Gnutov Vasily Petrovich was born into a Cossack family on August 25, 1911 in x. Sizov Nizhne-Chirsky district, in the region of the Don Cossacks, now Volgograd.
He began writing and publishing at the age of 16.
After graduating from the Rostov Pedagogical Institute (Philological Department), Later he worked as a head teacher and director in the schools of the Azov and Shakhtinsky regions, taught Russian language and literature.
After graduating from the Krasnodar Medical School, for more than a dozen years he worked as a paramedic in a first-aid post in the Krasny farm, and was in charge of a feldsher-obstetric station.
Fate was harsh on him: V.P. Gnutov was repressed, behind him - ten years of the Gulag. But with honor passed a difficult way of life.
It was there, in the camp environment, that the cycle of poems and stories "Northern Notebook" was formed. So, thanks to his enviable capacity for work and perseverance, Vasily Petrovich made his way into literature.
Peru VP Gnutov owns poems for children and about children, stories about nature. He wrote many articles on local history, pedagogical, philological topics.
Vasily Petrovich published in regional and central newspapers and magazines. He participated in many collective collections.
The story “Refused Pardon” was published in 1979 and tells about the People’s Will, a native of the Don, Vasily Generalov.
In 1986, the novel "The Feat of Yermak" was published, in the center of which is the legendary figure of Yermak and the campaign of the Cossack squad to Siberia associated with his name. The action of the novel takes place in the era of Ivan the Terrible. For four years the author studied the annals to write this novel.
The stories-essays of V. P. Gnutov were created as a result of studying the works of A. S. Pushkin, the memoirs of the poet’s contemporaries, literary works and are the fruit of the researcher’s painstaking work.
Therefore, the book "The Poet in the Land of the Boundless Steppes" was written for a long time. The stories in this book were first published by the Molot newspaper in 1974. A separate book was published in 1985. In his stories-essays, V. Gnutov resurrects pictures of A. S. Pushkin's stay on the Don, in Kalmykia, in the North Caucasus. An updated and revised edition of this book was published in 1998.
Before his death, V.P. Gnutov finished a large historical novel-chronicle "Steep Waves", which tells about one Cossack family for more than two centuries.
Vasily Petrovich was constantly engaged in self-education. While working in the north, he received additional medical literature from the sisters. But the creative nature also took its toll: he played the violin, guitar, balalaika, mandolin, even participated in the orchestra, without having a musical education.
In addition to literature, Vasily Petrovich was very fond of the theater. In the north, working in a hospital as a doctor, he participated in an amateur circle and staged performances.
The great merit of V. P. Gnutov is that the Aksai Museum organizes annual commemorative holidays in honor of A. S. Pushkin.
In recent years, Vasily Petrovich lived and worked in Aksai.
Cossack, writer, Don writer died on June 20, 1999 at the age of 88.
Vasily Petrovich Gnutov, our countryman is a member of the Union of Writers of Russia and today informs readers living word from the pages of his works.
This transcript of the audio recording was transferred in 1998 to the Museum of the History of Aksai.
The recording itself was made earlier.
I was born on August 25, 1911 in the Sizovo farm, Nizhne-Chirsky district Volgograd region. This is the former area of the Don army. Both parents are hereditary Don Cossacks. He studied at a secondary school in the village of Morozovskaya (now the city). The school was with a pedagogical bias, and a year after graduating, on the advice of the writer I. Babel, I went to a Russian village, more precisely, to a remote village on the Volga, to learn the mind of the people, observe life and teach.
I began to write at school, first poetry and a wall newspaper for the 10th anniversary of October. When I was 16 years old, in the Rostov journal "Problems of Education in the North Caucasus" my essay was published on how I studied during the years of devastation. The next year, in 1928, when I was 17 years old, my review of the story of the writer Arefiev "Olga" was published in the Leningrad youth magazine "Rezets".
Then I had a long observation period. Yes, and there was something to watch. There were 29-30s: collectivization, dispossession, riots, arrests, executions, tears of the people. I was a teacher primary school. These observations were enough for me for a novel - the history of four generations from 1770 to 1934 ("Steep Waves", written in the 80s, never published).
From this Volga village, I moved to the Rostov region and entered the Rostov Pedagogical Institute (5 years), after which I worked in a secondary school as a teacher of Russian and literature. Held administrative positions, was the head teacher, director at a secondary school in the city of Shakhty Rostov region.
Never been in the party. Then I was repressed in 1945 under Article 58 for a poem that was directed against the injustice of our Soviet system and Stalin himself. I remember the poem, but personally I didn't like it anymore.
In the north, being the first two years in public works, he knew both the burden of labor and hunger. Food, of course, was not enough, people became dystrophic.
So I ended up in the hospital, where, of course, they fed well, gave rest. It was there that they paid attention to me, that I was educated and quickly attracted to medical work.
When the monthly nursing courses were formed, I was enrolled there. My sisters sent me textbooks, additional medical literature. Being engaged also in self-education, I have finished courses with honors. He became a nurse, although they called us paramedics there. So I stayed to work in the hospital.
During these years, it became easier to live both morally and financially. And I started writing poetry again. They lay with me for 50 years, I did not print them anywhere. But last year (1996-1997) I published them in the Aksai newspaper "Victory" under the heading "Poems from the northern notebook", not everyone, of course, has a large section on love, but I did not print them anywhere, I'm afraid they will misunderstand .
Vorkuta, Pechora, Salekhard, Kos-yu, there I was no longer only in the hospital. They sent me to the colony. I did a divorce.
Perhaps on a sultry evening in the south
I will find you my friend.
They didn’t take me to the front because of my eyesight - a white ticket. I've been wearing glasses since I was 14 or 15.
Returning from the north, I entered the Krasnodar Medical School and graduated with honors. He got a job as a paramedic in a psychiatric hospital in the city of Rostov, in Kovalevka. He worked in it, then moved to work in the farm Krasny Aksai district. There I became the head of the midwifery station.
They also allowed me to teach, they even gave me a place in the Orlovsky district of the Rostov region. But I didn’t go there, but there were no places here. Yes, I would be reluctant to go myself. Firstly, my teaching profession involves piles of notebooks for checking, and my eyesight is poor. And secondly, compositions are always to some extent free-thinking, double-reading thoughts, and from whom is the demand? From the teacher, and I am unreliable, although I was rehabilitated cleanly.
And I began to actively cooperate with Moscow magazines, Rostov newspapers. Here and in Aksay too.
What were your hobbies besides literature? I love theater. In the north, an amateur circle was organized in the hospital. Once staged "Masquerade" Lermontov.
You know, there, in the north, such wonderful people got: both scientists and artists and musicians ... So, in the performance I got into the role so much that the audience felt hatred for my character. A friend of my friend asked her:
How do you live with such a rascal? He's such a scoundrel. She laughed:
This is his role in the play, he entered the character, and he is a very good person!
I also played the violin in the orchestra there. I was asked what music school I graduated from. And I took music lessons, played the notes. but never studied at a music school. He could give accompaniment for another stringed instrument, played almost all stringed instruments: an ordinary violin and an alto violin, a dombra guitar, a balalaika, a mandolin. I still have dreams today about how I play the violin. Well, I want to play to tears. But I gave my violin to our Aksai Museum... It is Stradivarius brand...
Returning from the north, I married a newcomer. She was a participant in the Second World War, was awarded military orders, fought on the front line, went on the attack as a Komsomol organizer ...
In the north I was 10 years without 4 months. After all, we were practically not given offsets. And already after the death of Stalin, under Voroshilov, offsets were introduced to us. But I was already finishing and only 4 months did not earn and was released in 1954 and immediately got married. I was 43 years old. We got three guys. Oleg - appeared even before the camps. I was not married, but nevertheless I registered my son for myself. He has a son. In 1954, Alexander appeared, now he works as an engineer in Taganrog and has two sons. Sergei lives in Aksai and also has two sons. And daughter Tatyana, works at Selmash, she has one son. It so happened that I don’t have a single granddaughter, all grandchildren.
And here are my books. There are collective collections together with N. Skripov, V. Jacques. There are books of poetry and short stories.
The magazine "Family and School" has my little stories about children and for children. In "Science and Religion" there was an article "Superstition or Folk Wisdom". This is when the wisdom of the people is expressed in proverbs and sayings. In the "Young Naturalist" in 1991 there are my sketches about nature. "Don" No. 12:
The dog sleeps near the fields,
The baby sat on her back.
Well, get up, you lazy dog
Yes, take me faster.
The dog jumped up, eyes shining,
Suddenly, the baby howls.
Scared that kicked
Doesn't reach the ground.
After perestroika, "Legends or a true story about Yermak" appeared. Much has been made up about Yermak. For example, the Urals believe that he comes from the Urals, and according to the metrics, it turns out that when he went beyond the Urals, he was 13 years old. And Ural scientists prove that it was Yermak. Based on the annals that were sent to me from Moscow and Leningrad libraries and the books of these Siberian and Ural scientists, I revised it, and in a scientifically based article I am writing “Legends and true stories about Yermak”.
How did you find the literature you needed?
First at the Public Library. Lenin (Moscow) you make a request: give a bibliographic reference, which books were written out over a hundred years on such and such a topic, plus annals - 200-150 years ago. According to this directory I make a request for literature, they send either a book or a film. Some of them I still have. And here are the details of what the carriage looked like, the clothes of those times who rode in the carriage, what they thought about.
Here, for example, according to the book "The Poet in the Land of the Boundless Steppes." This is called "essay" stories, and some author's fantasy is allowed there. Knowing the works of Pushkin, Pushkin's biography, the facts of his arrival in Aksai, Starocherkassk, Novocherkassk, Rostov. Then I wrote out a letter from General Raevsky to his daughter, where he described how they stopped at the Rostov fortress, and then the writers told me that they did not expect that Raevsky loved a simple girl ... After all, it says “I was passing by” everywhere ... But what he stayed overnight, called in on his own business, no one had written this before me.
The first independent book "Refused Pardon" was published in 1979.
The second one was about Pushkin. "A poet in the land of boundless steppes" cost ... 5 kopecks. I was only paid 400 rubles for that money.
It is a pity that there are no drawings in the book about Yermak. Here I have a photo -monument to Yermak in the Pavlodar region in the young city of Yermak, in Kazakhstan. They say that they now believe that Yermak was a conqueror and a conqueror and a monument.
Did I tell you that I was rehabilitated? In 1990 or 1991, they were equated with the participants in the war. (Coughs, agitated. He does not speak very willingly on this topic ...). Rehabilitated as illegally politically repressed.
And here is a photo of the Yermak monument in Tobolsk.
But from the novel "Cool Waves" a whole chapter.
Who made the ex-libris for you?
This was done by Tartynsky. He is an engineer, bibliophile and Pushkinist. In the "Azov Territory" the prologue to "Steep Waves" was printed in the newspaper. So he designed a newspaper clipping for me in a book, made a cover and wrote “Tartynnzdat 1994.” number of copies 1.
But in the "Medical newspaper" in May 1970, at that time I worked as a paramedic, subscribed to this newspaper - they announced literary competition. I sent the story "Olga Sergeevna" there. I took 3rd place and I received the award as a laureate - 100 rubles. It was more than my salary.
And here is a photo - I am with Boris Izyumsky.
How do you feel about young people, and how do young people feel about you?
Young people treat me well - apart from praise, gratitude, I did not hear anything.
This is if they know that you are a writer, but on the street, when you carry a bag of groceries and do not know that you are a writer?
What to say? When I go down the stairs at the post office, someone will always run up and help.
To publish a new novel "Steep Waves" or republish "Yermak's Feat", or republish "A Poet in the Land of the Boundless Steppes - the Azov Region will be fully prepared for publication - novels in Rostizdat. If earlier publishing houses published novels, sold them, the author was paid a fee in accordance with the rates, now these publishing houses require money from the writer - find a sponsor, give money, then we will release it. I turned to the city administration, and they sent letters to the entrepreneurs signed by the chief administrator Kapustin I.A. and the chief administrator of the district.
But so far, neither the Tretyakovs, nor the Paramonovs, nor the Morozovs, nor the Mamontovs have been found on our land. Our new Russians are not ready to cooperate with writers.
Where do you get strength?
Longevity depends on genes, on heredity. My mother died at 93, my older brothers died at 90 or so, my sister Antonina - she is 93 years old - is still alive, she sees well, though she hears badly, but she writes letters herself.
But I’m almost blind, I can’t hear, and I can’t read or write myself. The general state of health, the attention of people, relatives, children and grandchildren - all this gives me the strength to live and work in moderation.
So let's sum it up: is it interesting to be a writer?
And you do not have to choose this profession. It is complex, difficult, poorly paid, but gives inner strength and spiritual beauty. You come home from work and instead of going to the movies with your wife or walking with your kids, you dig into books.
For example, for 30 thousand copies of "Ermak" - I received 5 thousand rubles (old), then there was a second factory - another print run - I received another thousand 2. This was a great financial support for the family. The wife and children approved of this.
Is life worth enjoying?
I don’t remember verbatim now, but Turgenev and Pushkin have statements about the beauty of life. They were life-loving, so I am a life-lover. Once M. Gorky was taken to the cellars to taste drinks, and so he wrote: “Oh, the joy of life in a sunny drink,” however, this is not necessary!
“Life is given once and it must be lived this way. so that it would not be excruciatingly painful for the aimlessly lived years. N. Ostrovsky.
What about the purity of the Russian language?
IN last years, after restructuring and contact with Western Europe and America appeared in the newspapers so many foreign words, unnecessary, which are completely replaced by Russian words, and it became a shame for our great, powerful, beautiful, Russian language.
At first, no one paid any attention to it. And it seems to me that I was one of the first in Rostov in the regional newspaper Molot to publish two articles in defense of the Russian language, in cleansing Rostov of foreigners. Some have noticed this, and some have not. Then, in the weekly Literary Russia, I also began to write articles on this topic, in the end, B. Yeltsin issued a decree on the cleansing of the Russian language. Even English writers write that the richest language is Russian.
Writers are not born, are you? Who are your parents?
Cossacks, peasants. The father was a capable person, engaged in self-education. He graduated from accounting courses, and in his mature years he served in the general store as an accountant.
Do any of your children or grandchildren continue your writing career?
No, and I don't recommend it!
Born or made?
So I didn’t go to school yet, then from the age of 8 they took me to school. I have already read the reading book. There was a portrait of Pushkin, and I dreamed - now, I will also be a poet, they will write about me. It was written there that Pushkin had a sister Olya, and I had a sister Tosya, and I dreamed that they would write about her and write about me ...
How many children did the parents have?
Mom gave birth to 9 people: 6 boys (1 died) and 3 daughters (2 died), 6 children grew up ...
Recorded by poetess Olga Tarasenko
09.05.2015 0 11432
How difficult is it to distinguish a real story from a skillfully told legend? Especially when both of them concern an absolutely real person. ABOUT Ermak Timofeevich, a Cossack ataman who lived in the middle - end of the 16th century, legends were composed by both friends and enemies.
The great warrior and conqueror of Siberia, who fought and died for the glory of his country. There are disputes about his name, the number of troops under command and the circumstances of his death ... But his feat is beyond doubt.
Famine and siege
Siberia, Tatar city of Kashlyk (Isker), 1585. The winter was long and terribly cold, even by Siberian standards. There was so much snow that it was difficult to walk a couple of steps, let alone hunt. Night and day, a chilly icy wind blew incessantly.
Earlier, due to the ongoing autumn fighting, the Cossacks were not able to collect enough supplies. Yermak's army was not accustomed to grumbling, but there was a catastrophic lack of food, and there were no more than two hundred people left anyway ...
Spring brought no relief: the Tatars came again, encircling the city. The siege threatened to drag on for many months, dooming the Cossacks to starvation. But Yermak remained Yermak - as always, wise and cold-blooded.
After waiting until June and lulling the vigilance of the Tatars, he sent his closest associate, Matvey Meshcheryak, on a night outing. Matvey, together with two dozen soldiers, made their way to the camp of Karachi - the Tatar commander - and staged a massacre.
Karachi barely escaped, but both of his sons died, and the Cossacks disappeared into the night as unexpectedly as they had come.
The siege was lifted, but the question of provisions remained as acute as in winter. How to feed the army when the Tatars can attack at any moment?
And in August, the long-awaited good news came - a rich trade caravan with supplies for the Cossacks was approaching Kashlyk. We just need to protect him from the enemy...
What's in a name?
It is not known for certain what year Yermak was born. The dates are called different: 1532, 1534, 1537 and even 1543. There are also rumors about the place of his birth - either the village of Borok on the Northern Dvina, or an unknown village from the Chusovaya River, or the Kachalinskaya village on the Don. It is understandable, almost every Cossack family wanted to boast that it was they who gave birth to the legendary ataman!
Even Yermak's name is questionable. Some historians claim that Ermak is an abbreviation for the Russian name Yermolai, others call him Ermil, others produce the name from Herman and Yeremey. Or maybe Ermak is just a nickname? And in fact, the ataman's name was Vasily Timofeevich Alenin. It is not known where the surname came from - in those days they were not in use among the Cossacks.
By the way, about the Cossacks: the word "armak" they meant "big", like a common cauldron for a meal. Doesn't it remind you of anything? And of course, we must not forget about the enemies of Yermak, who, with all their hatred for him, respected him immensely. Irmak in Mongolian means “rapidly beating spring”, practically a geyser. In Tatar, yarmak means "to chop, dissect." Ermek means "husband, warrior" in Iranian.
And this is not the whole list! Imagine how many copies the historians have broken, arguing among themselves and trying to unearth the very real name of Yermak, or at least his origin. Alas, the Cossacks rarely kept chronicles, and with the oral dissemination of information, something is lost, something is thought out, something changes beyond recognition. Like that real story and breaks down into dozens of myths. The only thing that cannot be denied is that Yermak's name turned out to be very successful.
Free Cossack
In the first decades of his mature life, somewhere before 1570, Yermak Timofeevich was by no means an angel. He was a typical Cossack chieftain who walked along the free Volga with his retinue and attacked Russian merchant caravans and Tatar and Kazakh detachments. The most common opinion says that Yermak, in his youth, entered the service of the then famous Ural merchants Stroganov, guarding goods on the Volga and Don. And then he “went from work to robbery”, gathered a small army for himself and moved on to the freemen.
However, the controversial period in the life of Yermak did not last long. Already in 1571, he helped the squad to repel the attack of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray under the walls of Moscow, in 1581 he fought valiantly in Livonian War under the command of the governor Dmitry Khvorostinin, commanding the Cossack hundred. And already in 1582, those same Stroganovs remembered the brave ataman.
Forgetting all the sins of Yermak, they very respectfully asked him to protect the merchant interests of Rus' in Siberia. In those years, the Khanate of Siberia was ruled by the cruel and dishonest Khan Kuchum, who overthrew Khan Ediger, who maintained more or less good relations with the Russian kingdom. Kuchum, on the other hand, spoke of peace, but in reality he constantly attacked merchant caravans and advanced his army to the Perm region.
Yermak agreed with the merchants not only for the sake of a rich reward. The Tatar Khan was a devout Muslim and spread Islam throughout Siberia and wherever he could reach. It was a matter of honor for the Orthodox Cossack ataman to challenge Kuchum and win. Gathering a relatively small squad - about 600 people - Yermak Timofeevich advanced on a great campaign to Siberia.
Thunderstorm of the Siberian Khanate
To describe all the military exploits of Yermak, one article will not be enough. Moreover, as in the case of his place of birth or name, many of them are distorted by retelling, others are understated or embellished, for almost every event there are two or three versions. In fact, the unbelievable happened - six hundred Cossack warriors passed through the vast Siberian Khanate, over and over again defeating the army of the Tatars, which was twenty times superior to them.
Kuchum's warriors were fast, but the Cossacks learned to be faster. When they were surrounded, they left along the rivers in small mobile boats - plows. They took the cities by storm and founded their own fortifications, then also turned into cities.
In each battle, Yermak used new tactics, confidently beat the enemy, and the Cossacks were ready to follow him into the fire and into the water. The conquest of Siberia went on for four years. Yermak broke the resistance of the Tatars and negotiated peace with the local khans and kings, bringing them to the citizenship of the Russian kingdom. But luck could not accompany the ataman forever...
The rumor about a merchant caravan carrying supplies for the Cossack army dying of hunger turned out to be a trap. Yermak, together with the rest of the squad, advanced from Kashlyk up the Irtysh River and was ambushed by Kuchum. The Cossacks were attacked under the cover of darkness, and although they fought back like mad, there were too many Tatars. Of the 200, no more than 20 survived. Yermak was the last to retreat to the plows, covering his comrades - and died, falling into the river waves.
Legendary person
The legend says that the body of the great ataman, fished out of the river by his enemies, lay in the air for a month without starting to decompose. Yermak was buried with military honors in the cemetery of the village of Baishevo, but behind a fence, since he was not a Muslim. The Tatars respected the fallen enemy so much that his weapons and armor were considered magical for a long time. For one of the chain mail, for example, they gave seven families of slaves, 50 camels, 500 horses, 200 bulls and cows, 1000 sheep ...
Yermak lost that battle, but his cause did not die with him. The Siberian Khanate did not recover from the blow inflicted on it by the Cossack army. Conquest Western Siberia continued, Khan Kuchum died ten years later, and his descendants were unable to provide worthy resistance. Settlements and cities were founded throughout Siberia, and the local tribes that had previously been at war were forced to accept the citizenship of the Russian kingdom.
Tales about Yermak were composed both during his life and after his death. No, no, yes, and there was a descendant of a descendant of another descendant, who for certain knew a certain Cossack from the squad of the great ataman and was ready to tell the whole truth. In your own way, of course. And there are dozens and hundreds of such examples. But is it so important in this case to distinguish reality from fiction? Ermak Timofeevich himself would certainly have had fun from the bottom of his heart, listening to stories about himself.
Sergey YEVTUSHENKO
Mokrousova Olga
Creative research about the national hero of the Don land Ermak Timofeevich, whose name is associated with many events that are significant for the entire Russian state. The author of the work considers the image of Yermak in oral folk art, in fiction and in the visual arts.
Yermak's exploits were also of interest to many famous writers. P.N. Krasnov, P.P. Ershov, L.N. Tolstoy, Anatoly Ivanov, V.A. Zhukovsky, P.M. Karamzin described his life and campaigns in their works. The author of the work writes about the remarkable historical novel by V. Gnutov "The Feat of Yermak".
The image of Yermak attracted the attention of not only writers, but also many artists. Perhaps the most famous painting about Yermak is the painting by V.I. Surikov “The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak”, written by him in 1895.“The Conquest of Siberia” is the best Surikov painting in terms of color in the State Russian Museum. The author of this creative work writes about her.
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Mokrousova Olga
11th grade student of MBOU gymnasium No. 76.
Teacher Balavintseva N.N.
CREATIVE WORK
The image of Yermak in folklore, literature and fine arts.
Yermak's service to the Motherland is great.
He is our true national hero.
Academician A.P. Okladnikov.
Each person should know the history of his region, remember his heroes, their brave deeds. You need to look up to them, because, according to M. Gorky, in the life of every person there is a place for exploits.
There are many national heroes on the Don land. Many events that are significant for the entire Russian state are associated with their glorious names. One of these national heroes is Yermak, the conqueror of the Siberian Khanate, the Don Cossack. His feat is still remembered by people. He really became a folk hero.
In Novocherkassk, near the Ascension Cathedral Military Cathedral, there is a wonderful monument to Yermak, and in the cathedral itself there is a unique fresco from which F.S. When I first visited Novocherkassk with my parents and saw the third largest cathedral in Europe, built in 1892-1905 according to the project of A.A. looking from the high bank to the quiet Don, flowing measuredly among the free steppe. For several minutes, I couldn't take my eyes off this rebellious figure on a high pedestal in the city center. Of course, I had heard a lot about Yermak before, but this person had never interested me so much. The bronze Yermak in the clothes of a Cossack ataman, with a banner in his hand, looked very impressive under the golden rays of the autumn sun. I shuddered at the mere thought that this man had once terrified the enemies of our country. And, of course, I did not miss the opportunity to get more detailed information about this important historical figure. In Novocherkassk there is a very large museum of local lore, which contains a lot of interesting and useful material about the history of the Don region. The museum staff were very kind and willing to help me in my search. After an extensive tour of the museum and a detailed excursion into the history of the Don Cossacks, I was advised to visit the local history department in the Novocherkassk Library, which I did. After spending more than three hours in the library, I reviewed a huge number of books telling about the exploits of Yermak and his squad, about their great campaigns. I took some books home, where I continued to study this topic. To my surprise, I found out that the life of this hero interests not only me.
For four hundred years, Yermak's personality has been worrying us. The Cossack chieftain, who made a heroic Siberian campaign with a small detachment, has become a legend.
It is known that Yermak's victory over Khan Kuchum removed the threat to the Russian land from the east, strengthened the borders, and laid the foundation for the peaceful development of Siberia. But much still in the distant XVI century remains a mystery. Disputes of scientists about the date and place of Yermak's birth, about his life preceding the Siberian campaign, about his appearance on the Don do not subside. In the memory of the people, Yermak remained a just man, an honest and brave warrior, a state-minded ataman. From mouth to mouth, from ancestors to descendants, the Cossacks passed on epics and songs. With them, the Cossacks went on long trips, they were saved in their memory. Don song folklore is colorful and original. “What sweeping poetry,” wrote V.G. Belinsky about the Don songs, “how much strength and spaciousness of soul it contains!” Judging by the songwriting of the Cossacks, Ermak Timofeevich is one of the most revered folk heroes.
The Don land glorifies the Cossack chieftain Yermak, the son of Timofeev. Songs, legends, legends still live about him. They are memorable for their connection with the past and, at the same time, they are modern in a deeply moral sense: a person is exalted, capable of a lofty heroic deed; actions motivated by pure feelings - dignity, pride, thirst for justice are poeticized.
Common to the oral works about Yermak is the heroic content. Each of them sings of deeds that are vital for the whole people. Most of the songs on the Don are about freedom as the most cherished dream.
As on the river, on the river, it was on Kamyshinka,
They gathered there, they gathered, free people,
Free people gathered, they are unpasted,
That is the Don, Grebensky Cossacks, they are with the Yaitsky ones.
Ermak Timofeevich was their ataman, brothers, -
sung in one of the folk songs.
According to numerous legends, Yermak liberates the Don, populates it with fugitives, organizes the Don Army, invents gunpowder, helps to take Kazan and Astrakhan, conquers Siberia, so that there is somewhere to resettle the Cossacks from the Don.
No matter how the fact of the appearance of the Cossacks is explained in the legends, Yermak is given a paramount role: Yermak Timofeevich brought our ancestors to the Don under Grozny ... Yermak led the first freemen ... Before Yermak, there were no Cossacks ... The Cossacks went from Yermak ... Yermak created the Cossacks ...
One of the folk songs tells how the Cossacks chose Yermak as chieftain:
They guessed everything great,
They guessed a strong thought, I’ll join:
“That’s one of us, guys, to be an ataman,
But which of us, kids, is known as a captain?
Ataman to be Yermil Timofeich.
When Yermak is chosen by the Cossacks as chieftain, he shows the ability of a leader, increases and strengthens his squad. Yermak passes the test of power with honor. In any situation, he behaves like an ideal ataman in the popular sense. Having gathered an army, Yermak opposes himself to both the tsar and external enemies, the fight against which the Cossacks consider their first business.
Thanks to the emotional imagery, the song acquires a special capacity and conveys meaning. real events. The Don region, which has preserved its historically established culture, is rightfully called one of the most poetic. Songs and legends about Yermak, connected by ideological and artistic unity, carry a complete picture of the events of that era.
Yermak's exploits were also of interest to many famous writers. P.N. Krasnov, P.P. Ershov, L.N. Tolstoy, Anatoly Ivanov, V.A. Zhukovsky, P.M. Karamzin described his life and campaigns in their works. Vasily Gnutov wrote a wonderful historical novel "Yermak's Feat". The action of the novel covers the Don, Western districts Russia, Volga and Ural regions, Siberia. The hero is revealed in communication with the Cossacks, local residents, in battles, extreme situations of the campaign. The author thoroughly and objectively shows the transition of the Cossacks from a free, semi-robbery life to a “state” service as an opportunity to earn the “forgiveness of former wines” and fulfill their duty to the Fatherland. “To take Siberia before the onset of winter is our salvation ... In Siberia we will find shelter and food and we will get glory!” - the Cossacks decide. Reading these lines, you involuntarily recall the words from the folk song "Yermak at Ivan the Terrible":
Oh, you are a goy, Yermak, son of Timofeevich,
Oh, you are a goy, military Don atamanushka!
I forgive you and with your army,
For your service to me for the faithful,
And I salute you, Yermak, glorious quiet Don!
In the description of Ermak's character by various authors, his nobility, courage and ability to competently dispose of the power given to him are always emphasized. “With his bold soul, Yermak sensed that the Stroganovs were calling him to a glorious feat ... And so, having gathered his daredevils around him, Yermak turned to them with the following speech:
Gay you think, brothers, you think
And me, Yermak, brothers, listen.
... We will cross, brothers, steep mountains,
We will reach the kingdom of the infidels,
We will conquer the kingdom of Siberia,
We will conquer it, brothers, to the White Tsar
“... We love, Ermak Timofeevich, to go with you! It is a pleasure to conquer the Tsar of Siberia and present him to the Moscow Orthodox Tsar! Love ... Amen! ..” - so in the novel “Ermak Timofeevich - the conqueror of the Siberian kingdom. 1582" P.N. Krasnov shows the loyalty of Yermak's squad to their ataman.
Several hundred Cossacks, led by Yermak, boldly entered the war with the Tatar Khan Kuchum, the ruler of the Siberian Khanate. On October 25, 1581, after a fierce battle, Yermak occupied the capital of Kuchum, located on the Irtysh River. It was the first Russian victory in those parts. Apollo of Corinth writes about this glorious victory in the poem "The Flight of the Gods":
And the Ob River swam on plows
Ermak is a winner with a hero,
With a cross on his chest and with a banner in his hands,
Accompanying the fire fight.
It is persistently mentioned in the Don legends that the cause of Yermak's death was the chain mail received as a gift from Ivan the Terrible, "it was she who pulled to the bottom." In the literature, the authors adhere to the same point of view. K. Ryleev in the poem "Death of Yermak" writes about this:
But the power of fate gave way ...
... Depriving the strength of the hero
Fight the raging wave
Heavy shell - the gift of the king -
Became his death to blame ...
The image of Yermak attracted the attention of not only writers, but also many artists. Perhaps the most famous painting about Yermak is the painting by V.I. Surikov “The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak”, written by him in 1895. Annexation of Siberia to Muscovite Rus' - an important event in the history of the formation of the Russian state. The decisive battle on the banks of the Irtysh served as the subject of a grandiose canvas. Two elements meet in the icy water of the Siberian river - Yermak's squad and the Tatar army. Ermak, standing under the banner, confidently and decisively leads the offensive. Surikov makes it feel that the Cossacks will emerge victorious from this battle. He achieves this with well-balanced compositional techniques. The artist carefully paints the clothes of his characters. Here are simple Cossack caftans, a patterned caftan of the Yesaul, Yermak's shiny armor, hats trimmed with fur, heavy boots lined with large nails.
The artist M.V. Nesterov, who was one of the first to evaluate Yermak’s Conquest of Siberia, wrote about his impression: “... I see a drama in which people beat each other for the sake of something, give their lives for something dear to them, cherished. Harsh nature exacerbates harsh deeds... The impression grows, embraces me, like life itself...»
“The Conquest of Siberia” is the best Surikov painting in terms of color in the State Russian Museum. The richness of Surikov's colorful palette is striking. Gloomy gray and brown tones emphasize the severity of Siberian autumn nature and the tragedy of human struggle and death.
“Yermak died, died in the Irtysh, in a desperate battle with the Tatars, but only his mortal body died. He himself, the great Don ataman, is still alive. Alive in Cossack songs, old and new, - "this is how P.N. Krasnov wrote about the great Cossack in the novel" Death of Yermak ".
Did not forget Yermak and descendants. In Tobolsk, the main city of Western Siberia, the first conquered by Yermak, a monument was erected to him, at the behest of Emperor Nicholas I, in 1838 with the inscription: "To the Conqueror of Siberia, Yermak." Another monument was erected in 1904 with donations from the Don in Novocherkassk, in the Don army, in the homeland of Yermak. There is an Ermakovskaya village on the Don, there are Ermakov farms, and not one Donets bears the glorious name of Ermakovo, “as if in remembrance that his grandfathers went on a glorious campaign with Ermak and conquered native Rus' the whole great Siberian kingdom!”
I believe that Ermak is truly our national hero whose deeds must not be forgotten. I am proud to live in a land with such glorious heroes.
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Text content of presentation slides: How Cossack ataman put the third crown on the Russian coat of arms There are many glorious faces in Russia: Those who love their native land, Strengthened the Power strictly, Did not spare themselves in their labors. Russian exploration of Siberia. The Cossacks moved beyond the Urals. The feat of Yermak and his squad was forever inscribed in the Siberian chronicles (the Remezov chronicle was accompanied by drawings) by M.V. Lomonosov: “Russian power will grow in Siberia...” Battle of Kashlyk (Remezov Chronicle) ERMAK, WHO ARE YOU? “Almost nothing is known about the origin and first years of Yermak’s life. He was born in the Borok Volost on the Northern Dvina, but left his native land early, moving to the Cossacks who lived on the southern“ flood ”(steppe) rivers. For twenty years he Cossacks on the Don, Volga and Yaike, having received among his comrades the nickname "Tokmak", which in the language of that time meant - a wooden hammer, mallet. The first mention of his military affairs dates back to the 60s of the 16th century. According to some reports, in 1571, together with his squad, he reflected under the walls of Moscow, the raid of the Crimean Khan Davlet-Girey, took part in the Livonian War. This is his public activity as a defender of the Russian state. But Yermak Timofeevich was one of the famous Volga chieftains of that time and his main occupation was the corresponding one - the war with the Nogai Murzas and robberies of their uluses, and, at the first opportunity, the caravans of Russian merchants. one of the folk songs talks about how the Cossacks chose Yermak as ataman and about the unanimous recognition: They guessed everything great, They guessed the strong Duma, zaedin: ? Ataman to be Yermil Timofeich. At that harsh time, attacks on the Russian border lands by detachments that came from the territory of the Siberian Tatar Khanate, where Khan Kuchum ruled, became more frequent. The possessions of the Stroganovs were located on the eastern borders of the Muscovite state. They began to hire Cossack detachments that were then operating on the Yaik River to fight the Siberian Tatars. These squads were commanded by Ataman Ermak Timofeevich. His closest assistants were chieftains Ivan Koltso, Matvey Meshcheryak, Nikita Pan, Savva Boldyrya and Bogdan Bryazga. ... We will cut off Kuchum's head! Yermak said. - I will raise Siberia to the sword! - He took out the sword. And with a combat sword He hit the ground and loosened the ground ... Leonid Martynov Gathering of the Cossacks of Ermak to Siberia Thanks to the Cossack squads, a turning point occurred in the war that was going on in the Urals. This is confirmed by the history of one, unfortunately, now lost military award. In the Stroganov collection late XIX century, a "zatinnaya" squeaker was kept with a characteristic inscription on the trunk: "In the city of Kergedan on the Kame River, I give, Maxim Yakovlev, the son of Stroganov, to Ataman Ermak in the summer of 7090" (in the then accepted chronology, 7090 from the Creation of the World corresponds to 1582 from the Nativity of Christ ). Feeling this turning point in the protracted border war, the Stroganovs decided to strike at the enemy on his territory. They supplied the Cossacks with all the necessary supplies, weapons, and gave them guides who knew the way to Siberia well. Ermak's detachment was hired mainly to protect the Stroganov's possessions, but, not seeing the possibility of stopping the robberies, only on the defensive, Yermak Timofeevich began his march deep into the possessions of the Siberian Khan. Along the way, Yermak's detachment won a number of small battles with local feudal lords (at the mouth of the Tura River, on the Tobol, near Beryozovy and Karaulny Yars). Taking the town of Khan Kuchum's adviser - Karachi (a modern resort of the same name in the Chanovsky district of the Novosibirsk region). ... On a steep, on a red bank, people gathered, free Cossacks, They became in a single circle, Strongly thought a single thought. Yermak Timofeevich said: “Isn’t it time for us to get out of here: To live on the Volga - to be known as thieves, To go to Yaik - the transition is great, To go to Kazan - the tsar is formidable, the tsar-sovereign Ivan Vasilyevich is formidable. Wouldn't it be better for us to go to Siberia, To Kuchum, the king of the Tatars? .. ”The song was recorded in the village of Voznesensky, Novosibirsk Region. in 1955. During one of the battles, the noble Tatar Tauzak was captured, who provided Yermak with detailed information about the Siberian Khanate and its armed forces. Then the Cossack leader decided to go to the capital of Kuchum, the city of Kashlyk, located on the Irtysh at the mouth of the Tobol River, a few miles from modern Tobolsk. Vasily Ivanovich Surikov. The conquest of Siberia by Yermak (1895) In early September 1582, Yermak's detachment (according to some sources, 840 people, according to others - 1650 people) set out on the Siberian campaign. Along the Chusovaya and Serebryanka rivers, the Cossacks crossed the Ural Mountains and along the Baranchuk and Tagil rivers descended on plows into the Tura River, where the possessions of the Siberian Tatars already began. Having entered the enemy land, Yermak gave a strict order: do not touch the local population, ruthlessly oppressed by Kuchum and his henchmen. This wise decision attracted many native Siberians to the Cossacks, who learned from their own experience that the Russians are stern in appearance, but kind in soul, Yermak went to the capital of the khan - the town of Isker on the Irtysh. On October 21, 1582, a decisive battle took place between the squad and the detachment of Khan Kuchum on the outskirts of Isker, near the Chuvash Cape (15 km from Tobolsk). On October 25, Kuchum's troops were defeated, and Yermak occupied the capital. Hence he in 1582-85. will travel to southern regions Siberian Khanate. However, due to the small number of Yermak's detachment, it was impossible to gain a foothold in the occupied vast spaces, and Yermak Timofeevich sent an embassy to Moscow to ask for help. The tsar rewarded all participants in the Siberian campaign, forgave the criminals who joined Yermak, and promised to send 300 archers, and gave Yermak himself the title "Prince of Siberia". The ambassadors of the Ermakovs - Ataman Koltso with his comrades beat the brow of Ivan the Terrible with the Kingdom of Siberia. Engraving of the 19th century. Words from the folk song "Yermak at Ivan the Terrible": Oh, you are a goy, Ermak son Timofeevich, Oh, you are a goy, Don military atamanushka! I forgive you and with your army, Is it for your service to me for the faithful, And I pity you, Yermak, glorious quiet Don! In the summer of 1585, Yermak's detachments, despite their insufficient numbers, undertook several campaigns to the southern limits of the Siberian Khanate, pursuing Kuchum's detachments. Yermak was not destined to return from this campaign. Deceived by rumors about the detention of a caravan of Bukhara merchants by the Tatars, Yermak's detachment continued the pursuit of the Tatars and fell into a trap. On the night of August 5-6, the Tatars attacked his squad. The ataman entered the battle, made his way through the ranks of the enemies, but, unable to reach the plow, drowned in Vagai. According to chronicle sources, the body was discovered by the Tatars a few days after the death. For six weeks, the "feast of revenge" of the Tatars over Yermak continued: arrows were shot into his body. There is a legend that before the burial, the Tatars had visions and had terrible dreams. Ermak Timofeevich was buried at the Tatar "Baishevsky cemetery under the curly pine" (according to S. U. Remezov). Saddened by the death of the ataman, the surviving Cossacks returned to Rus'. It is persistently mentioned in the Don legends that the cause of Yermak's death was the chain mail received as a gift from Ivan the Terrible, "it was she who pulled to the bottom." In the literature, the authors adhere to the same point of view. K. Ryleev in the poem “The Death of Yermak” writes about it this way: But the strength of fate yielded ... ... Depriving the strength of the hero Fighting the fierce wave The heavy shell - the gift of the king - Became the death of his fault ... Tatars, but only his mortal body died. He himself, the great Don ataman, is still alive. Alive in Cossack songs, old and new, - "this is how P.N. Krasnov wrote about the great Cossack in the novel" Death of Yermak ". Did not forget Yermak and descendants. In Tobolsk, the main city of Western Siberia, the first conquered by Yermak, a monument was erected to him, at the behest of Emperor Nicholas I, in 1838 with the inscription: "To the Conqueror of Siberia, Yermak." List of Wikipedia sources - Yermak Timofeevich Yermak Timofeevich - the conqueror of the Siberian kingdom http://pr-bereg.narod.ru/info/st_033b.htmlWho is Yermak? http://tur-plus.ru/ Volkov Vl. Yermak's feat. How the Cossack ataman placed the third crown on the Russian coat of arms "Commanders of the X-XVI centuries", V.V. Kargalov "Ermak's Siberian Expedition", Novosibirsk, 1986Yandex. 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