In each language, depending on the situation, words of a certain style of speech are used. functional styles speeches and their characteristics are divided into areas of application. There are 5 of them: artistic, colloquial, journalistic, scientific, official.

In short, the characteristics of styles differ from each other in their terminology, the way information is presented, the acceptable words (speech means of expression) for use for communication purposes.

The classification of speech styles occurs according to their purpose and place of use, they are also called "language genres". Functional styles of speech are divided into 5 types according to the conditions and goals of communication:

1. journalistic;
2. scientific;
3. official business;
4. art;
5. colloquial.

To understand the topic, you need to consider the styles of speech in more detail.

scientific style

The scope of this genre of language is scientific activity. Used to convey information to learners. general characteristics scientific style is as follows:

• It is used in natural, exact and humanitarian sciences.
• It is used for writing and printing articles, textbooks, abstracts and other research or narrative works.
• All statements are conducted from one person, as a rule, from the researcher.
• There is a small set of language tools to use.

Scientific works use certain terminology, as a rule, it is taken from obsolete and unambiguous languages, such as Latin, Greek, etc. In them, all words have the same meaning and do not allow inaccurate perception of information.

The scientific functional style of speech always has precise names and is additionally enriched with graphs, drawings, formulas and well-established symbols (chemical, geometric, algebraic, etc.).

Distinctive syntactic features:

• All sentences have an unambiguous, emphatically logical meaning. There is no figurativeness, but the information richness of the sentences prevails.
• Frequent use of complex sentences connected by unions (as a result of this, therefore);
• Interrogative sentences are used to draw attention to information (why does lambdacism occur?).
• The text is dominated by impersonal sentences.

Lexical features:

• The text often contains scientific terminology (energy, apogee, rotacism, etc.).
• Abstract words are used: energy, projection, point. They cannot be visually represented in the real world, but they are actively used in terminology.
• The use of nouns ending in -tel meaning a source of action, a tool or an auxiliary tool (engine).
• Nouns with -nick, -ie, -ost are used to mean a sign of something (inertia, particularity, construction).
• Use of prefixes mini-, macro-, graphic, etc. (macrometer, millimeter, polygraph).
• Application of an adjective with -ist. Means the use of something in a small amount in a mixture (watery, clayey, etc.).

• introductory and clarifying constructions;
• short passive participles;
• short adjectives.

When carrying out any scientific research a person sets himself the goal of gaining new knowledge and telling the society or other associates about it. The most reliable way to save the acquired knowledge is to write it down in the form of a report or other printed material. In the future, such works can be provided as a reliable source of information.

Journalistic style

The scope of this genre is informational and impactful texts. They can be found in news articles, posters, announcements, etc. The purpose of such material is to attract public interest in something (product, action, incident, etc.).

Thanks to journalistic texts, public opinion is formed and various effects on a person are produced, suggesting the correctness of the actions of the accused, etc.

The lexical features of the journalistic style are the use of:

• a small number of words of a negative nature (disgusting, disgusting, etc.);
• socio-political terminology and vocabulary (society, privatization, freedom of action, etc.);
• speech stamps that give the text an official style (at the current stage, in the period from ... to). They give the event a certain time frame.
• motivating words and phrases “for the good of the future”, “die, but do not betray the Motherland”, etc.

TO morphological features include the use of:

• complex words and abbreviations (UN, JSC, CIS, highly effective);
• suffixes and prefixes -ultra, -shchina, -ichat. They betray the word emotional expressiveness (important, fierceness, ultra-power);
• personal pronouns 1 and 2 persons (I, you, we, you);
• singular in the plural meaning (cherry is a resinous tree).

Syntactic characteristics, sentences are used in the text:

• exclamatory, homogeneous;
• with rhetorical questions, introductory words;
• with the reverse order of parts of speech;
• one-component;
• clear and emotionally enhanced.

The text has a monologue presentation with clear and understandable information for all readers. After all, the main task is to inform a person of important information and attract him to active participation in something (the life of the country, the purchase of goods, assistance to the project, etc.).

To keep the reader interested journalistic text has a good emotional coloring to play on the feelings of the reader. The most obvious example is information about a child's illness with a request to send money for treatment.

There are four sub-styles of the journalistic genre, divided according to the more specific purpose of using information:

1. propaganda;
2. political and ideological;
3. newspaper and journalistic;
4. mass political.

Agitation sub-style was actively used during the Great patriotic war(1941-1945). It had a patriotic character and motivational text. For enhanced emotional impact, it was additionally equipped with a photograph or drawing.

Formal business style

It is important to know the definition of this genre of language and apply it correctly. It is most often used in the preparation of business papers, contracts, official documents.

Used during the trial of the defendant, when communicating between entrepreneurs or statesmen etc. Most important for administrative, public and legal figures.

The lexical characteristic of the official business genre is the use of:

• speech stamps (after the interval, on the basis of an agreement, etc.);
• archaisms ( obsolete words);
• professional terminology (alibi, legal capacity, solvency, theft, etc.).

The material is narrative in nature, and all information is confirmed by verified or official sources (criminal code, constitution, etc.).

Morphological features, frequent use:

• compound unions;
• verbal nouns in -eni (confirmation, assurance, application);
• numerals;
• compound words with two roots;
• phrases in the infinitive (wait for the verdict, consider the situation).

There is also a predominance of the noun over the pronoun in the texts.

Syntactic features, sentences have:

• direct word order;
• complex syntactic construction;
• frequent participle turnovers;
• many homogeneous members;
• phrases in the genitive case;
• many passive constructions (fees are charged, money is deposited).

Such features of the genre are determined by the purpose of the business style. In it, the main condition is to accurately convey the meaning without ambiguity. At the same time, language and speech do not have an emotional or figurative color. All information for readers and listeners is presented in a dry and concise form without unnecessary information.

Art style

Used in fiction. The main task of the text is to create accurate visual and emotional images for the reader when reading the material.

Divided into sub-styles:

1. prosaic;
2. dramatic;
3. poetic.

All of them are characterized by the following morphological features:

• expressiveness;
• the use of many tropes (metaphor, epithet, etc.);
• the use of figurative phrases.

Syntactic features include the use of:

• deviations in the structuring of the proposal;
• many figurative stylistic figures;
• all kinds of syntactic means of expression;
• verb speech studies (each movement is described in stages with the creation of tension in the situation).

It is used for description, reasoning and narration. They can occur simultaneously in one text, changing through a paragraph. It is considered the most free for writing, as it does not have a strict text structure, like official business, scientific or journalistic styles of speech.

Conversational style

Is the most common. Used more in oral speech for communication between two or more people. This style of speech uses all language structures (phonetic, lexical, phraseological, morphological, etc.).

Morphological means:

• the predominance of the verb over the noun;
• frequent use of pronouns, interjections, particles and conjunctions;
• use of the prepositional case;
• use of the genitive plural nouns (potatoes, tangerines).

Lexical means:

1. the use of suffixes -ishk, -ach, -yag, etc. they give words a colloquial everyday sound (bearded man, town, poor fellow);
2. the use of verbs with -nichat (beg);
3. -pre (unpleasant, kind) is added to adjectives.

Syntactic means are characterized by the use of:

• interrogative and exclamatory sentences;
• incomplete offers;
• pauses in speech;
• frequent use of introductory words and phrases that do not make sense;
• repetition of the same words and letters (ahh, yes, yes, yes).

The text takes the form of a dialogue, when one person asks and the other answers him. Also, in a colloquial style of speech, stress can be used incorrectly, which is unacceptable in other functional styles of speech.

It is important to know the Russian language well and use its genres and functions correctly for the most accurate transmission of information for the reader and listener. The features of each functional style make it possible to most accurately convey the intended meaning of the author.

Functional styles of the Russian language. Brief characteristics, features

• Content.
• Introduction. 3
• Bases of classification of functional styles. 3
• On the speech system of functional styles. 4
• Differentiation of functional styles. 5
• Brief characteristics and features of functional styles 6
• Formal business style 6
• Scientific style 7
• Journalistic style 8
• Style fiction 8
• Conversational style 9
• Table of differential features of functional styles 11

Introduction

Functional style is a historically developed and socially conscious variety literary language(its subsystem) functioning in a certain area human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of language means in this area and their specific organization.

The concept of style (or syllable) as a special quality of speech originated in ancient poetics and rhetoric (Greek stylos ¾ a stick pointed at one end, which was used to write on wax tablets; the other end of the stick had the shape of a spatula ¾ they leveled the wax, erasing what was written). The ancients said: “Turn the stylus!”, which literally meant ‘erase what is written’, and figuratively ¾ ‘work on the syllable, think over what is written’. With the development of the science of language, the ideas of scientists about what style is have changed. Contradictory opinions on this issue are expressed by modern scientists. However, the general is the recognition of the functional nature of styles, their connection with a certain area. speech communication and types of human activity, understanding of style as a historically established and socially conscious set of methods of using, selecting and combining language units.

Bases of classification of functional styles.

The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of the language, the topics determined by it and the goals of communication. The spheres of application of the language correlate with the types of human activity corresponding to the forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish styles of official speech (bookish): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic). They are opposed to the style of informal speech ¾ colloquial everyday (colloquial), the extralinguistic basis of which is the sphere of everyday relations and communication (everyday life as an area of ​​people's relations outside their direct production and socio-political activities).

The spheres of application of the language largely influence the subject and content of the statement. Each of them has its own current topics. For example, in scientific field first of all, the problems of scientific knowledge of the world are discussed, in the sphere of everyday relations - everyday issues. However, the same topic can be discussed in different areas, but the goals are not the same, as a result of which the statements differ in content. More V.G. Belinsky noted: “The philosopher speaks in syllogisms, the poet in images, pictures; but both say the same thing ... One proves, the other shows, and both convince, only one ¾ by logical arguments, the other ¾ by pictures.

Often, the classification of functional styles is associated with the functions of the language, understood as certain goals of communication. So, the classification of styles is known on the basis of three functions of the language: communication, message and influence. The functions of communication are most consistent with the conversational style, messages ¾ scientific and official business, impact ¾ journalistic and literary and artistic. However, with such a classification, there is no differentiating basis that makes it possible to distinguish between scientific and officially business, journalistic and literary and artistic styles. The functions of the language characterize it as a whole and are inherent to one degree or another in any style. In speech reality, these functions intersect and interact with each other; a particular utterance usually performs not one, but several functions. Therefore, the functions of the language in the classification of styles can only be considered in combination with other factors.

The scope of the language, the subject and goals of the statement determine the essential features of the style, its main style-forming features. For a scientific style, ¾ is a generalized abstract nature of presentation and emphasized logic; for an officially businesslike ¾, it prescribes the obligatory nature of speech and accuracy that does not allow for discrepancies; for colloquial ¾, ease, spontaneity and unpreparedness of communication, etc.

Style-forming factors determine the peculiarities of the functioning of language means in a particular style, their specific organization.

On the speech system of functional styles.

In each style, it is possible to distinguish stylistically colored language units that are used only or mainly in this area (this applies primarily to units of the lexical level): in colloquial style ¾ colloquial and colloquial vocabulary and phraseology, in scientific ¾ scientific terminology and stable phrases of a terminological nature, in journalistic ¾ socio-political vocabulary. However, style should not be understood only as a combination of stylistically marked means, as a result of summation in the process of functioning of the language of units of one stylistic coloring. The same language means (especially units of phonetic, morphological and syntactic levels) can be used in different fields of activity, uniting all styles into a single language system. In the process of functioning, in accordance with the communicative task, there is a selection of language means and their peculiar organization, due to which these units are interconnected in terms of functional meaning. As a result, a style is created with a diverse composition of language means, but unified in terms of semantically functional coloring and meaning, and a functionally stylistic systemic characteristic of this style is formed. The extralinguistic basis, specific for this or that sphere of application of the language, determines the general stylistic coloring of speech, which forms a peculiar quality of speech, perceived as style.

Depending on the goals and objectives of communication, content and speech situation in a functional style, certain language units are activated in a certain semantic meaning. So, for example, terms can be used in any style, but most often they are found in scientific and official business, organically enter only into the systems of these styles, being their obligatory natural link. They are not included in the systems of colloquial and literary and artistic styles, their use here is largely accidental (it is due to the topic of conversation or the tasks of artistic representation of scientific or business sphere). With this use, the terms most often lose their accuracy, they are in fact determinologized.

Each style creates its own intra-style system, all units of the literary language serve as material for this, but some have a greater degree of productivity, others ¾ less. The functional style, as it were, produces its own redistribution of linguistic means: from the general literary language, it selects, first of all, what corresponds to its internal needs and tasks. Thus, the unity of style is created not only and not so much by stylistically marked units, but by the ratio of language means common to all styles, the nature of their selection and combination, and the laws of functioning of language units in a given area of ​​communication.

In specific texts, there may be certain deviations from the average norm, from the typical features of the organization of linguistic material in one or another functional style. They are usually due to the fact that some additional (or additional) is added to the main task of communication, i.e. the extralinguistic basis becomes more complicated. For example, there is a need not only to inform about scientific discovery but also to talk about it in a popular way. In this case, the text will use elements borrowed from fiction and journalism (figurative comparisons, rhetorical questions, question-answer moves, etc.), colloquial intonations and syntactic constructions, etc. But all these elements must obey a single goal, due to which a common functional stylistic coloring is achieved.

Differentiation of functional styles.

Functional styles, as the largest varieties of the literary language (macrostyles), undergo further intra-style differentiation. In each style, substyles (microstyles) are distinguished, which in turn are divided into even more particular varieties. It should be noted that the differentiation of functional styles lacks a single basis, since it is based on additional (in relation to the main) factors specific to each style.

In the official business style, depending on the purpose of the texts, legislative, diplomatic and clerical (administrative clerical) sub-styles are distinguished. The first includes the language of legislative documents related to the activities of state bodies, the second ¾ the language of diplomatic documents related to the field of international relations. The clerical style includes, on the one hand, official correspondence between institutions and organizations, and on the other, ¾ private business papers.

Varieties of scientific style are determined by the specifics various kinds scientific communication (nature of the addressee, purpose). It has formed its own scientific, scientific educational and popular scientific sub-styles.

Features of journalistic style are determined by the specifics of the media. Depending on this, it is possible to single out newspaper journalistic, radio, television journalistic and oratorical sub-styles.

The stylistic differentiation of artistic style primarily corresponds to three types of literature: lyrics (poetic substyle), epic (prose) and drama (dramatic).

In the colloquial style, varieties are distinguished due to the communication environment ¾ official (colloquial official substyle) and informal (colloquial household substyle).

Any substyle, as well as style, is realized in the totality of certain types of texts. For example, in the newspaper journalistic substyle, these are such types of texts as newsreel, reportage, interview, essay, feuilleton, article; in the actual scientific ¾ monograph, abstract, report, theses, etc.; in educational scientific ¾ textbook, tutorial, diploma or course work etc., in the clerical style ¾ application, announcement, act, power of attorney, receipt, characteristic, etc. Each of these types of texts can be called a genre. A genre in linguistics is understood as "a kind, a kind of speech, determined by the given conditions of the situation and the purpose of use."

The specificity of genres, as well as style as a whole, is determined by extralinguistic factors and is created by the peculiarities of the functioning of linguistic means in specific communication conditions. For example, chronicle information differs significantly from an essay, interview, reportage not only in its structure and composition, but also in the nature of the use of language means.

Each text, based on its content, composition, specifics of the selection and organization of linguistic means in it, can be attributed to a certain style, sub-style and genre. For example, even such a short statement as I ask you to grant me another vacation contains signs of an official business style, administrative clerical style, and a statement genre. But each text is individual to some extent, it reflects the individual stylistic features of the author, since the choice of language means from a number of possible ones is carried out by the speaker (or writer), taking into account the characteristics of a particular genre. Rich opportunities to show individuality are provided by different genres of literary and artistic style, most of the genres of journalism. As for chronicle information, the genre of which requires the complete elimination of the author's "I", it is devoid of individual stylistic features, just like many genres of official business style that do not allow variation.

Thus, the functional style differentiation of speech is not reduced to five main styles, it is a rather complex picture. Each style is subdivided into sub-styles, in which, in turn, more particular varieties are distinguished, up to the manifestation individual characteristics author. In addition, it should be borne in mind that in linguistic reality there are no sharp boundaries between functional and stylistic varieties, there are many transitional phenomena. So, in a match with broad development technology, the introduction of scientific achievements into production, genres appeared that combine the features of scientific and official business styles (patents, instructive texts explaining how to handle technology, etc.). A newspaper article on a scientific topic combines the features of scientific and journalistic styles, a review of ¾ scientific and business, etc. “Styles, being in close interaction, can partially mix and penetrate one into the other. In individual use, the boundaries of styles can shift even more sharply, and one style can be used in the function of another to achieve one goal or another. However, most often one of the styles acts as the main one, and elements of other styles appear against its background. Any specific utterance is carried out in accordance with the basic functional and stylistic norms of a particular style, which makes it possible to determine whether the utterance belongs to this style, despite the fact that it may contain features that are not typical for this style as a whole.

Brief characteristics and features of functional styles.

Formal business style

In a number of book styles, the official business style is outlined most clearly. It serves legal and administrative activities when communicating in public institutions, in court, in business and diplomatic negotiations: business speech provides the scope of official business relations and functions in the field of law and politics. Officially, business style is implemented in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, agreements, orders, acts, in business correspondence of institutions, as well as in legal certificates, etc. Despite the fact that this style is undergoing major changes under the influence of socio-historical shifts in society, it stands out among other functional varieties of the language for its stability, traditionalism, isolation and standardization.

The authors of the textbook “Culture of Russian Speech” note: “Business style ¾ is a set of language means, the function of which is to serve the sphere of official business relations, i.e. relations arising between state bodies, between organizations or within them, between organizations and individuals in the course of their production, economic, legal activities. And further: “The breadth of this sphere makes it possible to distinguish at least three sub-styles (varieties) of business style: 1) actually officially business (clerical); 2) legal (language of laws and decrees); 3) diplomatic".

Standardization of business speech (primarily the language of mass standard documentation) is one of the most noticeable features of the official business style. The standardization process is developing mainly in two directions: a) the widespread use of ready-made, already established verbal formulas, stencils, stamps (for example, standard syntactic models with denominative prepositions in order, in connection with, in accordance with, etc., which is quite naturally, since it greatly simplifies and facilitates the process of compiling standard texts of business papers), b) in the frequent repetition of the same words, forms, turns, constructions, in the pursuit of the same type of ways of expressing thoughts in the same situations, in refusing to use the expressive means of the language .

Other features of the official business style (except for standardization) are accuracy, imperativeness, objectivity and documentation, specificity, formality, conciseness.

scientific style

This functionally stylistic variety of the literary language serves various branches of science (exact, natural, humanitarian, etc.), the field of technology and production and is implemented in monographs, scientific articles, dissertations, abstracts, theses, scientific reports, lectures, educational and scientific and technical literature, messages on scientific topics etc.

Here it is necessary to note a number of essential functions that this stylistic variety performs: 1) reflection of reality and storage of knowledge (epistemic function); 2) obtaining new knowledge ( cognitive function); 3) transfer of special information (communicative function).

The main form of implementation of the scientific style is written speech, although with the increasing role of science in society, the expansion of scientific contacts, the development of mass media, the role of oral communication increases. Realized in various genres and forms of presentation, the scientific style is characterized by a number of common extra and intralinguistic features that allow us to speak of a single functional style that is subject to intra-style differentiation.

The main communicative task of communication in the scientific field is the expression of scientific concepts and conclusions. Thinking in this field of activity is of a generalized, abstracted (distracted from private, non-essential features), logical character. This is the reason for such specific features of the scientific style as abstraction, generalization, emphasized logical presentation.

These extra-linguistic features unite all linguistic means that form the scientific style into a system and determine secondary, more particular, style features: semantic accuracy (unambiguous expression of thought), informative richness, objectivity of presentation, ugliness, hidden emotionality.

The dominant factor in the organization of linguistic means and scientific style is their generalized abstract nature at the lexical and grammatical levels of the language system. Generalization and abstraction give scientific speech uniform functional stylistic coloring.

The scientific style is characterized by the widespread use of abstract vocabulary, clearly prevailing over the concrete: evaporation, freezing, pressure, thinking, reflection, radiation, weightlessness, acidity, changeability, etc.

Journalistic style

Journalistic (publicly journalistic) style is associated with social political sphere communications. This style is implemented in newspaper and magazine articles on political and other socially significant topics, in oratory speeches at rallies and meetings, on radio, television, etc.

Some researchers consider the journalistic style to be fundamentally heterogeneous, according to others (their absolute majority), a specific stylistic unity and integrity can be traced already in this heterogeneity itself. Common features of style with varying degrees of activity are manifested in separate sub-styles: newspaper journalistic, radio, television journalistic and oratorical. However, the boundaries of these substyles are not sharply delineated, often blurred.

One of the important features of the journalistic style is the combination within its framework of the two functions of language ¾ of the function of the message (informative) and the function of influence (influencing, or expressive). The speaker uses this style when he needs not only to convey some kind of information (message), but also to make a certain impact on the addressee (often massive). Moreover, the author, conveying the facts, expresses his attitude towards them. This is the reason for the bright emotionally expressive coloring of the journalistic style, which is not characteristic of either scientific or official business speech. Publicistic style as a whole is subject to one constructive principle¾ alternation of "expression and standards" (V.G. Kostomarov).

Depending on the genre, either expression or standard comes first. If the main purpose of the reported information is to arouse a certain attitude towards it, then expression comes to the fore (most often this is observed in pamphlets, feuilletons and other genres). In the genres of a newspaper article, newsreel, etc., striving for maximum information content, standards prevail.

Standards due to various reasons (unmotivated inclusion in communication zones, prolonged frequent use, etc.) can turn into speech stamps.

Fiction style

The question of the language of fiction and its place in the system of functional styles is solved ambiguously. The following are given as arguments against singling out the style of fiction: 1) the language of fiction is not included in the concept of literary language; 2) it is multi-styled, not closed, does not have specific signs that would be inherent in the language of fiction as a whole; 3) the language of fiction has a special, aesthetic function, which is expressed in a very specific use of linguistic means.

Of course, the language of fiction and literary language are not identical concepts. The relationship between them is quite complex. In the language of fiction, the best qualities of the literary language are most fully and vividly reflected; this is its model, which is equal to in the selection and use of language means. At the same time, the language of fiction in many cases goes beyond the limits of the literary language into the realm of the language of the national, nationwide, using all its stylistic resources, from the “lowest” to the “highest”. It can include linguistic features and even whole fragments of various functional styles (scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial). However, this is not a "mixture" of styles, since the use of linguistic means in fiction is due to the author's intention and content of the work, i.e. stylistically motivated. Elements of other styles in a work of art are used for an aesthetic function rather than the one they serve in the source style.

One cannot but agree with the opinion of M.N. Kozhina that “bringing artistic speech beyond the limits of functional styles impoverishes our understanding of the functions of the language. If we deduce artistic speech from among the functional styles, but consider that the literary language exists in a variety of functions, ¾ and this cannot be denied, ¾ then it turns out that the aesthetic function is not one of the functions of the language. The use of language in the aesthetic sphere is one of highest achievements literary language, and from this neither the literary language ceases to be such, falling into a work of art, nor the language of fiction ceases to be a manifestation of the literary language.

The language of fiction, despite the stylistic heterogeneity, despite the fact that the author's individuality is clearly manifested in it, still differs in a number of specific features that make it possible to distinguish artistic speech from any other style.

The features of the language of fiction as a whole are determined by several factors. It is characterized by broad metaphor, figurativeness of language units of almost all levels, the use of synonyms of all types, ambiguity, different stylistic layers of vocabulary. "All means, including neutral ones, are called upon to serve here as an expression of the system of images, the artist's poetic thought." In the artistic style (compared to other functional styles) there are laws of perception of the word. The meaning of a word is largely determined by the author's goal setting, genre and compositional features of the work of art, of which this word is an element: firstly, it is in the context of a given literary work can acquire artistic ambiguity that is not recorded in dictionaries, and secondly, it retains its connection with the ideological and aesthetic system of this work and is evaluated by us as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base, tragic or comic.

Conversational style

The colloquial style, as one of the varieties of the literary language, serves the sphere of easy communication of people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations at work, in institutions, etc.

The main form of implementation of the colloquial style is oral speech, although it can also be manifested in writing (informal friendly letters, notes on everyday topics, diary entries, replicas of characters in plays, in certain genres of fiction and journalistic literature). In such cases, the features of the oral form of speech are fixed.

The main extra-linguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease (which is possible only with informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message that has an official character), immediacy and unpreparedness of communication. Both the sender of speech and its recipient are directly involved in the conversation, often changing roles, the relationship between them is established in the act of speech itself. Such speech cannot be preliminarily considered; the direct participation of the addresser and the addressee determines its predominantly dialogic character, although a monologue is also possible.

A conversational monologue is a form of informal story about any events, about something seen, read or heard and is addressed to a specific listener (listeners) with whom the speaker must establish contact. The listener naturally reacts to the story by expressing agreement, disagreement, surprise, indignation, and so on. or asking the speaker about something. Therefore, the monologue in colloquial speech is not as clearly opposed to the dialogue as in writing.

A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, evaluative reaction. So, the question was written! instead of No, they didn't, emotionally expressive responses usually follow, such as Where did they write it! or Straight ¾ wrote!; Where did they write it!; So they wrote!; It's easy to say ¾ wrote! and so on.

An important role in colloquial speech is played by the environment of speech communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, the nature of the relationship of the interlocutors, etc.).

The extralinguistic features of the conversational style are associated with its most common language features as a standard, the stereotype of the use of language means, their incomplete structure at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, discontinuity and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, the weakening of syntactic links between parts of the statement or their lack of formality, sentence breaks with various insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, the widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotionally expressive coloring, the activity of linguistic units of a specific meaning and the passivity of units with an abstract generalized meaning.

Conversational speech has its own norms, which in many cases do not coincide with the norms of book speech, fixed in dictionaries, reference books, grammars (codified). The norms of colloquial speech, in contrast to the book ones, are established by usage (custom) and are not consciously supported by anyone. However, native speakers feel them and any unmotivated deviation from them is perceived as a mistake.

Table of Differential Features of Functional Styles

Styles Colloquial BOOK

Formal Business Scientific Publicistic Literary Fiction

Sphere of communication Household Administrative legal Scientific Socio-political Artistic

Main functions Communication Message Message Informative and expressive Aesthetic

Substyles Colloquial everyday, colloquial official Legislative, diplomatic, clerical Prosely scientific, scientifically educational, popular scientific Newspaper journalistic, radio television journalistic, oratorical Prose, dramatic, poetic

Main genre varieties Casual casual conversations, dialogues, private letters, notes Various business documents, regulations, laws, decrees, etc. Scientific papers, reports, lectures, textbooks, reference manuals, popular science talks, etc. Newspaper and magazine articles, essays, speeches on socio-political topics; leaflets, proclamations, etc. Prose, poetic and dramatic works

Style-forming features Ease, spontaneity and unpreparedness; emotionality, expressiveness, evaluative reaction; specificity of the content Imperative (prescriptive, obligatory nature of speech); accuracy without discrepancies; consistency, formality, impassivity, impersonal nature of speech Generalized abstract nature of presentation, emphasized logic; semantic accuracy, informative saturation, objectivity of presentation, ugliness Alternation of expression and standard Artistic figurative concretization; emotionality, expressiveness, individualization

General language features Standard, stereotypical use of language units; incompletely structured form, discontinuity and inconsistency of speech Standardity, striving for stylistic homogeneity of the text, orderly nature of the use of linguistic means Generalized abstract nature of lexical and grammatical means; stylistic homogeneity, orderly nature of the use of linguistic means Combination of expression and standard Subordination of the use of linguistic means of figurative thought, aesthetic function, to the artistic intention of the writer

Lexical features Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, the activity of words with a specific meaning and the passivity of words with an abstract generalized meaning; productivity of words with suffixes of subjective evaluation, vocabulary with emotionally expressive coloring Professional terms, words with official business coloring, use of words in a nominative sense, use of archaisms, compound words, lack of vocabulary with emotionally expressive marking Scientific terminology, general scientific and book vocabulary, a clear predominance of abstract vocabulary over concrete, the use of commonly used words in a nominative sense, the absence of emotionally expressive vocabulary Socially journalistic vocabulary, the use of words in a figurative sense with a specific journalistic coloring, the use of expressively colored vocabulary and speech standards Rejection of template words and expressions, the widespread use of vocabulary in a figurative sense, intentional clash of vocabulary of different styles, the use of vocabulary with a two-dimensional stylistic coloring

The nature of stable combinations Colloquial and colloquial phrases (PU); stable speech standards Combinations of a terminological nature, speech clichés, attributive nominal phrases Combinations of a terminological nature, speech clichés Publicistic phraseology, speech standards of colloquial and bookish phraseological units

Morphological features Grammatical forms with colloquial and vernacular coloring, the predominance of a verb over a noun, the use of single and multiple verbs, the passivity of verbal nouns, participles and participles, the frequency of pronouns, etc. The predominance of the name over the pronoun, the use of verbal nouns in (e)nie and with the prefix of non-nominative prepositions, etc. The clear predominance of the name over the verb, the frequency of nouns with the meaning of the attribute, action, state, the frequency of genitive forms, the use of the singular in the plural , verb forms in a timeless sense, etc. The frequency of the use of genitive forms, function words, forms of the present and past tenses of verbs, the use of the singular in the meaning of the plural, participles in -omy, etc. The use of forms in which the category of concreteness is manifested, the frequency of verbs; indefinitely personal forms of verbs, neuter nouns, plural forms of abstract and material nouns, etc. are not characteristic.

Syntactic features Ellipticity, dominance simple sentences, activity of interrogative and exclamatory structures, weakening of syntactic links, unformed sentences, gaps with inserts; repetitions; discontinuity and inconsistency of speech, the use of inversion, the special role of intonation Complexity of syntax (constructions with a chain of sentences that have relative completeness and independence, nominative sentences with enumeration); the predominance of declarative sentences, the use of passive constructions, constructions with denominative prepositions and verbal nouns, the use of complex sentences with a clearly expressed logical connection The predominance of simple widespread and complex sentences; widespread use of passive, vaguely personal, impersonal constructions; introductory, plug-in, clarifying constructions, participial and adverbial phrases, etc. The prevalence of expressive syntactic constructions, the frequency of constructions with isolated members, parcellation, segmentation, inversion, etc. The use of the entire arsenal of syntactic means available in the language, the widespread use of stylistic figures

The functional style of speech is a certain language system that is responsible for the goals and conditions of communication in a certain area and combines a set of stylistic language means. In essence, functional styles are heterogeneous, they differ from each other in a well-defined genre variety, terminology and literary presentation.

Types of functional speech styles

Depending on the spheres of public life in which the language is currently used, the following functional styles are distinguished: official business, scientific, journalistic, colloquial and artistic.

Formal business style

The official business style of speech is used to convey information in an official setting (legislative, administrative and legal activities, office work). With the help of this style, legal acts, protocols, certificates, receipts, etc. are created.

The official business style has a number of features that distinguish it from other styles of speech: imperativeness, accuracy (two interpretations are not allowed), lack of emotional coloring, strict text composition. This style makes extensive use of clichés, nomenclature names, abbreviations, and verbal nouns.

scientific style

The main function of this style is the transmission and dissemination of scientific information, as well as proof of its truth. The main properties of the scientific style is the use of general scientific terms, abstract vocabulary, description of any discoveries or precedents. The scientific style is dominated by short real nouns.

Most often, the scientific style is found in articles, research papers, school essays, monographs and educational literature.

Journalistic style

This functional style of speech is used to influence, most often ideologically, the general public through the media and oratory. Publicistic style is most often found in such genres as essay, article, reportage, interview. From other speech styles, the scientific style differs in its inherent heightened emotionality and the use of socio-political vocabulary.

Conversational style

This style acts as a tool for the direct transmission and exchange of information related to everyday issues and does not require an official setting. It uses mostly simple vocabulary, which carries emotionality, expressiveness and logical saturation. The most common genre is dialogue. Great importance in conversational style have non-verbal factors: gestures and facial expressions. It also allows repetitions, incomplete sentences, and introductory words.

Art style

Artistic style is used in the creation of fiction. With its help, the author influences the reader, controls his feelings. In the artistic style, the inherent richness of vocabulary, imagery and emotionality. It is also possible to mix all other styles. Artistic style performs an aesthetic function, this is its main difference from colloquial and journalistic styles.

Which is used in both oral and written speech. The main goal is an accurate presentation of certain scientific information. Statements are preliminarily considered, a strict selection of language means is carried out before the performance, which distinguishes the scientific style from others. Various terms are widely used, have their own grammatical features, are widely used, and verbal. Sometimes singular nouns are used to refer to a common range of objects. The presentation is logically structured and accurate. Emotionality is rarely used.

Business style is used when conveying business information in writing. Used when writing various official business documents, statements, reports, etc. As in the scientific style, a certain terminology is used, there are different ones, there is no emotional coloring. Mainly used complex sentences with a strict word order, impersonal constructions play a big role. Often used in the imperative mood.

The journalistic style is used in the press, in news feeds and is compiled as the text of speeches to the public for the purpose of campaigning. The main function is influence and propaganda. In this style of speech, an important role is played not only by the information itself, but also by the emotional color, which makes it clear the author's attitude. A special role is played by the logical presentation and handling of various facts, but at the same time, the emotional component plays an equally important role. The style is characterized by the use of colloquial and book constructions when constructing a sentence.

Conversational style is present in everyday communication in an informal atmosphere. Used in both written and oral form. It does not differ in any kind of selection of language means, sentences are built on the basis of the speech situation. Conversational speech is complemented by facial expressions and accents, pauses and intonation changes are widely used to give the maximum emotional color, where the main emphasis is on expressiveness. Repeats and introductory constructions are widely used.

The artistic style is used in works of fiction and is distinguished by special emotionality and expressiveness. In this style, metaphors and language are used most of all to give a solemn and sublime color. Old words are often used. Style is different high level informativeness, that with expressiveness, and for this, the features of other speech elements of other styles are used.

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….

1. Style. General characteristics of functional speech styles …………

2. Official business style of speech ……………………………………….

3. Scientific style ………………………………………………………………

4. Journalistic ………………………………………………………..

5. Artistic ………………………………………………………….

6. Conversational …………………………………………………………………

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….

Application …………………………………………………………………

List of used literature ………………………………………..

INTRODUCTION

§1. General view about styles

The Russian language is a broad, comprehensive concept. Laws are written in this language scientific works, novels and poems, newspaper articles and court records. The Russian language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing thoughts, developing various topics, and creating works of any genre. However, it is necessary to use language resources skillfully, taking into account the speech situation, the goals and content of the statement, its targeting. How different, for example, in style are a private letter and a memorandum addressed to the boss! The same information receives a different language expression.

What is style?

The word style comes from Latin(stilus), where it denoted a pointed stick for writing. At present, the word style, in short, means the manner of writing. In linguistics, there are more detailed definitions of the term.

1) Style - a kind of language, fixed in a given society by tradition for one of the most common areas of social life and partially different from other varieties of the same language in all basic parameters - vocabulary, grammar, phonetics.

2) Style - a generally accepted manner, the usual way of performing any particular type of speech acts: oratory, newspaper article, scientific lecture, judicial speech, everyday dialogue.

3) Style - an individual manner, the way in which a given speech act or literary and artistic work is performed.

§3. Functional styles of speech (general characteristics)

Our speech in an official setting (lecturing, speaking at scientific conference or at a business meeting) differs from that used in an informal setting (talk at the festive table, friendly conversation, dialogue with relatives).

Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication, language means are selected. As a result, varieties of a single literary language are created, called functional styles .

Functional styles are understood as historically established and socially fixed systems. speech means used in a particular area of ​​communication or area of ​​professional activity.

In the modern Russian literary language, there are bookstores functional styles:

scientific,

formal business,

publicist,

Literary and artistic

which appear primarily in written language, and

· colloquial , which is characterized mainly by the oral form of speech.

Each of the five styles has a number of specific speech characteristics.

In the field scientific activity(when writing scientific articles, term papers and theses, monographs and dissertations) it is customary to use scientific style, the main properties of which are the clarity and logic of presentation, as well as the lack of expression of emotions.

Formal business style serves to convey information in the field of management. The official business style is used in statements, powers of attorney, business letters, orders and laws. For him, even more than for the scientific style, clarity and unemotional presentation are important. Another important property of the official business style is standardity. People who draw up statements, orders or laws are obliged to follow tradition and write as they wrote before them, as is customary.

Another bookish style of literary language - journalistic. It is used in cases where it is necessary not only to convey information, but also to influence the thoughts or feelings of people in a certain way, to interest them or to convince them of something. Journalistic style is the style of informational or analytical broadcasts on television and radio, the style of newspapers, the style of speaking at meetings. Unlike the scientific and official-business style, the journalistic style is characterized by expressiveness and emotionality.

As opposed to all book styles, as mentioned above, conversational style. This is a style that is used in informal everyday, everyday communication between people in an unprepared oral speech. Therefore it character traits- this is incompleteness of expression and emotionality.

In a special way correlates with all listed styles style fiction. Since literature reflects all spheres of human life, it can use the means of any styles of the literary language, and if necessary, not only them, but also dialects, jargons and vernacular. The main function of the language of fiction is aesthetic.

The main feature of the style of artistic speech is the search for the specifics of the artistic text, the creative self-expression of the artist of the word.

§4. Genres of functional speech styles

Functional styles of speech are realized in various genres.

1. Scientific: specialty textbooks, monograph, Research Article, abstract, abstract, synopsis, theses, term paper, lecture, diploma work.

2. Official business: documents, business letters, reports, orders, orders, contracts, decrees, business conversations.

3.journalistic: parliamentary speech, reports, interview, essay, feuilleton, discussion speech, informational note.

4. Art Key words: novel, short story, short story, short story, essay, poem, poem, ballad.

5.Colloquial: conversations in the family, showdown, discussion of plans, friendly communication, anecdote.

TOPIC 2. OFFICIAL-BUSINESS STYLE OF SPEECH

§1. Official business style of speech (general characteristics)

Official business style is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in government offices, courts, as well as in different types business oral communication.

Among book styles, the formal business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic turns - give it a generally conservative character.

The formal business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally colored words, conciseness, compactness of presentation.

In official papers, the set of language tools used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is the language stamps, or the so-called clichés (French. clich). A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author, on the contrary, the more clichéd a document is, the more convenient it is to use.

Formal business style- this is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by common and most important features. These include:

1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;

2) locale.

These features find their expression a) in the selection of language means (lexical, morphological and syntactic); b) in the preparation of business documents.

Consider the features of the vocabulary, morphology and syntax of the official business style.

§2. Linguistic signs of an official business style of speech

Lexical features of the official business style of speech

The lexical (dictionary) system of the official business style, in addition to common book and neutral words, includes:

1) language stamps (stationery, cliches) : raise a question, based on the decision, incoming-outgoing documents, impose control over the execution, after the expiration of the period.

2) professional terminology : arrears, alibis, black cash, shadow business;

3) archaisms : I hereby certify this document.

In official business style, the use is unacceptable polysemantic words, as well as words in figurative meanings, and synonyms are used extremely rarely and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = collateral, solvency = creditworthiness, depreciation = depreciation, appropriation = subsidization and etc.

Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized. In an official document, preference is given to generic terms, for example: arrive (instead of arrive, arrive, arrive etc.), vehicle(instead of bus, plane, Zhiguli etc.), locality(instead of village, town, village etc.), etc.

Morphological features of the official business style of speech

The morphological features of this style include the repeated (frequency) use of certain parts of speech (and their types). Among them are the following:

1) nouns - names of people on the basis of the action ( taxpayer, tenant, witness);

2) nouns denoting positions and titles in the masculine form ( Sergeant Petrova, Inspector Ivanova);

3) verbal nouns with a particle Not- (deprivation, non-compliance, non-recognition);