Like any creature, the horse is capable of some extent adapt to the cold. Question: How harmless to horse health will be such an adaptation? What temperature can be considered critical? Do we have confidence that all horses are equally reacting to the cold?
Even if we talk about a healthy horse, which is almost unrealistic after her participation in sports or pokatushki of any variety, then so is it good in the cold, in the rain and snow, as they believe in these dresses of all denominations from athletes to Naturists?
Thanks to the "sports" veterinarians, we have a huge amount of research on the effect on the heat and overheating horse - it is understandable: runs, jumps ... and too little serious work on the effect on the cold organism. Such studies can be counted on the fingers.
Here the foams found out that at temperatures below -23 ° C mрут roar on the tracks ... from cold air.
And when training in the cold in -22 ° C, there are alive! What is concluded that in -22 ° C is needed to go to the track, but in the afternoon ...
Finns have figured out in detail for several years how the Finnish horses frowned, measured the thickness of the subcutaneous fat, the length of the hair - and found out that they were frowning strongly. Conclusion: you need to wear backups.
Here, perhaps, all research ...
Of course, any attempts to study the issue of the effect of cold on the body will be defective until we find out what the horse herself thinks about this.
In the meantime, there is no confidence that the horse actually feels in winter, we are forced to be guided by strictly scientific data of anatomy and physiology and, of course, their own guesses and common sense. After all, our task is to make any weather of our not the most delicate climate as comfortable for horses.
Comfortable for the horse is considered to be the temperature from +24 to + 5 ° C (in the absence of other irritating factors, of course). With this temperature mode, the horse does not have the need to spend additional energy for heating, provided that it is healthy and is in good condition and in decent conditions of detention.
Obviously, in any case, at a temperature below -GS, the horse will need additional heat sources, and often, given the humidity, windiness, etc., such needs may occur even in the range of "comfortable" temperatures.
What is the physiological response of the body to the cold?
Immediate reaction. It occurs in response to a sudden sharp change in air temperature. The horse will noticeably frustrate, her wool rises on end (piloseare), blood from the limbs drops to the internal organs - legs, ears, the nose get cold. The horse is standing by pursing the tail without moving in order to save energy.
Adaptation. This is the following reaction of a horse exposed to the further constant influence of the cold. Usually some adaptation to the horse cold is required from 10 to 21 days. For example, a horse contained at a temperature of + 20 ° C suddenly falls into conditions with a temperature of + 5 ° C. It adapts to new environmental conditions for 21 days. With a further decrease in the temperature from +5 to -5 ° C, the horse will be needed even until 21 days to adapt. And so as long as the temperature does not reach the lower critical mark (NPO) in -15 ° C for an adult horse or 0 ° C for growing. Upon reaching the critical temperature, the horse's body will start working in "emergency mode", not to live, and to survive, which will lead to a serious and, sometimes, irreversible, to exhaust its resources.
As soon as the NPO has been achieved, stressful physiological changes begin, and horses to cope with cold, human intervention is necessary: \u200b\u200bheating, additional meals.
It is clear that all the data is conditional and varying for each particular horse. However, the exact data of science today does not have.
Physiological changes are concluded in the "focusing" of blood supply to the internal organs, the blood system begins to work as it were for a "small circle". There is a decrease in respiratory and heart rhythms to maintain heat, which is the consequence of the horseship in winter. The most notable external sign of physiological changes is the growing of long thick wool.
Ingestion in the intensity varies greatly from a horse to a horse under the same conditions of content. Early breed, health, fatness, floor, type. The more "thick" horse, the harder it type, the more it becomes. According to N. D. Alekseev (1992), in Yakut horses, in comparison with the horses of other breeds, the thick skin (4,4 + 0.05 mm in winter in the region of the last edge). Compare: in the European warm-blooded horse the skin thickness in the same place is about 3-3.6 mm. There are exceptions related to the individual characteristics of metabolism. The temperature plays the temperature: active "thin-skinned" stallions of warm-blooded rocks fade little or do not finish at all. For example, Kao lives in the same conditions as the other our horses, but does not figure out at all - walks in winter in summer wool. Pony, heavy trucks, troughs, as a rule, more stronger, they appear pronounced "brushes", there is significantly increasingly intensifying from wrists to a whisk and it appears not very attractive, straight-still beard. The same applies to patients and hungry horses - the body is trying to compensate for the absence of thermal insulating fat stratum and failure of nutrition, spending the last reserves for the hair rope, although everything is strictly individually. On the length of the horses, you can always unmistakably judge her health, content and care.
In general, fouling, it seems, the usual thing for everyone ... But what is it worth a horse? I will not say better than the spouse, therefore I bring a direct quote: "A solid part of the physiological forces is due to the process of fouling. Just try to calculate what the horse is accounted for. Growing, content, insalidation, etc. Long wool. After all, he did not bought her husband a fur coat, she had to remove a very large "amount" with his own biological and physiological plant and spend it on wool, despite the fact that the biological resource of the horse is not so great. Nature has a certain "warming standards" for this strip (North, West, Center of Russia). Calculate this standard can be easily analyzing the rates of warming of wild animals, radically living in the natural environment of this region, refreshing and analyzing the length of the wool, depth and density of the undercoat, body temperature (normal) of the animals. This is a normal "natural" program that meets the requirements of the climate and season. The man did not interfere in her.
By natural selection, dozens of thousands of years have been produced by this thermal standard and the insulation standard. It is such a number of protective wool, it is such a delicacy and a depth of the undercoat, it is this body temperature that is presented with wild natural inhabitants of the region, and is the norm that provides survival, and possibly some comfort.
The horse here in the "Mode Lawmakers" is not suitable, being introduced, an alien to this strip by a creature - it does not matter what generation. Edaku "lost exotic dog."
But for adaptive evolution changes you need millennia!
All that is capable of "present" by Russian colds a horse is 2.5 - 3 cm of wool. Without undercoat.
Finding out the inconsistency of the quality of horse insulation to local natural standards, we can resolise about the physiological suffering of the horse, about applying a horses of both physiological and functional damage. And this, and only this is a strictly scientific point of view. The argument based on the analysis of what "worn in this lane" for survival is irreversible and very serious. Even two hours of winter walk in conditions of impact on the body of the natural climatic conditions of the North-West, unfortunately, or very discomfort for the horse, or frankly dangerous. "
The ability to adapt to cold is due to the magnitude of the energy and plastic resources of the body, with their absence adaptation to cold is impossible. The response to the cold is developing stadium and in almost all organism systems. The early stage of adaptation to cold can be formed at a temperature of 3C o in 2 minutes, and at 10 ° C. O.
On the side of the cardiovascular system, 3 phases of adaptation reactions can be distinguished. 2 The first are optimal (desirable) when exposed to cold for the purpose of hardening. They are manifested in the inclusion, through the nervous and endocrine system, the mechanisms of non-conscientatory thermogenesis, against the background of the narrowing of the vascular channel in the skin, the result of which is the heat product and an increase in the temperature of the "nuclei", which leads to a reflex increase in blood flow in the skin and increased heat transfer, including through Inclusion of reserve capillaries. Externally, it looks like uniform hyperemia of the skin, a pleasant feeling of heat and vigor.
The third phase is developing when overloading a cold agent for intensity or durability. Active hyperemia is replaced by passive (stagnant), blood flow slows down, the skin acquires a blue shade (venous stagnant hyperemia), muscle tremor appears, "goose skin". This phase of the response is not desirable. It testifies to the exhaustion of the compensatory capabilities of the organism, their insufficiency to replenish the heat loss and the transition to the contractile thermogenesis.
The reactions of the cardiovascular system are folded not only from the redistribution of blood flow in the skin depot. Cardiac activity is stuck, the emission fraction becomes greater. There is some decrease in blood viscosity indicators and an increase in blood pressure. Under the overdose by factor (third phase), there is an increase in blood viscosity with the compensatory movement of the interstitial fluid into the vessels, which leads to the dehydration of tissues.
Respiratory regulation
Under normal conditions, breathing is regulated by deflecting the partial pressure of 2 ISO 2 and the size of the pH in arterial blood. Moderate hypothermia actively acts on the respiratory centers and oppressingly on pH sensitive chemoreceptors. With a long cold, the spasm of bronchial muscles joins, which increases resistance to breathing and gas exchange, and also decreases the chemochiness of the receptors. The occurring processes are at the heart of cold hypoxia, and when disrupting adaptation to the so-called "polar" shortness of breath. For therapeutic cold procedures, respiratory organs react with a delay at the first moment followed by increased time. In the future, breathing slows down and becomes deep. Gas exchange, oxidative processes, main exchange occurs.
Metabolic reactions
Metabolism reactions cover all sides of the exchange. The main direction, of course, is an increase in heat-product. First of all, there is an activation of non-conscientive thermogenesis by mobilizing the metabolism of lipids (the blood concentration of free fatty acids under the action of cold increases by 300%) and carbohydrates. The consumption of oxygen tissues, vitamins, macro- and microelements is also activated. In the future, with non-compatible thermal losses, the increasing thermogenesis occurs. Thermogenic activity of trembling above is such in the production of arbitrary contractile movements, because Work is not performed, and all the energy turns into heat. All muscles are included in this reaction, even the breathing muscles of the chest.
Water-salt exchange
In the acute action of the cold, the sympathetic and adrenal system is initially activated and the secretion of the thyroid gland increases. The production of antidiiuretic hormone increases, which reduces the reabsorbz sodium in the renal tubules and increases the excretion of the fluid. This leads to the development of dehydration, hemoconcentration and an increase in plasma osmolarity. Apparently, water removal serves as a protective effect on tissues that can be damaged against the background of its crystallization under the action of cold.
The main stages of adaptation to cold
Long-term adaptation to cold affects the structural and functional rearrangements of the body. Along with hypertrophy of the sympathetic and adrenal system, the thyroid gland, the mitochondrial systems in the muscles and all parts of the oxygen transport, there is well-fat hypotrophy of the liver and a decrease in disintellation functions, dystrophic phenomena from a row of systems with a decrease in their functional potential.
4 adaptation stages to cold
(N.A. Barbarash, G.Ya. Dvrechenskaya)
The first - emergency - unstable adaptation to cold
It is characterized by a sharp reaction of heat transfer limit in the form of a spasm of peripheral vessels. An increase in heat-product occurs due to the decay of ATP and contractile thermogenesis. The deficiency of phosphate rich energy is developing. Perhaps the development of damage (frostbite, fermenthamia, necrotization of tissues).
Second - Transition - Stage of Urgent Adaptation
There is a decrease in the stress reaction while maintaining the hyperfunction of the sympathetic-adrenal system and the thyroid gland. The processes of synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, Resintez ATP are activated. Vasoconstriction of peripheral tissues decreases, and, consequently, the risk of damage to damage.
Third - Sustainability - Stage of Long-Term Adaptation
Long-term adaptation is formed at a periodic case of cold. With its continuous impact, it is less likely. It is characterized by hypertrophy of the sympathetic-adrenal system, the thyroid gland, the strengthening of redox reactions, which leads both a direct adaptation to cold (stationary increase in heat-product for maintaining homeostasis) and positive cross-atherosclerosis, salt hypertension, hypoxia. Regulatory systems are more resistant to stress, including higher.
Fourth stage - exhaustion
It develops with continuous long or intense periodic exposure to cold. It is characterized by negative cross-adaptation phenomena, with the development of chronic diseases and dystrophic processes with a decrease in function in a number of internal organs.
In the previous chapter, general (i.e. nonspecific) patterns of adaptation were disassembled, but the human body responds with respect to specific factors and specific adaptive reactions. It is these adaptation reactions (to a change in temperature, to various mode of motor activity, to weightlessness, to hypoxia, to a shortage of information, to psychogenic factors, as well as the features of human adaptation and adaptation management) are considered in this chapter.
Adaptation to temperature change
The human body temperature, like any homoothermal organism, is characterized by constancy and fluctuate in extremely narrow boundaries. These boundaries are from 36.4? C to 37,5? C.
Adaptation to low temperature action
The conditions under which the human body should adapt to cold may be different. It may be work in cold shops (cold acts not around the clock, but alternating with a normal temperature regime) or adaptation to life in northern latitudes (a person in the conditions of the north is exposed to the action not only low temperature, but also a changed light of illumination and radiation level).
Work in cold shops. The first days in response to a low temperature, heat-product increases uneconomically, excessively, heat transfer is still not limited enough. After the phase is established, the heat-product process is intensified, heat transfer - decrease; Ultimately, the optimal balance is set to maintain a stable body temperature.
Adaptation to the conditions of the North is characterized by an unbalanced combination of heat-product and heat transfer. Reducing the efficiency of heat transfer is achieved due to the decrease
and the cessation of sweating, narrowing the arterial vessels of the skin and muscles. The activation of heat products is first carried out by increasing the blood flow in the internal organs and an increase in muscle contraction thermogenesis. Emergency stage.The obligatory component of the adaptive process is the inclusion of the stress reaction (activation of the CNS, an increase in the electrical activity of thermoregulation centers, increasing the secretion of liberins in the neurons of the hypothalamus, in the adenocytes of the pituitary - adrenocorticotropic and thyrotropic hormones, in the thyroid gland - thyroid hormones, in the brainstant of adrenal glands - catecholamines, And in their cortex corticosteroids). These changes significantly modify the function of organs and physiological systems of the body, changes in which are aimed at an increase in oxygen-transport function (Fig. 3-1).
Fig. 3-1.Providing oxygen-transport function when adapting to cold
Resistant adaptation accompanied by the amplification of lipid metabolism. In the blood, the content of fatty acids increases and the level of sugar increases somewhat, fatty acids are washed out of adipose tissue due to the strengthening of the "deep" blood flow. In mitochondria, adapted to the conditions of the North, there is a tendency to dismiss phosphorylation and oxidation, oxidation becomes dominant. Moreover, in the tissues of the inhabitants of the North, there are relatively many free radicals.
Cold water.A physical agent, through which low temperature affects the body, is most often air, but water can be. For example, when in cold water, the cooling of the body occurs faster than in air (water has 4 times greater heat capacity and 25 times greater thermal conductivity than air). So, in water, the temperature of which + 12? C, heat is lost 15 times more than in air at the same temperature.
Only at water temperature + 33-55? C The temperature sensations of people in it are considered to be comfortable and the time of stay in it is not limited.
At water temperature + 29.4? C People can be in it more than a day, but at water temperature + 23.8? C This time is 8 h 20 min.
In water with a temperature below + 20? C is rapidly developing sharp cooling, and the time of safe stay in it is calculated in minutes.
Human residence in water, the temperature of which + 10-12? C, for 1 hour and less causes the state threatening.
Staying in water at a temperature of + 1? C is inevitably leading to death, and at + 2-5? C after 10-15 min causes a complication threatening for living.
The time of safeland in icy water is no more than 30 minutes, and in some cases people die in 5-10 minutes.
The human body immersed in water is experiencing significant overload due to the need to maintain the constant temperature of the "body nucleus" due to the high thermal conductivity of the water and the lack of auxiliary mechanisms that ensure the thermal insulation of the person in the air (thermal insulation of clothing sharply due to its wetting, disappears The layer of heated air at the skin). In cold water, a person remains only two mechanisms to maintain a constant temperature of the "core of the body", namely: an increase in heat production and restriction of heat flow from the internal organs to the skin.
Restricting the flow of heat from the internal organs to the skin (and on the skin into the environment) is provided by peripheral vasoconstriction, as expressed as possible at the level of the skin, and intramuscular vasodilation, the degree of which depends on the localization of cooling. These vasomotor reactions, redistributing blood volume towards central organs, are able to maintain the temperature of the "body core". At the same time, there is a decrease in the volume of plasma due to increasing the permeability of capillaries, glomerular filtration and reduction of the tubular reabsorption.
An increase in heat production (chemical thermogenesis) occurs by means of increased muscle activity, the manifestation of which is trembling. At water temperature + 25? C shivering occurs when the skin temperature drops to + 28? C. In the development of this mechanism, three consecutive phases are distinguished:
Initial decrease in the temperature of the "nuclei";
A sharp increase in its increasing, sometimes exceeding the temperature of the "body core" before cooling;
Reducing to a level depending on the temperature of the water. In very cold water (below + 10? C), the shiver begins very sharply, very intense, combines with rapid surface breathing and feeling of the grip of the chest.
Activation of chemical thermogenesis does not prevent cooling, and is considered as an "emergency" method of protection from cold. The temperature of the "nucleus" of the human body is lower than + 35? C shows that the compensatory thermoregulation mechanisms do not cope with the destructive effect of low temperatures, the body's deep supercooling occurs. The emerging hypothermia changes all the most important life fun functions of the body, as it slows down the rate of flow of chemical reactions in cells. The inevitable factor accompanying hypothermia is hypoxia. The result of hypoxia is functional and structural disorders, which in the absence of necessary treatment lead to death.
Hypoxia has a complex and diverse origin.
Circulatory hypoxia arises due to bradycardia and peripheral circulation disorders.
Hemodynamic hypoxia develops due to the movement of the dissociation of oxygemoglobin to the left.
Hypoxic hypoxia occurs when braking a respiratory center and a convulsive reduction in respiratory muscles.
Adaptation to the action of high temperature
High temperature can act on the human body with different situations (for example, in production, in a fire, in combat and emergency conditions, in a bath). Adaptation mechanisms are aimed at increasing heat transfer and reducing heat product. As a result, the body temperature (although it rises) remains within the upper limit of the normal range. Manifestations of hyperthermia are largely determined by the ambient temperature.
When an external temperature is increasing to + 30-31? C is the expansion of the arteries of the skin and the strengthening of blood flow in it, the temperature of the surface tissues increases. These changes are aimed at returning an excess of heat by convection, heat-level and radiation, but as the ambient temperature increases the efficiency of these heat transfer mechanisms is reduced.
At the outer temperature + 32-33? C and above cease convection and radiation. The leading importance acquires heat transfer by sweating and evaporation of moisture from the body surface and respiratory tract. So, with 1 ml of sweat is lost approximately 0.6 kcal heat.
In organs and functional systems, characteristic shifts occur in hyperthermia.
Sweet glands secrete kallicrein, splitting a, 2-globulin. This leads to the formation of Callinin, Bradykinin and other kinines. Kinina, in turn, provide double effects: expanding the arterioles of the skin and subcutaneous fiber; Potentation of sweating. These kinin effects significantly increase the heat transfer.
In connection with the activation of the sympathoadrenal system, the heart rate and minute emission of the heart increase.
The redistribution of blood flow occurs with the development of its centralization.
There is a tendency to increase blood pressure.
In the future, the device goes due to a decrease in heat-product and the formation of a persistent redistribution of blood flows. Excessive sweating turns into adequate at high temperature. Loss with then water and salts can be compensated by drinking salted water.
Adaptation to Motor Activity Mode
Often, under the influence of any requirement of the external environment, the level of motor activity changes towards its increase or decrease.
Increased activity
If the motor activity is needed high, the human body must adapt to the new
state (for example, to severe physical work, sports, etc.). There are "urgent" and "long-term" adaptation to high engine activity.
"Urgent" adaptation - The initial, emergency stage of adaptation is characterized by the maximum mobilization of the functional system responsible for adaptation, pronounced stressrement and motor excitation.
In response to the load, there is an intensive irradiation of the excitation in the cortical, subcortical and underlying motor centers, leading to a generalized, but not enough coordinated motor reaction. For example, the heart rate increases, but the generalized inclusion of "extra" muscles also occurs.
The excitation of the nervous system leads to the activation of the stressrealizing systems: adrenergic, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortic, which is accompanied by a significant emission of catecholamines, corticoliberin, ACTH and somatotropic hormones. On the contrary, the concentration in the blood of insulin and the C-peptide under the influence of loads decreases.
Stress-implementing systems. Changes in the metabolism of hormones at a stress reaction (especially catecholamines and corticosteroids) lead to the mobilization of the body's energy resources; The activity of the functional adaptation system will potitate and form a structural basis of long-term adaptation.
Stress limiting systems. Simultaneously with the activation of stress-implementing systems, stress-limiting systems are activated - opioid peptides, serotonergic and others. For example, in parallel with the increase in the blood of the ACTH content, the concentration in the blood occurs β -Endorphine and enkephalins.
Neurohumoral perestroika with urgent adaptation to the physical activity ensures the activation of the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, the electoral growth of certain structures in organs of organs, an increase in the power and efficiency of the functional adaptation system with repeated physical exertion.
With repeated physical exertion, muscle mass increases and its energy supply is increasing. Along with the
changes in the oxygen-transport system and the effectiveness of external respiratory and myocardial functions are occurring:
The density of capillaries increases in skeletal muscles and myocardium;
The speed and amplitude of the reduction in the respiratory muscles increase increases, the life capacity of light (jerking), maximum ventilation, the coefficient of oxygen utilization increases;
Myocardial hypertrophy occurs, the number and density of coronary capillaries, the concentration of myoglobin in myocardium increases;
The number of mitochondria in the myocardium and the energy supply of the contractile function of the heart increases; The speed of reduction and relaxation of the heart increases with loads, shock and minute volumes.
As a result, the volume of the function comes in line with the volume of the structure of the organs, and the body as a whole becomes adapted to the load of this value.
REDUCED ACTIVITY
Hypokinesia (engineering restriction) causes a characteristic symptom complex of disorders that significantly limit human performance. The most characteristic manifestations of hypocinezia:
Violation of the regulation of blood circulation in orthostatic effects;
Deterioration of indicators of the efficiency of the work and regulation of the oxygen regime of the body at rest and during exercise;
Phenomena of relative dehydration, disorders of isosmistry, chemical and tissue structure, renal function disorders;
Atrophy of muscle tissue, tone disorders and the function of the nervous apparatus;
Reduction of circulating blood, plasma and erythrocyte mass;
Impairment of motor and enzymatic functions of the digestive apparatus;
Violation of natural immunity indicators.
Emergencythe phase of adaptation to hypokinesia is characterized by mobilization of reactions that compensate for the lack of motor functions. Such protective reactions include the excitation of sympathetic
adrenal system. The sympatho-studary system determines the temporary, partial compensation of circulatory disorders in the form of gaining cardiac activity, increasing the vascular tone and, consequently, blood pressure, gain breathing (increasing ventilation of the lungs). However, these reactions are short-lived and quickly fade in continuing hypocinezia.
Further development of hypocinezia can be imagined as follows:
The immobility contributes primarily to a decrease in catabolic processes;
Energy isolating decreases, the intensity of oxidative reactions is reduced;
In the blood, the content of carbon dioxide, lactic acid and other metabolic products is reduced, in the norm of stimulating respiration and blood circulation.
In contrast to adaptation to the changed gas composition, low ambient temperature, etc., adaptation to absolute hypokinesia cannot be considered complete. Instead of phase resistance, there is a slow exhaustion of all functions.
Adaptation to weightlessness
A person is born, grows and develops under the action of earthly attraction. The force of attraction forms the functions of a skeletal mousing, gravitational reflexes, coordinated muscular work. With a change in gravity in the body, various changes are observed, determined by the elimination of hydrostatic pressure and the redistribution of liquid media, eliminating the gravitational-dependent deformation and mechanical stress of body structures, as well as a decrease in the functional load on the musculoskeletal system, eliminate the support, the change in biomechanics of movements. As a result, a hypogravity motor syndrome is formed, which includes changes in sensory systems, motor control, muscle functions, hemodynamics.
Sensory systems:
Reducing the level of support affamentation;
Reduction of proprioceptive activity;
Changing the function of the vestibular apparatus;
Change of afferent provision of motor reactions;
Disorder of all forms of visual tracking;
Functional changes in the activities of the rolled apparatus when changing the position of the head and the action of linear accelerations.
Motor control:
Sensory and motor ataxia;
Spinal hypereflexia;
Changing the movement management strategy;
Increase the tone of muscle flexors.
Muscles:
Reduction of high-speed and power properties;
Atony;
Atrophy, changing the composition of muscle fibers.
Hemodynamic violations:
An increase in cardiac output;
Reducing the secretion of vasopressin and renin;
An increase in the secretion of the sodiumthical factor;
An increase in renal blood flow;
Reducing blood plasma volume.
The possibility of true adaptation to weightlessness at which the regulation system is restructuring, adequate existing on Earth, hypothetical and requires scientific confirmation.
Adaptation to hypoxia
Hypoxia is a condition resulting from insufficient supply of oxygen tissues. Hypoxia is often combined with hypoxhemia - a decrease in the level of voltage and oxygen content in the blood. There are exogenous and endogenous hypoxia.
Exogenous types of hypoxia - normo and hyabaric. The cause of their development: reducing the partial pressure of oxygen in the air entering the body.
Normobaric exogenous hypoxia is associated with the restriction of admission to the oxygen body with air under normal barometric pressure. Such conditions fold with:
■ Finding people in a small and / or poor ventilated space (room, mine, well, elevator);
■ air regeneration disorders and / or feeding the oxygen mixture for breathing in aircraft and depth devices;
■ Failure to comply with the technique of artificial ventilation of lungs. - hypobaric exogenous hypoxia may occur:
■ when lifting in the mountains;
■ in people raised to a large height in open aircraft, on elevator chairs, as well as with a decrease in pressure in the barocamera;
■ With a sharp decrease in barometric pressure.
Endogenous hypoxia are the result of pathological processes of various etiology.
Distinguish with sharp and chronic hypoxia.
Acute hypoxia occurs with a sharp decrease in the access of oxygen into the body: when placing the heated in the barocamer, where air, carbon monoxide poisoning, acute circulatory disorder or respiration rolls out.
Chronic hypoxia occurs after a long stay in the mountains or in any other conditions of insufficient supply of oxygen.
Hypoxia is a universal acting factor to which in the body for many centuries evolution developed effective adaptive mechanisms. The body's reaction to hypoxic impact can be considered on the hypoxia model during the rise in the mountains.
The first compensatory reaction to hypoxia is an increase in the frequency of heart abbreviations, shock and minute blood volumes. If the human body consumes at a rest of 300 ml of oxygen per minute, its content in the inhaled air (and, therefore, in the blood) decreased by 1/3, it is sufficient to increase by 30% of the passage of blood, so that the same amount of oxygen is delivered to the tissues . The disclosure of additional capillaries in the tissues implements an increase in blood flow, as it increases the rate of diffusion of oxygen.
An insignificant increase in respiratory intensity is observed, shortness of breath occurs only with the expressed powers of oxygen fasting (PO 2 in the inhaled air - less than 81 mm Hg). It is explained by the fact that the gain of breathing in the hypoxic atmosphere is accompanied by hitch, which holds back the increase in light ventilation, and only
after a certain time (1-2 weeks) of their stay under hypoxia, a significant increase in light ventilation occurs due to improving the sensitivity of the respiratory center to carbon dioxide.
The number of erythrocytes and the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood due to emptying of blood depot and blood thickening, and then due to the intensification of blood formation. Reducing atmospheric pressure by 100 mm Hg.st. It causes an increase in blood hemoglobin by 10%.
The oxygen-transport properties of hemoglobin change, the shift of the dissociation of oxygemoglobin is increasing to the right, which contributes to a more complete return of oxygen with tissues.
The amount of mitochondria increases in cells, the content of the respiratory chain enzymes increases, which allows you to intensify the energy utilization processes in the cell.
There is a modification of behavior (limiting motor activity, avoiding the effects of high temperatures).
Thus, as a result of all links of the neurogumoral system, structural-functional reversals in the body occur, as a result of which adaptive reactions to this extreme effects are formed.
Psychogenic factors and information deficit
Adaptation to the effects of psychogenic factors proceeds at different types of Persons with different types of GNI (cholerics, sanguits, phlegmatics, melancholics). At extreme types (choleric, melancholics), such adaptation is not a rack, sooner or later factors affecting the psyche lead to a breakdown of GNI and the development of neurosis.
As the basic principles of anti-fast protection, the following can be called:
Insulation from the stressor;
Activation of stress limiting systems;
Suppression of a focus of increased excitation in the central nervous system by creating a new dominant (focusing);
Suppression of a negative reinforcement system associated with negative emotions;
Activation of a positive reinforcement system;
Restoration of the energy resources of the body;
Physiological relaxation.
Information stress
One of the types of psychological stress is informational stress. The problem of information stress is the problem of the XXI of the Study. If the flow of information exceeds the possibility of brain opportunities formed during the evolution process, information stress develops. The consequences of information overloads are so great that even new terms are introduced to designate not entirely understandable states of the human body: chronic fatigue syndrome, computer dependence, etc.
Adaptation to the deficit of information
The brain needs not only in the minimum rest, but also in a certain amount of excitement (emotionally significant incentives). G. Selre describes this condition as a state of Estrassa. The implications of information deficit include the deficiency of emotionally significant incentives and growing fear.
The deficiency of emotionally significant incentives, especially at an early age (sensory deprivation), often leads to the formation of the personality of the aggressor, and the significance of this factor in the formation of aggressiveness is an order of magnitude higher than physical punishments and other harmful factors in educationally.
In the conditions of sensory isolation, a person begins to experience the growing fear right up to panic and hallucination. E. Fromm as one of the most important conditions for the maturation of the individual calls the presence of a sense of unity. E. Erickson believes that a person needs to identify himself with other people (reference group), a nation, etc., that is, to say "I am like them, they are the same as me." For a person, it is preferable to identify itself even with such subcultures as hippie or drug addicts than not to identify itself at all.
Sensory deprivation (from lat. sensus.- feeling, feeling and deprivatio.- deprivation) - a long, more or less complete deprivation of a person of visual, hearing, tactile or other sensations, mobility, communication, emotional experiences, carried out either with experimental objectives, or in the result
tATE OF THE CONTINUED SITUATION. When sensory deprivation, in response to insufficiency of afferent information, processes that definitely affect the shaped memory are activated.
As the time of stay increases under these conditions, people appear emotional lability with a shift toward reduced mood (inhibition, depression, apathy), which are replaced by euphoria, irritability for a short time.
There are violations of memory that are directly dependent on the cyclicality of emotional states.
The rhythm of sleep and wakefulness is violated, hypnotic states are developing, which are delayed on a relatively long time, are projected internally and accompanied by an illusion of involuntaryness.
Thus, the limitation of movement and information is factors that violate the conditions for the development of the body, leading to the degradation of the corresponding functions. Adaptation with respect to these factors is not a compensatory nature, since it does not show typical features of the active adaptation and only the reactions associated with a decrease in functions and leading to pathology are dominated.
Features of adaptation in humans
The characteristics of the person's adaptation include a combination of the development of the physiological adaptive properties of the body with artificial methods, transforming the Wednesday in its interests.
Adaptation management
Ways to control adaptation can be divided into socio-economic and physiological.
Socio-economic methods include all activities aimed at improving the conditions of life, nutrition, creating a safe social environment. This group of events is extremely important.
The physiological methods for managing adaptation are aimed at the formation of nonspecific resistance of the body. These include the organization of the regime (shifts of sleep and wakefulness, recreation and labor), physical training, hardening.
Physical training. The most effective means of increasing the resistance of the body and adverse effects of the environment are regular physical exercises. Motor activity has an impact on many livelihoods. It applies to the balance of metabolism, activates the vegetative systems: blood circulation, breathing.
Hardening. There are events aimed at increasing the resistance of the body combined by the concept of "hardening". A classic example of hardening is the constant training with cold, water procedures, charging outdoor in any weather.
The dosage of hypoxia, in particular in the form of a person's training stay at an altitude of about 2-2.5 thousand meters, increases the nonspecific resistance of the body. The hypoxic factor contributes to the increased rate of oxygen with tissues, high recycling it in oxidative processes, activating enzymatic tissue reactions, the cost-effective use of reserves of cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
The stress response from the adaptation link may, with excessively strong effects of the medium, transform into the pathogenesis link and induce the development of diseases - from peptic to heavy cardiovascular and immune.
Questions for self-control
1. What is the adaptation to the low temperature action?
2. Call the differences in the adaptation to the action of cold water.
3. Name the adaptation mechanism to the action of high temperature.
4. What is the adaptation to high physical activity?
5. What is the adaptation to low physical activity?
6. Is it possible to adapt to weightlessness?
7. What is the difference in adaptation to acute hypoxia from adaptation to chronic hypoxia?
8. What is dangerous sensory deprivation?
9. What are the features of the person's adaptation?
10. What ways to control adaptation do you know?
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Ministry of Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Belarus
Establishment of education
"Belarusian State University of Physical Culture"
Institute of Tourism
Department of Technology in the Tourist Industry
Kon.trolny work
in the discipline "Physiology"
on the Topw." Adaptation to low temperature action"
Performed: 2nd year student 421 groups
correspondence formation
faculty of tourism and hospitality
Qinyavskaya Anastasia Viktorovna
Checked: Beaver Vladimir Matveevich
- Introduction
- 1. Adaptation to the effects of low temperature
- 1.1 Physiological reactions to exercise in low ambient temperatures
- 1.2 Metabolic reactions
- Conclusion
- List of used literature
Introduction
The human body is influenced by such a climatic factor as temperature. Temperature is one of the important abiotic factors affecting the physiological functions of all living organisms. The temperature depends on geographic latitude, height above sea level, and season.
When temperature factors change, the human body produces relative to each factor specific adaptation reactions. That is, adapts.
Adaptation is a process of device that is formed during the life of a person. Thanks to adaptation processes, a person adapts to unusual conditions or a new level of activity, i.e. It increases the stability of its body against the action of various factors. The human body can be adapted to high and low temperatures, to low atmospheric pressure or even some pathogenic factors.
People living in the northern or southern latitudes, in the mountains or on the plain, in wet tropics or in the desert in many ways of homeostasis differ from each other. Therefore, a number of indicators of the norm for individual regions of the globe may differ.
1. Adaptation to the effects of low temperature
The adaptation to cold is the most difficult - achievable and quickly lost without special training the type of human climate adaptation. It is explained by the fact that, according to modern scientific ideas, our ancestors lived in warm climate conditions and were much more adapted to overheating protection. The coming cooling was relatively rapid and man, as kind, "did not have time to" adapt to this climate change most of the planet. In addition, people began to adapt to the conditions of low temperatures, mainly due to social and technogenic factors - housing, hearth, clothes. However, in extreme human activity (including in climbing practice), the physiological mechanisms of thermoregulation - "chemical" and "physical" of its parties become vital.
The first response of the body to the effects of cold is to reduce skin and respiratory (respiratory) heat loss due to the narrowing of the vessels of the skin and pulmonary alveoli, as well as due to the reduction of pulmonary ventilation (reduction of depth and respiratory frequency). By changing the skin of blood vessels, blood flow in it can vary in very wide limits - from 20 ml to 3 liters per minute in the entire mass of the skin.
The narrowing of the vessels leads to a decrease in skin temperature, but when this temperature reaches 6 ° C and the threat of cold injury arises, the reverse mechanism develops - reactive skin hyperemia. With strong cooling, a resistant narrowing of vessels may occur in the form of their spasm. In this case, there is a signal of disadvantage - pain.
Reducing the temperature of the skin of the hands to 27 єС is associated with the feeling of "cold", at a temperature of less 20 ° C - "very cold", at a temperature less than 15 єС - "unbearably cold".
When exposed to cold, vasoconstructive (vasoconstructuring) reactions occur not only on chilled areas of the skin, but also in remote areas of the body, including in the internal organs ("reflected reaction"). Particularly expressed reflected reactions in cooling the stop - the reaction of the nasal mucosa, the respiratory organs, internal genital organs. The narrowing of the vessels at the same time causes a decrease in the temperature of the respective areas of the body and internal organs with the activation of the microbial flora. It is this mechanism that underlies the so-called "cold" diseases with the development of inflammation in respiratory authorities (pneumonia, bronchitis), urinary (pylitis, jade), sexual sphere (adnexites, prostatites), etc.
The mechanisms of physical thermoregulation are first included in the protection of the constancy of the inner medium with a violation of the equilibrium of heat-product and heat transfer. If these reactions are not enough to maintain homeostasis, "chemical" mechanisms are connected - muscle tone increases, muscular trembling appears, which leads to an increase in oxygen consumption and increasing heat-product. At the same time, the work of the heart increases, blood pressure increases, the speed of blood flow in the muscles. It is estimated that in order to maintain the heat transfer of a naked person with a fixed cold air, it is necessary to increase the heat product 2 times for every 10 є reducing the air temperature, and with a significant wind, the heat product flow should double for every 5 ° C reduction. In the heat of a dressed person, the doubling of the value of the exchange will compensate for the decrease in the external temperature on 25є.
With multiple contacts with cold, local and general, the person produces protective mechanisms aimed at preventing the adverse effects of cold influences. In the process of acclimatization to cold, resistance to the occurrence of frostbite increases (the frequency of frosthe farms in acclimatized people is 6-7 times lower than that of non-optoclimated). At the same time, first of all, vascular mechanisms ("physical" thermoregulation occurs. In persons who are long exposed to cold, the increased activity of the processes of "chemical" thermoregulation is determined - the main exchange; They have increased by 10 - 15%. At the indigenous people of the North (for example, Eskimos), this exceed reaches 15 - 30% and enshrined genetically.
As a rule, due to the improvement of the mechanisms of thermoregulation in the process of acclimatization to cold, the share of the skeletal muscles in maintaining heatobalanse is reduced - the intensity and duration of muscle tremors are becoming less pronounced. Calculations have shown that at the expense of physiological mechanisms of adaptation to cold, a naked person is able to transfer the air temperature not lower than 2 ° C for a long time. Apparently, this air temperature is the limit of the organism's compensatory capabilities to maintain heatobalance at a stable level.
The conditions under which the human body adapts to cold may be different (for example, work in unheated rooms, refrigeration plants, in winter street). In this case, the action of the cold is not constant, but alternating with normal human temperature for the body. Adaptation in such conditions is not expressed. In the first days, reacting to a low temperature, heat generation increases uneconomically, the heat transfer is still not limited enough. After adaptation, heat generation processes become more intense, and the heat transfer is reduced.
Otherwise, adaptation is taken to the living conditions in northern latitudes, where not only low temperatures affect humans, but also characteristic of these latitudes and solar radiation levels.
What happens in the human body during cooling?
Due to the irritation of cold receptors, reflector reactions are changed, regulating heat conservation: blood vessels are narrowed, which reduces the organism heat transfer. It is important that the processes of heat generation and heat transfer were balanced. The predominance of heat transfer over heat generation leads to a decrease in body temperature and impaired body functions. At the body temperature of 35 єС, there is a violation of the psyche. Further decrease in temperature slows down blood circulation, metabolism, and at temperatures below 25 єС stops breathing.
One of the factors of the intensification of energy processes is lipid exchange. For example, the polar researchers in which the metabolism is slowed down under conditions of low air temperature, take into account the need to compensate for energy costs. Their rations are distinguished by high energy value (calorie).
The residents of the northern regions have a more intense metabolism. The bulk of their diet is proteins and fats. Therefore, in their blood, the fatty acid content is increased, and the sugar level is somewhat low.
In people who adapt to the wet, cold climate and the oxygen deficiency of the North, also increased gas exchange, high cholesterol content in blood serum and mineralization of the skeleton bones, a more thickened layer of subcutaneous fat (performing the function of the heat insulator).
However, not all people are equally capable of adapting. In particular, in some people in the conditions of the North, protective mechanisms and adaptive restructuring of the body can cause disadaptation - a number of pathological changes called "polar disease".
One of the most important factors that ensure the adaptation of a person to the conditions of the Far North is the need of an organism in ascorbic acid (vitamin C), which increases the stability of the body to various infections.
The heat-insulating shell of our body includes the surface of the skin with subcutaneous fat, as well as the muscles located under it. When the skin temperature decreases below the usual level, the narrowing of blood vessels of the skin and the reduction of skeletal muscles increases the insulation properties of the shell. It has been established that the narrowing of the vessels of the passive muscle provides up to 85% of the overall insulating capacity of the body in conditions of extremely low temperatures. This quantity of countering heat lines is 3-4 times higher than the insulating abilities of fat and skin.
1.1 Physiological reactions to exercise in low ambient temperatures
metabolic temperature Adaptation
When cooling the muscle becomes weaker. The nervous system reacts to the cooling of the muscles by changing the structure of engaging in the operation of muscle fibers. According to some specialists, this change in the choice of fibers leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of muscle contractions. At reduced temperature, the speed and strength of muscle contraction decreases. Attempting to perform work at a muscle temperature of 25 ° C with the same speed and performance, with which it was performed when the muscle temperature was 35 ° C, will lead to rapid fatigue. Therefore, it is necessary to either spend more energy, or perform physical exertion at a lower rate.
If clothing and metabolism due to physical activity are sufficient to maintain the body temperature in conditions of reduced ambient temperature, the level of muscular activity will not fall. At the same time, as the fatigue and muscle deceleration appears, the formation of heat will gradually decrease.
1.2 Metabolic reactions
Prolonged physical exertion lead to increased use and oxidation of free fatty acids. Increased lipid metabolism is mainly due to the release of catecholamines (adrenaline and norepinenaline) into the vascular system. In conditions of reduced ambient temperature, the secretion of these catecholamines increases significantly, while the levels of free fatty acids increase significantly less compared to those in the performance of long-term physical activity in conditions of higher ambient temperature. Low ambient temperature causes the narrowing of blood vessels of the skin and subcutaneous fabrics. As is known, subcutaneous fabric is the main storage location of lipids (adipose tissue), so the narrowing of the vessels leads to limited blood supply to the plots. Of which free fatty acids are mobilized, as a result of which the levels of free fatty acids increase not so much.
Blood glucose plays an important role in the development of tolerance to low temperature conditions, as well as maintaining the level of endurance when performing physical. Load. Hypoglycemia (reduced blood glucose content), for example, suppresses a shiver, and leads to a significant decrease in the rectal temperature.
Many are interested in whether the respiratory tract is damaged with the rapid deep inhalation of cold air. Cold air, passing through the mouth and trachea, is quickly heated, even if its temperature is below -25 ° C. Even at such a temperature, the air, passing around 5 cm on the nasal move, is heated to 15 ° C. Very cold air, falling into the nose, it is sufficiently heated, approaching the output from the nasal stroke; Thus, there is no danger of injury, trachea or lungs.
Conclusion
The conditions under which the body should adapt to cold may be different. One possible options for such conditions - work in cold shops. At the same time, the cold acts intermittently. Due to the reinforced pace of development of the Far North, the question of the adaptation of the human body to life in northern latitudes is becoming relevant, where it is exposed not only to the influence of low temperature, but also change the illumination and radiation level.
Adaptation mechanisms make it possible to compensate for the change in the medium factor only within certain limits and a certain time. As a result of the impact on the body of factors exceeding the possibilities of adaptation mechanisms, deadaption develops. It leads to dysfunction of organism systems. Therefore, there is a transition of an adaptive reaction to the pathological - a disease. An example of disadaptation diseases are cardiovascular diseases at the non-indigenous people of the North.
List of used literature
1. Azhaev A.N., Berzin I.A., Deva S.A., "Physiological and hygienic aspects of low temperatures on the human body", 2008
2. http://bibliofond.ru/View.aspx?id\u003d459098#1
3. http://fiziologija.vse-zabolevaniya.ru/fiziologija-Processov-adAcii/ponjatie-adaptacii.html
4. http://human-physiology.ru/Adaptaciya-Ee-Vidy-i-Periody
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480 rub. | 150 UAH. | $ 7.5 ", Mouseoff, Fgcolor," #FFFFCC ", BGColor," # 393939 ");" Onmouseout \u003d "Return nd ();"\u003e Dissertation period - 480 rub., Delivery 10 minutes , around the clock, seven days a week and holidays
Gerasimova Lyudmila Ivanovna. The pathogenetic role of disadaptation to cold in the development of the donosological conditions in the conditions of the North: the dissertation ... Doctor of Medical Sciences: 14.00.16 / Gerasimova Lyudmila Ivanovna; [Place of protection: GOVPO "St. Petersburg State Medical University"] .- St. Petersburg, 2008.- 242 C.: IL.
Introduction
Chapter 1. Literature Review 16
1.1. Health concept in the aspect of the theory of adaptation 16
1.2. Adaptation to cold in humans 21
1.3. Negative adaptation effects to cold. Cold as a risk factor 41
1.4. Age Features of the thermoregulation function 53
Chapter 2. Objects and research methods 57
2.1. The surveyed groups 57.
2.2. Terms of research, control of the thermal state of the subjects 58
2.3. Biometric studies 59.
2.4. Methods of dosing load and fatigue 61
2.5. Methods of electronicomiographic research. 61.
2.6. Analysis of the frequency of cold-associated symptoms 78
2.7. External respiratory rating 80
2.8. Analysis of caused skin vegetative potentials 83
2.9. Statistical processing of research results 87
Chapter 3. Cold-associated symptoms as a sign of a decrease in cold resistance . 88
3.1. The effect of duration of residence in the European North on the frequency of cold-associated symptoms 88
3.2. Frequency of cold-associated symptoms in patients with therapeutic pathology 96
3.3. The factors limiting the working capacity of hands when manipulating in the cold 105
Chapter 4. Functional state of pulmonary ventilation and vegetative nervous system at high sensitivity to cold 115
4.1. Functional indicators of the external respiratory system in persons with different adaptation to the conditions of the European North 117
4.2. Effect of adaptedness to the conditions of the European North on the parameters of the resulting skin vegetative potential 125
Chapter 5. The effect of adaptation to the conditions of the North on the conducting properties of peripheral nerves 133
Chapter 6. Electromiographic characteristics of neuromuscular status in different age groups in the context of the European North 139
6.1. Evaluation of neuromuscular status using IMG 139 TURN amplitude analysis
6.2. Age Features of the Turne-amplitude Parameters EMG isometric reduction 155
6.3. The influence of age on the performance and tour amplitude characteristics of EMG during fatigue caused by dynamic load 166
Chapter 7. Electroniographic characteristics and performance of the motor system with prolonged effects of industrial vibration, 175
7.1. Pulse parameters for motor and sensitive fibers of peripheral nerves 176
7.2. Potentials of motor units 177
7.3. TURN amplitude characteristics of EMG with a dosed isometric reduction 183
7.4. The effect of prolonged impact of vibration on the performance and TURN amplitude parameters of EMG at a dynamic fatal 188
Chapter 8. Discussion of results 199
Conclusion 228.
List of references 235.
Appendix 282.
Introduction to work
The relevance of the problem
The problem of preserving the health of a person living in the North, remains relevant over the past time, which is due, with the active development of territories, an increase in migration processes in Russia, an increase in the share of the elderly population, including in the North-West region. The health of a person in the north is formed under the action of the integrated effect of all high-latitious climate components. A complex complex of external influences, including harsh climatic factors, a large spectrum of anthropogenic influences implies high demands on the body. Preservation of human health, the prevention of disease becomes not only a private problem of medicine, but also natural science as a whole, as well as one of the total values . Negative trends in changing the health of the population and the state of habitat of a person put this problem in the category of the most priority tasks of state policy.
In the harsh climatic conditions of high latitudes, many diseases are characterized by early starts, nonspecificness of symptoms, greater prevalence of violation of the functional states of the body than in other climatic zones. A significant place in the incidence of systemic overvoltage occupies, the threshold of the harmful effects on the body of production and environmental factors decreases and the functionality of the body is reduced to restoring homoseostasis disorders, since, according to Yu. P. Gicheva, the impact of external factors on the body of a modern person exceeds its adaptive opportunities. .
As shown in Review V. I. Hasnulina et al. , The Republic of Karelia, the North-West region of the Russian Federation, is distinguished by the discomfort of climate-geographical conditions, which is comparable to such in the regions of the Far North, which causes the voltage of adaptation systems, makes it possible to compensate and increases the total mortality rates, including people of working age. Similar data on the state of health of the population of the Republic of Karelia are given in the monograph N. V. Dorskova.
Thus, these numerous studies suggest that for the health of the population living in the regions of the North, the systemic manifestations of the body's disadaptation, an important role in which, in our opinion, plays the inadequacy of adaptation to the cold.
It seems appropriate to consider the features of the functioning of the body in the conditions of the North in terms of the adequacy of the temperature adaptation mechanisms. The device to the long-term action of cold affects almost all processes of vital activity, which are coordinated within the framework of a single program for the conservation of the organism temperature homoseostasis. Numerous studies show neuro-hormonal mechanisms to control the process of adaptation to cold, aimed at the preservation of homoothermia, the basis of which is the systemic changes in the neuro-hormonal regulation and metabolism, the leading value in which have increasing the participation of adrenergic mechanisms and the change in the thyroid status of the body.
The manifestations of the negative influence of cold in various systems of the body are combined into the concept of "cold-associated symptoms" (HAS), including pain (discomfort), sensitivity disturbances and changes in the color of the open parts of the body, as well as the signs of the functional insufficiency of physiological systems of the body. Rhino phenomenon,
7 in which the listed features are combined, is considered one of the specific manifestations of cold intolerance.
Many authors noted that the Rhino phenomenon has common pathogenetic mechanisms with cold-induced vasoconstrictsies, the basis of which is an increase in the adrenoreactivity of the vessels. This causes the difficulties of the differential diagnosis of early manifestations of the Rhinee and enhanced cold-induced vasoconstriction phenomenon, in which, as well as the Rhine phenomenon, in addition to these factors, play the role of violation of endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation.
Recent years in determining the risk factors for highly latitious population have shown that the prevalence of the Ribene phenomenon is, according to various sources, from 0.5 to 20%, there is a dependence of the frequency of the phenomenon of the Rhinee from the latitude of the terrain, the relationship between the presence of this symptom and the cold frequency Damage (frostbite), as well as the possibility of the participation of the mechanisms for the development of phenomenon Rhine in the formation of somatic human diseases, the dependence of electroneuromiographic parameters from the presence of secondary (vibration induced) is a Rhino phenomenon. These facts, as well as the generality of the origin of cold-induced vasoconstriction and phenomenon, based on enhancing the activity of adrenergic mechanisms make it possible to regard Has as signs of intense adaptation to cold and risk factors for the population living in the conditions of the North,
The morpho-functional state of the motor system and its main effector organ - skeletal muscles - plays an important role in both urgent reactions and long-term adaptation to cold. In experimental studies, the involvement and nature of the participation of the motor system in maintaining the temperature homeostasis of the body is shown. At the same time, there is no data in the literature that integratively characterizing the nervous muscular status of a person with long-term adaptation to the cold and the features of the functioning of the motor system in terms of the adequacy of the process of adaptation to cold.
Electromyography is one of the most informative modern methods for assessing the functional state of the propulsion system, so the study of the interference electromogram (IEMG) allows you to obtain an objective picture of the state of the neuromuscular machine and supplement the data of other diagnostic methods. Recently, there has been a significant increase in the interest of researchers to use and develop objective IECG interpretation methods, given its non-invasiveness, good tolerability and the possibility of use in ergonomic studies, including to assess the functional state and performance of the human motor system in various types of activities and in diagnostic purposes. .
The problem of donozological states, or "pretables", has long been in the field of attention of clinical medicine. In this case, recently, it is important to identify changes in the body corresponding to the initial level of pathogenesis of a certain disease. In this regard, the modern scientific concept of assessment and forecasting of the body's functional states is of interest to medicine and for society as a whole, since it allows to identify the donosological states of the body and conduct timely preventive work in order to preserve the health of the population living in unfavorable climate-geographic conditions.
To this end, under this study, a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms underlying the life support of the body were carried out with a long-term influence of the conditions of the North, and, in particular, the adaptations to
9 loda. The role of mechanisms that provide stable adaptation to cold, namely, the value of cold-induced vascular reactions and the functional state of the propulsion system based on modern electroneuromiographic methods is established.
Purpose of the study
To establish the value of the temperature adaptation mechanisms in the formation of human health in the conditions of the North, as well as examine the mechanisms for the development of disadaptation to cold and their manifestations in order to diagnose the dono-zological states of a person in the conditions of the North.
Objectives of research
Investigate the adequacy of the process of cooking to cold based on the analysis of the frequency of cold-associated symptoms.
Assess the functional state of the vegetative nervous system and the parameters of pulmonary ventilation, depending on the degree of adaptation of subjects to the conditions of the European North.
Explore the conducting properties of sensory and motor fibers of peripheral nerves in groups with different adaptation to the conditions of the European North.
Install the TURN amplitude characteristics of IMG isometric reduction, characterizing the "neurogenic" type of disorders of the function of skeletal muscles.
To establish the ontogenetic features of the motor system based on TURN amplitude analysis of IEMG at metering isometric reduction, as well as when conducting a functional test with muscle fatigue.
Install electroneuromiographic features characterizing the performance and functional state of the motor system
10 with the combined effect of cold and harmful production factor (production vibration).
Scientific novelty
The study for the first time a systemic analysis of the state of the human body was carried out in the conditions of the North and show the role of mechanisms underlying the temperature adaptation, in the formation of human health in the north, as well as the prerequisites for the development of disadaptation to the cold and the emergence of donosological conditions.
For the first time, the role of cold-associated symptoms was studied as signs of the body's deadaption to the conditions of cold and the connection of their occurrence with the state of the functional system of temperature adaptation is shown. It has been established that the subjective signs of disadaptation to cold in the form of HAS correlate with the "pre -tological" changes in the vegetative regulation, the functioning of the cardiovascular system, the state of pulmonary ventilation and the electrophysiological properties of the motor system.
With the help of modern electrophysiological methods, the quantitative characteristics of the functional state and reserves of the human motor system in conditions of a long-term action of cold as manifestation of the plasticity of the motor system are given. In addition, for the first time on the basis of the quantitative parameters of the IEMG, the features of the structural and functional state of the peripheral department of the motor system in different periods of ontogenesis were established. The interaction of mechanisms of long-term adaptation to cold and individual factors at the level of skeletal muscles is shown.
With the help of complex electroneuromiographic methods, a negative effect of adaptation to cold was revealed for the first time in the form of a dialect of myelinization in the peripheral nervous system and its potential role is shown in reducing the operation of the motor system in individuals,
11 for a long time in the conditions of the north, as well as in the development and progress of the diseases of the diseases of the motor system during the long-term effects of cooling.
Theoretical and scientific-practical significance
The study develops the provisions of adaptation medicine in the study of factors affecting human health in the conditions of the North and the general patterns of development of deadaption reactions. Within the framework of this study, a systemic analysis of human health was conducted in the conditions of the North in terms of the adequacy of the process of long-term adaptation to cold. The value of cold-associated symptoms is shown as signs of inadequate the process of long-term adaptation to cold and risk factors for the development of pathology in various systems of the body in the conditions of the North.
Subscribed subjective signs of deadaption to cold in the form of HAS and the results of a comprehensive functional research. In particular, with the help of methods of functional diagnostics, symptoms are established, indicative of disadaptation to cold: increasing the participation of adrenergic mechanisms for regulating functions in migrants compared with the permanent residents of the North, as well as in persons with cold-associated symptoms in the form of the Rhino phenomenon; Subclinical ventilation disorders have been established in migrants compared with the permanent residents of the North, as well as in persons with cold-associated symptoms in the form of cold breath.
The negative effect of adaptation to cold in the form of a decrease in neuromuscular innervation is established and the features of the electronic-miographic characteristics of the motor system are established depending on the adaptation to cold, with a combination of environmental conditions for long-term cooling and age-related changes, as well as harmful production factors (production vibration).
Analysis of the interaction of the functional state of the moving system (mechanisms of long-term adaptation to cold) and the vegetative support of the functions of the body (urgent adaptation factors for cold, compensatory mechanisms) is of theoretical value for the study of the hierarchy and interaction of different functions of the body, and can find its application in system theory.
The scientific and practical significance of the thesis is to improve the EMG technique in terms of the development of non-invasive ways to register signals and quantitative (tour-amplitude) analysis of IEMG. The results of the used methodology of the TURN-amplitude analysis of IEMG under a metering reducing reduction and a widely used method of stimulation ENMG are compared. The use of the quantitative analysis of IEMG to assess the performance and functional reserves of the human motor system in various functional states, including those associated with the long-term influence of the North, are expanded.
Using the integrated application of electronized research methods, including TURN amplitude analysis of IEMG, electromyographic syndromes, characterizing age-related changes in the motor system in residents of the north, the states associated with muscle overproofing, in the process of fatigue and recovery, as well as in the pathology of the motor system due to long-term influence Production vibration.
The significance of cold-associated symptoms as early signs of deadaption to the cold and the development of donozological conditions in the conditions of the North is shown.
Protection issues:
Cold-associated symptoms characterize the state of the "pre-climb", associated with inadequate provision of a process of long-term adaptation to cold; Strengthened cold-induced vasoconstriction is a sign of increasing the participation of adrenergic mechanisms for regulating the functions of the body and intense adaptation to cold.
The negative effect of adaptation to cold, forming in the human motor system, is characterized by a decrease in the functionality of the skeletal muscles due to the violation of the conducting properties of peripheral nerves.
Forming with age "Neurogenic" type of IEMG is due to the potentiary influence of media factors, in particular, the cooling conditions, which contributes to the age reduction of the function of the motor system in the permanent residents of the North, and also serves as a factor in the development and progression of the pathology of the musculoskeletal system in the regions With a cold climate.
Approbation of work
The main results of the thesis are reported and discussed at Russian and international scientific symposia: III International Congress on Pathophysiology (Lahti, 1998); II and III of the Russian Congress on Pathophysiology (Moscow, 2000, 2004); XXXIII International Congress in Physiological Sciences (St. Petersburg, 1997); VIII World Congress on Adaptive Medicine (Moscow, 2006); On the United Plenums of the Russian and Moscow Scientific Society on Pathophysiology (Moscow, 2006, 2007); XVII World Congress on Neurology (London, 2001), XVIII and XIX Congresses of the VFO. I. P. Pavlova (Kazan, 2001; Ekaterin
14 burg, 2004), IV and V Congresses of Physiologists of Siberia and the Far East (Novosibirsk, 2002; Tomsk, 2004); The All-Russian Forum "Health Nation is the basis of prosperity of Russia" "(Moscow, 2005); XI National Congress "Man and His Health" (St. Petersburg, 2006); Environmental Ergonomics International Conferences (Aahen, 2000), Problems with Cold Work (Solna, 1998); Symposium "Pathophysiology and modern medicine" (Moscow, 2004); conferences "Mechanisms of standard pathological processes" (St. Petersburg, 2003), II, III, IV international conferences on muscle physiology and muscular activity (Moscow, 2003, 2005, 2007), I All-Russian with the international participation of the conference "Movement Management" (Great Luke, 2006); Russian conference "Organism and the Environment: Life Support and Protection of Human In Extreme Conditions" (Moscow, 2000); International Conference "Problems of Human Ecology" (Arkhangelsk, 2000, 2004); The 10th All-Russian Conference on Labor Physiology (Moscow, 2001); Russian conference "Actual problems of human environmental physiology in the north" (Syktyvkar, 2001, 2004); XI International Symposium "Ecological and Physiological Problems of Adaptation" (Moscow, 2003); The 6th Scientific and Practical Conference "Methods for researching regional circulation and microcirculation in the clinic and experiment" (St. Petersburg, 2007).
Implementation of research results
The dissertation work was carried out in the framework of targeted scientific research programs (state number. Registration mechanisms 0120.0603111 (study of the basic mechanisms of thermoregulation muscle activity in the construction of motion and motor control in humans), 0120.0502699 (study of the neurophysiological mechanisms of human movement under the action of factors limiting the functionality of the motor system)) . Studies were supported by the RFBR grants 307-2003-04, RGHF "Russian
15 North "01-06-49004 A / С, Rosbarzovanie Program" Universities of Russia "Ur 11.01.245.
The theoretical provisions of the dissertation are included in the training programs on the disciplines "Pathophysiology" and "Normal Physiology" at the Medical Faculty of Petrge, the author developed and introduced into the educational process of the electronic training resource "Stress and Adaptation" (Act on implementation of 10.10.07). The results of the work are used in the medical and diagnostic practice of the Republican Hospital, the Children's Republican Hospital (Republic of Karelia, Petrozavodsk).
Personal contribution
The setting of objectives and objectives of the study, planning and conducting research, analysis and generalization of data, the preparation of publications on the dissertation materials was carried out by the author personally, in jointly conducted studies - when it decisive.
Publications
Thesis and structure of the dissertation
The text of the thesis is stated on 289 pages, consists of an introduction, review of literature, materials and research methods, results of its own research, discussion of the results, conclusions, conclusions, practical recommendations and a literature list. The reference list includes 430 sources, including 185 - domestic and 245 - foreign. The dissertation contains 28 tables and 48 drawings.
Health concept in the aspect of adaptation theory
Currently, the problem of the interaction of the human body with the environment does not lose its relevance. A complex complex of external influences, including a large spectrum of anthropogenic influences, presents high demands on the body. Preservation of human health, the prevention of diseases becomes not only the private problem of medicine, but also natural science, as well as one of the general values.
The adaptation of the structure and functions of the body to the environmental conditions occurs during the adaptation process. According to the concept of the city of Selre, adaptation is one of the fundamental qualities of living matter, which is often identifiable with the concept of life itself. In a modern sense, adaptation is the process of forming optimal structural and functional compliance, which ensures the most advantageous functioning of the body under certain conditions. In this case, the problem of the interaction of the body with the medium is considered within the framework of a system-functional approach, which takes into account not only external relations, but also a set of changes within the body aimed at preserving homeostasis.
In this regard, the main content of adaptation is internal processes in systems that ensure the preservation of its external functions relative to the environment. This goal is achieved through adaptive and compensatory reactions. Adaptive reactions consist in the fact that the system, reacting to the change of significant environmental parameters, rebuilds its structural links to maintain functions that ensure its existence as a whole. Compensatory reactions are aimed at saving the function of the system even in case of violation of the activity of the functional element. Thus, compensatory reactions are carried out not with an element, but by the system with respect to the element.
The concept of adaptation is used in different aspects. There is a genuine-typical adaptation - a process that makes up the basis of evolution, in which, due to hereditary variability, mutations and natural selection, modern types of animals and plants have been formed. A complex of species hereditary signs underlies the basis of another type of adaptation acquired during the individual development of the body, - phenotypic adaptation, which forms the individual appearance of the organism.
The concept of phenotypic adaptation was formulated by F. 3. Meerson. According to this theory, two stages are traced in the development of most adaptive reactions: the initial stage is urgent, but imperfect adaptation and the subsequent stage - perfect, long-term adaptation.
The urgent adaptation reaction occurs immediately after the start of the stimulus. The compensatory reactions of the body have the greatest importance in maintaining homeostasis in the early stages of adaptation. Typical manifestations of the urgent stage of adaptation are reflexive reactions arising under the action of hypoxia, cold, heat, etc. The most important feature of this stage is that the activities of the body proceeds at the limit of its physiological possibilities - with almost complete mobilization of functional reserves - and it turns out insufficient . An important place in the initial period of adaptation occupy non-specific mechanisms for increasing the sustainability of the body, i.e. the stress reaction.
Long-term adaptation is developing gradually, as a result of the multiple or long-term action of environmental factors, based on the multiple realization of urgent adaptation. The basis of long-term adaptation is structural changes in organs and systems, the most involved in the compensatory reaction of the emergency phase. Studies conducted on a wide variety of objects unambiguously showed that the increase in the function of organs and systems naturally entails the activation of the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in the cells forming these organs and systems. This leads to a complex of structural changes that fundamentally increase the power of systems responsible for adaptation, which is the basis of the transition from the fixed stage of adaptation to long-term.
According to F. 3. Meerson, the founder of the direction "Adaptation Medicine", the phenotypic adaptation in person is more important than in other animal species, since a person has more substantive and effective. In accordance with these ideas, R. P. Treaschaev determined the adaptation (adaptation) as the process of maintaining the functional state of the first-meaostatic systems and the body as a whole, ensuring its preservation, development, performance, the maximum life expectancy in inadequate environmental conditions. Inadequate is the environmental conditions that are currently the geneluotypic properties of the body as a biosystem. The use of the body's adaptation to various medium factors makes it possible to expand the human existence zone and allows you to preserve health in adverse conditions.
Conditions for conducting research, control of the thermal state of the subjects
Before studying, each subject was familiar with the electronics protocol and the temperature of the temperature effect. The comparison group was the test-volunteers, practically healthy by the moment of research, in the presence of chronic diseases outside the exacerbation. The selection of the subjects was carried out on the basis of the data of the anamnesis and standard examination immediately before the electrical pressure session (measurement of temperature, blood pressure). The study of children was carried out with the consent of the parents in the presence of medical personnel. The tests on their own will could stop participating in the study at any time.
Electronoseomiographic studies, analysis of the resulting skin vegetative potential (CVP) and spirometric tests were carried out in the laboratory (air temperature +22 - 24c, humidity 50-60%; air movement speed less than 0.1 m / s) after a 30-minute finding of the test indoor to stabilization Leather temperature.
To control the thermal state of the subjects, the central temperature (TC) was measured by sublingual or rectally and weighted leather temperature (HTC) according to N. L. Ramanathan. For this, the temperature of the track was measured at 4 points - under the clavicle (TI), on the lateral surface of the middle of the shoulder (TG), on the lateral surface of the middle of the thigh (TK) and on the medial surface of the middle of the lower leg (T4). Further calculation of the BTC was carried out according to the formula: UVTK \u003d 0.3 (T, + T2) + 0.2 (T3 + T4), where the coefficient before the temperature values \u200b\u200bmeans an approximate area of \u200b\u200bthe skin of these skin sections. UVTK was determined every 5 - 10 minutes. Figure 2.1 presents the graphs of the reception of the UVTK when conducting electroneuromiographic studies in adult subjects. The central temperature was measured sublingual, as it definitely reflects its changes and is simple in practical application.
In children aged 7 days up to 3 years, the skin temperature was measured only at one point (on the thigh), since, firstly, it definitely reflects the CHTK changes and, secondly, the abundance of electrodes (electromyographic and temperature) caused significant emotionally -conal concern to the child, which would inevitably affect the character of EMG.
Temperature sensors made based on copper-constant thermocouples are used to measure temperature. Changes to the electrical properties of the thermocouples were converted into digital values \u200b\u200busing a 5-channel indicator.
Maximal Voluntary Contraction - MVC (MVC) of the Maximal Voluntary CONTRACTION - MVC (ha. Biceps Brachii) was determined as follows. The subject stood, his hand was in the position of elbow flexion (the shoulder is located along the chest, the articular angle 90). The subject in this position should have carried out the maximum pressure on the dynamometer, reinforced on the lower surface of the stationary. Dynamometry was performed before each EMG session.
MVC muscles of the forearm was determined at a pressure of a brush to a dynamometer, fortified on the bottom surface of the stationary beam. At the same time, the elbow joint was fixed in Longhet to avoid the involvement of the muscles of the shoulder.
Dosing of static effort (isometric reduction) T. Biceps Brachii was created by shipments weighing 4, 6, 8 and 10 kg suspended on the cuff, reinforced on the forearm, by 2-3 cm proximal than leaky joints, for 3 - 5 s. The subjects in the standing position were asked to hold the hand in the position of the elbow flexion (the shoulder is located along the chest, the articular angle 90).
Troying T. Biceps Brachii was caused by a dynamic load before the failure. Standing subjects should have done movements in the elbow joint type "Flexing - extension" with a load of 30% of MVC, to the inability to perform full-fledged movements using exclusively arm muscles or before the appearance of pain.
The dosing of the static efforts of the muscles of the forearm (T. Flexor Carpi Radialis, T. Flexor Carpi Radialis) was created by cargo weighing 4, 6, 8 and 10 kg suspended on a cuff, reinforced on the brush, for 3 - 5 s. The subjects in the sitting position were asked to maintain a loaded brush at one level with the forearm, while the hand was in the position of the elbow bending, the elbow joint is fixed on the armrest. The fatigue of the muscles of the forearm was caused by movements in the beam-based joint of the "flexion - extension" with a cargo that makes up 30% of MVC.
Functional performance of the external respiratory system in persons with various adaptation to the conditions of the European North
Paramers characterizing the pulmonary volumes and the permeability of the respiratory tract depending on the floor and adaptation to the conditions of the European North, are presented in Table 4.1. According to functional studies of the external respiration system, the ventilation violation of lightly documented in 9 people (30%).
The study of the function of external respiration has revealed a tendency to form violations of pulmonary ventilation in migrants (see Table 4.1, Fig. 4.2, 4.3). Thus, the jelly (% of due value) in the group of men permanently residing in the North-West region of the Russian Federation (SZ - M), amounted to 96.96 ± 8.54, in the group of women permanently residing in the North-West region of the Russian Federation (SZ - g), - 98.81 ± 16.27, in the group of men arriving from other regions (south - m), -76.43 ± 13.98 (P 0.05 compared to SZ), in the group of women, arrivals from other regions (south - g), - 95.13 ± 13.10 (p 0.05 compared with m); The volume of inhalation (L) in the group of SZ - M was 3.60 ± 0.35, SZ - 2.60 ± 0.34 (p 0.001 compared with m), south - m - 2.83 ± 0.11 (p 0.001 compared with SZ), south - 2.28 ± 0.36 (p 0.05 compared with south - m).
Thus, the analysis of pulmonary volumes has established restrictive ventilation disorders in migrant men.
Studies of the parameters of the forced exhalation found about the structural ventilation disorders, also more characteristic of migrant men. So, the frequency (% of the due value) in the group of SZ - M was 81.64 ± 14.89, the SZ - 84.05 ± 12.06, south - m - 71,43 ± 15.29, south - - 67.20 ± 9.72; The FEV0.5 (L) in the group of SZ - M was 3.33 ± 0.31, SZ - 2.26 ± 0.47 (p 0.001 compared with m), south - m - 2.58 ± 0, 16 (p 0.01 compared with SZ), south - 2.03 ± 0.44 (p 0.05 compared to m); Tiffno's sample, calculated as the relation of the FEVI / FER, in the group of SZ - M amounted to 99.10 ± 1.40, SZ - Z - 96,41 ± 3.63, South - M - 96.47 ± 3,29, South - z - 99.18 ± 1.28; Peak volumetric speed during exhalation (pose,% of due value) in the group of SZ - M was 110.19 ± 6.60, SZ - Z - 90.14 ± 25.85, South - M - 74.03 ± 6, 83 (P 0.01 compared to SZ), south - 89.48 ± 30.15; SOS25-75 (the average volumetric rate of exhalation, determined in the process of exhalation of 25 to 75% of freak), which characterizes the passability of small and medium bronchioles, in the group of SZ - M was 131.71 ± 18.66, SZ - 203,43 ± 26.06, YUG-M - 88.73 ± 9.00 (P 0.01 compared to SZ), South-F - 110.30 ± 26.18.
In people with a breath in the cold, a reliable decrease in pulmonary ventilation indicators (Fig. 4.4) was revealed. Thus, the volume of the inhalation was the smallest of migrants from the south in the presence of this symptom (P 0.001), in the same group, indicators characterizing the passability of the respiratory tract (frequent in% of the due value, of fromvo, 5 (L) and the FEV] in% Values) were also lower compared with the indicators at the permanent residents of the SZ and individuals without shortness of breath (P 0.05).
With high sensitivity to cold in the form of reinforced cold-induced vasoconstriction (Rhino phenomenon), significant changes in pulmonary ventilation parameters were observed, which indicates the participation of microcirculation disorders in the pathogenesis of external respiratory disorders. Correlation bonds showing the relationship between risk factors and parameters characterizing ventilation are shown in Figure 4.5.
The indicators of blood pressure and pulse were not significantly different between the groups studied and averaged: ADC - 113.41 ± 3.01 mm RT. Art., ADD - 67.00 ± 1.96 mm. RT. Art., CSS - 77.64 ± 2.37 UD / min "1 (Table 4.2).
The level of adaptive capabilities, calculated on the basis of IPI, in the studied group as a whole corresponded to the upper boundary of normal values \u200b\u200b(see Table 4.2). It was also noted that in the men's group, the IPI level was higher (P 0.05), which is on the boundary of the values \u200b\u200bbetween satisfactory adaptation and the voltage of adaptation mechanisms .. The integral characteristics of the functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system based on the PDP index in the studied groups as a whole corresponded to the values \u200b\u200bnot Below satisfactory estimates, with higher indicators in men (Fig. 4.6).
The correlation of IPI and PDP has been established with the presence of reinforced cold-induced vasoconstrictions (P 0.05). Persons with signs of enhanced cold-induced vasoconstriction demostritated IPI and PD, corresponding to the voltage of adaptation mechanisms. Thus, in a group with this symptom of IPI, 2.12 ± 0.07 (P 0.05 compared to a group without reinforced cold-induced vasoconstriction 1.86 ± 0.09); The PDP in a group with this symptom was equal to 94.41 ± 4.37 (P 0.05 compared to a group without reinforced cold-induced vasoconstriction 79.85 ± 5.68). The highest indicators of IFIs are marked in men with reinforced cold-induced vasoconstriction (2.21 ± 0.09, p 0.05).
Evaluation of neuromuscular status using IMG TURN amplitude analysis
The determination of neuromuscular status based on the analysis of the Turns-amplitude parameters of EMG was carried out in patients with diphtheria lesions of the peripheral nervous system. Diagnosis of diphtheria lesions of the nervous system was based on the data established by the clinical study of patients, the results of bacteriological and serological methods, as well as the results of additional methods that allow the severity and localization of lesions of the nervous system. Studies were performed jointly with A. M. Sergeyev
Electronomyography (ENMG) was carried out 17 patients (6 m., 11 g.) Aged 18 to 61 (average age 35.9 ± 3.3 years) after 1 - 18 months after a diphtheria infection, accompanied by the development of polyneuropathy.
Diagnosis of diphtheria in 15 cases was confirmed by bacteriologically in a sharp period of the disease, and in 2 patients, it was raised retrospectively on the basis of anamnesis, a characteristic clinic, an unfavorable epidemiological situation. The surveyed group of patients with symptoms of generalized sensory-motor polyneuropathy appeared after 9 to 45 days (on average after 26 ± 3 days) from the onset of the main infectious disease, in 6 people the disease proceeded in the form of a polyradiculoneropathy by the type of Guillana-Barre syndrome.
At the time of study, on the basis of a clinical assessment, the function of the peripheral nervous system patients were divided into 2 groups. The first group included 6 patients (2 m., 4 g.) At the age of 18 - 46 years, respectively, after 10-18 months after transferred diphtheria, this group of patients with clinical examination did not detect the violations of the motor function. However, sensitivity disorders were revealed to distal type. To the second group, we include 11 patients (4 m., 7 g.) Aged 30 - 56 years, which are examined after 4 - 9 months after the start of the main infectious disease. At the time of the examination, these patients identified signs of impairment of the engine function in the form of a moderately pronounced sluggish tetrap, (n \u003d 6) or minimal muscular weakness in the distal limbs, mainly in the brush bends (n \u003d 5). This corresponds to the I - II degree of motor deficit on the North American scale.
The control group consisted of 7 neurologically healthy volunteer tests (4 m., S.) Aged 18 to 39 years (average age 28.5 ± 2.4 years). Characteristics of an electroneurogram in healthy tests for the propagation rate of excitation (SRV) on the engine fibers of the elbow nerve in healthy individuals were 60 - 70 m / s (an average of 66.42 ± 2.87 m / s).
In healthy subjects with the help of the driven electrodes, 41 potential of motor units (PE) T. Triceps BRACHII is registered. PET in healthy individuals were characterized by a duration of 24-30 ms, an amplitude not exceeding 250 μV (mainly 90-150 μV), the number of phases, as a rule, less than the CX. The number of pseudopolipal PDEs was less than 10%. The average characteristics of PE are presented in Table 6.1.
The study of the characteristics of the interference IEMG in healthy subjects revealed a natural increase in amplitude (RMS) and the number of "turns" (Turnov) EMG T. Flexor Carpi Radialis as the load increases (Table 6.2).
In a two-dimensional coordinate system, where the abscissa axis reflects the load values \u200b\u200bin kg, and the ordinate axis is the corresponding values \u200b\u200bof EMG parameters, the dependence of the IEMG parameters t. Flexor Carpi Radialis from the load was expressed by linear equations.
The regression coefficients reflecting the increase in EMG parameters and showing the slopes of graphs to the x axis have practically no difference from individual subjects. The values \u200b\u200bof the regression coefficients were within 12.9-15.5 for IMG amplitude, for the number of EMG tour shows, they accounted for 12.0-14.5 (Table 6.3, Fig. 6.1). Almost a fourfold increase in both amplitude characteristics (RMS, Fig. 6.1, a) and the number of tour shows attention (RMS (Fig. 6.1, b) with a load of 2 to 8 kg.
Analysis of IMG parameters without taking the load by studying the ratio of the number of EMG tournaments to the average amplitude of EMG for 1 s (Villyan method) revealed that the maximum value of this relationship for T. Flexor Carpi Radialis is observed in the amplitude range from 200 to 260 μV, for t. Gastrocnemius - from 190 to 240 μV, constituting on average 0.4 - 0.5 and 0.6 - 0.7, respectively (Table 6.4, Fig. 6.2).
Terentieva Nadezhda Nikolaevna