general characteristics surface water quality

Characteristics of the quality of rivers in the Vologda region were carried out on the basis of materials obtained as a result of hydrochemical monitoring at 50 points, the control of which is carried out by the Vologda Central Hydrometeorological Service, and 1 production control point (JSC Severstal) on water bodies of the Vologda region:

29 rivers, Lake Kubenskoye, Rybinsk and Sheksninskoye (including Lake Beloe) reservoirs.

The water quality assessment was carried out in accordance with RD 52.24.643-2002 developed by the Hydrochemical Institute and put into effect in 2002 Guidelines. A method for a comprehensive assessment of the degree of pollution of surface waters based on hydrochemical indicators, using the software package "UKIZV - network".

Based on the analysis of samples taken in 2010, it can be concluded that the surface waters of the region mainly belong to class 3 (category “polluted”) – 60% of observation points, to class 4 (category “dirty”) – 36% , to class 5 (category “extremely dirty”) - 2% of points, which is explained by the natural origin and background nature of the increased content of iron, copper and zinc in the surface waters of the region, as well as chemical oxygen demand (COD), which mainly determine the value UKIZV. At the same time, the anthropogenic component of pollution is clearly visible only in watercourses whose natural flow is significantly less than the volume of wastewater entering them (the Pelshma, Koshta, Vologda, Sodema, Shogrash rivers). 2% of points belong to class 2 (“slightly polluted” category (Figure 1.2. and Table 1.2.).

Compared to 2009, there was a decrease in the number of water bodies classified as quality class 3 (category “polluted”) with a simultaneous increase in the number of objects classified as class 4 (category “dirty”).

Analysis possible reasons showed:

In 2010, compared to 2009, the volume of contaminated wastewater decreased by 2.3 million m3, the mass of pollutants decreased by 0.6 thousand tons;

The deterioration of water quality in most cases affected water bodies, the anthropogenic influence of which is insignificant or completely absent.

Thus, we can conclude that the deterioration of water quality in the region’s water bodies is associated with abnormally high temperatures and a lack of precipitation during the summer low-water period in 2010, which led to increased oxidation processes and an increase in the share of groundwater in runoff formation. As a result, there was an increase in the content of substances in water nitrogen group, as well as substances characteristic of water-bearing soils (copper, zinc, aluminum, manganese).

Table 1.2.

Comparison of the quality of surface waters in the region based on the Integrated UKIWV Indicator for 2009 and 2010.

	year 2009	2010
UKIZV		UKIZV	class, category (category) of water quality
White Sea basin
lake Kubenskoye - Korobovo village	2,32	3A (contaminated)	3,17	3B (very polluted)	Cu (3.6 MPC), COD (2.6 MPC), Fe (1.3 MPC), BOD5 (1.7 MPC)
R. Uftyuga - Bogorodskoye village	4,68	4A (dirty)	3,68	3B (very polluted)	Fe (1.9 MPC), Cu (2.0 MPC), COD (1.3 MPC), BOD5 (2.5 MPC), SO4 (1.2 MPC)
R. Bolshaya Elma - Filyutino village	2,72	3A (contaminated)	3,60	3B (very polluted)	Cu (5.1 MPC), Fe (1.4 MPC), COD (2.1 MPC), BOD5 (1.5 MPC), SO4 (1.2 MPC)
R. Syamzhena – s. Syamzha	3,50	3B (very polluted)	4,66	4A (dirty)	Fe (4.9 MPC), Cu (11.0 MPC), COD (3.6 MPC), Zn (2.2 MPC), petroleum products (1.9 MPC), NO2 (1.1 MPC)
R. Kubena - Savinskaya village	3,13	3B (very polluted)	4,86	4B (dirty)	Cu (28.3 MPC), Fe (2.9 MPC), COD (2.2 MPC), Zn (6.9 MPC), NH4 (1.0 MPC), petroleum products (1.0 MPC)
R. Kubena - TroitseEnalskoe village	3,34	3B (very polluted)	2,26	3A (contaminated)	Fe (2.7 MPC), Cu (3.0 MPC), COD (1.5 MPC)
R. Sukhona – 1 km above the town of Sokol	3,62	3B (very polluted)	3,57	3B (very polluted)	Cu (4.9 MPC), COD (2.5 MPC), Fe (1.1 MPC), BOD5 (1.3 MPC), phenols (1.8 MPC), Ni (1.4 MPC), Mn ( 1.0 MPC)
R. Sukhona – 2 km below the town of Sokol	4,00	3B (very polluted)	4,34	4A (dirty)	Cu (5.3 MPC), COD (2.5 MPC), Fe (1.7 MPC), BOD5 (1.3 MPC), phenols (1.8 MPC), Ni (1.4 MPC), Mn ( 1.0 MPC)
R. Toshnya – Svetilki village	3,36	3B (very polluted)			COD (2.4 MPC), BOD5 (1.6 MPC)
R. Toshnya - Vologda, water intake PZ	4,39	4A (dirty)	4,48	4A (dirty)	Cu (4.8 MPC), COD (1.8 MPC), BOD5 (1.7 MPC), NH4 (1.1 MPC), NO2 (1.3 MPC)
R. Vologda – 1 km above Vologda	4,54	4A (dirty)	4,32	4A (dirty)	Cu (8.0 MPC), COD (2.3 MPC), Fe (1.9 MPC), BOD5 (1.4 MPC), Ni (1.3 MPC), Mn (1.5 MPC), phenols ( 1.2 MPC)
R. Sodema - Vologda	7,43	4B (very dirty)	7,64	4B (very dirty)	BOD5 (2.8 MPC), NO2 (3.8 MPC), COD (2.7 MPC), NH4 (2.2 MPC), petroleum products (4.3 MPC), phenols (2.5 MPC)
R. Shogrash - Vologda	8,40	4B (very dirty)	7,45	4G (very dirty)	NH4 (4.5 MPC), BOD5 (2.5 MPC), COD (2.2 MPC), NO2 (3.6 MPC), petroleum products (1.2 MPC), phenols (2.5 MPC)
R. Vologda – 2 km below Vologda	5,54	4B (dirty)	6,02	4B (very dirty)	NO2 (4.2 MPC), NH4 (4.1 MPC), Cu (4.4 MPC), BOD5 (3.3 MPC), COD (2.7 MPC), Fe (2.3 MPC), phenols (1.4 MPC), Ni (1.5 MPC), Mn (1.5 MPC)
R. Lezha – Zimnyak village	3,26	3B (very polluted)	2,92	3A (contaminated)	Cu (5.4 MPC), Fe (2.6 MPC), BOD5 (1.5 MPC), COD (2.4 MPC)
R. Sukhona - 1 km above the mouth of the river. Dumplings	2,70	3A (contaminated)	2,68	3A (contaminated)	COD (2.2 MPC), Fe (1.2 MPC), Ni (1.5 MPC), NO2 (1.7 MPC)
Water body – populated area	year 2009	2010
UKIZV	class, category (category) of water quality	UKIZV	class, category (category) of water quality	indicators exceeding the maximum permissible concentration (Sav / maximum permissible concentration)
R. Pelshma	7,29	5 (extremely dirty)	7,89	5 (extremely dirty)	Fe (4.3 MPC), BOD5 (20.5 MPC), lignosulfonates (14.6 MPC), phenols (15.3 MPC), COD (11.9 MPC), NH4 (2.4 MPC), NO2 ( 1.2 MPC), oxygen (1.0 MPC)
R. Sukhona - 1 km below the mouth of the river. Dumplings	2,70	3A (contaminated)	2,81	3A (contaminated)	COD (2.2 MPC), Fe (1.2 MPC), phenols (1.1 MPC), Ni (1.4 MPC)
R. Sukhona – s. Narema	3,06	3B (very polluted)	3,76	3B (very polluted)	COD (3.0 MPC), Cu (6.1 MPC), Fe (2.5 MPC), BOD5 (1.9 MPC), Mn (1.0 MPC), Ni (1.2 MPC)
R. Dvinitsa – Kotlaksa village	3,17	3B (very polluted)	3,68	3B (very polluted)	Fe (3.5 MPC), Cu (6.4 MPC), petroleum products (1.1 MPC), COD (2.9 MPC), BOD5 (1.0 MPC), NH4 (1.0 MPC)
R. Sukhona - above the city of Totma	2,74	3A (contaminated)	3,06	3B very (polluted)	Fe (3.4 MPC), COD (2.9 MPC), Cu (3.8 MPC)
R. Sukhona - below the city of Totma	3,98	3B (very polluted)	3,33	3B (very polluted)	Fe (2.9 MPC), COD (2.9 MPC), Cu (3.6 MPC), NO2 (1.5 MPC)
R. Ledenga – Jurmanga village	4,01	4A (dirty)	5,06	4A (dirty)	Cl (1.1 MPC), Fe (2.2 MPC), COD (2.7 MPC), SO4 (3.4 MPC), Cu (3.5 MPC), BOD5 (1.4 MPC)
R. Old Totma - village Demyanovsky Pogost	3,71	3B (very polluted)	3,05	3B (very polluted)	COD (1.6 MPC), Fe (1.5 MPC), Cu (2.1 MPC), BOD5 (1.2 MPC), SO4 (1.5 MPC)
R. Verkhnyaya Erga - Pikhtovo village	3,67	3B (very polluted)	3,29	3B (very polluted)	Fe (2.6 MPC), Cu (4.2 MPC), COD (1.8 MPC)
R. Sukhona – 3 km above Veliky Ustyug	3,01	3B (very polluted)	3,51	3B (very polluted)	Cu (5.4 MPC), COD (2.2 MPC), Fe (2.6 MPC), Ni (1.4 MPC), Mn (1.2 MPC)
R. Kichmenga - Zakharovo village	2,74	3A (contaminated)	3,61	3B (very polluted)	Fe (2.0 MPC), COD (1.8 MPC), Cu (3.6 MPC)
R. South – Permas village	3,03	3B (very polluted)	1,98	2 (slightly dirty)	COD (1.8 MPC), Fe (3.6 MPC), Cu (2.9 MPC)
R. South – Strelka village	3,36	3B (very polluted)	3,24	3B (very polluted)	Fe (4.7 MPC), COD (1.7 MPC), Cu (5.4 MPC), Zn (1.0 MPC)
R. M. Northern Dvina - below the city of Veliky Ustyug (Kuzino)	3,39	3B (very polluted)	3,78	3B (very polluted)	Fe (4.3 MPC), Cu (7.1 MPC), COD (2.0 MPC), Ni (1.4 MPC), Zn (1.1 MPC), Mn (1.2 MPC)
R. M. Northern Dvina – 1 km above the town of Krasavino (Medvedki)	3,75	3B (very polluted)	3,43	3B (very polluted)	Fe (3.3 MPC), Cu (5.8 MPC), COD (2.1 MPC), Zn (1.2 MPC), BOD5 (1.0 MPC)
R. M. Northern Dvina - 3.5 km below the town of Krasavino	3,41	3B (very polluted)	4,02	4A (dirty)	Fe (3.2 MPC), COD (2.4 MPC), Cu (6.3 MPC), Zn (1.1 MPC), Ni (1.7 MPC), BOD5 (1.0 MPC), Mn ( 1.5 MPC)
R. Vaga - Gluboretskaya village	3,53	3B (very polluted)	4,36	4A (dirty)	Cu (3.5 MPC), Fe (3.3 MPC), COD (2.6 MPC), BOD5 (1.1 MPC), petroleum products (1.6 MPC)
R. Vaga - below the village. Verkhovazhye	4,72	4A (dirty)	3,66	3B (very polluted)	COD (1.6 MPC), Fe (1.8 MPC), Cu (3.2 MPC), SO4 (1.3 MPC), NO2 (1.5 MPC), BOD5 (1.4 MPC)

Caspian basin
R. Kema - Popovka village	2,49	3A (contaminated)	3,08	3B (very polluted)	Fe (3.9 MPC), COD (1.6 MPC), Cu (2.0 MPC), NH4 (1.0 MPC)
R. Kunost – Rostani village	2,77	3A (contaminated)	2,97	3A (contaminated)	Fe (2.2 MPC), Cu (4.1 MPC), COD (2.1 MPC)
lake Beloe – Kisnema village	2,77	3A (contaminated)	3,04	3B (contaminated)	Fe (5.8 MPC), Cu (2.9 MPC), COD (2.9 MPC), NH4 (1.1 MPC)
lake Beloe - Belozersk	3,35	3B (very polluted)	3,07	3B (very polluted)	Fe (4.5 MPC), COD (2.8 MPC), Cu (2.7 MPC)
Sheksninskoye Reservoir – village Krokhino	2,58	3A (contaminated)	2,11	3A (contaminated)	Fe (5.7 MPC), Cu (5.0 MPC), COD (2.6 MPC)
Sheksninskoye Reservoir - With. Ivanov Bor	3,23	3B (contaminated)	4,28	4A (dirty)	Fe (6.2 MPC), Cu (3.7 MPC), COD (2.5 MPC), petroleum products (1.0 MPC), NO2 (1.7 MPC)
R. Yagorba - Mostovaya village	4,93	4A (dirty)	5,00	4A (dirty)	Fe (1.1 MPC), COD (1.8 MPC), BOD5 (2.0 MPC), SO4 (4.3 MPC), Cu (2.3 MPC), Ni (1.4 MPC), petroleum products (1. 6 MPC), NH4 (1.1 MPC), NO2 (1.5 MPC), Mn (1.0 MPC)
R. Yagorba - Cherepovets, 0.5 km above the mouth	3,75	3B (very polluted)	4,41	4A (dirty)	Cu (3.6 MPC), Fe (2.2 MPC), COD (2.7 MPC), Ni (1.7 MPC), BOD5 (1.4 MPC), Mn (1.3 MPC)
R. Koshta - Cherepovets	6,29	4B (dirty)	6,11	4B (dirty)	NO2 (5.7 MPC), Cu (6.6 MPC), Zn (2.8 MPC), SO4 (1.9 MPC), Ni (1.7 MPC), COD (2.7 MPC), BOD5 (2.0 MPC), Fe (2.0 MPC), Mn (1.8 MPC), NH4 (3.6 MPC)
R. Andoga - Nikolskoye village	3,67	3B (very polluted)	3,33	3B (very polluted)	Fe (4.2 MPC), Cu (3.7 MPC), COD (3.1 MPC), petroleum products (1.9 MPC)
R. Courts - BorisovoSudskoye	4,29	4A (dirty)	4,54	4A (dirty)	Fe (3.8 MPC), Cu (9.0 MPC), COD (1.3 MPC), Zn (1.5 MPC), BOD5 (1.6 MPC), NH4 (1.1 MPC), NO2 ( 1.3 MPC)
R. Chagodoscha - Megrino village	2,72	3A (contaminated)	2,69	3A (contaminated)	Fe (4.6 MPC), Cu (2.8 MPC), COD (1.8 MPC)
R. Mologa – above the town of Ustyuzhna	2,89	3A (contaminated)	3,15	3B (very polluted)	Fe (3.2 MPC), COD (1.8 MPC), Cu (3.1 MPC), BOD5 (1.1 MPC)
R. Mologa – below the town of Ustyuzhny	2,71	3A (contaminated)	3,53	3B (contaminated)	Fe (3.0 MPC), COD (1.8 MPC), Cu (4.3 MPC), Zn (1.0 MPC), BOD5 (1.2 MPC)
Rybinsk Reservoir – 2 km above Cherepovets	3,16	3B (very polluted)	3,85	3B (very polluted)	Cu (4.1 MPC), COD (2.2 MPC), Fe (1.9 MPC), Ni (1.0 MPC), BOD5 (1.0 MPC)
Rybinsk Reservoir – 0.2 km below the city of Cherepovets	3,31	3B (very polluted)	4,26	4A (dirty)	Cu (3.5 MPC), COD (2.6 MPC), Fe (2.3 MPC), Ni (1.6 MPC), NO2 (1.0 MPC), BOD5 (1.3 MPC), Mn ( 1.3 MPC)
Rybinsk Reservoir - With. Myaksa	3,74	3B (very polluted)	3,24	3B (very polluted)	Cu (3.8 MPC), COD (2.4 MPC), Fe (2.6 MPC), NH4 (1.1 MPC)
Baltic Basin
R. Andoma - Rubtsovo village	3,67	3B (very polluted)	3,27	3B (very polluted)	Fe (7.5 MPC), COD (2.3 MPC), Cu (2.9 MPC), NH4 (1.0 MPC)

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3.

Change in water quality along the length of Lake Kubenskoye - Sukhona River -
Malaya Northern Dvina river in 2009-2010

Figure 1.4

Changes in water quality along the length of Lake Beloe - Sheksninskoye Reservoir. -
Rybinsk Reservoir in 2009-2010

R. Pelshma

River water quality Pelshma for 2010 (Figure 1.5.) deteriorated within category 5 “extremely dirty” - UKIZV = 7.89 (in 2009 UKIZV = 7.29).

The main polluting ingredients are lignosulfonates and phenols, the average content of which was 14.6 MPC and 15.3 MPC, respectively. The maximum values ​​of biochemical oxygen consumption (BOD5) were observed in the summer and amounted to 83.0 MAC. The maximum content of phenols and lignosulfonates was also observed in winter and amounted to 22.3 and 21.06 MAC, respectively.

Figure 1.5.

River water quality Pelshma in 2003 - 2010

R. Sukhona in the area of ​​​​the city of Sokol and the mouth of the river. Dumplings

River water quality Sukhony above the city of Sokol, compared to 2009, improved within category 3B “very polluted” (UKIVP is 3.57), below the city of Sokol - worsened with the transition from category 3B “very polluted” to category 4A “dirty” ( UKIZV is equal to 4.34) (Figure 1.6.).

Figure 1.6.

River water quality Sukhony in the area of ​​Sokol in 2003 - 2010.

Above the river mouth Pelshma river water quality Sukhona remained within category 3A “polluted”: UKIZV2010 = 2.68, UKIZV2009 = 2.70.

Below the mouth of the river. Pelshma river water quality Sukhona also remained within category 3A “polluted” (UKIZV2010 = 2.70, UKIZV2009 = 2.81) (Figure 1.7.).

Figure 1.7.

River water quality Sukhona near the mouth of the river. Pelshma and s. Narema in 2003 - 2010

R. Vologda. The water in the river is higher than the city (Figure 1.8.) compared to previous year in 2010 it remained in category 4A “dirty” (UKIZV2010 = 4.32, UKIZV2009 = 4.54).

Below the city of Vologda in 2010, water quality deteriorated compared to 2009 with a transition from category 4B “dirty” to 4B “very dirty” (UKIZV2010 = 6.02, UKIZV2009 = 5.54).

Figure 1.8.

Change in the quality of river. Vologda in the Vologda region in 2003 - 2010.

To a limited number of indicators that determine river water pollution. Vologda below the city and causing UKIW include ammonium nitrogen (4.1 MPC) and nitrite nitrogen (4.2 MPC), BOD5 (3.3 MPC), phenols (1.4 MPC), copper ions (4.4 MPC), nickel (1.5 MPC), iron (2.3 MPC), manganese (1.5 MPC).

Rybinsk Reservoir

Water quality of the Rybinsk Reservoir. according to the UKIWV indicator above the city of Cherepovets, it worsened within category 3B “very polluted” (UKIWV = 3.85) (Figure 1.9.).

The quality of water below the city of Cherepovets (village Yakunino) deteriorated with the transition from category 3B “very polluted” to category 4A “dirty”: UKIZV2009 = 3.31, UKIZV2010 = 4.26.

In the area of Myaksa water quality improved within category 3B “very polluted”: UKIZV2009 = 3.74, UKIZV2010 = 3.24.

The main substances that determine the value of the CIWP of the Rybinsk Reservoir are copper and iron ions, as well as COD, which are of natural origin and background in nature. In the area of Myaksa was noted for ammonium nitrogen (1.1 MPC), Yakunino BOD5 (1.3 MPC), and manganese (1.3 MPC).

Figure 1.9.

Change in the quality of Rybinsk Reservoir. in the area of ​​Cherepovets in 2003 - 2010.

R. Costa

In 2010, the water quality in the river. Koshte (Figure 1.10.) compared to 2009, remained within category 4B “dirty water” with an SCWPI of 6.11 (in 2009, a SCWPI = 6.29).

The main substances polluting river water. Koshta, were COD (2.7 MPC), nitrite nitrogen (5.7 MPC) and ammonium nitrogen (3.6 MPC), sulfates (1.9 MPC), BOD5 (2.0 MPC), nickel ions (1.7 MPC), zinc (2.8 MPC), copper (6.6 MPC), iron (2.0 MPC) and manganese (1.8 MPC).

Figure 1.10.

River water quality Koshty in the area of ​​Cherepovets in 200 3 - 2010.

R. Yagorba

Water river Yagorby (Figure 1.11.) in 2009 above the city of Cherepovets (Mostovaya village) belonged to category 4A “dirty” (UKIZV = 5.00), which is slightly higher than the level of 2009 (UKIZV = 4.93). Within the city of Cherepovets, water quality deteriorated with the transition from category 3B “very polluted” to category 4A “dirty”: UKIZV2009 = 3.75, UKIZV2010 = 4.41.

Among the main ingredients-pollutants of river water. The ions include: nickel ions (1.4 - 1.7 MPC), copper (2.3 - 3.6 MPC), iron (1.1 - 2.2 MPC), manganese (1.0 - 1.3 MPC ), BOD5 (1.4 - 2.0 MPC), COD (1.8 - 2.7), ammonium nitrogen ((1.1 MPC) and nitrite (1.5 MPC), sulfates (4.3 MPC) and petroleum products (1.6 MPC).

Figure 1.11

River water quality Yagorby in 2003 - 2010

In order to assess and identify the impact economic activity on the quality of surface waters, the water pollution index (WPI) was also calculated, in which the concentrations of substances with elevated natural values ​​were not taken into account.

An assessment of the quality of surface waters according to the complex indicator “Water Pollution Index (WPI)” showed that in 60% of observation points in 2010 the water was classified as “clean”, in 34% - “moderately polluted”, in 4% (Koshta river – 3 km above the mouth, Vologda River – below Vologda) - polluted, 2% (Pelshma River) - “extremely dirty” (Table 1.3.).

The greatest anthropogenic load in the region is experienced by the rivers Pelshma, Koshta, Vologda below the city of Vologda, Sodema, Shogrash.

The cleanest water bodies in the region are the rivers Yug, Kubena, Chagoda, Lezha, Kunost, Mologa, Kema, Staraya Totma, B. Elma, Syamzhena, Ledenga, V. Erga, Andoga, Andoma, lake. Beloe, lake Kubenskoye, Sheksninskoye Reservoir.

Table 1.3. Comparison of the quality of surface waters in the region for 2009 and 2010.

Water	Locality	year 2009	2010
WPI	water quality	WPI	water quality
White Sea basin
lake Kubenskoe	Korobovo village	0,51	clean	0,75	clean
R. Uftyuga	Bogorodskoye village	1,11	moderately polluted	1,04	moderately polluted
R. B. Elma	d. Filyutino	0,64	clean	0,76	clean
R. Syamzhena	within the boundaries of the village. Syamzha	0,57	clean	0,86	clean
R. Kubena	Savinskaya village	0,54	clean	0,69	clean
R. Kubena	Troitse-Enalskoe village	0,56	clean	0,46	clean
R. Sukhona	1 km above the town of Sokol	1,28	moderately polluted	1,01	moderately polluted
R. Sukhona	2 km below the town of Sokol	1,21	moderately polluted	1,07	moderately polluted
R. Nausea	1 km above the mouth	1,02	moderately polluted	0,90	clean
R. Vologda	1 km above the city of Vologda, 1 km above the confluence of the river. Vomiting	1,23	moderately polluted	1,19	moderately polluted
R. Vologda	2 km below the city of Vologda, 2 km below the wastewater discharge of the Municipal Unitary Enterprise Housing and Communal Services "Vologdagorvodokanal"	4,15	dirty	3,5	polluted
R. Lying down	Zimnyak village	0,68	clean	0,74	clean
R. Sukhona	above the confluence of Pelshma	0,88	clean	1,21	moderately polluted
R. Pelshma	5 km east of the city of Sokol, at the road bridge at the village of Kadnikov, 37 km above the mouth, 1 km below the wastewater discharge of the Sokolskiye OSK	15,98	extremely dirty	12,26	extremely dirty
R. Sukhona	1 km below the confluence of the river. Dumplings	1,34	moderately polluted	1,12	moderately polluted
R. Sukhona	With. Narema	0,94	clean	1,14	moderately polluted
R. Dvinitsa	Kotlaksa village	0,59	clean	0,72	clean
R. Sukhona	1 km above Totma	0,57	clean	0,60	clean
R. Sukhona	1 km below the city of Totma	0,78	clean	0,78	clean
R. Ledenga	village of Jurmanga	0,99	clean	1,49	moderately polluted
R. Old Totma	village Demyanovsky Pogost	0,92	clean	0,74	clean
R. Verkhnyaya Erga	village of Pikhtovo	0,68	clean	0,56	clean
R. Kichmenga	Zakharovo village	0,85	clean	1,08	moderately polluted
R. Sukhona	3 km above the city of Veliky Ustyug, 0.5 km below the confluence of the river. Vozdvizhenki	0,88	clean	1,06	moderately polluted
R. South	village of Permas	0,55	clean	0,39	clean
R. South	Strelka village	0,57	clean	0,49	clean
R. M. Sev. Dvina	0.1 km below the city of Veliky Ustyug, 1.5 km below the confluence of the Sukhona and Yug rivers, 0.5 km below the wastewater discharge of the ship repair plant	0,83	clean	1,05	moderately polluted
R. M. Sev. Dvina	1 km above the town of Krasavino, within the village of Medvedki; 1 km above the confluence of the river. Lapinka	0,62	clean	1,03	moderately polluted
R. M. Sev. Dvina	3.5 km downstream of Krasavino, 9 km downstream of the confluence of the Lapinka River, 1 km downstream of the flax mill wastewater discharge	0,79	clean	1,16	moderately polluted
R. Vaga	above s. Verkhovazhye			0,93	clean
Water	Locality	year 2009	2010
WPI	water quality	WPI	water quality
R. Vaga	village Gluboretskaya	0,76	clean	0,88	clean
R. Vaga	below p. Verkhovazhye	1,05	moderately polluted	1,04	moderately polluted
Caspian basin
R. Kema	Popovka village	0,49	clean	0,58	clean
R. Kunost	village Rostani	0,61	clean	0,57	clean
lake White	Kisnema village	0,53	clean	0,54	clean
lake White	Belozersk	0,64	clean	0,53	clean
Sheksninskoye Reservoir	Krokhino village	0,50	clean	0,40	clean
Sheksninskoye Reservoir	village Ivanov Bor	0,66	clean	0,89	clean
R. Jagorba	Mostovaya village	1,65	moderately polluted	2,13	moderately polluted
R. Jagorba	within the city of Cherepovets	0,93	clean	1,18	moderately polluted
R. Costa	within the city of Cherepovets, 3 km above the mouth	3,02	polluted	2,58	polluted
R. Andoga	Nikolskoye village	0,66	clean	0,73	clean
R. Vessels	Borisovo-Sudskoe village	0,69	clean	0,97	clean
R. Mologa	1 km above Ustyuzhny	0,53	clean	0,57	clean
R. Mologa	1 km below the town of Ustyuzhny	0,56	clean	0,59	clean
Rybinsk Reservoir	2 km above the city of Cherepovets, within the village of Yakunino	0,70	clean	0,85	clean
Rybinsk Reservoir	0.5 km below the wastewater discharge of the Cherepovets treatment plant	0,85	clean	-	-
Rybinsk Reservoir	0.2 km below the city of Cherepovets, 1 km below the confluence of the Koshta River	0,89	clean	0,96	clean
Rybinsk Reservoir	b/o Torovo	0,84	clean	1,21	moderately polluted
Rybinsk Reservoir	Myaksa village	0,96	clean	0,64	clean
Baltic Basin
R. Andoma	village Rubtsovo	0,68	clean	0,67	clean

The quality of water is determined by its physical, chemical and biological characteristics, which determine the suitability of water for a particular type of use. Chemical pollution of natural waters, first of all, depends on the quantity and composition of wastewater from industrial enterprises and municipal services discharged into water bodies. A significant part of pollutants also enters water bodies as a result of their washout by melt and rainwater from the territories settlements, industrial sites, agricultural fields, livestock farms. Low water quality can also be caused by natural factors (geological conditions, rivers fed with waters high in organic matter, etc.).

Of all the types of pollutants entering water bodies, only registered wastewater discharges can be quantified. The background on the map shows the annual discharge of dissolved pollutants in wastewater (in conventional tons) per 1 sq. km of the territory of the corresponding water management area, which most often is the catchment area of ​​a medium-sized river or separate parts of the basin of a large river, sometimes the catchment area of ​​a lake. Conventional tons are determined taking into account the harmfulness (danger) of individual pollutants by introducing a weight coefficient for each substance, which is numerically equal to the reciprocal of the maximum permissible concentration of this substance. The most common pollutants with large weight coefficients (100–1000) are phenols, nitrites, etc. Chlorides and sulfates, which, along with organic matter, form the bulk of substances contained in wastewater, have the lowest weight coefficients (0.3–0. 5).

The highest intake of dissolved substances in wastewater is characterized by water management areas within which there are several cities with a significant volume of wastewater. A similar result is obtained with a relatively small volume of wastewater, but with pollutants with large weight coefficients. Low intensity the entry into water bodies of pollutants in wastewater differs, mainly in the north of Siberia and Far East, with the exception of the area within which the city of Norilsk is located.

The main criterion for water quality in rivers and reservoirs is the average multiple of excess of the maximum permissible concentration of the main pollutants by their actual content in water, determined on the State observation network by the departments of hydrometeorology and monitoring environment Roshydromet.

On water bodies that do not have stationary observation points for water quality, it is determined by analogy with water bodies where such observations are carried out, or on the basis expert assessment the influence on water quality of a complex of factors, primarily the presence of sources of pollution of natural waters, as well as the diluting ability of water bodies.

“Extremely dirty” waters are found mainly in small rivers with low dilution capacity. When even a relatively small volume of wastewater is discharged into them, the average annual concentration of individual pollutants can exceed the maximum permissible concentration by 30–50, and sometimes more than 100 times. This class is characteristic of some medium-sized rivers (for example, Chusovaya), into which wastewater with a high content of the most dangerous pollutants is discharged.
The “dirty” class includes water bodies with average annual concentrations of individual pollutants up to 10–25 times the maximum permissible concentration. This situation can be observed on both small and large rivers or individual sections of them. Pollution of some large rivers (for example, the Irtysh) is associated with shipping.

“Significantly polluted” water bodies are characterized by average annual concentrations of pollutants up to 7–10 times the maximum permissible concentration. They are typical for many water bodies located in the most economically developed areas of the European part of Russia and the Urals. Pollution of rivers is associated mainly with mining, rivers - with the gold mining industry, and rivers and the Lower Tunguska - with the washout of pollutants from the territories of coastal economic facilities. The source of pollution of rivers flowing in forested areas can be the rafting of timber, especially timber.

In “lightly polluted” water bodies, the average annual concentrations of individual pollutants are 2–6 times higher than the maximum permissible concentration, and in “conditionally clean” water bodies this can only be observed for short periods of time.

Water bodies of “lightly polluted” and “conditionally clean” rivers predominate in the north of the European part of Russia and the Far East.

Despite the fact that the volume of discharge of contaminated wastewater in Russia as a whole in the 2000s, compared to the early 1990s, decreased by 20–25%, there is no improvement in water quality, and often even its deterioration is noted . This is due to a number of reasons, including the significant accumulation of pollutants in the bottom sediments of rivers and rivers, as well as in the soils and soils of their basins, a decrease in the efficiency of treatment facilities, and the increasing incidence of emergency pollution of natural waters. Part of the deterioration in water quality indicators is due to the tightening of maximum permissible concentrations for certain substances (for example, iron).

Among the pollutants contained in surface waters, most often (in 50-80% of samples) the values ​​of the maximum permissible concentration exceed the content of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe), as well as the value of biological oxygen consumption, which characterizes the content of easily soluble organic substances. A 10-fold excess of the maximum permissible concentration in more than 10% of samples was noted for the same substances. Certain regions of Russia are characterized by the presence of specific pollutants in water bodies: lignin, lignosulfonates, sulfides, hydrogen sulfide, organochlorines, methanol, and mercury compounds. Some pollutants move from the aquatic environment into bottom sediments and can serve as a source of secondary water pollution.

Surface water quality

Hydrographic network Autonomous Okrug includes about 290 thousand lakes and thirty thousand watercourses, most of which are small rivers. The main water artery is the Ob River, which receives large tributaries: Irtysh, Vakh, Agan, Tromyegan, Bolshoi Yugan, Lyamin, Lyapin, Pim, Severnaya Sosva, Kazym. The total length of the hydraulic network is about 172 thousand km.

Most of the rivers are of the flat type, have a slow flow, wide floodplains and a large number of channel lakes. Freeze-up begins in October; during the winter, small rivers and lakes freeze to the bottom. Ice drift occurs from early May to early June.

Rivers are characterized by highly extended floods and a reduced drainage role, which is one of the important factors waterlogging and swamping of the territory. The swampiness of river catchment areas reaches 50-70% or more. The influence of swamp waters largely determines regional hydrochemical features as river waters, and groundwater from surface aquifers.

The surface waters of the Autonomous Okrug are experiencing a powerful anthropogenic load associated with the active development of urban infrastructure and the largest oil and gas production complex in Russia in recent decades.

In landscape geochemical studies, the hydrographic network is considered as the main block through which flows of natural and man-made substances pass. Dynamics chemical composition surface water is an indicator of the regional environmental situation. This determines the significance of hydrochemical research, which constitutes the most important section territorial system environmental monitoring Ugra.

Characteristics of surface water quality are presented based on monitoring results at 34 sites of Roshydromet and 1,692 local points of the territorial observation network (Figure 1).

Observations at the posts of the state observation network (federal sites) are provided by Roshydromet (performer - Khanty-Mansiysk Central Hydrometeorological Service) on 16 large watercourses (Ob with channels, Irtysh, Vakh, Agan, Trom-Yugan, Bolshoi Yugan, Konda, Kazym, Nazym, Pim, Amnya, Lyapin, Northern Sosva) near populated areas. The annual volume of measurements is about 8000 pieces.

Figure 1. Surface water monitoring points in the territory

The functioning of local observation points of the territorial system is ensured by subsoil user enterprises and the Government of the Autonomous Okrug (coordinator - Prirodnadzor Yugra). Local monitoring points cover 700 large and small watercourses within the boundaries of licensed subsoil areas that experience the main load from the oil and gas complex. In 2018, 91,080 water quality measurements were made within the boundaries of 308 licensed subsoil areas.

The river waters of Ugra have a number of hydrochemical features. They are characterized by low mineralization, increased values ​​of ammonium and metal ions caused by the presence of large quantity organic compounds, intense coloring and low water transparency (Table 1).

Natural landscape-geochemical conditions cause almost universal excess of maximum permissible concentrations (hereinafter - MAC) for iron (in 94-98% of samples), manganese (in 75-91% of samples), zinc (in 29-53% of samples) and copper ( in 60-73% of samples) (Figure 2).

The reasons for this are the geochemical features of taiga swampy landscapes with their characteristic acidic soil reaction and the widespread occurrence of restoration conditions. Iron, manganese, zinc and copper have a high migration ability in landscapes of the acidic gley class, therefore they intensively flow from soils into groundwater and then into rivers.

Table 1

Average content of pollutants and parameters

Index								Ratio of the average in 2018 to the maximum permissible concentration
								acidification
	mgO 2 / dm 3
Hydrocarbons
Sulfates
Manganese

Long-term observations show that the average concentrations of these substances are in the range:

iron – 1.35-1.86 mg/dm3, or 13-18 MPC;

manganese – 0.09-0.18 mg/dm3, or 9-18 MPC;

zinc – 0.01-0.02 mg/dm3, or 1-2 MAC;

copper – 0.003 – 0.007 mg/dm3, or 3-7 MPC.

Figure 2. Distribution of measurements of iron and manganese compounds

regarding environmental standards

Characteristic natural feature Surface waters of the Autonomous Okrug are also subject to significant seasonal fluctuations in hydrochemical composition. The maximum values ​​of pollution indicators are reached during the winter low-water period, when low flow rates and water temperatures contribute to an increase in the concentrations of substances.

During the period 2010-2018, 159 cases of high (H) and extremely high (EH) pollution of surface waters were recorded on 15 large watercourses (Table 2), of which 137 cases were observed during the closed channel period, when rivers are fed only by groundwater, which leads to a disruption of the oxygen regime and a slowdown in speed chemical reactions. The remaining 22 cases were recorded during the beginning of the flood (washing out pollutants from the adjacent territory) and before freeze-up (lowering water temperature). About 61% total number cases of VZ + EVZ are due to heavy metals, 37% to dissolved oxygen (Figure 3).

table 2

List of watercourses with cases of water damage and emergency water damage in 2010-2017

	Number of cases	Hydrochemical station
		Oktyabrskoye (33), Surgut (7), Sytomino (5), Nizhnevartovsk (6), Polnovat (1), Nefteyugansk (7), Belogorye (2)
R. North Sosva		Berezovo (11), Sosva (4)
		Beloyarsky (7), Yuilsk (2)
		Khanty-Mansiysk (11), Gornopravdinsk (2)
		Vykatnoe (3), Urai (12), Bolchary (2)
		Novoagansk (3)
R. Trom-Yugan,		Russkinskaya (3)
Bolshoy Yugan river
		Laryak (4), Bolshetarkhovo (3)
		Lyantor (2)
		Vykatnoy (1), Bolchary (3), Urai (10)
		Beloyarsky (7)
		Lombovozh

The lack of dissolved oxygen is explained by the low water level during the period of closed channel and partial freezing of the cross-sections in the absence of the possibility of oxygen saturation of river waters.

High concentrations of dissolved forms of heavy metals, in turn, are associated with a reduced oxygen content - under anaerobic conditions the rate of oxidation of metal compounds slows down.

Particularly relevant for assessment ecological situation in the region represent the concentrations of petroleum products and chlorides in surface waters, which characterize technogenic flows of pollutants in oil field areas.

In accordance with the requirements approved by Decree of the Government of the Autonomous Okrug dated December 23, 2011 No. 485-p, sampling of surface waters to determine oil products and chlorides as priority pollutants is carried out at local monitoring points on a monthly basis, taking into account the hydrological characteristics of water bodies. The annual volume of measurements of petroleum products in surface waters in the licensed areas is about 9,000 units.

According to the results of local monitoring, the proportion of samples contaminated with petroleum products tends to decrease from 11% in 2008 to 4.8% in 2018 of the total sample (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Distribution of petroleum product measurements relative to MPC

In general, over 5 years in the oil fields of the district, the average content of petroleum products in surface waters varied at the level of 0.026-0.049 mg/dm3, not exceeding the established standard (Table 1).

The content of chlorides in surface waters, as well as petroleum products, reflects the degree of anthropogenic load and compliance with environmental management standards. About 9,000 chloride measurements are carried out annually in surface waters in licensed subsoil areas. At the same time, exceedances of the MPC of chlorides are rarely recorded, and the share of samples contaminated with chlorides has not exceeded 0.1-0.8% of the sample since 2008 (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Distribution of chloride measurements relative to MPC

Systematically increased concentrations of petroleum products and chlorides at surface water monitoring points are observed locally, mainly within the boundaries of long-developed license areas with increased level accident rates: Samotlor (north) (18 points) and Samotlor (12 points), Mamontovsky (16 points), Yuzhno-Surgut (3 points), Pravdinsky (7 points), Yuzhno-Balyksky (4 points), Malo-Balyksky (4 point), Ust-Balyksky (2 points), Vakhsky (9 points) and Sovetsky (8 points).

To improve the environmental situation, under the control of the Yugra Nature Supervision, adjustments were made to the environmental protection measures of subsoil users on the territory of the specified license areas, in terms of taking operational measures to reduce the accident rate on pipeline systems; carrying out priority measures to restore contaminated land plots and submit reclaimed plots for inspection this year.

Thus, the quality of water in surface water bodies of the Autonomous Okrug is largely explained by the natural origin and seasonal dynamics of compounds of iron, manganese, zinc, copper, as well as dissolved oxygen. Monitoring studies recent years It is shown that oil and salt pollution in the region as a whole has stabilized at a relatively low level.

The reduction in oil and salt pollution of surface waters on the territory of the Autonomous Okrug is also confirmed by the results of observations at the sites of Roshydromet. In the main rivers (Ob and Irtysh), since 2008, there has been a steady trend of decreasing average annual concentrations of petroleum products to a level not exceeding the maximum permissible concentration; the chloride content consistently amounts to tenths of the maximum permissible concentration.

The date for transferring the document to the new 1C-bitrix platform is indicated.

In general, the water quality of surface water bodies within the city of Moscow corresponds to the standards established for water bodies for cultural and domestic purposes (with the exception of the section of the Moscow River below the wastewater discharges of the Kuryanovsky treatment facilities).

Conventionally, “in terms of quality,” the Moscow River within the city can be divided into three characteristic sections, these are:

upstream section of the river- is traditionally the cleanest site in the city of Moscow; according to most indicators, water quality is stable throughout the year and varies very little along the river. The average annual concentrations of the analyzed indicators do not exceed the established standards for cultural and domestic water use.

plot central part of the city- one of the most unstable in quality. The high density of the road network, urban development and a huge number of water outlets lead to the fact that the quality of water in the river is unstable for metals, suspended substances and petroleum products.

In addition, there are significant fluctuations in the concentrations of the analyzed indicators both throughout the year and along the river, which indicates the influence of the most polluted inflows and outlets of industrial wastewater in this area (about 700 - more than half of all water outlets). The main source of pollution in this area is surface runoff from the road network and urban development. However, the average annual concentrations of the analyzed indicators do not exceed the established standards for cultural and domestic water use.

downstream section of the river- in this area the greatest impact on the ecological state of the river. Moscow is provided by the Kuryanovsky wastewater treatment plant (WTP), after which it is released into the river. Moscow, the concentration of primarily biogenic elements - ammonium ions, nitrites, phosphates - increases sharply

An analysis of the observation results in 2012 showed that the quality of water in the Moscow River in terms of average annual concentrations of the analyzed indicators corresponded to the standards established for water bodies for cultural and domestic purposes*, with the exception of the content of organic pollution in the water. Content level of sparingly soluble

organic matter (based on COD) at all observation sites was at the level MPC

">MPC k-b. The level of ammonium ion content in the lower reaches of the Moscow River within the city according to average annual concentrations was 3.97 MPC- maximum permissible concentration of a pollutant in the environment - a concentration that does not have a direct or indirect adverse effect on the present or future generation throughout life, does not reduce a person’s performance, does not worsen his well-being and sanitary living conditions. The MAC values ​​are given in mg/3 (l, kg)."> MAC k-b.

In some samples, excesses of the permissible content of organic pollution were recorded (up to 2 MAC-b according to COD

">COD, up to 8.5 MACk-b for ammonium), metals (iron up to 4.2 MACk-b, manganese up to 1.6 MACk-b, nickel up to 1.4 MACk-b, lead up to 1.2 MACk- b, aluminum up to 3.6 MPCk-b, cadmium up to 5 MPCk-b), petroleum products up to 5 MPCk-b, and formaldehyde up to 4.2 MPC-b.

In comparison with the previous year 2011 in the river. Moscow, within the city limits, an increase in the content of organic pollution was noted (according to COD— dichromate oxidation, the most high degree oxidation; a value characterizing the content of organic and mineral substances in water that are oxidized by one of the strongest chemical oxidizing agents. In reservoirs and watercourses subject to strong impact human economic activity, a change in oxidability acts as a characteristic reflecting the regime of wastewater inflow.

">COD and ammonium). In 2011, the average annual values ​​of the indicator COD— bichromate oxidation, the highest degree of oxidation; a value characterizing the content of organic and mineral substances in water that are oxidized by one of the strongest chemical oxidizing agents. In reservoirs and watercourses subject to strong impacts from human economic activity, a change in oxidation acts as a characteristic reflecting the regime of wastewater influx.">COD exceeded permissible standards in three observation sites, in 2012 - already in eight observation sites. The average annual ammonium concentration in the lower flow of the Moscow River increased from 2.92 MPC-b in 2011 to 3.9 MPC- maximum permissible concentration of a pollutant in the environment - a concentration that does not have a direct or indirect adverse effect on the present or future generation throughout life, does not reduce a person’s performance, does not worsen his well-being and sanitary living conditions. The MAC values ​​are given in mg/3 (l, kg). In 2012, excesses of standards were noted at four observation sites.

In addition, in terms of average annual concentrations of iron and manganese, excesses of the standards observed in 2010, 2009 were not recorded in 2012, as well as in 2011. Also, in 2012, no excesses of cultural and domestic water use standards for average annual concentrations of petroleum products were recorded (in the previous 2011, excesses were recorded at two observation sites.

During the entire period under review, the water quality met the standards for the content of chlorides, sulfates, sodium, dry residue, nitrates, nitrites, copper, zinc, cobalt, phenols, surfactants, sulfides, arsenic, total and hexavalent chromium, magnesium, selenium in all samples taken. , fluorides and molybdenum.

*To assess snow pollution, we used standards for the content of pollutants in surface water bodies established for water bodies for cultural and domestic water use in accordance with GN 2.1. 5. 1315-03 “Maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) chemical substances in the water of water bodies for domestic, drinking and cultural water use"

Measures taken to improve the quality of surface waters

The most important task from the point of view of maintaining the favorable condition of water bodies is the maximum possible purification of all urban wastewater.

Today, we have achieved that the efficiency of treating, for example, surface runoff from the territories of large highways (MKAD, 3rd transport ring) for oil products at fine treatment facilities reaches 97%. The volume of municipal drainage (JSC Mosvodokanal) has been decreasing by 5% annually over the past 5 years. Measures are being implemented to reconstruct municipal sewage treatment facilities with a transition to the best technologies for removing nutrients.

Every year, increased attention is paid to the sanitary condition of watershed areas. Increased efficiency of harvesting and purification of water protection zones led to a decrease in concentrations of suspended substances, some metals and petroleum products in the Moscow River. In the central part of the city, their concentrations have become minimal over the past five years of observation. In 2012, 3 small rivers (Nishchenka, Vagankovsky Studenets, Presnya) improved their “quality class” - an integral indicator of pollution based on the totality of pollutants.

The city has always paid great attention to measures to reduce the negative impact on water bodies, although according to federal legislation the Moscow River and its tributaries are property Russian Federation, and the powers of Moscow as a subject of the federation for state control and supervision of their condition are limited. Two state programs of the city of Moscow - Development of the recreation and tourism industry and Development of municipal engineering infrastructure - provide for measures to modernize municipal sewage treatment plants, reconstruct more than 500 km of sewer and drainage networks, construct 14 storm sewer treatment plants for residential buildings, and rehabilitate reservoirs the city of Moscow (29 water bodies) and sections of small rivers. The target indicators of the programs are to increase the share of domestic sewage wastewater treated to standard values ​​from 80 to 100%, to increase the share of rainwater wastewater treated to standard values ​​in the total volume of rainwater wastewater from 55 to 75%, to increase the area city, provided with drainage networks, from 89.4 to 91.6%, reducing pollution of surface runoff with oil products and suspended solids by 25% and 17%, respectively.

Priority objectives for quality improvement are:

1. Reducing pollution of the Moscow River in the central part of the city with metals and oil products;

2. Reducing organic pollution of the Moscow River at the exit from the city;

3. Improving the quality of water in small rivers (it is worse than in the Moscow River due to the anthropogenic transformation of most tributaries, their imprisonment in collectors, disruption of the natural ecosystem and a decrease in the processes of self-purification of watercourses).

On the first problem

The main measure is to increase the efficiency of sanitary maintenance and cleaning of the territory. This is systematic work. The results are visible: a decrease in pollution of the Moscow River with petroleum products and certain metals (iron, manganese) was noted. The average annual concentration of petroleum products in 2012 in the central part of the city became the minimum over the last five years of observation.

The first half of 2013 confirms the positive dynamics in the content of petroleum products and metals in the Moscow River in the central part of the city.

On the second problem

The discharge of wastewater by municipal sewage treatment plants leads to an increase in the concentrations of nutrients (ammonium, nitrites, phosphates) in the Moscow River downstream. According to the data of the past 2012, the average annual concentration of ammonium at the exit from the city was 3.5 MPC- maximum permissible concentration of a pollutant in the environment - a concentration that does not have a direct or indirect adverse effect on the present or future generation throughout life, does not reduce a person’s performance, does not worsen his well-being and sanitary living conditions. MPC values ​​are given in mg/3 (l, kg).

">MPC k-b.

To improve the quality of wastewater treatment and improve the technology for removing nutrients, Mosvodokanal OJSC is implementing measures to reconstruct treatment facilities using modern technologies for removing nitrogen and phosphorus and introducing ultraviolet disinfection systems.

A comprehensive reconstruction of treatment facilities will significantly improve the environmental condition of the city's main watercourse - the Moscow River.

On the third problem

Small rivers - tributaries of the Moscow River - are traditionally characterized by lower water quality, due to their confinement in reservoirs, a decrease in the intensity of self-purification processes and disruption of the ecosystem.

Analysis of observation results in 2012 indicates an improvement in water quality in most tributaries of the river. Moscow (due to high-quality and timely sanitary cleaning of the territory). In comparison with the previous 2011, an increase in the quality class was noted for the Neglinka (TsAO), Nishchenka (South-Eastern Administrative District), and the Vagankovsky Studenets stream (TsAO) rivers.

For the first time in the last five years of observations, the average annual concentration of iron and manganese at the mouths of most small rivers corresponded to the standards for cultural and domestic water use.

However, problems also still remain: over the past period of 2013, small rivers showed non-compliance with standards for the content of metals such as lead, cadmium, and there was an increased content of organic pollution and suspended substances.

Surface water on land is water that flows (streams) or collects on the surface of the earth (reservoirs). There are sea, lake, river, swamp and other waters. Surface water resides permanently or temporarily in surface water bodies. Objects of surface water are: seas, lakes, rivers, swamps and other watercourses and reservoirs. There are salted and fresh waters sushi

The formation of surface water is a complex process. Streams falling from the sky in the form of rain or snow are water evaporated from the seas and oceans. The nature of the terrain through which it flows under the influence of gravity (at the same time, water is the strongest destroyer of that part of the earth’s crust located above sea level) determines the route along which it, collecting in streams and rivers, rushes back to the sea. Thus, one major phase of the hydrological cycle is completed.

Flowing over the surface, water captures and carries insoluble mineral particles of sand and soil, some of them it leaves along the road, some it carries to the sea, and some substances dissolve in it.

Surface water, passing through uneven terrain and falling from rocks, is saturated with oxygen from the air; its compounds with organic and inorganic substances washed from the land of a particular area and sunlight support a wide variety of life forms in the form of algae, fungi, bacteria, small crustaceans and fish.

In addition, the beds of many rivers are covered with trees, in the areas through which they flow, if the river banks are covered with forests. Fallen leaves and needles of trees fall into rivers; they play a big role in filling the water with biological content. Once in water they dissolve in it. It is this material that subsequently becomes the main cause of contamination of ion exchange resins that are used for water purification.

Physical and Chemical properties surface water pollution gradually changes over time. Sudden natural disasters can lead to dramatic changes in the composition of surface water sources in a short period of time. The chemistry of surface water also changes depending on the season, for example, during periods of heavy rain and snowmelt (a period of major flooding when river levels rise sharply). This can have a beneficial or unfavorable effect on water characteristics, depending on the geochemistry and biology of the area.

Surface water chemistry also changes throughout the year through several cycles of drought and rain. Long periods of drought seriously affect the shortage of water for industrial use. In places where rivers flow into seas, it is possible for salt water to enter the river during periods of drought, creating additional problems. Industrial users should focus on the variability of surface waters, which must be taken into account when designing treatment facilities and developing other programs.

The quality of surface water depends on a combination of climatic and geological factors. The main climatic factor is the amount and frequency of precipitation, as well as the environmental situation in the region. Precipitation carries with it a certain amount of undissolved particles, such as dust, volcanic ash, pollen, bacteria, fungal spores, and sometimes larger microorganisms. The ocean is a source of various salts dissolved in rainwater. Chloride, sulfate, sodium, magnesium, calcium and potassium ions can be found in it. Industrial emissions into the atmosphere also “enrich” the chemical palette, mainly due to organic solvents and oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, which cause “acid rain”. The chemicals used in the production also contribute to agriculture. Geological factors include the structure of river beds. If the channel is formed by limestone rocks, then the water in the river is usually clear and hard. If the channel is made of impermeable rocks, such as granite, then the water will be soft, but cloudy due to a large number of suspended particles of organic and inorganic origin. In general, surface waters are characterized by relative softness, high organic content and the presence of microorganisms.

Surface waters include streams, ponds, swamps and glaciers. In natural (rivers, streams) and artificial (canals) watercourses, water moves along the channel in the direction of the general slope of the surface. Watercourses can be permanent or temporary (drying up or freezing).

A reservoir is an accumulation of water in a natural (lake) or artificial (reservoir, pond) depression, the flow from which is absent or slow. Only a small part of the hydrosphere is contained in rivers, about four times less than in swamps, and sixty times less than in lakes.

The importance of rivers in the water cycle is immeasurably greater than the water they contain, since the water in rivers is renewed on average every 19 days.

For comparison, in swamps complete renewal of water occurs in 5 years, in lakes – in 17 years.

Thanks to the flow of water, the rivers are better saturated with oxygen and the quality of the water here is better. It was along the banks of the rivers that the first human settlements arose.

Rivers for a long time served as the main transport arteries and defensive lines, were sources of water and fish. A river is usually called a natural, constant stream of water flowing in a depression (bed) developed by it. River valleys are elongated depressions on the earth's surface, carved out by constant water flows. All river valleys have slopes and a flat bottom. The water flow constantly carries many erosion products, which are deposited in the bottom of the valley or carried out to the sea. River sediments are called alluvium. Especially a lot of alluvium accumulates in the bottoms of valleys in the lower reaches of rivers, where the surface slopes are the least. When the snow melts, part of the bottom (floodplain) is filled with hollow water. A river stream always tends to deepen its channel to a certain level. This level is called the erosion base. For a river, the basis for erosion is the level of the sea, lake or other river into which the river flows. The river constantly deepens its channel and a time comes when during high water the river can no longer flood its floodplain. The river begins to develop a new floodplain at a lower level, and the old floodplain turns into a terrace - a high step in the bottom of the river valley. The older and larger the river, the more terraces can be counted in its valley.

In reality, a river is a complex natural formation (system) consisting of many elements. The area from which a river system collects its waters is called a river basin. There is a border - a watershed - between neighboring river basins.

The Amazon River has the largest basin; it is also the most abundant river (average annual flow is 220,000 cubic meters per second).

The density of the river network depends on many factors: first of all, on the general moisture content of the territory - the greater it is, the greater the density of rivers, such as in the tundra and forest zones; from the relief and geological structure of the territory - in areas of distribution of soluble and fractured (karst) limestones, the river network is sparse, and the rivers, as a rule, are shallow and drying up.

All rivers have a beginning and an end. The beginning of the river, the place where a permanent watercourse appears, is called the source. The source may be a lake, swamp, spring or glacier.

Mouth - the place where a river flows into the sea, lake or one river into another. A number of large northern rivers have mouths that look like narrow funnel-shaped bays - they are called estuaries. In estuaries, river sediments are carried out to the sea by waves and currents. Large estuaries include rivers such as the Congo in Africa, the Thames and Seine in Europe, and the Russian Yenisei and Ob rivers. In contrast, in deltas, on the contrary, rivers literally wander, flowing into the sea, among their own sediments, breaking up into numerous branches and channels. The largest deltas have rivers - the Amazon, Yellow River, Lena, Mississippi, etc.

The terrain directly affects the slope of the river bed and, accordingly, the speed of water flow. The difference in elevations of the water surface in a river at two points located at some distance along its course is called the fall of the river. The slope of a river is the ratio of the fall of a river to its length. The fall of water from a steep ledge is called a waterfall.

The highest waterfall on Earth is Angel (1054 m) in the Orinoco River basin. The widest (1800 m) is Victoria on the river. Zambezi (its height is 120 m). Lowland rivers usually flow calmly and smoothly, with a slight fall and small slopes. Large rivers have wide valleys and are convenient for navigation. Mountain rivers have large slopes and, therefore, rapid currents and narrow, rapids, deep valleys. The water in the riverbed rushes at breakneck speed, foams, and forms whirlpools and waterfalls.

Mountain rivers are usually unsuitable for navigation, but they have large reserves of hydroelectric power and are convenient for the construction of hydroelectric power stations.

For National economy(navigation, construction of hydroelectric power stations, water supply to populated areas, irrigation of fields) very important characteristics of rivers are water flow (the amount of water passing along the channel per unit of time) and annual flow (water flow in the river per year).

The amount of annual runoff characterizes the water content of the river and depends on climate (the ratio of precipitation and evaporation over the area of ​​the river basin) and topography (flat terrain reduces runoff, mountainous, on the contrary, increases it).

From speed and resistance to erosion rocks depends on the amount of material transported by water, consisting of chemical and biological substances dissolved in water and solid small particles - the amount of solid runoff. Climatic conditions influence the nutrition and regime of rivers (glacial, snow, rain and groundwater). The intra-annual distribution of flow - the river regime - depends on the prevailing type of nutrition. River regime is the life of a river flow for some time (days, seasons and years). According to their regime, rivers are divided into several main groups. On rivers with spring floods and predominantly snow-fed. Relatively rapid melting of the snow cover leads to rising and overflowing water (spring flood). In summer, the rivers switch to rain-fed water and, although a large amount of precipitation falls, due to increased evaporation, these rivers become shallow. There is low water on the rivers - a time of stable low level water in the riverbed. In winter, during freeze-up (freezing and formation of stationary ice), rivers are fed exclusively by groundwater and winter low water is observed. The flood regime is typical for rivers with rain and mixed feeding. Floods - short-term (sometimes very significant) rises of water in the river - unlike floods, can occur at any time of the year and are most often associated with heavy rains. In warm winters, floods may occur at this time of year.

Late melting of snow and glaciers in the mountains causes summer floods. This regime is characteristic, for example, of rivers originating in the Alpine mountains. Rivers with a monsoon climate are characterized by flood conditions in the second half of summer and low water in winter. Due to the thin snow cover, spring floods are weak or completely absent. Monsoons often bring heavy rainfall of a torrential nature, which leads to catastrophic floods. At this time, vast territories with numerous villages are under water. Buildings are destroyed, crops, animals and even people are killed. The rivers of East and South Asia are especially violent: the Amur, Yellow River, Yangtze, Ganges.

Lakes differ not only in size and depth, but also in the color and properties of the water, the composition and number of organisms inhabiting them. The number of lakes (lake content of the territory) is influenced by the increased humidity of the climate and the topography with numerous closed basins. The size, depth, and shape of lakes largely depend on the origin of their basins. There are basins of tectonic, glacial, karst, thermokarst, stanitsa and volcanic origin. There are also dammed (dammed or dammed) lakes, which are formed as a result of blocking the river bed with blocks of rock during landslides in the mountains.

Tectonic lake basins are large in size and depth, as they were formed at the site of subsidence, cracks and faults in the earth's crust. Classic tectonic lakes are the largest lakes in the world: the Caspian and Baikal in Eurasia, the Great African and North American lakes.

Glacial lake basins are formed during the plowing activity of glaciers or as a result of erosion or accumulation of glacial waters in areas of accumulation of glacial material and the formation of glacial landforms. There are many such lakes in Finland, northern Poland, Karelia, etc.

Karst lake basins are formed as a result of failures, subsidence and erosion, primarily of easily soluble rocks: limestone, dolomite, gypsum, salts. There are many thermokarst lakes in the permafrost zone in the tundra and forest-tundra. Here water dissolves underground ice.

Ancient lakes are the remains of abandoned river beds.

Volcanic lake basins arose in volcanic craters or in depressions of lava fields. These are the Kronotskoye and Kuril lakes, lakes in New Zealand. Based on the salinity of the water, lakes are divided into fresh and salty. Unlike rivers, the regime of lakes depends on whether the rivers flowing from it are a flowing lake (Baikal) or a closed reservoir (Caspian).

Swamps are areas of land with abundant, stagnant or weakly flowing soil moisture for most of the year, with characteristic (marsh) vegetation, lack of oxygen and constant formation of peat (the peat layer should reach at least 0.3 m, if there is less peat, this will wetlands. Peat is the name given to semi-decomposed plant remains. Swamps cannot be called reservoirs, since they contain water in a bound state. But swamps contain only 5-10% of dry matter (peat), the rest is water. Therefore, swamps are important accumulators of fresh water. Waterlogging is facilitated by the presence of a nearby aquitard and is most common in areas with permafrost. The most common swamps are in the forests of the Northern Hemisphere, as well as in Brazil and India. Due to the abundance of swamps and swampy forests, the forest zone in Western Siberia called forest swamp. There is also the largest swamp in the world - Vasyugan. The processes of waterlogging in this region continue to this day. The average horizontal speed of spread of the edges of the swamps and their encroachment on the surrounding forests is 10-15 cm per year.

The methods for forming swamps are different. This includes overgrowing, peat formation of reservoirs (lakes) and stagnation of water in places where springs emerge and where groundwater is close to the ground; as well as the accumulation of moisture in depressions and flat areas under forests and meadows (forest clearings are especially often swamped.) Based on their food sources, upland swamps (fed by atmospheric waters), lowland swamps (ground moisture) and transitional swamps are distinguished. When classified according to the degree of richness of the substrate, they correspond to oligotrophic (poor), eutrophic (rich) and mesotrophic. Lowland swamps are formed mainly in the lowest areas of the relief (in floodplains, ancient lake basins).

Groundwater is highly mineralized and, entering the swamp, it enriches it. Therefore, in low-lying swamps, sedges, horsetails, reeds, mosses grow in a dense continuous cover, and thickets of black alder are often found. Many birds usually find refuge here, and their droppings, containing nitrogenous substances, also enrich the swamp.

Peat from lowland bogs is an excellent fertilizer.

Raised bogs most often form in watershed areas, they are moistened by atmospheric waters, which are very poor in nutrients, and the vegetation here is completely different. These are mainly mosses and stunted trees. Raised bog peat with poor vegetation contains little ash, so it is a combustible mineral and is used as fuel.

Swamps are of great water conservation importance. By accumulating huge reserves of water, they regulate the water regime of rivers and maintain the stability of the water balance of the territory; purify the water passing through them. Swamps are the sources of many rivers. The vegetation of the swamps is not of particular nutritional value. But after draining, they are used for agricultural or forestry crops. However, at the same time, small rivers often become shallow and disappear.

Surface water pollution

The water quality of most water bodies does not meet regulatory requirements. Long-term observations of the dynamics of surface water quality reveal a tendency to increase the number of sites with high level pollution and the number of cases of extremely high levels of pollutants in water bodies. The state of water sources and centralized water supply systems cannot guarantee the required quality drinking water, and in a number of regions (Southern Urals, Kuzbass, some territories of the North) this condition has reached a dangerous level for human health. Sanitary and epidemiological surveillance services constantly note high pollution of surface waters. About 1/3 of the total mass of pollutants is introduced into water sources with surface and storm runoff from areas of sanitary undeveloped areas, agricultural facilities and lands, which affects the seasonal, during the spring flood, deterioration in the quality of drinking water, which is noted annually in major cities, including in Novosibirsk. In this regard, water is hyperchlorinated, which, however, is unsafe for public health due to the formation of organochlorine compounds.

One of the main pollutants of surface waters is oil and petroleum products. Oil can enter water as a result of natural seeps in areas where it occurs.

But the main sources of pollution are associated with human activity: oil production, transportation, refining and use of oil as fuel and industrial raw materials.

Among industrial products, toxic synthetic substances occupy a special place in their negative impact on the aquatic environment and living organisms.

They find more and more wide application in industry, transport, public utilities. The concentration of these compounds in wastewater is usually 5-15 mg/l with a MPC of -0.1 mg/l. These substances can form a layer of foam in reservoirs, which is especially noticeable on rapids, riffles, and sluices.

The ability to foam in these substances appears already at a concentration of 1-2 mg/l. The most common pollutants in surface waters are phenols, which are easily oxidized organic matter, compounds of copper, zinc, and in some regions of the country - ammonium and nitrite nitrogen, lignin, xanthates, aniline, methyl mercaptan, formaldehyde, etc. A huge amount of pollutants are introduced into surface waters with wastewater from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, petrochemical enterprises .

Oil, gas, coal, forestry, pulp and paper industry, agricultural and municipal enterprises, surface runoff from adjacent areas. Mercury, lead and their compounds pose a slight danger to the aquatic environment from metals. Expanded production (without treatment facilities) and the use of pesticides in fields lead to severe pollution of water bodies with harmful compounds.

Pollution of the aquatic environment occurs as a result of the direct introduction of pesticides during the treatment of reservoirs for pest control, the entry into reservoirs of water flowing from the surface of treated agricultural land, during the discharge of waste from manufacturing enterprises into reservoirs, as well as as a result of losses during transportation, storage and partly from atmospheric precipitation. Along with pesticides, agricultural runoff contains a significant amount of fertilizer residues (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) applied to the fields.

In addition, large amounts of organic nitrogen and phosphorus compounds come from livestock farms and sewage. An increase in the concentration of nutrients in the soil leads to a disruption of the biological balance in the reservoir. Initially, the number of microscopic algae in such a reservoir sharply increases. As the food supply increases, the number of crustaceans, fish and other aquatic organisms increases. Then a huge number of organisms die off. It leads to the consumption of all oxygen reserves contained in the water and the accumulation of hydrogen sulfide. The situation in the reservoir changes so much that it becomes unsuitable for the existence of any form of organisms. The reservoir is gradually “dying.”

The current level of wastewater treatment is such that even in waters that have undergone biological treatment, the content of nitrates and phosphates is sufficient for intensive eutrophication of water bodies.

Eutrophication is the enrichment of a reservoir with nutrients, stimulating the growth of phytoplankton. This causes the water to become cloudy, benthic plants die, the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases, and fish and shellfish living in the depths suffocate.

Disinfection and disinfection of surface waters

Another important block of any installation is the water disinfection and disinfection block. Disinfection usually means cleaning surface water from all types of living microorganisms, including not only organisms potentially dangerous to human health such as bacteria and viruses, but also microalgae that can harm equipment, pipelines and other objects that come into contact with contaminated water. And in order, for example, to avoid the entry of similar harmful substances into the soil, they use autonomous suburban sewage systems, information about which can certainly be very useful. Today, there are several methods of wastewater treatment, each of which has both its advantages and disadvantages; we will dwell on some of them in more detail.

One of the most common methods of purifying surface waters from potentially dangerous microorganisms is their oxidation using certain reagents. The cheapest method is water chlorination, since this reagent is considered the cheapest. A more expensive, but more reliable and safe reagent is ozone, which, after purification, simply decomposes into harmless compounds such as air, water or carbon dioxide in contrast to chlorine, which remains in the water and can cause harm to both the human body and household or industrial equipment.

Another method of purifying surface water from microorganisms is water irradiation with ultraviolet light, which is considered one of the most effective and safe methods of water disinfection. When water is irradiated, ultraviolet light penetrates the nucleus of living cells, causing irreversible damage to the DNA of the latter, which causes the microorganism to lose its ability to reproduce. Purification using ultraviolet irradiation is today considered one of the most environmentally friendly technologies for water disinfection, which guarantees high quality and a good result.