Essay on the topic: Australian Union
Introduction
The Commonwealth of Australia, Australia (English Australia, from Latin australis "southern") is a state in the Southern Hemisphere, located on the mainland of Australia, the island of Tasmania and several other islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The sixth largest state in the world, the only state that occupies an entire mainland.
EGP of the country
Australia is the only state in the world that occupies the territory of an entire continent, therefore Australia has only maritime borders. Australia's neighboring countries are New Zealand, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and other island states of Oceania. Australia is remote from the developed countries of America and Europe, large markets for raw materials and sales of products, but many sea routes connect Australia with them, and Australia also plays an important role in the Asia-Pacific region.
Conclusion: Australia occupies the territory of an entire continent and has only maritime borders, but Australia is far from developed countries and this is bad.
Natural conditions and resources
Australia is rich in a variety of minerals. New discoveries of mineral ores made on the continent over the past 10-15 years have pushed the country to one of the first places in the world in terms of reserves and extraction of such minerals as iron ore, bauxite, lead-zinc ores.
The largest deposits of iron ore in Australia, which began to be developed since the 60s of our century, are located in the region of the Hamersley Range in the north-west of the country (the Mount Newman, Mount Goldsworth, etc. deposits). Iron ore there is also on the islands of Kulan and Kokatu in King's Bay (in the northwest), in the state of South Australia in the Middleback Range (Iron-Knob, etc.) and in Tasmania - the Savage River field (in the Savage river valley).
Large deposits of polymetals (lead, zinc with an admixture of silver and copper) are located in the western desert part of the state of New South Wales- Broken Hill deposit. An important center for the extraction of non-ferrous metals (copper, lead, zinc) has developed near the Mount Isa deposit (in the state of Queensland). There are also deposits of polymetals and copper in Tasmania (Reed Rosebury and Mount Lyell), copper in Tennant Creek (Northern Territory) and elsewhere.
The main gold reserves are concentrated in the ledges of the Precambrian basement and in the southwest of the mainland (Western Australia), in the area of the cities of Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie, Northman and Wiluna, as well as in Queensland. Smaller deposits are found in almost all states.
Bauxites occur on the Cape York Peninsula (Waype Field) and Arnhem Land (Gow Field), as well as in the southwest, in the Darling Range (Jarradale Field).
Uranium deposits are found in various parts mainland: in the north (Arnhemland Peninsula) - near the rivers South and East Alligator, in the state of South Australia - near Lake. Frome, in the state of Queensland - the Mary-Katlin field and in the western part of the country - the Yillirri field.
The main deposits of coal are located in the eastern part of the mainland. The largest deposits of both coking and non-coking coal are developed near the cities of Newcastle and Lythgow (New South Wales) and the cities of Collinsville, Blair Atol, Bluff, Baralaba and Moura Kiang in Queensland.
Geological surveys have established that large deposits of oil and natural gas are located in the bowels of the Australian mainland and on the shelf off its coast. Oil has been found and produced in Queensland (the Mooney, Alton and Bennet fields), on Barrow Island off the northwestern coast of the mainland, and also on the continental shelf off the south coast of Victoria (the Kingfish field). Deposits of gas (the largest Ranken field) and oil have also been discovered on the shelf off the northwestern shores of the mainland.
Australia has large deposits of chromium (Queensland), Gingin, Dongara, Mandarra (Western Australia), Marlin (Victoria).
From non-metallic minerals, there are clays, sands, limestones, asbestos, and mica of various quality and industrial use.
The water resources of the continent itself are small, but the most developed river network is on the island of Tasmania. The rivers there have a mixed rain and snow supply and are full-flowing throughout the year. They flow down from the mountains and therefore are stormy, rapids and have large reserves of hydropower. The latter is widely used for the construction of hydroelectric power plants. The availability of cheap electricity contributes to the development of energy-intensive industries in Tasmania, such as the smelting of pure electrolyte metals, the manufacture of cellulose, etc.
The rivers flowing from the eastern slopes of the Great Dividing Range are short, in their upper reaches they flow in narrow gorges. Here they may well be used, and partly already used for the construction of hydroelectric power stations. When entering the coastal plain, the rivers slow down their flow, their depth increases. Many of them in the estuarine parts are even accessible to large ocean-going vessels. The Clarence River is navigable for 100 km from its mouth, and Hawkesbury for 300 km. The volume of runoff and the regime of these rivers are different and depend on the amount of precipitation and the time of their occurrence.
On the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range, rivers originate, making their way along the interior plains. In the region of Mount Kosciuszko, the most abundant river in Australia, the Murray, begins. Its largest tributaries, the Darling, Murrumbidgee, Goulbury and some others, also originate in the mountains.
Food r. The Murray and its channels are mostly rainy and to a lesser extent snowy. These rivers are at their fullest in early summer, when the snow melts in the mountains. In the dry season, they become very shallow, and some of the Murray's tributaries break up into separate stagnant reservoirs. Only Murray and Murrumbidgee retain a constant current (except for exceptionally dry years). Even the Darling, the longest river in Australia (2450 km), during summer droughts, getting lost in the sands, does not always reach the Murray.
Dams and dams have been built on almost all the rivers of the Murray system, near which reservoirs have been created, where flood waters are collected and used to irrigate fields, gardens and pastures.
The rivers of the northern and western coasts of Australia are shallow and relatively small. The longest of them - Flinders flows into the Gulf of Carpentaria. These rivers are fed by rain, and their water content varies greatly at different times of the year.
Rivers whose flow is directed to the interior of the mainland, such as Coopers Creek (Barkoo), Diamant-ina, and others, are deprived not only of a constant flow, but also of a permanent, distinctly expressed channel. In Australia, such temporary rivers are called screams. They fill with water only during short showers. Soon after the rain, the riverbed again turns into a dry sandy hollow, often not even having a definite shape.
Most lakes in Australia, like rivers, are fed by rainwater. They have neither a constant level nor a runoff. In summer, the lakes dry up and are shallow saline depressions. The layer of salt at the bottom sometimes reaches 1.5 m.
In the seas surrounding Australia, sea animals are mined and fish are caught. Edible oysters are bred in sea waters. Sea trepang, crocodiles and pearl clams are fished in warm coastal waters in the north and northeast. The main center of artificial breeding of the latter is located in the region of the Koberg peninsula (Arnhemland). It was here, in the warm waters of the Arafura Sea and Van Diemen Bay, that the first experiments were carried out to create special sediments. These experiments were carried out by one of the Australian companies with the participation of Japanese specialists. It has been found that pearl clams grown in warm waters off the northern coast of Australia produce larger pearls than those off the coast of Japan, and in a much shorter period of time. At present, the cultivation of pearl mollusks has spread widely along the northern and partly northeastern coasts.
Since the Australian mainland for a long time, starting from the middle of the Cretaceous period, was in conditions of isolation from other parts the globe, its flora is very peculiar. Of the 12 thousand species of higher plants, more than 9 thousand are endemic, i.e. grow only on the Australian continent. Among the endemics are many species of eucalyptus and acacia, the most typical plant families in Australia. At the same time, there are also plants that are inherent in South America(for example, southern beech), South Africa (representatives of the Proteaceae family) and the islands of the Malay Archipelago (ficus, pandanus, etc.). This indicates that many millions of years ago there were land connections between the continents.
Since the climate of most of Australia is characterized by severe aridity, dry-loving plants dominate in its flora: special cereals, eucalyptus trees, umbrella acacias, succulent trees (bottle tree, etc.). The trees belonging to these communities have a powerful root system, which goes 10-20, and sometimes 30 m into the ground, due to which they, like a pump, suck out moisture from great depths. The narrow and dry leaves of these trees are painted mostly in a dull gray-greenish color. In some of them, the leaves are turned to the sun with an edge, which helps to reduce the evaporation of water from their surface.
In the far north and northwest of the country, where it is hot and warm northwest monsoons bring moisture, tropical rainforests grow. Giant eucalyptus trees, ficuses, palm trees, pandanuses with narrow long leaves, etc. predominate in their woody composition. The dense foliage of the trees forms an almost continuous cover, shading the ground. In some places along the coast there are thickets of bamboo. Where the shores are flat and muddy, mangrove vegetation develops.
Rainforests in the form of narrow galleries stretch for relatively short distances inland along the river valleys.
The farther to the south, the drier the climate becomes and the hotter breath of the deserts is felt more strongly. The forest cover is gradually thinning. Eucalyptus and umbrella acacias are arranged in groups. This is a zone of humid savannas, stretching in a latitudinal direction south of the tropical forest zone. In appearance, savannahs with rare groups of trees resemble parks. There is no undergrowth in them. Sunlight freely penetrates through a sieve of small tree leaves and falls on the ground covered with tall dense grass. Forested savannahs are excellent pastures for sheep and cattle.
Conclusion: Australia is rich in a variety of minerals. Australia is located on a large mainland and this shows the diversity of resources. Australia is mostly a desert continent.
Population
The majority of Australia's population are descendants of 19th and 20th century immigrants, with most of these immigrants coming from Britain and Ireland. The settlement of Australia by immigrants from british isles began in 1788, when the first batch of exiles was landed on the east coast of Australia and the first English settlement of Port Jackson (future Sydney) was founded. Voluntary immigration from England took on significant proportions only in the 1820s, when sheep breeding began to develop rapidly in Australia. After the discovery of gold in Australia, a lot of immigrants arrived here from England and partly from other countries. For 10 years (1851-61), the population of Australia almost tripled, exceeding 1 million people.
In the period from 1839 to 1900, more than 18 thousand Germans arrived in Australia, who settled mainly in the south of the country; by 1890 the Germans were the second largest ethnic group on the continent. Among them were persecuted Lutherans, economic and political refugees - for example, those who left Germany after the revolutionary events of 1848.
In 1900, the Australian colonies united into a federation. The consolidation of the Australian nation accelerated in the first decades of the 20th century, when the national economy of Australia finally strengthened.
Australia's population has more than doubled since World War II (four times after World War I) thanks to an ambitious program to stimulate immigration. In 2001, 27.4% of the Australian population was foreign-born. The largest groups among them were the British and Irish, New Zealanders, Italians, Greeks, Dutch, Germans, Yugoslavs, Vietnamese and Chinese.
Most Big City Australia - Sydney, the capital of the most populous state of New South Wales.
If you leave the coast and proceed inland for about 200 kilometers, the sparsely populated areas of the continent will begin. Exuberant rainforests and rich agricultural land give way to hot, dry, open country where only shrubs and grasses can be found. However, these areas also have life. For hundreds of kilometers stretch large sheep and cow pastures, or ranches. Further, in the depths of the mainland, the scorching heat of the desert begins.
The official language is English (a dialect known as Australian English).
Conclusion: The population for such a large area is small. If not for the aridity of the mainland and a large number of deserts, and a great distance from developed countries, the population would be much larger.
Economy of the country
Agriculture in Australia - is one of the main occupations for the local population. Thanks to agriculture, many of the goals that have now been achieved have been achieved. It provided both food for the inhabitants, and places for workers, and much more. The most promising and widespread in Australia is the breeding of sheep and rabbits. Rabbits arrived in Australia with its first visitors from Europe, or rather on the ship of Cook and his team. Since then, they have spread significantly throughout the habitable territory, and in some places even cause significant damage by eating fresh crops. Sheep breeding also began to develop from the very dawn of the discovery of the mainland. Sheep fur - very warm and fluffy, served to fill featherbeds, for sewing clothes, it is still being used to the fullest extent. The only enemy of sheep's wool is the Australian moth. Sheep farming also produces a lot of meat, which abounds in Australian markets. Great importance in agriculture, as before, Australia has the cultivation of crops and the cultivation of sugar cane. Also of great importance is the export and sale of fruits and nuts, which are very abundant in sunny Australia. More and more different farms are being created in the territory. For example, in Lately breeding of ostriches was developed. Ostrich eggs are large, sometimes weighing up to one and a half kilograms, and the contents are somewhat thinner than the contents of a chicken egg. This makes the ostrich egg perfect for an omelette and is in high demand.
In Australia, the problem of migrant animals has existed for a long time, since the discovery of the continent. Rabbits are the main culprits in this problem. From the moment of their settlement in this territory, their number has become indomitable and inevitably increase, which led to the death of large areas of plantations. In some states, it is even customary to exterminate these furry pests.
Despite its economic leap, Australia's main industry is still agriculture.
Conclusion: Agriculture in Australia is one of the main occupations for the local population.
Foreign policy
Australia has an active foreign policy with other countries. Basically, these are neighboring countries. Australia is closely tied to America for its political interests. This is evidenced by their close cooperation with each other in terms of economics and politics. Australia is a member of the UN. Australia, maintains communication with many countries including Russia.
Diplomatic relations between Russia and Australia were officially concluded and formalized in 1942.
In the past, all of Australia's foreign policy maneuvers were carried out only with the consent or direct order of Great Britain. So, during the First World War, Australia fought on the side of Great Britain in 1914-1918.
Later, Australia banned the movement of people with “colored” skin from other countries for a number of reasons: maintaining the working integrity of the population, preventing the penetration of other views into the minds of people. Australia has also tightened the purchase of real estate for such segments of the population.
Later, Australia, along with a number of other countries, received the right to host foreign policy on one's own. But still the old habit of asking the UK for advice remained.
The Australian maritime communication made it possible for this country to communicate with other distant countries, to trade, and to exchange experience.
Australia participated in the Second World War, as before on the side of Great Britain and the United States of America. During this war, some islands, the former owner of which was Japan, went under the possession of Australia. In 1954, diplomatic relations with the USSR were interrupted. Australia, Moscow - two friendly state units.
Conclusion
Australia participated in many wars, including the bloody wars in Vietnam, Korea, Malaysia, the Persian Gulf. Australia voluntarily renounced chemical, bacteriological and nuclear weapons, being a nuclear-free zone.
Australia has come a long way towards independence, and is largely grateful to the neighboring countries that helped her in all her endeavors.
The Commonwealth of Australia is the only state that occupies an entire continent. Did it affect Natural resources Australia? We will talk in detail about the country's wealth and its use later in the article.
Geography
The country is located on the mainland of the same name, which is located entirely in the Southern Hemisphere. In addition to the mainland, Australia also includes some islands, including Tasmania. The shores of the state are washed by the Pacific and Indian oceans and their seas.
In terms of area, the country ranks sixth in the world, but as a mainland, Australia is the smallest. Together with numerous archipelagos and islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean it forms part of the world Australia and Oceania.
The state is located in the subequatorial, tropical and subtropical zones, part is in the temperate zone. Due to its considerable remoteness from other continents, the formation of Australia's climate is very dependent on ocean currents. The territory of the continent is predominantly flat, mountains are located only in the east. About 20% of the total space is occupied by deserts.
Australia: natural resources and conditions
Geographical remoteness and harsh conditions contributed to the formation of a unique nature. The desert central regions of the mainland are represented by arid steppes, which are covered with low shrubs. Long droughts here alternate with prolonged downpours.
Harsh conditions contributed to the formation of special adaptations in local animals and plants to retain moisture and cope with high temperatures. Many marsupials live in Australia, and plants have powerful underground roots.
Conditions are milder in the western and northern regions. The moisture brought by the monsoons contributes to the formation of dense tropical forests and savannahs. The latter serve as excellent pastures for cattle and sheep.
The marine natural resources of Australia and Oceania are not far behind. In the Coral Sea is the famous Great Barrier Reef with an area of 345 thousand square kilometers. More than 1000 species of fish, sea turtles, crustaceans live on the reef. This attracts sharks, dolphins, birds.
Water resources
The driest continent is Australia. Natural resources in the form of rivers and lakes are presented here in very small quantities. More than 60% of the continent are endorheic. (length - 2375 kilometers), together with the tributaries of the Golburn, Darling and Murrumbidgee, is considered the largest.
Most rivers are fed by rain and are usually shallow and small in size. During dry periods, even Murray dries up, forming separate stagnant reservoirs. Nevertheless, dams, dams and reservoirs have been built on all its tributaries and branches.
Australian lakes are small basins, at the bottom of which are layers of salt. They, like rivers, are filled with rainwater, tend to dry out and have no runoff. Therefore, the level of lakes on the mainland is constantly fluctuating. The largest lakes are Air, Gregory, Gairdner.
Mineral resources
Australia is far from the last place in the world in terms of mineral reserves. Natural resources of this type are actively mined in the country. In the area of shelves and coastal islands, natural gas and oil, in the east - coal. The country is also rich in non-ferrous metal ores and non-metallic minerals (eg sand, asbestos, mica, clay, limestone).
Australia, whose natural resources are mainly mineral, leads in terms of the amount of mined zirconium and bauxite. It is one of the first in the world in terms of uranium, manganese and coal reserves. In the western part and on the island of Tasmania there are polymetallic, zinc, silver, lead and copper mines.
Gold deposits are scattered throughout almost the entire territory of the continent, the most large reserves are located in the southwestern part. Australia is rich in precious stones, including diamonds and opals. About 90% of the world's opals are found here. The largest stone was found in 1989, it weighed more than 20,000 carats.
forest resources
The animal and plant natural resources of Australia are unique. Most of the species are endemic, that is, they are present only on this mainland. Among them are the most famous eucalyptus trees, of which there are approximately 500 species. However, this is not all that Australia can boast of.
The natural resources of the country are represented by subtropical forests. True, they occupy only 2% of the territory and are located in river valleys. Due to the dry climate in flora drought-resistant species predominate: succulents, acacias, some cereals. In the more humid northwestern part, giant eucalyptus trees, palm trees, bamboos, and ficuses grow.
There are about two hundred thousand representatives of the animal world in Australia, 80% of which are endemic. Typical inhabitants are kangaroo, emu, Tasmanian devil, platypus, dingo dog, flying fox, echidna, gecko, koala, kuzu and others. Many species of birds (lyrebirds, black swans, birds of paradise, cockatoos), reptiles and reptiles (narrow-nosed crocodile, black, frilled, tiger snake) live on the continent and nearby islands.
Australia: natural resources and their use
Despite harsh conditions, Australia has significant resources. Minerals are of the greatest economic value. The country ranks first in the world in terms of mining, third in bauxite mining and sixth in coal mining.
The country has a great agro-climatic potential. In Australia, potatoes, carrots, pineapples, chestnuts, bananas, mangoes, apples, sugarcane, cereals and legumes are grown. Opium and poppies are grown for medicinal purposes. Sheep breeding is actively developing for the production of wool, cattle are bred for the export of milk and meat.