km below Sokola | 1,21 | moderately polluted | 1,07 | moderately polluted |
| R. vomiting | 1 km above the mouth | 1,02 | moderately polluted | 0,90 | pure |
| R. Vologda | 1 km above the city of Vologda, 1 km above the confluence of the river. vomiting | 1,23 | moderately polluted | 1,19 | moderately polluted |
| R. Vologda | 2 km below the city of Vologda, 2 km below the discharge of wastewater from MUE Housing and Public Utilities "Vologdagorvodokanal" | 4,15 | dirty | 3,5 | polluted |
| R. Lying | v. Zimnyak | 0,68 | pure | 0,74 | pure |
| R. Suhona | above the confluence of the Pelshma | 0,88 | pure | 1,21 | moderately polluted |
| R. Pelshma | 5 km east of the town of Sokol, near the road bridge on the village of Kadnikov, 37 km upstream of the mouth, 1 km downstream of the wastewater discharge from the Sokolsky OOSK | 15,98 | extremely dirty | 12,26 | extremely dirty |
| R. Suhona | 1 km below the confluence of the river. Pelshmy | 1,34 | moderately polluted | 1,12 | moderately polluted |
| R. Suhona | With. Narems | 0,94 | pure | 1,14 | moderately polluted |
| R. Dvinitsa | village of Kotlaksa | 0,59 | pure | 0,72 | pure |
| R. Suhona | 1 km above the city of Totma | 0,57 | pure | 0,60 | pure |
| R. Suhona | 1 km below Totma | 0,78 | pure | 0,78 | pure |
| R. Ledenga | v. Yurmanga | 0,99 | pure | 1,49 | moderately polluted |
| R. Old Totma | village Demyanovsky Pogost | 0,92 | pure | 0,74 | pure |
| R. Upper Erga | village Pikhtovo | 0,68 | pure | 0,56 | pure |
| R. Kichmenga | v. Zakharovo | 0,85 | pure | 1,08 | moderately polluted |
| R. Suhona | 3 km above the city of Veliky Ustyug, 0.5 km below the confluence of the river. Vozdvizhenki | 0,88 | pure | 1,06 | moderately polluted |
| R. South | d. Permas | 0,55 | pure | 0,39 | pure |
| R. South | d. Strelka | 0,57 | pure | 0,49 | pure |
| R. M. Sev. Dvina | 0.1 km below the city of Veliky Ustyug, 1.5 km below the confluence of the Sukhona and Yug rivers, 0.5 km below the wastewater discharge of the shipyard | 0,83 | pure | 1,05 | moderately polluted |
| R. M. Sev. Dvina | 1 km above the town of Krasavino, within the boundaries of the village of Medvedki; 1 km above the confluence of the river. Lapinka | 0,62 | pure | 1,03 | moderately polluted |
| R. M. Sev. Dvina | 3.5 km below Krasavino, 9 km below the confluence of the Lapinka River, 1 km below the wastewater discharge of the flax mill | 0,79 | pure | 1,16 | moderately polluted |
| R. vaga | above with. Verkhovazhye | 0,93 | pure | ||
| Water | Locality | year 2009 | 2010 | ||
| WPI | water quality | WPI | water quality | ||
| R. vaga | village Gluboretskaya | 0,76 | pure | 0,88 | pure |
| R. vaga | below p. Verkhovazhye | 1,05 | moderately polluted | 1,04 | moderately polluted |
| Caspian basin | |||||
| R. Kema | village Popovka | 0,49 | pure | 0,58 | pure |
| R. Kuness | d. Rostani | 0,61 | pure | 0,57 | pure |
| lake White | village of Kisnema | 0,53 | pure | 0,54 | pure |
| lake White | Belozersk | 0,64 | pure | 0,53 | pure |
| Sheksna reservoir. | village Krokhino | 0,50 | pure | 0,40 | pure |
| Sheksna reservoir. | village Ivanov Bor | 0,66 | pure | 0,89 | pure |
| R. Yagorba | d. Mostovaya | 1,65 | moderately polluted | 2,13 | moderately polluted |
| R. Yagorba | within the city of Cherepovets | 0,93 | pure | 1,18 | moderately polluted |
| R. Costa | within the city of Cherepovets, 3 km above the mouth | 3,02 | polluted | 2,58 | polluted |
| R. andoga | d. Nikolskoye | 0,66 | pure | 0,73 | pure |
| R. ships | d. Borisovo-Sudskoe | 0,69 | pure | 0,97 | pure |
| R. Mologa | 1 km above Ustyuzhna | 0,53 | pure | 0,57 | pure |
| R. Mologa | 1 km below Ustyuzhna | 0,56 | pure | 0,59 | pure |
| Rybinsk reservoir | 2 km above the city of Cherepovets, within the village of Yakunino | 0,70 | pure | 0,85 | pure |
| Rybinsk reservoir | 0.5 km below the wastewater discharge from the treatment facilities of Cherepovets | 0,85 | pure | - | - |
| Rybinsk reservoir | 0.2 km below the city of Cherepovets, 1 km below the confluence of the river Koshta | 0,89 | pure | 0,96 | pure |
| Rybinsk reservoir | b/o Torovo | 0,84 | pure | 1,21 | moderately polluted |
| Rybinsk reservoir | Myaksa village | 0,96 | pure | 0,64 | pure |
| Baltic basin | |||||
| R. Andoma | village Rubtsovo | 0,68 | pure | 0,67 | pure |
The quality of water is determined by its physical, chemical and biological characteristics, which determine the suitability of water for a particular type of use. Chemical pollution of natural waters, first of all, depends on the amount and composition of wastewater from industrial enterprises and municipal services discharged into water bodies. A significant part of pollutants enters water bodies also as a result of their washing away from the territories by melt and rain waters. settlements, industrial sites, agricultural fields, livestock farms. Poor water quality can also be caused by natural factors (geological conditions, rivers fed by waters with a high content of organic matter, etc.).
Of all the types of pollutants entering water bodies, only registered wastewater discharges can be quantified. The background on the map shows the annual discharge of dissolved pollutants in wastewater (in conditional tons) per 1 sq. km. km of the territory of the corresponding water management area, which is most often the catchment area of a medium-sized river or separate parts of the basin of a large river, sometimes the catchment area of a lake. Relative tons are determined taking into account the harmfulness (danger) of individual pollutants by introducing a weighting coefficient for each substance, which is numerically equal to the reciprocal of the maximum allowable concentration of this substance. The most common pollutants with large weight coefficients (100–1000) are phenols, nitrites, etc. Chlorides and sulfates, which, along with organics, form the bulk of the substances contained in wastewater, are distinguished by the lowest weight coefficients (0.3–0, 5).
The largest influx of the mass of dissolved substances in the composition of wastewater is characterized by water management areas, within which there are several cities with a significant volume of wastewater. A similar result is obtained with a relatively small volume of wastewater, but with pollutants that differ in large weight coefficients. low intensity the entry of pollutants into water bodies in the composition of wastewater differs mainly in the north of Siberia and Far East, except for the site within which the city of Norilsk is located.
The main criterion for water quality in rivers and reservoirs is the averaged multiplicity of exceeding the maximum allowable concentration of the main pollutants by their actual content in water, determined on the State Observation Network by the Departments of Hydrometeorology and Monitoring environment Roshydromet.
At water bodies that do not have stations for stationary monitoring of water quality, it is determined by analogy with water bodies where such observations are carried out, or on the basis of peer review the impact on water quality of a complex of factors, primarily the presence of sources of pollution of natural waters, as well as the dilution capacity of water bodies.
“Extremely dirty” waters are observed mainly in small rivers with low dilution capacity. When even a relatively small volume of wastewater is discharged into them, the average annual concentration of individual pollutants can exceed the maximum permissible concentration by 30-50, and sometimes more than 100 times. This class is inherent in some medium-sized rivers (for example, Chusovaya), into which wastewater with a high content of the most dangerous pollutants is discharged.
The “dirty” class includes water bodies with average annual concentrations of individual pollutants up to 10–25 times the maximum allowable concentration. This situation can be observed both on small and large rivers or their separate sections. Pollution of some large rivers (for example, the Irtysh) is associated with navigation.
"Significantly polluted" water bodies are characterized by average annual concentrations of pollutants up to 7–10 times the maximum allowable concentration. They are typical for many water bodies located in the most economically developed regions of the European part of Russia and the Urals. Pollution of rivers is mainly associated with mining, rivers - with the gold mining industry, rivers and the Lower Tunguska - with the washout of pollutants from the territories of coastal economic facilities. A source of pollution of rivers flowing in a forested area can be timber rafting, especially molar.
In “slightly polluted” water bodies, the average annual concentrations of individual pollutants are 2–6 times higher than the maximum allowable concentration, and in “conditionally clean” water bodies, this can be observed only in short periods of time.
Water bodies of “slightly polluted” and “conditionally clean” rivers prevail in the north of the European part of Russia and the Far East.
Despite the fact that the volume of polluted wastewater discharges in Russia as a whole in the 2000s, compared with the early 1990s, decreased by 20–25%, there is no improvement in water quality, and often even its deterioration is noted. . This is due to a number of reasons, including a significant accumulation of pollutants in the bottom sediments of rivers and, as well as in the soils and soils of their basins, a decrease in the efficiency of treatment facilities, and more frequent cases of accidental pollution of natural waters. Part of the deterioration in water quality indicators is due to the tightening of the maximum allowable concentration for some substances (for example, iron).
Among the pollutants contained in surface waters, most often (in 50-80% of samples) the maximum allowable concentration exceeds the content of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe), as well as the value of biological oxygen demand, which characterizes the content of easily soluble organic substances. A 10-fold excess of the maximum permissible concentration in more than 10% of samples was noted for the same substances. Certain regions of Russia are characterized by the presence of specific pollutants in water bodies: lignin, lignosulfonates, sulfides, hydrogen sulfide, organochlorines, methanol, and mercury compounds. Some pollutants are transferred from the aquatic environment to bottom sediments and can serve as a source of secondary water pollution.
Surface water quality
hydrographic network autonomous region includes about 290 thousand lakes and thirty thousand watercourses, most of them are small rivers. The main waterway is the Ob River, which receives large tributaries: the Irtysh, Vakh, Agan, Tromyogan, Bolshoy Yugan, Lyamin, Lyapin, Pim, Northern Sosva, Kazym. The total length of the hydro network is about 172 thousand km.
Most of the rivers belong to the flat type, have a slow flow, wide floodplains and a large number of channel lakes. Freezing begins in October, during the winter, small rivers and lakes freeze to the bottom. Ice drift runs from early May to early June.
The rivers are characterized by a strongly extended flood, a reduced draining role, which is one of the important factors of waterlogging and swamping of the territory. Watershed areas of rivers reach 50-70% or more. The influence of swamp waters largely determines the regional hydrochemical features as river waters, and groundwater of surface aquifers.
The surface waters of the Autonomous Okrug are experiencing a powerful anthropogenic load associated with the active development in recent decades of the infrastructure of cities and the largest oil and gas complex in Russia.
In landscape geochemical studies, the hydrographic network is considered as the main block through which the flows of natural and technogenic substances pass. Dynamics chemical composition surface water is an indicator of the regional environmental situation. This determines the importance of hydrochemical studies, which constitute the most important section of the territorial system. environmental monitoring Yugra.
The characteristics of surface water quality are presented based on the results of monitoring at 34 Roshydromet sites and 1,692 local points of the territorial observation network (Figure 1).
Observations at the posts of the state observation network (federal sites) are provided by Roshydromet (executor - Khanty-Mansiysk TsGMS) on 16 large watercourses (Ob with channels, Irtysh, Vakh, Agan, Trom-Yugan, Bolshoi Yugan, Konda, Kazym, Nazim, Pim, Amnya, Lyapin, Northern Sosva) near settlements. The annual volume of measurements is about 8000 pcs.
Figure 1. Surface water monitoring points in the territory
The functioning of local observation points of the territorial system is provided by subsoil user enterprises and the Government of the Autonomous Okrug (coordinator - Yugra Prirodnadzor). Local monitoring stations cover 700 large and small watercourses within the boundaries of licensed subsoil plots, which are under the main load from the oil and gas complex. In 2018, 91,080 water quality measurements were made within the boundaries of 308 licensed subsoil plots.
The river waters of Yugra have a number of hydrochemical features. They are characterized by low mineralization, increased values of ammonium and metal ions, caused by the presence in river and lake waters a large number organic compounds, intense coloration and low water transparency (Table 1).
Natural landscape and geochemical conditions caused almost universal excess of the maximum allowable concentrations (hereinafter - MPC) for iron (in 94-98% of samples), manganese (in 75-91% of samples), zinc (in 29-53% of samples) and copper ( in 60-73% of samples) (Figure 2).
The reasons for this are the geochemical features of the taiga swampy landscapes with their characteristic acidic soil reaction and the widespread reduction environment. Iron, manganese, zinc, and copper have a high migration capacity in acid gley landscapes; therefore, they intensively enter from soils into groundwater and then into rivers.
Table 1
Average content of pollutants and parameters
|
Index |
The ratio of the average in 2018 to the MPC |
|||||||
|
acidification |
||||||||
|
mgO 2 / dm 3 |
||||||||
|
hydrocarbons |
||||||||
|
sulfates |
||||||||
|
Manganese |
||||||||
Long-term observations show that the average concentrations of these substances are in the range:
iron - 1.35-1.86 mg / dm 3, or 13-18 MPC;
manganese - 0.09-0.18 mg / dm 3, or 9-18 MPC;
zinc - 0.01-0.02 mg / dm 3, or 1-2 MPC;
copper - 0.003 - 0.007 mg / dm 3, or 3-7 MPC.
Figure 2. Distribution of measurements of iron and manganese compounds
regarding the environmental standard
characteristic natural feature surface waters of the Autonomous Okrug are also significant seasonal fluctuations in hydrochemical composition. The maximum values of pollution indicators are reached during the winter low water period, when low flow rates and water temperature contribute to an increase in the concentrations of substances.
For the period 2010-2018, 159 cases of high (HH) and extremely high (HH) pollution of surface waters were recorded on 15 large watercourses (Table 2), of which 137 cases were observed during the closed channel period, when the rivers are fed only by groundwater, which leads to a violation of the oxygen regime and a slowdown in speed chemical reactions. The remaining 22 cases were recorded during the period of the beginning of the flood (flushing of pollutants from the adjacent territory) and before the freeze-up (decrease in water temperature). About 61% total number cases of VZ + EVZ are accounted for by heavy metals, 37% by dissolved oxygen (Figure 3).
table 2
List of watercourses with cases of VZ and EVZ in 2010-2017
|
Number of cases |
Hydrochemical post |
|
|
Oktyabrskoye (33), Surgut (7), Sytomino (5), Nizhnevartovsk (6), Polnovat (1), Nefteyugansk (7), Belogorye (2) |
||
|
R. Sev. Sosva |
Berezovo (11), Sosva (4) |
|
|
Beloyarsky (7), Yuilsk (2) |
||
|
Khanty-Mansiysk (11), Gornopravdinsk (2) |
||
|
Roll-out (3), Uray (12), Bolchari (2) |
||
|
Novoagansk (3) |
||
|
R. Trom-Yugan, |
Russian (3) |
|
|
Bolshoy Yugan river |
||
|
Laryak (4), Bolshetarkhovo (3) |
||
|
Lyantor (2) |
||
|
Vykatnoy (1), Bolchary (3), Uray (10) |
||
|
Beloyarsky (7) |
||
|
Lombovozh |
||
|
|
The lack of dissolved oxygen is explained by the low water level during the period of the closed channel and partial freezing of the sections in the absence of the possibility of saturating the river waters with oxygen.
High concentrations of dissolved forms of heavy metals, in turn, are associated with a low oxygen content - under anaerobic conditions, the rate of oxidation of metal compounds slows down.
Of particular relevance to the evaluation environmental situation in the region represent the concentrations of oil products and chlorides in surface waters, which characterize the technogenic flows of pollutants in the areas of oil fields.
In accordance with the requirements approved by the Decree of the Government of the Autonomous Okrug dated December 23, 2011 No. 485-p, sampling of surface waters to determine oil products and chlorides as priority pollutants is carried out at local monitoring points on a monthly basis, taking into account the hydrological features of water bodies. The annual volume of measurements of oil products in surface waters on the territory of licensed areas is about 9,000 units.
According to the results of local monitoring, the share of samples contaminated with oil products tends to decrease from 11% in 2008 to 4.8% in 2018 of the total sample (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Distribution of measurements of oil products relative to MPC
In general, for 5 years at the oil fields of the district, the average content of oil products in surface waters varied at the level of 0.026-0.049 mg/dm3, not exceeding the established standard (table 1).
The content of chlorides in surface waters, as well as in oil products, reflects the degree of technogenic load and compliance with environmental management standards. Approximately 9,000 chloride measurements are performed annually in surface water at licensed subsoil areas. At the same time, excesses of the MPC for chlorides are rarely recorded, and the proportion of samples contaminated with chlorides has not exceeded 0.1-0.8% of the sample since 2008 (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Distribution of chloride measurements relative to MPC
Systematically elevated concentrations of oil products and chlorides at surface water monitoring points are observed locally, mainly within the boundaries of long-developed license areas with an increased accident rate: Samotlor (north) (18 points) and Samotlor (12 points), Mamontovsky (16 points), Yuzhno-Surgutsky (3 points), Pravdinsky (7 points), Yuzhno-Balyksky (4 points), Malo-Balyksky (4 points), Ust-Balyksky (2 points), Vakhsky (9 points) and Sovetsky (8 points).
In order to improve the environmental situation, under the control of the Natural Supervision of Yugra, the environmental protection measures of subsoil users on the territory of these licensed areas were adjusted, in terms of taking prompt measures to reduce accidents in pipeline systems; carrying out priority measures for the restoration of contaminated land plots and the submission of reclaimed land plots for examination in the current year.
Thus, the quality of water in the surface water bodies of the Autonomous Okrug is largely due to the natural origin and seasonal dynamics of iron, manganese, zinc, copper, and dissolved oxygen compounds. monitoring studies recent years it is shown that oil and salt pollution in the region as a whole has stabilized at a relatively low level.
The decrease in oil and salt pollution of surface waters on the territory of the Autonomous Okrug is also confirmed by the results of observations at the Roshydromet sites. In the main rivers (Ob and Irtysh), since 2008, there has been a steady downward trend in the average annual concentrations of oil products to a level not exceeding MPC; the content of chlorides is consistently tenths of MPC.
The date of transferring the document to the new 1C-bitrix platform is indicated.
In general, the water quality of surface water bodies within the city of Moscow complies with the standards established for water bodies for cultural and community purposes (with the exception of the section of the Moskva River below the wastewater discharges of the Kuryanovsk treatment facilities).
Conventionally, “in terms of quality”, the Moscow River within the city can be divided into three characteristic sections, these are:
upstream section- is traditionally the cleanest site in the city of Moscow, according to most indicators, the water quality is stable throughout the year and changes very slightly along the river. The average annual concentrations of the analyzed indicators do not exceed the established standards for cultural and community water use.
plot central part of the city- one of the most unstable in quality. The high density of the road network, urban development and a huge number of water outlets lead to the fact that the quality of the water in the river is unstable in terms of metals, suspended solids and oil products.
In addition, there are significant fluctuations in the concentrations of the analyzed indicators both during the year and along the river, which indicates the influence of the most polluted inflows and outlets of industrial wastewater in this area (about 700 - more than half of all water outlets). The main source of pollution in this area is surface runoff from the road network and urban areas. However, the average annual concentrations of the analyzed indicators do not exceed the established standards for cultural and household water use.
section of the lower river- in this area, the greatest impact on the ecological state of the river. Moscow is provided by the Kuryanovsk treatment facilities (KOS), after the release of which in the river. Moscow sharply increases the concentration of primarily biogenic elements - ammonium ions, nitrites, phosphates
An analysis of the results of observations in 2012 showed that the quality of water in the Moskva River, according to the average annual concentrations of the analyzed indicators, corresponded to the standards established for water objects of cultural and community purposes*, with the exception of the content of organic pollution in the water. The level of content of sparingly soluble
organics (according to COD) in all observation sections was at the level MPC
"> MPC c-b. The level of ammonium ion in the lower reaches of the Moscow River within the city according to the average annual concentrations was 3.97 MPC- maximum permissible concentration of a pollutant in the environment - a concentration that does not have a direct or indirect adverse effect on the present or future generation throughout life, does not reduce a person's working capacity, does not worsen his well-being and sanitary living conditions. MPC values are given in mg / 3 (l, kg). "> MPC c-b.In some samples, exceedances of the permissible content of organic pollution were recorded (up to 2 MPCc-b according to COD
"> COD, up to 8.5 MPCk-b for ammonium), metals (iron up to 4.2 MPCk-b, manganese up to 1.6 MPCk-b, nickel up to 1.4 MPCk-b, lead up to 1.2 MPCk- b, aluminum up to 3.6 MACc-b, cadmium up to 5 MACc-b), oil products up to 5 MACc-b, and formaldehyde up to 4.2 MACc-b.In comparison with the previous year 2011 in the river. Moscow, within the city limits, an increase in the content of organic pollution was noted (according to COD- bichromate oxidizability, the highest degree of oxidation; a value that characterizes the content in water of organic and mineral substances oxidized by one of the strongest chemical oxidizing agents. In reservoirs and streams subject to strong impact human economic activity, the change in oxidizability acts as a characteristic that reflects the mode of inflow of wastewater.
"> COD and ammonium). In 2011, the average annual values of the indicator COD- bichromate oxidizability, the highest degree of oxidation; a value that characterizes the content in water of organic and mineral substances oxidized by one of the strongest chemical oxidizing agents. In reservoirs and watercourses subjected to a strong impact of human activities, the change in oxidizability acts as a characteristic that reflects the regime of wastewater inflow. flow of the Moskva River increased from 2.92 MPCc-b in 2011 to 3.9 MPC- maximum permissible concentration of a pollutant in the environment - a concentration that does not have a direct or indirect adverse effect on the present or future generation throughout life, does not reduce a person's working capacity, does not worsen his well-being and sanitary living conditions. MPC values are given in mg / 3 (l, kg). "> MPC c-b in 2012. Also in 2012, an increase in the content of formaldehyde in water was noted. In 2011, the average annual concentrations of formaldehyde in all observation sites corresponded to the established standards, In 2012, excesses of the standards were noted in four observation sites.In addition, the average annual concentrations of iron and manganese exceeded the standards observed in 2010, 2009 in 2012, as well as in 2011, were not recorded. Also in 2012, there were no excesses of standards for cultural and community water use in terms of average annual concentrations of oil products (in the previous 2011, excesses were recorded in two observation sites.
During the entire period under review, the water quality complied with the standards for the content of chlorides, sulfates, sodium, dry residue, nitrates, nitrites, copper, zinc, cobalt, phenols, surfactants, sulfides, arsenic, total and hexavalent chromium, magnesium, selenium in all selected samples , fluorides and molybdenum.
*To assess snow pollution, we used the standards for the content of pollutants in surface water bodies, established for water bodies of cultural and domestic water use in accordance with GN 2.1. 5. 1315-03 "Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of Chemical Substances in the Water of Water Facilities for Domestic Drinking and Cultural and Domestic Water Use"
Measures taken to improve the quality of surface waters
The most important task in terms of maintaining the favorable state of water bodies is the maximum possible treatment of all urban wastewater.
To date, we have achieved that the efficiency of cleaning, for example, surface runoff from the territories of large highways (MKAD, 3rd transport ring) for oil products at fine treatment facilities reaches 97%. The volume of communal flow (OJSC Mosvodokanal) has been decreasing by 5% annually over the past 5 years. Measures are being taken to reconstruct the treatment facilities for domestic sewage with the transition to the best technologies for the removal of biogenic elements.
Increased attention is annually paid to the sanitary condition of watershed areas. Increasing the efficiency of cleaning and purification of water protection zones has led to a decrease in the concentrations of suspended solids, some metals and oil products in the Moscow River. In the central part of the city, their concentrations have become minimal over the past five years of observations. In 2012, 3 small rivers (Nishchenko, Vagankovsky Studenets, Presnya) improved their "quality class" - an integral indicator of pollution for the totality of pollutants.
The city has always paid great attention to measures to reduce the negative impact on water bodies, although according to federal law, the Moscow River and its tributaries are property Russian Federation, and the powers of Moscow as a subject of the federation for state control and supervision of their condition are limited. Two state programs of the city of Moscow - Development of the recreation and tourism industry and Development of utility infrastructure - provide for measures to modernize sewage treatment facilities for domestic sewage, reconstruct more than 500 km of sewer and drain networks, build 14 sewage treatment facilities for rainwater drainage of residential buildings, and rehabilitate reservoirs the city of Moscow (29 water bodies) and sections of small rivers. The target indicators of the programs are to increase the share of domestic sewage wastewater treated to standard values from 80 to 100%, to increase the share of rainwater sewage treated to standard values in the total volume of rainwater sewage wastewater from 55 to 75%, to increase the area city, provided with drainage networks, from 89.4 to 91.6%, reducing pollution of surface runoff by oil products and suspended solids by 25% and 17%, respectively.
The priority tasks for improving quality are:
1. Reducing pollution of the Moskva River in the central part of the city with metals and oil products;
2. Reducing the pollution of the Moscow River with organic matter at the exit from the city;
3. Improving the quality of water in small rivers (it is worse than in the Moskva River due to the anthropogenic transformation of most tributaries, their inclusion in collectors, disruption of the natural ecosystem and a decrease in the processes of self-purification of watercourses).
For the first issue
The main measure is to increase the efficiency of sanitary maintenance and cleaning of the territory. This is a systematic work. The results are visible: a decrease in pollution of the Moskva River by oil products and individual metals (iron, manganese) has been noted. The average annual concentration of oil products in 2012 in the central part of the city became the minimum for the last five years of observations.
The first half of 2013 confirms the positive dynamics of the content of oil products and metals in the Moskva River in the central part of the city.
For the second issue
Discharge of wastewater from municipal sewage treatment plants leads to an increase in the concentrations of biogenic elements (ammonium, nitrites, phosphates) in the Moskva River downstream. According to the data of 2012, the average annual concentration of ammonium at the exit from the city was 3.5 MPC- maximum permissible concentration of a pollutant in the environment - a concentration that does not have a direct or indirect adverse effect on the present or future generation throughout life, does not reduce a person's working capacity, does not worsen his well-being and sanitary living conditions. MPC values are given in mg/3 (l, kg).
"> MPC c-b.To improve the quality of wastewater treatment and improve the technology for removing biogenic elements, Mosvodokanal OJSC is implementing measures to reconstruct treatment facilities using modern technologies for removing nitrogen and phosphorus and introducing ultraviolet disinfection systems.
A comprehensive reconstruction of the treatment facilities will significantly improve the ecological state of the city's main watercourse, the Moskva River.
For the third issue
Small rivers - tributaries of the Moscow River are traditionally characterized by lower water quality, due to their inclusion in the collector, a decrease in the intensity of self-purification processes and ecosystem disturbance.
Analysis of the results of observations in 2012 indicates an improvement in water quality in most of the tributaries of the river. Moscow (due to high-quality and timely sanitary cleaning of the territory). In comparison with the previous 2011, an increase in the quality class was noted for the rivers Neglinka (CAO), Nishchenko (SEAD), and the Vagankovsky studenets stream (CAO).
The average annual concentration of iron and manganese in the mouths of most small rivers for the first time in the last five years of observations corresponded to the standards for cultural and community water use.
However, problems also still remain: over the past period of 2013, in small rivers, there was a discrepancy with the standards for the content of such metals as lead, cadmium, an increased content of organic pollution and suspended solids was noted.
Surface waters of land - waters that flow (streams) or collect on the surface of the earth (reservoirs). There are sea, lake, river, swamp and other waters. Surface waters are permanently or temporarily located in surface water bodies. Surface water objects are: seas, lakes, rivers, swamps and other watercourses and reservoirs. Distinguish between salty and fresh water dry
Surface water formation is a complex process. Streams falling from the sky in the form of rain or snow are water evaporated from the seas and oceans. The nature of the terrain through which it flows under the influence of gravity (at the same time, water is the strongest destroyer of that part of the earth's crust located above sea level) determines the route along which it, gathering in streams and rivers, rushes back to the sea. Thus, one major phase of the hydrological cycle is completed.
As water flows down the surface, it captures and carries insoluble mineral particles of sand and soil, some of them it leaves along the road, some of them are transferred to the sea, and some substances dissolve in it.
Surface water, passing through uneven terrain and falling from rocks, is saturated with atmospheric oxygen, its combination with organic and inorganic substances washed out of the land of a particular area and sunlight support a wide variety of life forms in the form of algae, fungi, bacteria, small crustaceans and fish.
In addition, the channels of many rivers are covered with trees, in the areas through which they flow, if the banks of the rivers are covered with forests. Fallen leaves and needles of trees fall into the rivers, they play an important role in filling the water with biological content. After falling into the water, they dissolve in it. It is this material that later becomes the main cause of contamination of ion-exchange resins, which are used to purify water.
The physical and chemical properties of surface water pollution gradually change over time. Sudden natural disasters can lead to a sharp change in the composition of surface water sources in a short time. The chemistry of surface water also changes seasonally, for example during periods of heavy rain and snowmelt (a period of great flooding when river levels rise sharply). This can have a favorable or unfavorable effect on the characteristics of the water, depending on the geochemistry and biology of the area.
Surface water chemistry also changes throughout the year with several cycles of drought and rain. Long periods of drought seriously affect the lack of water for industrial use. Where rivers empty into seas, it is possible for salt water to enter the river during drought periods, creating additional problems. Industrial users should be guided by the variability of surface water, must be taken into account when designing treatment facilities and developing other programs.
Surface water quality depends on a combination of climatic and geological factors. The main climatic factor is the amount and frequency of precipitation, as well as the ecological situation in the region. Fallout precipitation carries with it a certain amount of undissolved particles, such as dust, volcanic ash, plant pollen, bacteria, fungal spores, and sometimes larger microorganisms. The ocean is a source of various salts dissolved in rainwater. It can detect chloride, sulfate, sodium, magnesium, calcium and potassium ions. Industrial emissions into the atmosphere also "enrich" the chemical palette, mainly due to organic solvents and oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, which are the cause of "acid rain". The chemicals used in agriculture. Among the geological factors is the structure of the riverbed. If the channel is formed by limestone rocks, then the water in the river is usually clear and hard. If the channel is made of impermeable rocks, such as granite, then the water will be soft, but muddy due to the large amount of suspended particles of organic and inorganic origin. In general, surface waters are characterized by relative softness, high organic content and the presence of microorganisms.
Surface water includes streams, reservoirs, swamps and glaciers. In natural (rivers, streams) and artificial (canals) watercourses, water moves along the channel in the direction of the general slope of the surface. Watercourses can be permanent or temporary (drying or freezing).
A reservoir is an accumulation of water in a natural (lake) or artificial (reservoir, pond) depression, the flow from which is absent or slowed down. Only a small part of the hydrosphere is contained in rivers, about four times less than in swamps, and sixty times less than in lakes.
The importance of rivers in the water cycle is immeasurably greater than the water they contain, since the water in the rivers is renewed on average every 19 days.
For comparison, in swamps, a complete renewal of water occurs in 5 years, in lakes - in 17 years.
Due to the flow of water, the rivers are better saturated with oxygen and the quality of the water is better here. It was along the banks of the rivers that the first settlements of people arose.
Rivers have long served as the main transport arteries and defensive lines, were sources of water and fish. A river is usually called a natural constant water flow flowing in a recess (channel) developed by him. River valleys are elongated depressions on the earth's surface, developed by constant water flows. All river valleys have slopes and a flat bottom. The water flow constantly carries a lot of erosion products, which are deposited in the bottom of the valley or carried out to the sea. River sediment is called alluvium. Especially a lot of alluvium accumulates in the bottoms of the valleys in the lower reaches of the rivers, where the slopes of the surface are the least. During the melting of snow, part of the bottom (floodplain) is flooded with hollow waters. A river stream always tends to deepen its course to a certain level. This level is called the basis of erosion. For a river, the basis of erosion is the level of the sea, lake or other river into which this river flows. The river constantly deepens its course and there comes a time when, during the flood, the river can no longer flood its floodplain. The river begins to develop a new floodplain at a lower level, and the old floodplain turns into a terrace - a high step in the bottom of the river valley. The older and larger the river, the more terraces can be counted in its valley.
In fact, a river is a complex natural formation (system) consisting of many elements. The area from which a river system collects its waters is called a river basin. Between neighboring river basins there is a border - a watershed.
The Amazon River has the largest basin; it is also the most abundant river (the average annual flow is 220,000 cubic meters per second).
The density of the river network depends on many factors: first of all, on the general moistening of the territory - the greater it is, the greater the density of rivers, as, for example, in the tundra and forest zones; from the relief and geological structure of the territory - in the areas of distribution of soluble and fractured (karst) limestones, the river network is rare, and the rivers, as a rule, are small and dry.
All rivers have a beginning and an end. The beginning of the river, the place where a permanent streambed appears, is called the source. The source can be a lake, a swamp, a spring or a glacier.
Mouth - the place where a river flows into a sea, lake or one river into another. At a number of large northern rivers, the mouths look like narrow funnel-shaped bays - they are called estuaries. In estuaries, river sediments are carried out to sea by the action of waves and currents. Large estuaries have such rivers as the Congo in Africa, the Thames and Seine in Europe, as well as the Russian rivers Yenisei and Ob. Unlike them, in deltas, on the contrary, rivers literally wander, flowing into the sea, among their own sediments, breaking into numerous branches and channels. The largest deltas have rivers - the Amazon, Huang He, Lena, Mississippi, etc.
The terrain directly affects the slope of the riverbed and, accordingly, the speed of the water flow. The difference in the heights of the water surface in the river at two points located at some distance along its course is called the fall of the river. The slope of a river is the ratio of the fall of a river to its length. The fall of water from a steep ledge is called a waterfall.
The highest waterfall in the world - Angel (1054 m) in the Orinoco river basin. The widest (1800 m) - Victoria on the river. Zambezi (its height is 120 m.). Plain rivers usually flow calmly and smoothly, with little fall and slight slopes. Large rivers have wide valleys and are convenient for navigation. Mountain rivers have large slopes and, therefore, a rapid flow, narrow rapids deep valleys. The water in the channel rushes at a frantic speed, foams, forms whirlpools and waterfalls.
Mountain rivers are usually unsuitable for navigation, but they have large reserves of hydropower and are convenient for the construction of hydroelectric power stations.
For National economy(navigation, construction of hydroelectric power stations, water supply of settlements, irrigation of fields), very important characteristics of rivers are water flow (the amount of water passing through the channel per unit of time) and annual runoff (water flow in the river per year).
The value of the annual runoff characterizes the water content of the river and depends on the climate (the ratio of precipitation and evaporation in the area of the river basin) and the relief (flat relief reduces runoff, mountainous, on the contrary, increases it).
From speed and resistance to washout rocks depends on the amount of water-borne material, consisting of chemical and biological substances dissolved in water and solid fine particles - the amount of solid runoff. Climatic conditions affect the nutrition and regime of rivers (glacial, snow, rain and soil). The intra-annual distribution of runoff - the regime of rivers - depends on the predominant type of nutrition. The regime of rivers is the life of a river flow for some time (days, seasons and a year). According to the regime, the rivers are divided into several main groups. On rivers with spring floods and mostly snow-fed. The relatively rapid melting of the snow cover leads to the rise and flood of water (spring flood). In summer, the rivers switch to rain feeding, and although there is a large amount of precipitation, these rivers become shallow due to increased evaporation. On the rivers, there is a low water period - a time of stable low water level in the channel. In winter, during freeze-up (freezing and formation of immovable ice), the rivers are fed exclusively by groundwater and winter low water is observed. The driving regime is typical for rivers with rain and mixed feeding. Floods - short-term (sometimes very significant) rises of water in the river - unlike floods, they can occur at any time of the year and are most often associated with heavy rains. In warm winters, floods can also occur at this time of the year.
Late melting of snow and glaciers in the mountains causes summer floods. Such a regime is characterized, for example, by rivers originating in the Alpine mountains. Monsoon climate rivers are characterized by flood regime in the second half of summer and winter low water. Due to the thin snow cover, spring floods are weakly expressed or completely absent. The monsoons often bring heavy rainfall of a torrential nature, which leads to catastrophic floods. At this time, vast territories with numerous villages are under water. Buildings are destroyed, crops, animals and even people are dying. The rivers of East and South Asia are especially violent in nature: the Amur, the Huang He, the Yangtze, the Ganges.
Lakes differ not only in size and depth, but also in the color and properties of water, the composition and number of organisms inhabiting them. The number of lakes (lake content of the territory) is affected by the increased humidity of the climate and the relief with numerous closed basins. The size, depth, shape of lakes largely depend on the origin of their basins. There are basins of tectonic, glacial, karst, thermokarst, stanitsa and volcanic origin. There are also dammed (dammed or dammed) lakes, which are formed as a result of blocking the riverbed by blocks of rocks during landslides in the mountains.
Tectonic lake basins are large and deep, as they were formed at the site of subsidence, cracks and faults in the earth's crust. Classical tectonic lakes are the largest lakes in the world: the Caspian and Baikal in Eurasia, the Great African and North American lakes.
Glacial lake basins are formed during the plowing activity of glaciers or as a result of erosion or accumulation of glacial waters in areas of accumulation of glacial material and the formation of glacial landforms. There are many such lakes in Finland, in the north of Poland, in Karelia, etc.
Karst lake basins are formed as a result of failures, subsidence and erosion, first of all, of easily soluble rocks: limestones, gypsum dolomites, salts. There are many thermokarst lakes in the permafrost zone in the tundra and forest tundra. Here water dissolves underground ice.
Ancient lakes are the remains of abandoned river beds.
Volcanic lake basins arose in the craters of volcanoes or in the depressions of lava fields. These are Kronotskoye and Kurilskoye lakes, lakes in New Zealand. According to the salinity of the water, the lakes are divided into fresh and salty. Unlike rivers, the regime of lakes depends on whether rivers flow from it - a flowing lake (Baikal) or it is an endorheic reservoir (Caspian).
Bogs are land areas with abundant, stagnant or low-flowing soil moisture for most of the year, with characteristic (bog) vegetation, lack of oxygen and constant peat formation (the peat layer should reach at least 0.3 m, if there is less peat, it will be wetlands.Peat is called semi-decomposed plant residues.It is impossible to call swamps water bodies, since the water in them is contained in a bound state.But swamps contain only 5-10% of dry matter (peat), the rest is water.Therefore, swamps are important accumulators of fresh water. Swamping is facilitated by the presence of a close aquiclude and they are most common in areas with permafrost.The most common swamps in the forests of the Northern Hemisphere, as well as in Brazil and India.Due to the abundance of swamps and swampy forests, the forest zone in Western Siberia called the forestry. There is also the largest swamp in the world - Vasyugan. Bogging processes in this region continue at the present time. The average horizontal speed of swamp edges spreading and their advance on the surrounding forests is 10-15 cm per year.
The methods of formation of swamps are different. This includes overgrowing, peating of water bodies (lakes) and stagnant water in places where springs come out and when groundwater is close to ground; as well as the accumulation of moisture in depressions and flat areas under forests and meadows (forest clearings are especially often swamped.) According to food sources, upland (they feed on atmospheric waters), lowlands (ground moisture) and transitional swamps are distinguished. When classified according to the degree of substrate richness, they correspond to oligotrophic (poor), eutrophic (rich) and mesotrophic. Lowland swamps are formed mainly in the lowest parts of the relief (in floodplains, ancient lake basins).
Groundwater is highly mineralized and, entering the swamp, they enrich it. Therefore, in lowland swamps, sedges, horsetails, reeds, mosses grow in a dense continuous cover, thickets of black alder are often found. Many birds usually find shelter here, and their droppings, containing nitrogenous substances, also enrich the swamp.
Lowland bog peat is an excellent fertilizer.
Raised bogs form most often in watershed spaces, are moistened by atmospheric waters, which are very poor in nutrients, and the vegetation here is completely different. Mostly mosses and stunted trees. Raised bog peat with poor vegetation contains little ash, therefore it is a combustible mineral and is used as fuel.
Wetlands are of great importance for water conservation. Accumulating huge reserves of water, they regulate the water regime of rivers and maintain the stability of the water balance of the territory; purify the waters that pass through them. Wetlands are the source of many rivers. The vegetation of the swamps is not of particular fodder value. But after draining, they are used for agricultural or forest crops. However, at the same time, small rivers often become shallow and disappear.
Surface water pollution
The water quality of most water bodies does not meet regulatory requirements. Long-term observations of the dynamics of surface water quality reveal a trend towards an increase in the number of gauges with high level pollution and the number of cases of extremely high levels of pollutants in water bodies. The state of water sources and centralized water supply systems cannot guarantee the required quality drinking water, and in a number of regions (Southern Urals, Kuzbass, some territories of the North), this condition has reached a dangerous level for human health. Sanitary and epidemiological surveillance services constantly note high pollution of surface waters. About 1/3 of the total mass of pollutants is introduced into water sources with surface and storm runoff from the territories of sanitary unimproved places, agricultural facilities and lands, which affects the seasonal, during the spring flood, deterioration in the quality of drinking water, annually noted in major cities, including in Novosibirsk. In this regard, water is hyperchlorinated, which, however, is unsafe for public health due to the formation of organochlorine compounds.
One of the main pollutants of surface waters is oil and oil products. Oil can get into the water as a result of its natural outflows in the areas of occurrence.
But the main sources of pollution are associated with human activities: oil production, transportation, processing and use of oil as fuel and industrial raw materials.
Among industrial products, toxic synthetic substances occupy a special place in terms of their negative impact on the aquatic environment and living organisms.
They find more and more wide application in industry, transport, public utilities. The concentration of these compounds in wastewater, as a rule, is 5-15 mg/l at MPC -0.1 mg/l. These substances can form a layer of foam in reservoirs, which is especially noticeable on rapids, rifts, locks.
The ability to foam in these substances appears already at a concentration of 1-2 mg / l. The most common pollutants in surface waters are phenols, which are easily oxidized organic matter, compounds of copper, zinc, and in some regions of the country - ammonium and nitrite nitrogen, lignin, xanthates, aniline, methyl mercaptan, formaldehyde, etc. .
Oil, gas, coal, timber, pulp and paper industry, enterprises of agriculture and communal services, surface runoff from adjacent territories. A small danger to the aquatic environment from metals is mercury, lead and their compounds. Expanded production (without treatment facilities) and the use of pesticides in the fields lead to severe pollution of water bodies with harmful compounds.
Pollution of the aquatic environment occurs as a result of the direct introduction of pesticides during the treatment of water bodies for pest control, the ingress of water flowing down from the surface of cultivated agricultural land into water bodies, when waste from manufacturing enterprises is discharged into water bodies, as well as as a result of losses during transportation, storage and partially with atmospheric precipitation. Along with pesticides, agricultural effluents contain a significant amount of fertilizer residues (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) applied to the fields.
In addition, large amounts of organic compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus enter with runoff from livestock farms, as well as with sewage. An increase in the concentration of nutrients in the soil leads to a violation of the biological balance in the reservoir. Initially, in such a reservoir, the number of microscopic algae sharply increases. With an increase in the food supply, the number of crustaceans, fish and other aquatic organisms increases. Then there is the death of a huge number of organisms. It leads to the consumption of all the reserves of oxygen contained in the water, and the accumulation of hydrogen sulfide. The situation in the reservoir changes so much that it becomes unsuitable for the existence of any forms of organisms. The reservoir gradually "dies".
The current level of wastewater treatment is such that even in waters that have undergone biological treatment, the content of nitrates and phosphates is sufficient for intensive eutrophication of water bodies.
Eutrophication is the enrichment of a reservoir with nutrients, stimulating the growth of phytoplankton. From this, the water becomes cloudy, benthic plants die, the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases, fish and mollusks living at depth suffocate.
Disinfection and disinfection of surface waters
Another important block of any installation is the block of disinfection and disinfection of water. Disinfection usually refers to the purification of surface water from all types of living microorganisms, including not only organisms potentially dangerous to human health such as bacteria and viruses, but also microalgae that can harm equipment, pipelines and other objects that come into contact with contaminated water. And in order, for example, to avoid the ingress of similar harmful substances into the soil, autonomous suburban sewage systems are used, information about which can be taken into account, for sure, is very useful. Today, there are several methods of wastewater treatment, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages, we will dwell on some of them in more detail.
One of the most common methods for cleaning surface water from potentially dangerous microorganisms is their oxidation with the help of various reagents. The cheapest method is water chlorination, as this reagent is considered the cheapest. A more expensive, but more reliable and safe reagent is ozone, which, after cleaning, simply decomposes into harmless compounds like air, water or carbon dioxide unlike chlorine, which remains in the water and can harm both the human body and household or industrial equipment.
Another method of cleaning surface water from microorganisms is ultraviolet irradiation of water, which is considered one of the most effective and safe methods of water disinfection. When water is irradiated, ultraviolet penetrates into the nucleus of living cells, causing irreversible damage to the DNA of the latter, which causes the microorganism to lose its ability to reproduce. Today, ultraviolet irradiation cleaning is considered one of the most environmentally friendly water disinfection technologies, which guarantees high quality and good result.