Minerals of the Republic of Dagestan. Mineral and land resources of the Republic of Dagestan What minerals are mined in Dagestan list

02.04.2022

DAGESTAN (Republic of Dagestan), subject Russian Federation. Located in the south of the European part of Russia. In the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea. Includes Tyuleniy, Chechen, Nordovy Islands and others. On the territory of Dagestan, near Mount Ragdan (on the border with Azerbaijan) - the southernmost point of the Russian Federation (41 ° 47 'north latitude, 47 ° 47 ' east longitude). Included in the South federal district. The area is 50.3 thousand km 2. The population is 2640.9 thousand people (2006; 1063 thousand in 1959, 1802 thousand in 1989). The capital is Makhachkala. Administrative-territorial division: 41 districts, 10 cities, 19 urban-type settlements.

Government departments. The system of public authorities is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan of 2003 (as amended in 2006). State power is exercised by the president, the People's Assembly (parliament), the government, and other bodies of state power formed in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic. The head of the republic, its highest official is the president, empowered by the parliament on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation for a period of 4 years. The president heads the executive branch and forms the government.

The highest legislative (representative) body is the People's Assembly, elected by the people according to the majority system of representation, consisting of 72 deputies for a term of 4 years.

N. A. Mikhaleva.

Nature. Relief. The territory of Dagestan is located in the extreme south of the East European Plain and the northeastern slopes of the Greater Caucasus. The coastline of the Caspian Sea is poorly dissected, in the northern part of Dagestan - the Kizlyar and Agrakhan bays, the Agrakhan peninsula. In the north of Dagestan, in the southwestern part of the Caspian lowland, a significant part of the territory is located below sea level; the relief is represented mainly by flat and slightly sloping alluvial-accumulative lowlands - Terek-Kuma and Terek-Sulak. In the west of the Tersko-Kuma lowland in the Nogai steppe, large massifs of loose coastal and delta loose sands are widespread, the area of which increased by more than 3 times during the 20th century. The relief of the Tersko-Sulak lowland is complicated by hollows, manes, steppe saucers, mounds. The delta of the Terek River is extensive with channels of modern and dead branches and channels, numerous lakes. To the south of the city of Makhachkala, along the foothills of the mountains, the Primorskaya Lowland stretches in a narrow strip with sandy beaches 100-400 m wide and a series of sea terraces at an altitude of -20 to 200 m. .

The southern part of Dagestan is dominated by mountainous terrain. The foothills of the Greater Caucasus are represented by structural denudation ridges (height up to 1200 m) of northwestern and southeastern strike, dissected by wide valleys and basins, and mesas (Buinakskoe plateau). The low-mountain and mid-mountain relief of the so-called Intramountain, or Limestone, Dagestan combines limestone plateaus (Gunib), structural-denudation monoclinal ridges (Salatau, Les), flat-arched ridges (Andiysky, etc.), separated by erosion basins (Botlikhskaya, Irganaiskaya), canyon-like river valleys, including the Sulak Canyon, one of the deepest in the world. The extreme southeast (High-mountainous Dagestan) is occupied by erosional midlands and alpine-type highlands up to 4466 m high (Mount Bazardyuzyu is the highest point of Dagestan) of the systems of the Lateral Range (the Bogossky, Nukatl, Kyabyaktepe ridges) and the Main, or Watershed, ridge, separated by intermountain basins.

Sulak Canyon.

The processes of deflation, salinization, swamping are active on the plains, on the coast - abrasion and abrasion-accumulative processes, in the mountains - weathering, landslide, scree, mudflow and avalanche processes, erosion, landslides (for example, the largest Mochokhsky landslide, descended on 18.7. about 3 million m3). Seismic collapses are known (for example, near the village of Ashilta in the Untsukulsky district, the volume is 200 thousand m 3). Karst is developed in the mountains (caves, large karst cavities, etc.).

Geological structure and minerals. The territory of Dagestan is mostly located within the fold-cover system of the Greater Caucasus of the Alpine-Himalayan mobile belt, with the exception of the Terek-Kuma lowland, which is located in the southeastern part of the Scythian young platform, which has a mainly Paleozoic folded base, overlain by a cover of Meso-Cenozoic terrigenous-carbonate precipitation. The Tersko-Sulak and Primorskaya lowlands are localized in the eastern part of the Terek-Caspian foredeep of the Greater Caucasus, filled with Oligocene-Neogene molasse, the depth of the basement under which reaches 10-12 km. The foothills and the so-called Intramountain, or Limestone, Dagestan (a zone of the northeastern slope of the Greater Caucasus) are composed of shelf terrigenous-carbonate deposits of the Upper Jurassic - Eocene (clays, sandstones, marls, limestones), crumpled into gentle brachymorphic folds. Within the High Mountain Dagestan (axial zone - anticlinoria of the Lateral and Main, or Dividing Ranges), an intensely deformed black shale formation of the Lower and Middle Jurassic is developed. Mountainous Dagestan is an area of high seismicity. Of the major seismic events, earthquakes are known in 1830 (magnitude 6.3; intensity 8-9 points) and in 1971 (magnitude 6.6; intensity 8-9 points).

The most important mineral resources of Dagestan are oil and natural combustible gas (deposits near the cities of Makhachkala, Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk and on the shelf of the Caspian Sea). Known deposits of pyrite-polymetallic ores (Kizil-Dere, etc.), ores of strontium, tin, tungsten, mercury, bismuth, as well as native sulfur, gypsum, oil shale, coal and brown coal, natural building materials (sands, clays, gravel , limestones, marls, dolomites, etc.). Numerous sources of various mineral waters (over 250, including Talgi, Rychalsu, Akhty, etc.), on the basis of which balneological resorts are organized. Deposits of thermal waters (Makhachkala, Izberbash, Kizlyar).

Climate. Natural conditions are favorable for the life of the population. The climate is continental, dry in the northern part, with cool winters (average January temperatures from -2.5 to -5.2 ° C) and hot summers (average July temperatures 24-25 ° C), in the Primorskaya lowland - with warm, humid winters (average January temperatures 0.8-1°С) and dry warm summers (average July temperature 24°С), in the mountains - with short cool summers (average July temperatures up to 5°С) and long cold winters (average January temperatures up to -12°C). Precipitation per year on the plains from 200 mm in the northern part to 400 mm in the southern part of Dagestan, in the mountains 400-1200 mm. Most of the territory is characterized by a spring-summer maximum of precipitation, for the Primorskaya lowland - an autumn-winter maximum. Droughts, dry winds, sand and dust storms are frequent on the plains.

There are 127 glaciers in Dagestan, mostly cirque, with a total area of 41.3 km 2, mainly in the basin of the Sulak River, on the Bogossky Range (the largest is Belengi, about 3 km long), in the Bazardyuzyu massif (Murkar, Tilitsir). Over the past 100 years, the area of glaciers in Dagestan has decreased by almost 2 times.

Inland waters. The rivers of Dagestan (6225 rivers, most of which are shorter than 10 km, with a total length of 18346 km) belong to the Caspian Sea basin, mainly to the systems of the Sulak rivers (Andiyskoye Koysu, Avar Koysu, Karakoysu, etc.), Samur (Akhtychay, etc.), Terek . The density of the river network ranges from 0.37 km/km2 in the plains to 1 km/km2 in the mountains. The rivers of Dagestan are characterized by spring-summer or spring floods with floods in the warm season, mainly snow, to a lesser extent ground and rain feeding. Many lowland and foothill rivers dry up in summer. For the needs of irrigation, a dense network of canals has been created. The total average long-term flow of rivers is 21 km 3, a significant amount of solid runoff is characteristic (500-3600 t / km 2), which causes high turbidity of watercourses. The hydropower potential of the rivers of Dagestan is 55.2 billion kWh, for the purposes of hydropower and irrigation, more than 20 reservoirs have been built (the total volume is over 3 km 3), including the Chirkeyskoye (2.78 km 3) on the Sulak River. There are over 100 lakes (mostly small) with a total area of 150 km 2, in the flat part there are mainly floodplain, estuary, suffusion lakes, on the coast - lagoon-marine, including relict saline (Big Turali), solonchaks. In the mountains - glacial, tectonic (Khala-Khor), dammed (Mochokh), karst lakes.

Soils, vegetation and animal world. The plains are dominated by grass-wormwood and wormwood-saltwort semi-deserts with fragments of meadow-marsh-steppe and dry-steppe complexes on light chestnut solonetsous, brown desert-steppe and underdeveloped sandy soils. Solonetzes and solonchaks are widely represented. In the south, closer to the foothills, forb-wormwood-cereal dry steppes are developed on chestnut soils. The Terek and Sulak deltas are characterized by floodplains with reed-bog vegetation, estuary meadows, floodplain forests on alluvial-meadow and meadow-bog soils of varying degrees of salinity. Forests occupy 7.8% of the area of Dagestan. The meadow-forest landscapes of the Samur river delta are peculiar (sedge bark, oak, hornbeam forests with lianas on alluvial meadow-forest non-calcareous soils), along the periphery giving way to shrub (from derzhitree) communities and dry steppes. Altitude zonality is expressed in the mountains. Piedmont fescue-feather grass and bearded steppes on chestnut soils with areas of shiblaks on brown soils are gradually replaced by predominantly secondary forest-steppes (oak-hornbeam sparse forests in combination with grass-forb meadow steppes) on chernozem-like soils, at an altitude of more than 600 m - broad-leaved (oak-beech - hornbeam) forests on burozems, partially replaced by secondary steppe grass-forb meadows. At an altitude of 1700-1800 m, subalpine and alpine meadows prevail on mountain meadow soils. In the areas of Intramountainous Dagestan, due to the aridity of the climate, forb-cereal steppes with upland xerophytes and subalpine steppe meadows on chernozem-like soils are widespread. Subalpine (up to 2500 m) and alpine (up to 2800-3000 m) meadows dominate in the High Mountain Dagestan, with sparse subnival vegetation above.

The fauna of Dagestan includes 90 species of mammals (bezoar goat, jungle cat, etc.), over 300 species of birds (Caucasian snowcock, pink and curly pelicans, etc.), 40 species of reptiles (Caucasian agama, etc.), 5 species of amphibians ( common newt, common spadefoot, etc.), 75 species of fish (including sturgeons). The flora includes 1250 species of higher plants, including 278 species of trees and shrubs. For 2003, 79 species of plants and fungi known on the territory of Dagestan (yew berry, high juniper, Eldar pine, etc.), 60 species of vertebrates (Transcaucasian snake, Mediterranean turtle, etc.) were included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.

The ecological situation is acute and moderately acute, which is due to pollution of the air and water environment, soil degradation due to the development of adverse exogenous processes, depletion of natural forage lands due to overgrazing, etc. Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere amount to 26 thousand tons, water intake is 3186 million m 3 ( 2003). There are siltation of reservoirs, reduction of small rivers, degradation of forests, the area of which has decreased by more than 2 times in the 20th century, depletion of the biological resources of the Caspian Sea. The landscapes in the areas of oil extraction and ore minerals are disturbed.

The system of protected natural areas of Dagestan is represented by the Dagestan Reserve (within its limits there is the barkhan Sarykum - one of the highest sand massifs in Europe), 13 reserves (mainly landscape and zoological), the Samur Relic Forest nature park, numerous (over 300) natural monuments (Saltinskaya gorge, etc.).

M. A. Petrushina.

Population. The most numerous people of Dagestan are Avars, they make up 29.4% (2002, census). Other indigenous peoples of Dagestan: Andean peoples (1.2%), Tsez peoples (0.4%), Dargins (16.5%), Laks (5.4%), Lezgin peoples (Lezgins - 13%, Tabasarans - 4 .2%, Aguls - 0.8%, Rutulians - 0.8%, Tsakhurs - 0.3%), Kumyks (14.1%), Nogais (1.4%), Mountain Jews ("Tats" - 0 .03%). Russians make up 4.6%, Azerbaijanis - 4.2%, Chechens - 3.3%, Armenians - 0.2%, Tatars - 0.1%, Ukrainians - 0.1%.

Positive natural population growth is characteristic: the birth rate (15.9 per 1000 inhabitants, 2004, one of the highest in the Russian Federation) exceeds the death rate (6.0 per 1000 inhabitants); infant mortality is high (16.1 per 1000 live births). The proportion of women is 51.8%. The proportion of the population younger than working age (under 16) is 28.7%, older than working age 10.8%. Average life expectancy is 72.7 years (one of the highest in Russia; men - 68.7, women - 76.6). Since 2003, a migration outflow of the population (23 per 10 thousand inhabitants) has been characteristic, mainly within the North Caucasus (about 63% of emigrants) and to other regions of the Russian Federation (over 36%). The average population density is 52.1 people / km 2; the most densely populated are the central part of Dagestan and the southeastern coast of the Caspian Sea. Urban population 42.7% (2006; 29.6% in 1959; 43.6% in 1989). Big cities(2006, thousand people): Makhachkala (466.3), Khasavyurt (125.0), Derbent (106.2), Kaspiysk (81.2), Buynaksk (61.5).

G. I. Gladkevich.

Religion. According to official figures, about 90% of the population of Dagestan is Muslim; about 5% are Orthodox; on the territory of Dagestan there are also small communities and parishes of various Protestant denominations, Catholic, Old Believer parishes, Armenian-Gregorian parish, Jewish communities (2005).

On the territory of Dagestan, Islam is represented by two main currents: Sunnis - about 87% of the population and Shiites-Imamits (Isnaashari) - about 2.5-3% of the population (about 20 Shiite communities, mainly in Derbent, as well as in the cities of Makhachkala, Kizlyar, Buynaksk and Khasavyurt). A feature of Dagestan is the significant influence on its territory of Sufism, which is no longer widespread in the north-west of the Caucasus. At the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century, branches (virds) of the Sufi brotherhoods Naqshbandiya, Shaziliyya and Kadiriya were resumed in Dagestan. Sufi groups control most of the Muslim educational institutions in Dagestan. There are more than 1670 mosques on the territory of Dagestan.

Orthodoxy in the territory of Dagestan is traditionally practiced by Russians. Since 1998, the territory of Dagestan has been part of the Baku-Caspian diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate. The diocese unites 2 deaneries (Makhachkala and Kizlyar), has 14 parishes (2006). Sunday schools operate at the Holy Dormition Cathedral in Makhachkala and the Church of the Holy Great Martyr George the Victorious in Kizlyar.

V. O. Bobrovnikov.

Historical essay. The oldest traces of human activity on the territory of Dagestan are the Darvagchay sites (south of Dagestan) discovered in 2003-05, attributed to the early Ashelian (800-600 thousand years ago), indicating a possible direction of migration from Africa to Eurasia. Finds dating back to the late Ashel (150-80 thousand years ago) are known. The Mousterian era is represented by short-term and cave (Kurmala-kada) sites; some finds are attributed to the late Paleolithic (Wurm glaciation). In the Mesolithic, based on materials from the settlement of Chokh et al., they distinguish the Chokh culture, close to the cultures of the southern Caspian region, with the traditions of which in the Neolithic period the appearance of agriculture and cattle breeding, stone dwellings, and flat-bottomed ceramics are associated. In the Eneolithic (5th-4th millennium BC), stationary settlements with round stone buildings (Ginchi) and seasonal sites are known, the culture of which reflects contacts with Transcaucasia (painted pottery) and Central Ciscaucasia. In the early Bronze Age (end of the 4th - 3rd millennium BC), the northeastern variant of the Kuro-Araxes culture spread, which in the Middle Bronze Age (end of the 3rd - 1st half of the 2nd millennium BC) ) replaces a number of local groups, including those reflecting steppe influences (seaside, Prisulak, Velikent complex, Ginchin culture), on the basis of some of them, the Kayakent-Kharachoev culture is formed. Monuments of the turn of the Bronze and Iron Ages are classified as "northern" and "southern" cultural groups (Zindak and Mugergan cultures according to O. M. Davudov), whose traditions can be traced later, along with evidence of close contacts with the Scythians. It is assumed that one of the routes of the Scythian campaigns to Asia Minor passed through Dagestan. An early Iron Age sanctuary (Khosrekh) has been discovered. Numerous multi-temporal petroglyphs and bronze anthropomorphic sculpture are known.

Monuments of the 3rd century BC - 4th century AD are distinguished in the Albanian-Sarmatian period, which includes the emergence of cities (Derbent, Urtseki, Targu, etc.); the south of the territory of Dagestan was part of Caucasian Albania, the burial grounds of the Terek-Sulak steppe belonged to the Sarmatians. By the end of the 4th century, the Huns became the most important force in the North Caucasus, and the subject population also participated in their military activities. A rich tomb in Iragi, which testifies to ties with the Black Sea region and the international “fashion” of the elite of the 5th century, the Palasasyrt burial ground, etc., belongs to this time. from invasions from the north. In the last third of the 6th century, the North Caucasus became part of the Turkic Khaganate, then the Khazars became the leading force here. The identification of specific monuments with many peoples known from written sources is a subject of discussion. In the early Middle Ages, a number of monuments of the previous time continued to exist and new ones arose, some of them are identified with cities known from written sources (Semender, Belenjer, etc.). A peculiar culture also developed in a number of regions of mountainous Dagestan.

According to ancient authors, the territory of Dagestan was inhabited by Huns, Savirs, Muscats (Maskuts), Tavaspars, Tskhavats, Chigbs, Khels, Kasps, Khechmataks, etc. In the mountainous part of Dagestan there were independent public entities: Shandan, Filan, Karakh, Lakz, Tabasaran. The fierce struggle between the Caliphate and the Kaganate for dominance in the Eastern Caucasus in the 7th-10th centuries ended with the victory of the Caliphate. By the 11th century, Filan and Karakh lost their independence and fell under the rule of other formations of Dagestan, Lakz and Tabasaran disintegrated. Derbent, Gumik (from the 11th century), Kaitag, Serir (10-11th centuries), Zerekhgeran (10-11th centuries) intensified. In the 8th-12th centuries, paganism in most regions of Dagestan was replaced by Islam and Christianity [the Georgian church in the village of Datuna, the remains of churches in Khunzakh have survived to our time; found monuments of Albanian and ancient Georgian (including in the Avar language) writing]. In 1220, the Mongol-Tatar troops passed through the mountainous regions of Dagestan, in 1239 they occupied Derbent. In the 14th century, the troops of the Horde khans Uzbek and Tokhtamysh, as well as the Central Asian ruler Timur, invaded Dagestan. By the 15th century, Christianity was universally supplanted by Islam. Medieval residential and tower complexes (including those with petroglyphs), mosques have survived to our time.

Dish. Ceramics, glaze, underglaze painting. 14th-15th century. Collections of the Institute of the History of Language and Literature of the Dagestan Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Makhachkala).

Due to the geographical position of the region, where the interests of Persia and the Ottoman Empire clashed, Dagestan became the object of a struggle between them. On the territory of Southern Dagestan, power was established alternately by one or another state, from the beginning of the 17th century - Persia.

During historical development in Dagestan, there were 2 main systems of socio-political structure: feudal ownership and unions of rural communities. In the 16th - early 17th century, there were 7 actually independent feudal possessions in Dagestan: the Avar Khanate, Derbent, the Kazikumukh Khanate, Kaitag, Tabasaran, the Tyumen Khanate, the Tsakhur Khanate. In the middle of the 17th century the political situation of Dagestan changed. As a result of the fragmentation of feudal estates, their number increased from 7 to 19. The basis of the economy of the peoples of Dagestan in the 16-17 centuries was agriculture, animal husbandry, handicraft production, domestic and foreign trade. On the plain and in the foothills of Dagestan, grain crops (wheat, barley, oats, etc.) were grown, which were sold in mountainous Dagestan and in Russian fortresses on the Terek River. Acute shortage of land and the inability to provide food at the expense of Agriculture encouraged the mountaineers to engage in crafts. In the mountain zone, wool and metal crafts have received the greatest development; in the foothills - carpet weaving, the production of tools and products made of wood, linen fabrics, etc.; in the coastal part - breeding of silk worms and silk weaving (raw silk was sent to Russian cities and Europe).

In 1723, as a result of the Persian campaign of 1722-23, the coastal part of Dagestan was included in the Russian Empire, but according to the Ganja Treaty of 1735, it was ceded to Persia. The mountainous part of Dagestan was actually independent, although both the Ottoman Empire and Persia made claims to it. In 1742 Dagestan was invaded by Nadir Shah. In 1796, in connection with the invasion of Agha Mohammedkhan Qajar, the coastal part of Dagestan was annexed to the Russian Empire, but in 1797 the Russian troops were withdrawn. According to the Peace of Gulistan in 1813, Dagestan became part of the Russian Empire. In the 1830s, the population of the mountainous part took the side of Shamil, and this territory became the scene of hostilities during the Caucasian War of 1817-64. Part of the khanates of Dagestan was liquidated by Shamil and included in the Imamat. The power of the feudal lords in them was restored as the Russian troops advanced. The flat part of the territory of Dagestan in 1840 was included in the Caspian region (until 1846), in 1846-60 it was part of the Derbent province. In 1860 the Dagestan Oblast and the Zakatala Okrug were formed, which included both the plains and the mountainous regions of Dagestan. Part of the inhabitants of Dagestan moved to the Ottoman Empire, this movement was encouraged by the Russian government.

At the Extraordinary Congress of the Peoples of Dagestan on November 13, 1920, the autonomy of Dagestan was proclaimed. On January 20, 1921, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a decree on the formation of the Dagestan ASSR from the Dagestan region. By this decree and the decrees of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of November 16, 1922 and January 4, 1923, the Khasavyurt district, the Kizlyar and Achikulak districts of the Terek province were annexed to Dagestan. By the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee dated 22.2.1938, the Achikulak, Kayasulinsky, Kizlyarsky and Shelkovsky regions were transferred from Dagestan to the Stavropol Territory. In 1944-57, Dagestan included Vedensky, Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Sayasanovsky, Cheberloevsky districts, part of Kurchaloevsky, Sharoevsky, Gudermessky districts of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1957, the Shelkovskaya district was excluded from Dagestan, and the Krainovsky, Kizlyarsky, Tarumovsky, Karanogaysky districts, and the Kizlyarsky district were included.

In the middle - the 2nd half of the 20th century, Dagestan turned into an industrial-agrarian republic. The industry is represented by such industries as electric power, fuel, mechanical engineering and metalworking, etc. On 26.7.1994 a new constitution was adopted, the State Council was declared the highest executive body (it consisted of representatives of 14 titular peoples), the Dagestan ASSR was renamed the Republic of Dagestan.

I. O. Gavritukhin, A. V. Skakov (archeology); A. I. Osmanov.

economy. Dagestan is part of the North Caucasian economic region. The value of agricultural products is twice that of industrial products. In the country's economy, the republic is distinguished by the harvest of grapes (about 25% in Russia, 2004) and vegetables (4.9%), the production of cognacs (18.9%), champagne and sparkling wines (11.4%), the number of sheep and goats ( 24.1%).

In the structure of GRP (2003,%), the share of agriculture is 28.3, trade and commercial activities for the sale of goods and services 18.0, non-market services 17.1, industry 12.9, construction 9.8, transport and communications 7.5 , other industries 6.4. The ratio of enterprises by forms of ownership (by the number of organizations, 2004,%): private - 58.3, state and municipal - 37.2, public and religious organizations (associations) - 0.2, other forms of ownership - 4.3.

The economically active population is 1090 thousand people, of which 75.8% are employed in the economy. Sectoral structure of employment (%): agriculture - 25.1, trade and public catering - 14.1, education - 13.9, industry - 10.0, transport - 8.3, healthcare - 7.2, construction - 5 ,4, housing and communal services - 2.7, culture and art - 2.1, etc. The unemployment rate is about 25%. Cash income per capita 6.8 thousand rubles per month (July 2006, 68% of the average for the Russian Federation); about 34% of the republic's population has incomes below the subsistence level.

Industry. The volume of industrial production is 10.8 billion rubles (2004). In the sectoral structure of industrial production (%), the leading role belongs to the food industry - 32.7, the share of the electric power industry - 21.9, the fuel industry - 19.8, mechanical engineering and metalworking - 13.4, the building materials industry - 5.6, chemical and petrochemical - 2.9, light - 0.9, etc.

They produce (table 1) oil and gas (gas condensate-oil fields Dimitrovskoye, Agachbulak near Makhachkala and Ozernoye near the city of Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk, developed by the oil company Rosneft-Dagneft, etc.); (2007) exploration and preparation for oil production on the shelf of the Caspian Sea (Inche-Sea field, 5-6 km from the coast) is underway. The Makhachkala oil refinery operates.

Dagestan fully provides itself with its own electricity (Dagenergo). Almost all electricity is produced by hydroelectric power plants; the largest are Chirkeyskaya (on the Sulak River, with a capacity of 1,000 MW) and Irganai (since 1998; on the Avarskoye Koysu River, with a capacity of 400 MW).

The main products of mechanical engineering are various ship, aviation and electrical equipment, diesel engines, instruments, computers, grinding machines, equipment for the food industry, etc. A significant part of the industry's enterprises manufactures products for the defense industry. Leading enterprises: KEMZ Concern (Kizlyar Electromechanical Plant; including single-seat aircraft, electrical appliances, woodworking machines), Dagdiesel (Kaspiysk; diesel engines), Gadzhiev Plant (Makhachkala; including steering gears for ships, pumps) , "Aviaagregat" (Makhachkala; airfield equipment and ground handling equipment for aircraft, components for aircraft), "Eltav" (Makhachkala; bipolar, field-effect transistors, integrated circuits, fuel units), "Dagtelekoms" (Makhachkala; including sound recording equipment ), "Electrosignal" (Derbent; electronic equipment), Research Institute "Sapphire" (Makhachkala; including automatic radio direction finders, direction finding systems-simulators for testing on-board navigation equipment), "Factory Mechanics Plant" (Kaspiysk; digital control devices, automation equipment and others), Dagelektromash (Makhachkala; electric welding equipment), a separator plant (Makhachkala), a grinding machine plant (Derbent).

Chirkeyskaya HPP.

Chemical industry enterprises produce phosphoric acid (Dagfos, Kizilyurt), varnishes, paints (paint and varnish factory, Makhachkala), various polypropylene pipes (Musharaka plant, Buynaksk), etc. Leading glass industry enterprises: fiberglass factories (Makhachkala) , "Dagsteklo" (Dagestan Lights; facing tiles, glass pipes, window glass, etc.).

The main products of the building materials industry are prefabricated reinforced concrete (Dagstroyindustriya and Makhachkala DSK plants, Makhachkala; Dagyugstroy, Derbent; Aist, Kizilyurt, etc.), bricks (Silicate, Makhachkala). Limestone is being mined (Derbent), mineral building materials (near the city of Izberbash).

The light industry is represented by the textile, knitwear, clothing and footwear industries, and the production of carpets. Main centers: Makhachkala (“Dagtekstil” - knitted fabric, hosiery; “Caspian Manufactory” - including harsh gauze), Derbent (sewing, wool spinning, carpet factories, etc.), Buynaksk (shoe and knitwear factories), Kizlyar (clothing factory), Dagestan Lights (carpet factory); in the villages of Khiv (Khiv region) and Khuchni (Tabasaran region) - the production of carpets.

Folk art crafts are developed: metal processing, including the production of souvenir weapons, giftware, jewelry ("Kubachi Art Plant", the village of Kubachi, Dakhadaevsky District), civilian cold and souvenir weapons (enterprise "Kizlyar", Kizlyar), ceramics (village Balkhar, Akushinsky district), wooden products inlaid with metal, bone, mother-of-pearl (an art factory in the village of Untsukul), chasing on copper (Gotsatlinsky art plant in the village of Bolshoy Gotsatl, Khunzakh district).

Cognac service. Village of Kubachi. 1971. Master G. B. M. Magomedov.

The food industry specializes in the processing of grapes, the production of high-grade grape, sparkling and champagne wines and cognacs. Leading enterprises: Kizlyar brandy factory, Derbent factory of sparkling wines, Derbent brandy plant, Izberbashsky and Kaspiyvinirom wine and brandy factories (Makhachkala), etc. Fish processing is also developed (Fishing commercial company Port-Petrovsk - live and frozen fish, canned fish and flour; the Glavny Sulak fish processing plant; Dagrybkhoz - including fish balyk products; all in Makhachkala) and the production of various canned food (factories in Derbent, Buynaksk - including juices, jams, jams, compotes ; in Kizlyar - canned meat, fruits, vegetables; in Gergebil, Botlikh districts, etc.). There are a confectionery factory (Izberbash), a dairy plant (Makhachkala), the Dagestankhleboprodukt corporation (Makhachkala; including flour, cereals, animal feed, bakery products), a butter factory and a meat processing plant Golden Calf (Kizlyar). Bottling of mineral waters is being carried out (Deneb and Start factories in Makhachkala, etc.).

The leading industrial center of Dagestan is Makhachkala; other large centers - Buynaksk, Derbent, Kizlyar, Kaspiysk, Izberbash.

Agriculture. The value of gross agricultural output is 21.9 billion rubles (2004), including 51% of crop production. The area of agricultural land is 3313.8 thousand hectares (65.8% of the area of the republic), of which about 15% is arable land. In terms of the share of pastures in the structure of agricultural land, Dagestan occupies one of the first places in the North Caucasus, and one of the last in terms of the share of arable land. The degree of plowing of the territory decreases from north to south (70% of arable land falls on the plains, 20% - on the foothills, 10% - on the mountains). The possibilities for expanding the area of arable land are limited; in the flat part of Dagestan, land that is unsuitable for cultivation is intensively involved in circulation. In the foothill and mountainous parts, convenient lands have been developed almost completely, arable land is represented by small scattered terraced fields. In some areas, artificial irrigation is used.

Viticulture is developed (the largest arrays of vineyards are concentrated in the lower reaches of the Terek and Sulak rivers, as well as in the foothills in the east of Dagestan), fruit growing (apricots, cherries, apples, peaches, plums, etc.; the largest horticultural areas are located in the valleys of the Samur and Gyulgerychay rivers , Andiyskoye Koysu, Avar Koysu, Karakoysu; in the southeast of the Primorskaya lowland, pomegranates, figs, persimmons, almonds are grown) and vegetable growing (together with gourds, it occupies 19.2% of the sown area). They also grow cereals (48% of the sown area; winter wheat and barley, corn for grain, rice), fodder (30.8%; including alfalfa), potatoes and industrial crops, mainly sunflower (Table 2).

The traditional branch of specialization of animal husbandry - sheep breeding, is developed almost everywhere (fine-fleeced - in the northern plains of Dagestan, distant pasture - in the southern mountainous part). Meat and dairy (in the southern part) and meat (mainly in the east) cattle breeding, goat breeding, poultry farming (tables 3, 4), fur farming (in the western part of Dagestan - Kazbekovsky district, as well as fur farming in Kaspiysk), horse breeding (in the northern part and southwestern regions), fish farming (in the north of Dagestan, in the Nogai region, and in the southeast, in the village of Magaramkent). In the western and southwestern regions, donkeys, mules (in the Botlikh region), spotted deer (in the Kazbek region) are bred.

About 72% of agricultural land belongs to the lands of agricultural organizations, peasant (farmer) households occupy 3.7%, in the personal use of citizens - 3%. Agricultural organizations produce 40% of grain, households produce about 93% of potatoes, 90% of vegetables, 86.5% of livestock and poultry for slaughter, 82.2% of milk, 47% of grain.

Transport. Road transport provides most of the domestic freight and passenger traffic. The length of paved roads is 7461 km (2004). The highway of federal importance - "Kavkaz" (Krasnodar - Grozny - Makhachkala - border with Azerbaijan) passes through the territory of Dagestan. Length railways 516 km. The main railway lines are: Moscow - Grozny - Gudermes - Makhachkala - the border with Azerbaijan - Baku and Makhachkala - Kizlyar - Astrakhan (the Kizlyar - Karlanyurt railway line was built in the late 1990s). Main cargoes: oil, oil products, grain, building materials, various equipment, etc. Maritime transport provides most of the external freight traffic. The main seaport is Makhachkala (cargo turnover of about 4.5 million tons and over 200 TEU containers); the only ice-free Russian port on the coast of the Caspian Sea). Main cargoes: mineral construction materials, grain, oil cargoes, etc.; ferry and container transportation. The main oil pipeline Baku (Azerbaijan) - Novorossiysk (Krasnodar Territory, length 274 km), the main gas pipelines Mozdok (North Ossetia) - Kazi-Magomed (Azerbaijan, length 297 km) and Makat (Kazakhstan) - North Caucasus (length about 130 km). International airport in Makhachkala.

G. I. Gladkevich.

V. S. Nechaev.

Education. cultural institutions.

In the education system of the Republic of Dagestan there are (2006) 519 preschool institutions(over 50 thousand pupils), over 1600 general educational institutions (over 426 thousand students), 24 institutions of primary vocational education (over 3 thousand students), 27 secondary specialized educational institutions (17 thousand students). There are 96 educational institutions of culture and art, including 41 music schools, 13 children's art schools, 42 art schools; Republican House of Folk Art (1937). The system of higher education includes 6 state universities (about 31,000 students), including the Dagestan University (founded in 1931 as a pedagogical institute; modern name since 1957), Pedagogical University (1931), Agricultural Academy (founded in 1932 as a fruit-growing institute), medical Academy(1932), Dagestan Technical University (founded in 1972 as a polytechnical institute, modern name since 1995), Institute of National Economy of the Government of the Republic of Dagestan (1991) - all in Makhachkala; branches of the Moscow State Law Academy, the University of the Russian Academy of Education, etc. Among the scientific institutions are the Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991); includes over 10 scientific institutions, including the Institute of Physics named after Kh. I. Amirkhanov, the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography, the Institute of Language, Literature and Art named after G. Tsadasa, the Scientific Association "IVTAN". Dagestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (1993); Caspian Zonal Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, scientific and production association "Dagagrovinprom", etc. There are 1031 libraries, 1070 club institutions. There are 15 museums in Dagestan, including the Dagestan State United Historical and Architectural Museum in Makhachkala (founded in 1923 as a museum of local lore, modern name since 1977); 14 branches, including the Literary and Memorial House-Museum of S. Stalsky (1950; the village of Ashaga-Stal, Suleiman-Stalsky District), the Museum of Military Glory in Makhachkala, museums in Buynaksk, Khasavyurt, Kizlyar, as well as in the villages of Terekli-Mekteb, Tsada, Kayakent, Karabudakhkent, Akhty; Derbent Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve (1988), Republican Museum of Fine Arts (1958) in Makhachkala.

Mass media. In the Republic of Dagestan, according to the Federal Service for Supervision of Compliance with Legislation in the Sphere of Mass Communications and Protection of the Cultural Heritage of the Russian Federation (“Rosokhrakultura”), 431 mass media are registered and registered (2004), including 249 newspapers, 40 magazines and 6 news agencies. The print media include 179 republican and 70 city and regional media. Among the media, a special place is occupied by publications on national languages.

The newspapers Novoye Delo (27.7 thousand copies), Truth (18.6 thousand copies), Makhachkala News (17.3 thousand copies), Lezgi Gazeta (14.6 thousand copies) have the largest circulation. , "Youth of Dagestan" (14.2 thousand copies), "Zaman" (13.4 thousand copies), "Dagestanskaya Pravda" (10.2 thousand copies).

About 80 municipal and commercial television and radio studios are registered in Dagestan (in addition to all-Russian television companies and the Dagestan State Television and Radio Company, which broadcasts throughout the republic). There are 8 cable TV networks. Each region has or is creating its own television and radio broadcasting base. At the same time, there remains an acute problem of creating in the republic its own broadcasting channel, which provides signal coverage of the entire territory of Dagestan. The main printing facilities for book, magazine and newspaper production are state or municipal property. The share of the non-state sector in the total number of printing enterprises is 19%.

Literature. The literatures of the peoples of Dagestan are developed in the Avar, Dargin, Kumyk, Lezgin, Lak, Nogai, Tabasaran, Tat, and Russian languages. Since the 7th century, the culture of Dagestan has been influenced by the Arab-Muslim tradition. In the 10th century, genres of spiritual literature in Arabic, Turkic (Turks) and Persian became widespread: hagiographic monuments (“History of Abu Muslim”), chronicles (“Derbent-name”, “History of Derbent and Shirvan”), mawlids (about the life Prophet Mohammed), edification, etc. Since the 18th century, Ajam, a writing system based on Arabic script, has been established in the Avar and later in other literatures. At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century, the influential Arabic-speaking tradition gradually gave way to poetic creativity in national languages (Kumyks Mama Gishi from Enderei, Yusup Kadi from Yakhsay; Tabasarans Kaluk Mirza, Haji-Said Zirdyagsky; Nogais Sarkynbay Krymly, Ismail Mazharly; Tats Ilishagha ben Shomoila , Livy ben Misha Nagdim and others). Ashug poetry, which was closely connected with folklore, was popular.

In the second half of the 19th century, national literatures were formed. Strengthening the personal beginning, attention to social problems distinguish the poetry of the Avars Chanki from Batlaich, Ali-Gadzhi from Inkho, Mahmud from Kakhab-Roso; Kumyk Irchi Kazak; Dargins Omarly Batyray, Mungi Ahmed; Lezgin Etim Emin; lachki Shaza from Kurkli. A significant role in the formation of prose genres was played by the essays of the Dagestan enlighteners: “The Kumyk's story about the Kumyks” by D.-M. Shikhalieva (1848), "How the Laks Live" by A. Omarov (1870), "The Tale of an Eyewitness About Shamil" Gadzhi-Ali (1873), "Among the Highlanders of Northern Dagestan" G.-M. Amirov (1873), "From the Dagestan customs" by A. Mamedov (1892) and others.

In the literature of the early 20th century, acute social problems prevail, journalistic intonations intensify, calls are made to update the traditional way of life: the poem “The Complaint of the Caucasian Mountains” by the Kumyk M. Alibekov (1905), the story “Poor Habibat” by the Kumyk N. Batyrmurzaev (1910), etc. In 1902, the first printing house in Dagestan was founded in Temir-Khan-Shura. The tribune of progressive democratic views was the magazine in the Kumyk language - "Tang-Cholpan" ("Morning Star", 1917-18). The author of the first Dagestan drama ("Tinkers", 1914) is a Lak playwright and public figure G. Saidov. The military theme is raised in the lyrical poem "Mariam" by Mahmud (1915), a classic of Avar poetry. The theme of revolutionary transformation was reflected in the works of the Avars G. Tsadasa, Z. G. Gadzhiev, R. Dinmagomaev, Laks A.-K. Zakuev, Lezgin S. Stalsky, Kumyk Yu. Gereev, Dargin R. Nurov, founder of the Dargin satire A. Iminagaev (“Labor of the Mulla”, 1934). In the 1930s, the genre of the novel was formed: “Heroes in Fur Coats” by the Avar Dinmagomayev (1933), “Fishermen” by Tata M. Yu. Bakhshiev (1933), “Broken Chains” by Lezgin A. Fatakhov (1934); dramaturgy develops (Lak M. Charinov, Avar B. Malachikhanov, Tabasaran A. P. Dzhafarov, Tats M. Shalumov and Yu. Semyonov, Lezgin G. Gadzhibekov, Dargin Nurov, Kumyk A.-P. Salavatov). The work of the Laks E. M. Kapiev (lyrical collection Stone Carving, 1940), a translator of folklore and poems by Danish poets, and the compiler of the first poetic anthologies, stands out. Literary criticism was developing (G. Gadzhibekov, K. K. Sultanov, and others). In post-war prose, an important place is occupied by the stories of the Avars M. Sulimanov, M. A. Magomedov, the Kumyk A. Adzhamatov, the Tat Kh. D. Avshalumov; novels by Kumyk I. Kerimov. The contribution to children's literature was made by the Avar 3. Gadzhiev, the Dargin R. M. Rashidov, the Kumyk M.-S. Yakhyaev. New stage in the development of the literature of Dagestan is associated with the work of the Avar R. G. Gamzatov, who became the most significant figure in Dagestan literature of the 2nd half of the 20th century.

At the end of the 20th century, the genre of the novel (historical, epic, lyrical-philosophical, etc.) developed intensively; increased attention to moral and ethical issues, the psychological multidimensionality of character. Among the writers: Avars F. G. Alieva, M. G. Gairbekova, Adallo, O.-G. Shakhtamanov, M. Akhmedova; the Dargins R. M. Rashidov, A. A. Abu-Bakar, Magomed-Rasul, Kh. M. Aliev; Kumyks A. Adzhiev, Sh. Alberiev, B. Magomedov; Lezgins I. Huseynov, A. U. Saidov, R. Gadzhiev, A. Kardasha; Laks M. Magomedov, B. Ramazanov, M.-Z. Aminov; Tabasarans M. Shamkhalov, M. Mitarov, Sh. Kazieva; taty K. Kukullu, B. Safanov, M. M. Dadashev; Nogais of Kadriya (K. O. Temirbulatova), I. S. Kapaev.

K. K. Sultanov.

Architecture and fine arts. From the early Middle Ages, the ruins of the Hunnic city of Varachan (the settlement of Urtseki near the city of Izberbash: defensive walls, baths, pagan temples), the Khazar capital Semender (near the village of Tarki) have survived. The stone walls and fortresses of the grandiose (over 40 km long) Derbent defensive system date back to the 6th century, blocking the Caspian passage - the main caravan route from southeastern Europe to Western Asia. Relations with the countries of the East influenced the architecture of Derbent, in which clear stylistic periods can be traced: defensive construction The 6th century is associated with Sasanian Iran, the architecture of the 8th-9th centuries - with the Arab-Muslim culture (Juma Mosque), the 14th-15th centuries - with the influence of Shirvan. The early penetration of Christianity from Albania is evidenced by the ruins of churches in the Upper Chirkey settlement (the Khazar city of Belenjer) and in Derbent (all 6-8 centuries), the later (10-14 centuries) influence of Georgia is evidenced by small 1-nave churches (in the village of Datuna, 10-12 centuries). In the mountainous regions of Dagestan, many defensive structures made of rough-cut stone have been preserved: round and square towers for various purposes (watchtower in the village of Khorej, 16-17 centuries), fortresses (near the villages of Khuchni, Akhty, Kumukh, Kharba-Guran).

For centuries, mainly folk architecture has developed in Dagestan, and each of the many peoples (or groups of peoples) has its own characteristics. At the same time, common features are also strongly expressed, due to the common historical fate and mutual influences. Settlements-auls are usually located in hard-to-reach areas; in mountain villages, the terrace-like composition of dense buildings resembles a single stepped structure (Kubachi, Chokh). Residential houses of the 18th-19th centuries have been preserved (in the mountainous and foothill areas - made of stone, in the southern part of the Primorskaya Lowland - adobe), rectangular in plan, with a flat roof. In old houses, the main attention was paid to interior design (stucco and stone fireplace decorations, figured wooden poles, etc.); in the 19th and 20th centuries, the decoration of the façade (arched portals, figured stone and wooden details, carved frames of windows and doors) played an important role. Mosques in auls (Kalakoreysh, Karakure, Richa, all 11-13th centuries; Tsakhur, Kumukh, 14th century) are usually rectangular stone structures with a flat roof resting on carved wooden pillars in the interior; in front of the main facade is a gallery. Minarets are round in plan (in the villages of Richa, Mishlesh; both are from the 13th century) or square (in the villages of Shinaz, Rutul). Stone domed mausoleums (usually square in plan) with a closed arch (in the village of Duldug, 1682-83) or a dome (in the village of Khutkhul, 1807-08), bridges (wooden and stone arched), and architectural design of springs are widespread.

In the 19th century, the influence of Russian architecture penetrated Dagestan: buildings in the Empire style were created (a guardhouse in Derbent, 1828), fortresses (in the village of Akhty, the Burnaya fortress), the cities of Petrovsk-Port (now Makhachkala), Temir-Khan-Shura (now Buynaksk). In Soviet times, new cities (Kaspiysk, Izberbash, Khasavyurt, Kizilyurt) and workers' settlements arose; construction is underway in the spirit of constructivism (post office, 1920s), using oriental motifs (Government House, now the Dagestan State Agricultural Academy, 1927-28, architect I.V. Zholtovsky), in the 1930s-50s - using classical forms and details (Dagestan Hotel, 1938-39, architect G. Grimm; all in Makhachkala). Among the significant buildings of the 2nd half of the 20th century are the buildings of the Russian Drama Theater and the Republican Library named after A. S. Pushkin in Makhachkala (1980s).

The earliest monuments of fine and decorative arts on the territory of Dagestan: Eneolithic ceramics - painted and black polished with relief and in-depth ornament; numerous rock paintings dating back to the Bronze Age, mostly engraved, (near the village of Kapchugay, 2-1 millennium BC; images of this type were created until the 20th century); bronze cast figurines of people and animals (Verkhnechiryurt burial ground). Generalized stone figures of leopards and lions from the Derbent fortress, openwork bronze buckles from the Bezhta burial ground, and jewelry from the burial ground near the village of Agachkala belong to the 6th-10th centuries. Since the early Middle Ages, vertical carved tombstones have been common (in the villages of Kalakoreish, Akusha, and others). Woodcarving is widespread (doors of mosques in Kalakoreish, Tpige). From the 11th-13th centuries, numerous stone reliefs and bronze cauldrons with similar Sasanian images of animals, people, hunting scenes, etc. were created in the village of Kubachi. With the intensification of Islamization, geometric and floral ornaments began to prevail in the art of Dagestan, often including inscriptions. In the Middle Ages, many mountain villages turned into highly specialized handicraft centers. Kubachi are known for jewelry and weapons, richly decorated with niello, engraving, notch (see Kubachi metalworking); Gotsatl - copper chased products; Balkhar - unglazed ceramics with engobe painting (see Balkhar ceramics); Untsukul - wooden products with a silver notch and bone inlay, mother-of-pearl. In many areas, pile and lint-free carpets have long been woven, mats have been woven, and patterned socks have been knitted. Each area has its favorite drawings, colors, composition. Carpet weaving developed everywhere (a number of factories were created, and a school of carpet weaving has existed in Derbent since 1931). Among the masters of folk art are A. M. Abdurakhmanov, I. A. Abdulaev, R. A. Alikhanov, B. G. Gimbatov, G. M. Kishev, G. M. Magomedov, G. M. Chabkaev.

E. E. Lansere, who taught drawing in Temir-Khan-Shura in 1918-19, was of great help in educating national artistic cadres (among his students were the artist M. A. Dzhemal and the sculptor Kh. N. Askar-Sarydzha). Since the 1920s, the painters H.-B. Musaev, Dzhemal, Yu. A. Mollaev, M. Yunusilau, D. A. Kapanitsyn, N. A. Lakov; in the 1950-70s - easel painters A. I. Avgustovich, V. V. Gorchakov, Kh. M. Kurbanov, O. B. Omarov, muralist I. D. Bolshakov, graphic artists S. M. Salavatov , G. P. Konopatskaya, V. N. Gorkov, K. A. Murzabekov, A. N. Sharypov, sculptors Askar-Sarydzha (monument to M.-A. Dakhadaev in Makhachkala, 1971), A. I. Gazaliev, A M. Yagudaev. In the 1980s, a new generation of artists emerged: E. M. Puterbrot, I.-Kh. Sup'yanov, Zh. V. Kolesnikova, S. S. Batyrov, I. O. Huseynova.

S. O. Khan-Magomedov (architecture).

Tombstones in the village of Urkarakh.

Music. The folklore, represented by the traditions of more than 30 peoples, is characterized by a number of common features: the predominance of solo singing with instrumental accompaniment, the presence of similar instruments, a common fast dance in size 68 (outside Dagestan it is called "lezginka"), etc. The central figure of the professional epic tradition is - ashug (dalaila-usta, yirchi, kochonakh, shair).

In the 1920s, the first musical and ethnographic expeditions took place, collections of songs and dances of the peoples of Dagestan began to be published. The founder of Dagestan professional composer music is G. A. Gasanov (the first national opera "Khochbar", 1937). Among the composers: N. S. Dagirov, S. A. Agababov, S. A. Kerimov, Z. M. Gadzhiev, K. M. Shamasov, M. K. Kasumov; the composer and conductor M. M. Kazhlaev (the first Dagestan ballet Goryanka, 1968), the composer Sh. R. Chalaev (the opera Highlanders, 1970) work outside the republic. Masters of national performing culture: singers - B. Muradova, P. Nutsalova, A. Ibragimova, M. Shcherbatova, R. Gadzhiyeva, I. G. Batalbekova, B. A. Ibragimova, M. Gasanova; instrumentalists - U. Abubakarov, K. Magomedov.

There are several musical and drama theaters in Dagestan (see the Theater section), in 1999 the Opera and Ballet Theater was opened in Makhachkala. The State Philharmonic works.

Theater. In the 1910s and 1920s, amateur drama circles arose in various villages, on the basis of which professional theaters were later formed. In Dagestan, they work: in Makhachkala - the Republican Russian Drama Theater named after M. Gorky (1925), the Kumyk Musical Drama Theater (1930, since 1955 named after A.-P. Salavatov), the Laksky Musical Drama Theater (1935, since 1952 named after E . Kapiev), the Avar Music and Drama Theater (founded in the village of Khunzakh in 1935, named after G. Tsadasa since 1951), the Puppet Theater (1941), the Opera and Ballet Theater (1999); in Derbent - the Azerbaijan Drama Theater (1930), the Lezgi Music and Drama Theater named after S. Stalsky (1938), the Tabasaran Drama Theater (2001), the Tat Theater (1962); in Izberbash - Dargin Music and Drama Theater named after O. Batyray (1961). Among the figures of theatrical art of Dagestan different years References: A. A. Magaev, Z. N. Nabieva, M. A. Abdulkhalikov, P. Kh. Khizroeva, B. M. Inusilov, N. M. Ibragimov, N. M. Aliev, G. I. Isaev.

In 1935, A. Abakarov, Y. Tadzhikurbanov, M. Zagirbekov and S. Kurbanov, natives of the Lak village of Tsovkra, created the professional group "4 Tsovkra" in Makhachkala, which developed the traditions of the original art of tightrope walkers. Since 1947, after the division of the team, there have been two independent groups: "Dagestan tightrope walkers" and "Tsovkra".

Dagestan carpet. Fragment. Around 1900. O. B. Omarov. "Kulinki". 1975. Dagestan Museum of Fine Arts (Makhachkala).

In 1984, the Museum of the History of Theaters of Dagestan was opened in Makhachkala. The Republic also has the Song and Dance Ensemble of Dagestan, the Lezginka Dance Ensemble, the Dance Ensemble of the Peoples of the Caucasus “Youth of Dagestan”.

Lit .: Baklanov N. B. Architectural monuments of Dagestan. L., 1935. Issue. 1; Sultanov K. Poets of Dagestan. Makhachkala, 1959; Dagestan folk songs. M., 1959; Saidov M. Dagestan literature of the XVIII-XIX centuries. in Arabic. M., 1960; Figures musical art Dagestan. Makhachkala, 1960; Debirov P. M. Stone carving in Dagestan. M., 1966; he is. Wood carving in Dagestan. M., 1982; History of Dagestan: In 4 vols. M., 1967-1969; Yakubov M. A. Essays on the history of the Dagestan Soviet music. Makhachkala, 1974. Vol. 1: 1917-1945; Voronkina N. P. art Soviet Dagestan: pages of history. Makhachkala, 1978; Atlas of the Dagestan ASSR. M., 1979; Art of Dagestan / Comp. D. M. Magomedov. M., 1981; Gamzatov G. G. Literature of the peoples of Dagestan in the pre-October period. Typology and originality of artistic experience. M., 1982; Kotovich VG Problems of cultural-historical and economic development of the population of ancient Dagestan. M., 1982; Essays on the history of Soviet art in Dagestan, 1917-1941. M., 1987; Markovin V. I. Roads and paths of Dagestan. 2nd ed. M., 1988; he is. Rock carvings of the foothills of Dagestan. M., 2006; Gazimagomedov M. G. Folk art crafts of Dagestan. Makhachkala, 1988; Ancient and medieval architecture of Dagestan / Comp. M. S. Gadzhiev. Makhachkala, 1989; Gadzhiev M. G. Early agricultural culture of the North-Eastern Caucasus. M., 1991; Monuments of ancient art of Dagestan / Comp. L. B. Gmyrya. Makhachkala, 1991; Eldarov M. M. Natural monuments of Dagestan. Makhachkala, 1991; Abakarov A.I., Davudov O.M. Archaeological map of Dagestan. M., 1993; Gmyrya L. B. Caspian Dagestan in the era of the great migration of peoples. Makhachkala, 1993; Ismailov M. I., Eldarov E. M. Modern environmental problems of Dagestan. Makhachkala, 1994; Physical geography of Dagestan. M., 1996; Gadzhiev M. G., Davudov O. M., Shikhsadov A. R. History of Dagestan from ancient times to the end of the 15th century. Makhachkala, 1996; Khan Magomedov S. O. Architecture of Dagestan. M., 1998-2005. Issue. 1-6; The Republic of Dagestan. Administrative device, population, territory (60s of the 19th century - 90s of the 20th century). Makhachkala, 2001; M. S. Gadzhiev Ancient city Dagestan. M., 2002; Nabieva U.N. Cultural geography of Dagestan. M., 2002; History of Dagestan from ancient times to the present day: In 2 vols. M.; Makhachkala, 2005; Khaibulaev S. Poetic Chronicle of the Caucasian War. Makhachkala, 2005.

Oil and coal mining

Deposits of oil and gas, sulfur, marls, and quartz sands are of industrial importance.
Minerals (raw materials) of Dagestan have not yet been fully explored. The mountainous and, above all, high-mountainous zones of the republic have been especially insufficiently studied. However, the already available data allow us to speak of significant reserves of a number of minerals. Oil and gas fields are of paramount industrial importance. According to current estimates, the total recoverable resources of oil and gas condensate are 161 million tons, free and associated gas - 255 billion m³. Of these, the explored reserves of industrial categories are: for oil and gas condensate - 10.4 million tons, for gas - 44 billion m³ The maximum level of oil and condensate production was reached in 1970 (more than 2 million tons), but subsequently due to deposits of the South Sukhokumskaya zone, its production is constantly falling, reaching in 1993 the level of 400 thousand tons.
Oil production is carried out in the Makhachkala region, the Yuzhno-Sukhokumskoye and Izerbash fields, and gas production is carried out in the Dagestan Lights and Dzulak. Oil refining Makhachkala refinery. The development of the Dimitrovskoye field (gas production will be 950 million m³ and oil 55 thousand tons per year), the Agachbulak gas condensate area is underway. In gas production, a different trend is visible: the level of production is growing and due to the development of the large Dimitrovskoye field, it has reached 890 million m³. Growth in gas production is also predicted for the future. The republic connects special prospects in the development of the oil and gas industry with the development of the offshore oil and gas field Inchkhe-Sea, located near the city of Izberbash with preliminary estimated oil reserves of 4.9 million tons and gas of 15.7 billion m³. But estimates of recoverable oil reserves vary from 2.1 to 3.0 million tons. Oil produced in the republic is of very high quality: low sulfur content (up to a maximum of 0.1%), high, up to 90%, light-boiling content (up to 350 ° ) fractions, which makes it possible to obtain a maximum of high-quality gasoline, kerosene and diesel fuel with simple distillation.
There are coal deposits in the Khiva region. Previously, in the 1940s and 1950s, the Arkhitskoye deposit was mined, which was then curtailed; at present, its use is possible to meet republican needs. The thickness of the seams is 0.6–1.5 m, the depth of occurrence is insignificant.

Extraction of ferrous and non-ferrous metals

The Republic of Dagestan has deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, non-metals and building materials. Ferrous metals are represented by siderite iron ore deposits, of which the largest are Prisamurskoe and Prisulakskoe. The iron content ranges from 5 to 15%. An important feature of siderite ores of Dagestan is the absence of such harmful impurities as sulfur, phosphorus, as well as easy processing and fusibility, which is important for obtaining metal by a domainless method. In addition, they can be used for the production of mud weights used in well drilling. The ores that occur in the north-west of the republic also contain about 3% manganese.
Of the deposits of non-ferrous metals, the largest copper-pyrite deposit Kizil-Dere in the North Caucasus may be of the greatest interest. This underground deposit contains four types of ore: chalcosite, copper-pyrite, zinc-pyrite, sulfur-pyrite. Balance ore reserves are estimated for the first three types of ore (48.6 million tons), off-balance reserves only for copper and sulfur pyrite ores (9.6 million tons). The ore contains, in addition to copper, zinc and sulfur, also many related elements: cobalt, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, silver, gold, indium, bismuth, tellurium, apatite, rutile and occasionally beryllium. The deposit is located in the valley of the Kizil-Dere River (water flow rate is 0.6 cubic meters per second), which, together with the Akhtychay River, will be able to provide the necessary amount of water in case of mining production.
In addition to copper, a number of polymetallic (lead-zinc-copper) deposits have been discovered in the mountains of Southern Dagestan, but they are located in hard-to-reach areas and have not yet been sufficiently studied. There are a number of deposits of mercury ores in the strata of shale and sandstone rocks of the Suleiman-Stalsky, Magaramkent and Kurakh regions. Khpekskoye is considered the most promising of them.
In the central part of the foothills of Dagestan, there are deposits of strontium ores "Blue Stones", the reserves of which are estimated at 94 thousand tons of strontium oxide. The ore, although relatively poor, but easily enriched, with a very low content of harmful impurities, the enrichment technology has already been studied in the laboratory. This deposit has not yet been fully explored, but it is already possible to talk about a project for the construction of a mining enterprise that would produce either celestite concentrate or strontium carbonate and technical strontium for domestic use and the world market. Of the metal resources of the republic, it is impossible not to mention the rare-metal underground industrial waters already mentioned above.

Mining of non-metallic ores

Of the non-metallic ores in the Republic of Dagestan, there are sulfur deposits, but the most promising of them are located in mountainous areas that are difficult to develop. In the Akushinsky, Tabasaransky, Levashinsky and Suleiman-Stalsky districts, deposits of phosphorites and saltpeter are often found. Rock crystal deposits have been noted in the high-mountainous part of Dagestan. In the Lower Cretaceous deposits of Dagestan, stretching in a strip from the Sulak River to the Chirakhchay River, sands, clays and limestones containing glauconite (sedimentary rock containing potassium) are widespread. In some places, in separate layers of sandstones 3–5 m thick, the content of glauconite reaches 40–50% of the total mass of the rock. The reserves of glauconite sands in individual deposits of Dagestan amount to tens of millions of tons. The most promising for industrial development are glauconite sandstones occurring in the Tabasaran region. Proximity to the road, rather large grains of glauconite itself, easily amenable to enrichment - all this creates good prerequisites for organizing the extraction of glauconite concentrate.
In the south of Dagestan there are basins of the Arablyar salt mines, there are about three hundred of them. Each contains a layer of salt topped with mother brine. The salt in the pool is white, but sometimes pink and even yellow. According to the general mineralization, the water belongs to highly concentrated brines of the sodium chloride-magnesium type. Not far from the village of Rukel there are two salt mines. Salt was mined here by natural setting on the bottom of the pool in the summer from saturated solutions. The bulk of the salts are sodium chloride. Experts believe that associated production of bromine, boron and magnesium salts is possible. There are a number of salt lakes on the Caspian coast, the water of which is saturated mainly with sodium chloride and sodium sulfate. The largest and most salt-rich lakes are primarily Aji, Big and Small Turali. The waters of the Caspian Sea in terms of their chemical composition can serve as a base for the development of the sulfate industry.

Construction Materials

Quartz sands of high quality lie almost on the surface at the Severnoye deposit. The reserves of sand on it are so great that they are able to provide glass raw materials not only for the republic, but for the entire North Caucasus. In addition to it, there are four smaller deposits. The republic has practically unlimited reserves of saw limestone (the main deposits are in Levashinsky, Akushinsky, Khunzakhsky and Derbent regions), rubble stone, gravel (lower reaches of the Sulak, Samur rivers, etc.), molding sands, dolomites, cement raw materials. Limestone reserves (for lime) can fully meet the needs of the large chemical and construction industries for many years to come. Gypsum reserves are very significant in the republic (Gunibsky, Khiva, Untsukulsky, Gergebilsky and other regions), and at the Gimrinsky deposit there are reserves of building gypsum - alabaster. Building sands are available on the entire coast of the Caspian Sea. Large reserves of clays and loams can be used for the production of bricks, expanded clay, ceramic products. In the south there are also coloring and heat-resistant clays, as well as raw materials for the production of porcelain.

The territory of the Republic is located within the North Caucasian oil and gas province and has significant hydrocarbon resources. The state balance takes into account 37 oil fields, of which 36 are onshore (under development) and one is on the adjacent shelf of the Caspian Sea. The volume of recoverable oil reserves of Dagestan is only 0.066% of the reserves in the country, and production is 0.124% of the all-Russian (364 thousand tons)

Mineral resources:

The structure of reserves in terms of readiness for commercial development is favorable; only a very small part of explored deposits (except for oil and gas) is involved in industrial development. The availability of explored reserves is quite high given the current levels of production, which have decreased compared to 1990. However, part of the reserves, especially non-metallic raw materials, are located at a considerable distance from operating enterprises or on agricultural land.

Deficient types of mineral raw materials in Dagestan are building sands, bentonite clays, phosphorites, dolomites for glass production, for the identification of which exploration work is underway.

The territory of the Republic is located within the North Caucasian oil and gas province and has significant hydrocarbon resources. The state balance takes into account 37 oil fields, of which 36 are onshore (under development) and one is on the adjacent shelf of the Caspian Sea. The volume of recoverable oil reserves in Dagestan is only 0.066% of the reserves in the country, and production is 0.124% of the all-Russian (364 thousand tons).

As for natural gas (free and dissolved in oil), 43 fields are taken into account in the Republic (42 - on land, 1 - on the shelf), 40 fields are being developed. The volume of production for the year is approximately 0.11% of the all-Russian, mostly free gas is produced (642 million m3).

Forecast oil and gas resources are available for 19 and 16 promising areas, respectively, prepared for deep drilling.

Of the metallic minerals in the Republic, the State Balance takes into account one complex copper pyrite deposit Kizil-Dere, which contains, in addition to copper, also zinc and gold. The deposit is not developed (reserve). There are common minerals - building stone (three deposits), limestone with reserves of 6.7 million tons, expanded clay raw materials (two deposits), etc. Production from them is insignificant.

The main problem of the mineral resource base, as well as mining enterprises, is a drop in production at existing ones and a sharp slowdown in the pace of industrial development of new deposits. Oil and gas deposits of the Inche-Sea, copper deposits of Kizil-Dere, strontium - Blue stones, molding sands - Ekibulak, sea shells, brick clays, thermal, mineral and fresh underground waters have not been developed for a long time.

In general, the potential of the subsoil of the republic is used inefficiently, especially in terms of very promising raw materials - oil, gas, thermal and mineral waters, etc.

Geological monuments of nature:

Barkhan Sary-Kum (geomorphological type of federal rank) - part of the Kumtorkala sands near the city of Makhachkala. This is a whole system of ridge sands, mounds and dunes, which have an ash-accumulative genesis. The emergence and preservation of such a giant unique sand structure is associated with the special wind regime of this area, the terrain, and the composition of the rocks that make up the nearest mountain structures.

Land resources:

The total area of land in use by landowners and land users for all categories of farms is 5182.4 thousand hectares. Distribution of the land fund by land (thousand hectares): agricultural land, total - 3401.0; land under surface water - 177.2; swamps - 20.6; land under forests and trees and shrubs - 525.7; other lands - 902.5.

Due to the sharp rise in mineralized groundwater, due to the rise in the level of the Caspian Sea, everywhere in the flat zone (Caspian terraces I and II), the depressed state of perennial plantations and their mass death are noted. The areas of saline lands and solonchaks are rapidly increasing. About 560 thousand hectares of Dagestan lands fall into the zone of the predicted influence of the sea, of which 64% are agricultural lands.

About 60% of the territory of the republic is represented by sloping lands, which significantly affects the erosion processes that are spread over an area of more than 3650 thousand hectares (72%), including 2750 thousand hectares subject to water erosion, wind - 900 thousand hectares. Due to the intensive development of erosion processes in some areas, up to 10 cm of the fertile soil layer is washed away by wind erosion. The most tangible damage caused by wind erosion is inflicted on the Kizlyar pastures.

Due to the lack of funds for the implementation of work on the radical and surface improvement of land, pastures and grasslands have been overgrown with shrubs in recent years. The area of irrigated agricultural land decreased by 7.2 thousand hectares in the Kizlyar and Tarumovsky districts in connection with the return of these lands to the Chechen Republic, as well as their write-off by the decisions of the heads of district administrations due to salinization, flooding and lack of an irrigation source.

Favorable natural conditions determined the priority development of agriculture with a specialization in viticulture, horticulture, and vegetable growing. Sheep breeding of the meat and wool direction, goat breeding are developed.

One of the most topical issues is the restoration of ecological balance in the zone of the Black Lands and Kizlyar pastures, which occupy 1/3 of the republic's area and are a zone of transhumance for 17 regions of the republic. 79 thousand hectares here have been turned into open sands, 33% of the land belongs to the lands of moderate desertification; 41% is subject to severe desertification; 8% - very strong. Up to 60% of pastures are moderately, severely and very severely overthrown, more than 70% are subject to erosion. There is an unsystematic use of pastures with a strong overload of livestock.

Based on the materials of aerospace surveys, it was established that the movement of sands from neighboring regions is directed to the republic (Sukhokumsk, Terekli-Mekteb). The area of open sands, according to experts, annually increases in the Caspian region by 40-50 thousand hectares.

Mineral resources:

Deficient types of mineral raw materials in Dagestan are building sands, bentonite clays, phosphorites, dolomites for glass production, for the identification of which exploration work is underway.

The territory of the Republic is located within the North Caucasian oil and gas province and has significant hydrocarbon resources. The state balance takes into account 37 oil fields, of which 36 are onshore (under development) and one is on the adjacent shelf of the Caspian Sea. The volume of recoverable oil reserves in Dagestan is only 0.066% of the reserves in the country, and production is 0.124% of the all-Russian (364 thousand tons).

Forecast oil and gas resources are available for 19 and 16 promising areas, respectively, prepared for deep drilling.

In general, the potential of the subsoil of the republic is used inefficiently, especially in terms of very promising raw materials - oil, gas, thermal and mineral waters, etc.

Geological monuments of nature:

Land resources:

Relief.

Dagestan is divided into foothill, mountain and high-mountain physical-geographical zones, each of which has different kinds vegetation.

The orography of Dagestan is peculiar: a 245-kilometer strip of foothills rests on transverse ridges that border Inner Dagestan in a huge arc. Two main rivers break out of the mountains - Sulak in the north and Samur in the south. The natural boundaries of mountainous Dagestan are: the Snegovoi and Andi ridges - up to the giant Sulak canyon, Gimrinsky, Les, Kokma, Dzhufudag and Yarudag - between Sulak and the Samur basin, the Main Caucasian ridge - in the southwest of both basins.

Inner Dagestan, in turn, is divided into a mid-mountain plateau-like region and an alpine high-mountain region.

The mountains cover an area of 25.5 thousand km², and the average height of the entire territory of Dagestan is 960 m. The highest point is Bazardyuzyu (4466 m). The rocks that make up the mountains of Dagestan are sharply demarcated. The main ones are black and argillaceous shales, strong dolomitic and weak alkaline limestones, as well as sandstones. The slate ridges include Snegovoi with the Diklosmta massif (4285 m), Bogos with the top of Addala-Shukhgelmeer (4151 m), Shalib with the top of Dyultydag (4127 m).

Soils

In the foothills and mountains, altitudinal zonality is clearly expressed in the distribution of soil and vegetation cover. On the plains, there are light chestnut soils, brown sandy loamy, largely saline, meadow-saline soils, in the floodplains of the rivers - alluvial; the vegetation is predominantly wormwood-saltwort and wormwood-grass. Chestnut and mountain forest soils are common in the foothills.

Climate

The climate of Dagestan, despite its diversity, can generally be classified as moderately warm, in the mountains it is moderately cold with more or less pronounced continentality, which manifests itself in significant annual temperature amplitudes in the lowlands, in the highlands in sharp daily fluctuations, as well as insufficient moisture. In general, the climate of Dagestan is characterized as dry and semi-dry, temperate continental.

The climate in the north and in the central part of Dagestan is temperate continental and arid, in the south along the Caspian Sea and in the Caspian lowland it is subtropical semi-dry.

The main factor in the formation of the climate of the whole of Dagestan is its location in the southern part of the temperate thermal zone and the influx of a significant amount of solar heat.

In the climate of Dagestan, there are sharp contrasts in different areas. In the mountains at an altitude of 3 thousand meters, the absolute maximum temperatures are 21-23°C, and in the north of the lowland, the air temperature can be more than 40°C. Precipitation in the lowlands does not exceed 400 mm, while in the mountains at an altitude of 3,000 m, more than 1,000 mm falls.

Hydrography

The territory of Dagestan is very favorable for the formation of a dense network of surface waters, which, however, are very unevenly distributed. The rivers of the republic are one of the significant wealth: they are a source of hydropower, water supply, irrigation and fishing. Since all sectors of the republic's economy are associated with the use of water, often the lack of water has a negative impact on the degree of intensification of individual sectors.

Within Dagestan, four large river basins can be distinguished: Sulak, Terek, Samur and the rivers of Piedmont Dagestan.

The rivers Terek and Sulak flow through the central part of the republic. In total, 6255 rivers flow in Dagestan (including 100 main rivers with a length of more than 25 km and a catchment area of more than 100 km, 185 small and more than 5900 smallest). All rivers belong to the Caspian Sea basin, but only 20 of them flow into the sea.

Due to the dry climate, the north of Dagestan is poor in rivers. The available rivers are used for irrigation in summer and do not reach the sea.

The most abundant are mountain rivers, which, due to their rapid flow, do not freeze even in winter; they are characterized by comparative high water content and significant slopes.

It is planned to build three hydroelectric power stations on the Samur River and on its main tributaries. The waters of the Samur are also used for irrigation purposes: irrigation canals have been drawn from the river to irrigate southern Dagestan and neighboring Azerbaijan.

The main source of food for the rivers of the foothill (outer mountain) zone of the republic is spring and autumn rainfall. Summer precipitation, with the exception of showers that cause floods on rivers, is mainly spent on evaporation.

Until the end of the 20th century (80-90s), it was believed that Dagestan was poor in lakes. By that time, there were about 100 lakes, which occupied a relatively large area (more than 150 sq. km). But in recent years, many new lakes have been discovered and described, mostly mountainous, located in hard-to-reach areas. As a result, the number of mountain lakes alone increased to 155.

Lakes throughout the republic are distributed unevenly. Most of the lakes are located in the lowlands, there are fewer of them in the foothills, especially in the mountainous part.

On the lowland there are lakes of lagoon-marine origin, floodplain, estuary, located in the deltas and floodplains of the Terek, Sulak, Samur rivers. Suffusion lakes (hollows) are located in the arid regions of the Tersko-Kuma lowland. In mountainous areas, landslide-dammed, glacial, moraine lakes, as well as lakes of cirque cirques and mountain plateaus are more common. In Lowland Dagestan, the lakes are mostly drainless, while in Mountain Dagestan they are flowing. In the Piedmont and Lowland areas, the lakes are usually shallow, but they occupy a large area and become very shallow by autumn. Mineral springs Talga, Rychalsu, Asty, Makhachkala.

Minerals

Of the minerals that the republic has, deposits of oil, combustible gases, sulfur, marls, quartz sands, and mineral springs are of industrial importance. The most famous deposits: oil and gas coast of the Caspian Sea; quartz sands - Karabudakhkent. Deficient types of mineral raw materials in Dagestan are building sands, bentonite clays, phosphorites, dolomites for glass production, for the identification of which exploration work is underway.

The territory of the republic is located within the North Caucasian oil and gas province and has significant hydrocarbon resources. The state balance takes into account 37 oil fields, of which 36 are onshore (under development) and one is on the adjacent shelf of the Caspian Sea. For natural gas (free and dissolved in oil), 43 fields are taken into account (42 onshore, 1 offshore), 40 fields are being developed.

Of the metallic minerals, the State Balance takes into account one complex copper pyrite deposit Kizil-Dere, which contains, in addition to copper, also zinc and gold. There are common minerals - building stone (three deposits), limestone with reserves of 6.7 million tons, expanded clay raw materials (two deposits), etc. Production from them is insignificant.

The main problem of the mineral resource base of the republic, as well as mining enterprises, is a drop in production at existing ones and a slowdown in the pace of industrial development of new deposits. Oil and gas deposits of the Inche-Sea, Kizil-Dere copper deposit, strontium Blue stones, Ekibulak molding sands, sea shells, brick clays, thermal, mineral and fresh underground waters have not been developed for a long time. In general, the potential of the subsoil of the republic is used inefficiently, especially in terms of very promising raw materials - oil, gas, thermal and mineral waters, etc.

Flora and fauna

The territory of Dagestan is distinguished by a variety of vegetation cover, depending on sharp differences in relief, climate, soils and other landscape elements. Most of the territory is occupied by alpine and mid-mountain meadows. Forests are less common: only 8% of the territory.

In the foothill zone, starting from a height. 600 m, where the amount of precipitation is higher than on the plain, meadows and forests are common. Birch, hornbeam, oak and other tree species grow in the forests on the northern slopes of Salatau, Andiysky and Gimry ridges. In the southern part of the foothill belt, beech-hornbeam forest is most common. Birch appears on the upper border, and alder, aspen, yellow rhododendron, etc. appear on the cut areas.

Starting from a height of 1800 m, subalpine meadows spread more and more, and from 2400 - 2800 m - alpine. Subalpine meadows are characterized by lush vegetation. With the transition to alpine meadows, the species composition of plants gradually changes and becomes poorer, the height of the herbage decreases. There are cuffs, fescue, clover, astragalus, blue scabiosa, blue gentians, pink rhododendron. At an altitude of 3200-3600 m, near the border with eternal snows, the vegetation is very poor. Mosses, lichens, and other cold-resistant plants predominate. Mountain and alpine meadows, occupying a large area, serve as summer pastures for numerous flocks of sheep.

In the intramountain part, woody vegetation is found in the most elevated places, where it is divided into forest islands. Pine and birch forests grow at the foot of the Betl plateau, pine trees grow on the northern slope of the Darada plateau, and a linden-birch grove near Chiragchay, east of the village of Richa. Relatively large areas of forest are found on the wetter northern and western slopes of the mountains. In the highlands of the upper Andean and Avar Koisu and Samur, pine-birch forests have survived to this day. The most wooded areas of the highlands are the basins of Khzanor, Dzhurmut, Mitluda, Kila, Saraor. The main forest massifs of the mountainous Dagestan are concentrated here.

The animal world is especially rich in the high-mountainous part, where there are unique animals inherent only in Dagestan. There are Dagestan tur, bearded goat, Caucasian deer, dark brown bear, Caucasian leopard. There are many birds in the mountains: snowcock (mountain turkey), Caucasian black grouse, stone partridge, eagles. In the inner-mountain part of Dagestan, more populated and less wooded, the animal world is poorer. Here you can meet various rodents, lizards, snakes. In southern Dagestan, a dangerous venomous snake, the gyurza, comes across. Trout is found in mountain rivers.

Nature protection and ecological state

Today, for Dagestan, the problem of a shortage of high-quality drinking water due to pollution of water resources as a result of human activity is relevant. The rivers Ullu-chai, Samur, Andiyskoye Koysu, Terek, Sulak are clogged with household and household waste, in some places they turn into garbage dumps. The flow channels become dirty; in floodplains are often carried out without a license and approval of the development of sand, gravel, stone. The atmospheric air in cities is in a particularly difficult and polluted condition.

The level of atmospheric air pollution has increased in cities, especially in Kizlyar, Khasavyurt, Derbent, Makhachkala, Buynaksk and in the villages of many districts. This affects the health of the population. Many enterprises violate the requirements of the laws "On the protection of atmospheric air in the Republic of Dagestan" (http://www.russianpeople.ru/ru/old/126738), "On production and consumption waste in the Republic of Dagestan" (http://www.russianpeople .ru/ru/old/129582). Possessing rich natural resources, Dagestan has serious environmental problems associated with the disposal of production waste and water disposal. In 2008, the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Republic of Dagestan developed the Waste Program in order to reduce their negative impact on the environment.

In many cities of Dagestan, such as Yuzhnosukhokumsk, Kizilyurt, Dagestan Lights, Buynaksk, and the villages of the Derbent, Kulin, Khasavyurt, Gergebil regions, unauthorized garbage dumps are located, which contributes to soil, ground and surface water pollution, as well as atmospheric air during waste burning. In cities, there are many emissions of harmful substances associated with the production of industrial enterprises. The situation is aggravated by the absence of waste processing plants and installations in Dagestan, as well as landfills for the disposal of toxic industrial waste and unsuitable pesticides. The issue of the lack of special equipment for waste removal is very acute.

No less relevant for Dagestan is the problem of water disposal, which is associated with the absence, overload of drainage networks or their deterioration. As a result, hundreds of millions of cubic meters of gas are dumped annually into the rivers of Dagestan and the Caspian Sea from the territories of villages and cities. meters of contaminated wastewater. Valuable species of fish of the Caspian Sea are dying, thousands of people are being poisoned by the dirty waters of Dagestan rivers.

In northern Dagestan (Kizlyarsky, Tarumovsky, especially Nogaisky districts), the problem of desertification of lands and pastures, which are a zone of distant pastures, is an urgent one, and 8-10 percent. already turned into open sands.

As a result of intensive development of natural resources, incl. violation of the hydrological regime of soils (decrease in the level of groundwater), degradation of relict (rare, but in the past widespread) and oak forests in the Samur delta, as well as in the Kizilyurt and Kumtorkalinsky districts on an area of 20 thousand hectares. Ecological disaster zones have already been identified in Dagestan: Kizlyar pastures, Black Lands, Agrakhan Bay, Mount Tarkitau - a natural monument (1994), Kaitag forests. Almost the entire territory of flat Dagestan is under the influence of wind erosion.

Of the 7 million hectares of the Black Lands and Kizlyar pastures, 1.5 million hectares fall on the territory of the Republic of Dagestan. Of this area, almost 550 thousand hectares are subject to desertification, and 130 thousand hectares are heavily affected.

Map of the Republic of Dagestan

3. Regional environmental state and non-state organizations.

The Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Republic of Dagestan is an authorized republican executive body that, within its competence, manages, regulates and controls in the field of nature management and protection environment.

Committee for Ecology and natural resources Republic of Dagestan(http://www.rosvlast.ru/bd_free.aspx?fid=833484)

367005, Makhachkala, pl. Lenina, 1

All-Russian public organization, the purpose of which is scientific and environmental education work on specially protected natural areas of the republic and the development of environmental culture in secondary general education and higher educational institutions among pupils and students.

Committee for Water Resources of the Republic of Dagestan

Address: Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala and Makhachkala city district, A. Akushinsky pr-kt, 19th line

Greens. Russian Ecological Party, regional branch

Address: 367015, Makhachkala, Imam Shamil avenue, 37/10

4. Resources of partner libraries in the region.

5. SPSTL resources for this region.

1. D7-91/98316

Dagestan Scientific Center of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Caspian Institute of Biological Resources.

Ecological problems of the Caspian lowland: Collection of articles / Dagestan Scientific Center of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Caspian Institute of Biological Resources. - Makhachkala, 1991. - 142 p. - B.c.

Dagestan Republican Council of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Nature (Makhachkala).

Problems of the social ecology of Dagestan / Dagestan Republican Council of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Nature (Makhachkala). - Makhachkala, 1992. - 200 p. - B.c.

3. Ustarov, R.M.

Tire repair production as a source of environmental pollution (based on the Republic of Dagestan) / R.M. Ustarov // Bulletin of the Astrakhan State technical university. - 2009. - No. 1. - S. 92-93. - Bibliography: 2 titles. (Code in the database R3479)

4.Assessment of degradation and desertification of the soil cover of the northern plains of Dagestan / N.V. Stasyuk, G.V. Dobrovolsky, Z.G. Zalibekov and others // Ecology. - 2004. - No. 3. - S. 172-178. - Bibliography: 23 titles. (Code in the database U1770)

5. Svetlichnaya, T.V.

Some aspects of the environmental safety of drilling operations in the Dagestan section of the Caspian Sea / T.V. Svetlichnaya // Oil, gas and business. - 2004. - No. 7. - S. 47-49. - Bibliography: 11 titles. (Code in the database U1707)

6.The current state of environmental problems of Dagestan and the Caspian Sea / R.M. Huseynov, Sh.I. Ismailov, M.R. Karibov and others // Engineering Ecology. - 2005. - No. 4. - S. 3-10. - Bibliography: 15 titles. (Code in the database R3152)

7. Gadzhieva, T.A.

Natural-anthropogenic environmental factors and their influence on the state of the respiratory organs of the population of the Republic of Dagestan / T.A. Gadzhieva, D.G. Khachirov, R.S. Izmailov // Bulletin of the Dagestan Scientific Center. - 2005. - No. 20. - S. 70-75. - Bibliography: 11 titles. (Code in the database U2907)

8. Novruzaliev, Sh.N.

Ecological aspects of the development of viticulture in the Derbent region of Dagestan / Sh.N. Novruzaliev, B.U. Misrieva // Winemaking and viticulture. - 2006. - No. 4. - S. 24-25. (Code in the database U2748)

9. The influence of environmental quality on the incidence of cancer in the population of the Kulinsky district of Dagestan / A.G. Gasangadzhieva, G.M. Abdurakhmanov, E.G. Abdurakhmanova, T.O. Ramazanova //Problems of regional ecology. - 2006. - No. 4. - S. 27-30. - Bibliography: 7 titles. (Code in the database R3352)

10. Gadzhieva, T.A.

Agrochemicals: environmental risk factors, their use and long-term biological consequences in rural areas of the Republic of Dagestan / T.A. Gadzhieva // Bulletin of the Dagestan Scientific Center. - 2006. - No. 24. - S. 70-75. - Bibliography: 21 titles. (Code in the database U2907)

11. The state of environmental components and the incidence of malignant neoplasms in the Laksky district of the Republic of Dagestan // Problems of regional ecology. - 2006. - No. 6. - S. 57-60. - Bibliography: 5 titles. (Code in the database R3352)

12. Gasanova, A.Sh.

Phytoplankton community of the Dagestan region of the Caspian Sea in new environmental conditions / A.Sh. Gasanova //South of Russia: ecology, development. - 2008. - No. 2. - S. 47-51. - Bibliography: 8 titles. (Code in the database U3736)

13. Shakhmardanov, Z.A.

Ecology and nature protection of Dagestan / Z.A. Shakhmardanov // News of universities. North Caucasian region. Natural Sciences. - 2009. - No. 1. - S. 116-117. (Code in the database U1299)

14. Akhmadova, G.F.

Usage information technologies for environmental monitoring of industrial centers of the Republic of Dagestan / G.F. Akhmadova, B.M. Kuramagomedov //South of Russia: ecology, development. - 2009. - No. 2. - S. 20-24. - Bibliography: 4 titles. (Code in the database U3736)

15. Gazaliev, I.M.

Assessment of the state of the environment in terms of oil and gas production in Dagestan / I.M. Gazaliev, Z.M. Alibegova //South of Russia: ecology, development. - 2009. - No. 3. - S. 80-84. - Bibliography: 2 titles. (Code in the database U3736)

16. Bashirova A.A.

Assessment of environmental safety in the Republic of Dagestan / A.A. Bashirova //Regional problems of transformation of the economy. - 2008. - No. 1. - S. 194-201. - Bibliography: 3 titles. (Code in the database U3393)

18. Eldarov, E.M.

Ecological problems of possible emergency outbursts at the Aksai anti-flood reservoir (Republic of Dagestan) / E.M. Eldarov, Z.V. Ataev //Ecology of urbanized territories. - 2010. - No. 4. - S. 48-50. - Bibliography: 6 titles. (Code in the database U3478)

19. АР00-858

Abdulgalimov, A. M.

Methodology of statistical analysis and forecasting of socio-economic and environmental processes in the Republic of Dagestan: dissertation abstract for competition degree Doctor of Economics: 08.00.11 / A. M. Abdulgalimov. - M., 2000. - 42 p. : ill.

Bibliography: p. 37-42(44 titles)

GRNTI 06.91 34.35

UDC 338(470.67)(043) 574(043)

Abdurakhmanova, A. G.

Environmental problems and prospects for sustainable development of the socio-natural complex of the Republic of Dagestan [Text]: abstract of the dissertation for the degree of candidate. biol. Sciences: 03.00.16, 08.00.01 / A. G. Abdurakhmanova. - Makhachkala, 2003. - 28 p.: ill.

Bibliography: p. 27(6 titles)

GRNTI 87.35

UDC 502.131.1(043)

21. D8-92/12403

Problems of social ecology of Dagestan [Text]: collection / Comp. and resp. ed. U.A.Radjabov. - Makhachkala: [b. and.], 1992. - 199 p. - Comp. decree. on the back tit l. - 1000 copies. - C. contract.

samarapedsovet.ru