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Subject: The study of individual components of the natural complex. Natural complexes of forests, meadows, fields, reservoirs.

Target : continue to acquaint forests, meadows, fields and reservoirs with PTK

Lesson progress:

1.org moment

2. Natural complexes of forests, meadows, fields, reservoirs.

3. Fixing

2. Natural complexes of forests, meadows, fields, reservoirs

The geographic envelope can be divided into sections of different sizes - territories or natural-territorial complexes. The formation of each of them took billions of years. On land, it was carried out under the influence of the interaction of the components of nature: rocks, climate, air masses, water, plants, animals, soils. All components in the natural complex, as well as in the geographical shell, are intertwined with each other and form an integral natural complex, in which the exchange of substances and energy also takes place.natural complex - the area is called earth's surface, which is distinguished by the features of natural components that are in complex interaction. Each natural complex has more or less clearly defined boundaries, has a natural unity, manifested in its external appearance (for example, a lake, a swamp, a forest, a meadow). The natural complexes of the ocean, in contrast to the land, consist of the following components: water with gases dissolved in it, plants and animals, rocks, bottom topography. Large natural complexes are distinguished in the World Ocean - individual oceans, smaller ones - seas, bays, straits, etc. In addition, natural complexes of surface water layers, various water layers and the ocean floor are distinguished in the ocean. Natural complexes come in different sizes. They also differ in education. Very large natural complexes are continents and oceans. Their formation is due to the structure of the earth's crust. On the continents and oceans, smaller complexes are distinguished - parts of the continents and oceans. Depending on the amount of solar heat, i.e. from geographical latitude, there are natural complexes of equatorial forests, tropical deserts, taiga, etc. Examples of small ones are, for example, a ravine, a lake, a river valley, a sea bay. And the largest natural complex of the Earth is geographical envelope. All natural complexes experience a huge influence of man. Many of them have been heavily modified by human activity. Man created new natural complexes: fields, gardens, cities, parks, etc.

Let's take a closer look at some of them.

Forest: meetboreal coniferous forests and temperate deciduous forests

The first are located in the northern part of the temperate climate zone with severe winter temperatures. Taiga is represented by dark coniferous species - spruce, fir, pine and light coniferous - larch. The largest animals are bear, wolf, elk. Birds, squirrels, chipmunks and other small rodents feed on seeds. and needles - insects. The forest is of great importance. Coniferous forests - lumber. The forest is rich in mushrooms and berries. There is also moss and grass in the forest.

The second broad-leaved forests are south of the taiga. Of the trees, oak and beech dominate. Birds build nests. There are wild boars, foxes, hares. Rage is more difficult than in the taiga. There are shrubs. In our region, forests are represented by Tukays - floodplain forests along the river. Ural. Where poplar prevails. Also from shrubs - thorns, wild rose. Of the small shrubs - blackberries.

meadows - vast areas with grassy vegetation, which are located on the low banks of rivers and lakes. Meadow and forest live side by side. Both communities have enough heat and light. Soils are similar in composition. But the forest cannot grow right on the river bank. Since in the spring the territory is flooded with water when the river overflows. Trees cannot grow in such moisture. Grasses, after the descent of water, grow rapidly, since melt water brings a lot of silt, which is a good fertilizer. Such meadows are called flooded. People never settle in the meadows. Since in the flood housing will be flooded.

In nature, there is another type of meadows - in the mountains. These are alpine meadows, which are located high on the slopes of the mountains. The higher we climb the mountains, the colder it gets. Forests give way to shrubs and then grasses. In a short summer in mountain meadows, grasses have time to grow, bloom and give seeds.Meadow plants also have their own tiers - floors, but they are not as pronounced as in the forest. Above all, light-loving grasses grow in the meadow, below - shade-loving ones.Mouse peas grow by clinging to other plants with their tendrils. It matures in pods and scatters around with force when the pod bursts. Dandelions have light seeds and are dispersed by the wind. Bluegrass. Its seeds do not get wet. They are light and float like boats on water after rain. Burdock. Its seeds have hooks that attach to the fur of animals and "move" to new places. Among meadow insects one can meet predators - dragonflies that eat mosquitoes and midges; omnivorous ants that feed on other insects, as well as the juice and nectar of plants. Beetles live in the meadow - the orderlies of the meadow. These are the gravedigger beetle and the dung beetle. From birds -quail, corncrake, wagtail. There are a lot of small animals, especially rodents, mice and moles.

Fields. view presentation .

FIELD is also natural community, but it has developed under the influence of man. Under the field occupied different plots of land. In the steppe it is easier - they plowed areas closer to housing. It's harder in the forest. First you need to chop off the bark at the base of the tree so that the tree dries. The dried trees were then burned. Then the hardest work began - it is necessary to uproot the stumps. After that it was possible to plow.

What crops are grown in the field? Potatoes, corn, sunflowers, oats, buckwheat, beets, gourds: watermelons, melons, etc.

What pests are in the fields? -Mice, hamsters, moles, insects, slugs, Colorado beetles, sparrows peck at sunflower seeds.

What else needs to be done in the fields? It is necessary to destroy weeds, weed, treat with chemicals. But chemicals must be used carefully, along with weeds and pests, you can poison the earth. Irrigate the fields, there are irrigation installations.

Check your knowledge, guess the crossword puzzle . 1. The best variety of this crop grows in Saratov region, kalachi, cookies, wheat bread are made from it. (Wheat) 5 2. Rye bread is baked from these grains. (Rye) 3. A house grew in the field, The house is full of grain. The arrows are gilded, The shutters are boarded up, The house is shaking, On a golden stem. (Ear) 4. I am a cheerful fellow, I am green - (Cucumber)

Water: Look here. There is a toothless, pond snail, The water is quietly splashing, The water strider is running. Duckweed, lilies, cattail, Life is in full swing everywhere. And the egg-pod, and the reed. This is fresh .... (reservoir).

When in the warm season you come to a reservoir, for examplesteps to a small lake, you see only some of its obitalers. It is impossible to see everyone. But there are a lot of them!A reservoir is a place where a wide variety of living things live.creatures.

Here are the plants. Some of them(cattail, reed, reed, arrowhead) their roots are attached to the bottom, and the stemsand the leaves of these plants rise above the water. Rootsku yellow bulls and white water lilies also at the bottom, and their wideLeaves float on the surface of a pond. But there are also plants that do not attach to the bottom at all. This, for example,duckweed, that floats on the surface of the water. And the smallest green algae float in the water column. see themonly possible under a microscope. But sometimes it happens like thismuch that the water appears green.

The role of plants in the reservoir is great. They serve as foodwater, they release oxygen into the water, which is necessary for the respiration of organisms. Underwater thickets of plants serve as shelterscabbage soup for animals.Animals are everywhere in the reservoir: on the surface and in the thicknesswater, at the bottom and on aquatic plants.Here they run swiftly on the surface of the waterbugs- water striders. Their long legs are covered with fat from below, andthis water striders do not sink. They are predators, prey on comaditch and other small animals.Carnivores swim in the waterswimming beetles, growcarnivoresfrog tadpoles, different types of fish. To the 'peacenym" fish include, for example,crucian. He feeds on disguisesinsects, plants. Predatory fish areperch, pike. Live at the bottomshellfish, which guys usually callwaving "shells".

Their soft body is protected by a shell, which consists offrom two halves - shutters. These mollusks eat very interestingly. They suck in and pass water through their body,in which algae and other small living sucreatures. They live at the bottom of clean reservoirs and crayfish. They feedwith the remains of dead animals.Other mollusks live on aquatic plants - growcarnivorous snails pond and coil. They have twistednye, without shell valves.

Mammals also live in the reservoir - muskrat, beaver, vydra. The life of many birds - ducks, herons, storks - is also sacred.area with water bodies.

When the plants and animals of the pond die, their remainsfall to the bottom. Here, under the action of microbes, the deadthe remains rot, are destroyed. They form salts.These salts dissolve in water and can then be usedto feed new plants.

Fixing: I divide into groups and give the task to characterize the community; location, animals, plants, etc. Give examples.

The geographic envelope is not tripled in the same way everywhere, it has a "mosaic" structure and consists of separate natural complexes (landscapes). natural complex – is a part of the earth's surface with relatively uniform natural conditions: climate, relief, soils, waters, flora and fauna.

Each natural complex consists of components between which there are close, historically established relationships, while a change in one of the components sooner or later leads to a change in others.

The largest, planetary natural complex is the geographic shell; it is subdivided into natural complexes of a smaller rank. The division of the geographic shell into natural complexes is due to two reasons: on the one hand, differences in the structure of the earth's crust and the heterogeneity of the earth's surface, and on the other hand, the unequal amount of solar heat received by its various parts. In accordance with this, zonal and azonal natural complexes are distinguished.

The largest azonal natural complexes are continents and oceans. Smaller - mountainous and flat areas within the continents (West Siberian Plain, Caucasus, Andes, Amazonian lowland). The latter are subdivided into even smaller natural complexes (Northern, Central, Southern Andes). Natural complexes of the lowest rank include individual hills, river valleys, their slopes, etc.

The largest of the zonal natural complexes - geographic zones. They coincide with climatic zones and have the same names (equatorial, tropical, etc.). In turn, geographical zones consist of natural zones, which are distinguished by the ratio of heat and moisture.

natural area called a large land area with similar natural components - soils, vegetation, wildlife, which are formed depending on the combination of heat and moisture.

The main component of the natural zone is the climate, because all other components depend on it. Vegetation has a great influence on the formation of soils and wildlife and is itself dependent on soils. Natural zones are named according to the nature of the vegetation, since it most obviously reflects other features of nature.

The climate naturally changes as you move from the equator to the poles. soil, vegetation and animal world determined by climate. This means that these components should change latitudinally, following climate change. The regular change of natural zones when moving from the equator to the poles is called latitudinal zoning. Moist equatorial forests are located near the equator, and icy Arctic deserts are located near the poles. Between them are other types of forests, savannas, deserts, tundra. Forest zones, as a rule, are located in areas where the ratio of heat and moisture is balanced (equatorial and most of the temperate zone, the eastern coasts of the continents in the tropical and subtropical zone). Treeless zones are formed where there is a lack of heat (tundra) or moisture (steppes, deserts). These are the continental regions of the tropical and temperate zones, as well as the subarctic climatic zone.

The climate changes not only latitudinally, but also due to changes in altitude. As you climb up the mountains, the temperature drops. Up to a height of 2000-3000 m, the amount of precipitation increases. A change in the ratio of heat and moisture causes a change in the soil and vegetation cover. Thus, unequal natural zones are located in the mountains at different heights. This pattern is called altitudinal zonation.

The change of altitudinal belts in the mountains occurs approximately in the same sequence as on the plains, when moving from the equator to the poles. At the foot of the mountains there is a natural zone in which they are located. The number of altitudinal belts is determined by the height of the mountains and their geographic location. The higher the mountains, and the closer they are to the equator, the more diverse the set of altitudinal zones. The most complete vertical zonality is expressed in the Northern Andes. Moist equatorial forests grow in the foothills, then there is a belt of mountain forests, and even higher - thickets of bamboos and tree-like ferns. With an increase in altitude and a decrease in average annual temperatures, coniferous forests appear, which are replaced by mountain meadows, often turning, in turn, into stony placers covered with moss and lichens. The tops of the mountains are crowned with snow and glaciers.

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Distribution of inland waters. Water is distributed across the continents extremely unevenly. There are areas where there is an abundance of rivers, lakes, there are extensive swamps, and in some areas there is practically no surface water, except for rare drying lakes. Of all the continents, the most "wet" (water-provided) - South America. If all the waters flowing down from this continent in a year are distributed in an even layer over its area, then a layer of water more than 500 mm thick will be obtained. This quantity is called the sink layer (8.1). In Antarctica, almost all water is in solid form, and does not flow into the ocean, but collapses in large blocks, forming icebergs. But in terms of volume fresh water Antarctica is many times larger than all the continents combined. It has been calculated that the reserves of fresh water contained in the Antarctic ice are approximately equal to the flow of all the rivers of the Earth for more than 500 years.

The distribution of inland waters over the territory of the continents most of all depends on the climate, but other factors also play a role. The distribution of rivers, lakes, swamps, glaciers, the shape of river valleys and lake basins, the conditions for the occurrence of groundwater are affected by relief and geological structure terrain. For example, even with low rainfall, swamps can occur if the terrain is flat and difficult to drain.

All types of inland waters play a huge role in nature and in people's lives. However, the most prominent place is occupied by rivers.

Rivers. On all continents of the Earth, except for Antarctica, there are large and small river systems. South America has the most extensive river network, receiving the most precipitation.

There are almost no territories on this continent devoid of rivers. The huge basins of the Amazon, Orinoco, Parana occupy most of the mainland (8.2). Most rivers originate in the mountains, cut through mountain ranges and high plateaus and plateaus, forming rapids and waterfalls. Then they come out onto flat plains, overflow widely, turn into a dense network of water arteries. The material that rivers carry from elevated places fills the depressions of the earth's crust. The Amazonian, Orinokskaya, Laplatskaya lowlands are vast flat plains composed of river sediments.

A similar structure has a river network North America. Here, the areas of endorheic regions are also small. Many rivers carry water to the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. The largest of these is the Mississippi system, which collects water from the Cordillera, the Appalachians, and the American plains (8.3). Stormy rivers flow into Pacific Ocean cutting through the Cordillera. The Mackenzie River, which has an extensive network of tributaries, flows into the Arctic Ocean. Short full-flowing rapids flow into the Hudson Bay.