The question is what do I know about the war. Report: What I know about the Great Patriotic War. The shelter had its own regime

07.03.2020

The war was not sudden

Eduard Agabekov, 86 years old: - In 1941 I was 16 years old. The news of the war found me in Baku. I learned about its beginning from friends. She didn't surprise me. After all, we read the reports and expected something similar. I really wanted to go, I was eager to defend my homeland, but I was only 16, and therefore I became a graduate of the combined arms infantry school. And then I was drafted into an aviation school, after which I worked as a mechanic. Throughout the war, I worked for them at the front.

The daughter knew that the father would not return

- I was only 5 years old, but I remember how it is now. We lived in Kushva, all the men immediately began to call, including my dad. Dad hugged mom, they both cried, kissed ... I remember how I grabbed him by the tarpaulin boots and shouted: “Daddy, don’t go! They will kill you there, they will kill you!” When he got on the train, my mother took me in her arms, we both sobbed, she whispered through her tears: “Wave to dad ...” What is there, I sobbed so much, I could not move my hand. We never saw him again, our breadwinner.

This photo was taken shortly before the war. Dina Belykh in a white bow sits on her mother's lap. Dina Nikolaevna Belykh saw her father for the last time 70 years ago, on June 22, 1941

At night waiting for summons

Lydia Shablova, 85 years old: - We were tearing shingles in the yard to cover the roof. The kitchen window was open and we heard the radio announce that the war had begun. Father froze. His hands dropped: “We probably won’t finish the roof anymore ...” From that day on, we waited for the agenda every night. My father was taken away in October.

In June 41, Lydia Shablova was 15 years old

About what's on Soviet Union Germany attacked, Maria Makarovna Karlashova found out only a day after the start of the war.
- We were on Far East. At that time, I was a leader in a pioneer camp, - recalls Maria Makarovna. - There was a fire. The first shift is over. In the morning, the head of the camp woke us up and said that the war had begun. Life was rebuilt on a war footing quickly. Digging fortifications, preparing. We were waiting for a war to break out with China or with Japan. And we have a border strip - 60 km from the border. But the children - 400 people - were brought to us on the second shift. And in August the same number of children came.

Last good night

Claudia Bazilevich, 80 years old: - When the war was announced on the radio, I felt bad. The neighbor said to her mother: “Look at Klava, she has turned pale all over!” Everyone was silent at dinner. This night was the last when I slept peacefully, because the next day they started bombing us.

Klava Bazilevich was 10 years old in 1941

There was a sense of uneasiness

The war overtook Dmitry Savelyev in Novokuznetsk: - We gathered at the poles with loudspeakers. We listened carefully to Molotov's speech. For many, there was a feeling of some kind of wariness. After that, the streets began to empty, after a while food disappeared from the shops. They weren't bought up - just the supply was reduced ... People were not afraid, but rather focused, they did everything that the government told them. There was such a mobilization for work. They worked unquestioningly, discipline became tougher. We started school late, finished early, and spent all our free time working in the fields.

Rumors spread throughout the village that the war would be long.

When the war began, 17-year-old Zufar Gilmanov was the eldest man in the family - his father died young. - I lived in the village of Bekeevo, which is located in Bashkortostan. We didn’t have a radio at home, and therefore I learned about the beginning of the war at the shop (central store), where all the villagers were called. After the words of the announcer, everyone was in shock, the news was very unexpected. The panic began. Almost everyone ran to the store to stock up on matches and salt. Talk began about who would be taken, who would not be taken to the war. People were afraid because rumors quickly spread through the village that the war would be long. As a result, almost all were taken to the war. I was afraid that they would take me too. He worried not for himself, but for his two brothers and sisters. We were left orphans - I was the oldest. I had to feed my family. As a result, they didn’t take me, a disabled person with a broken arm. Throughout the war he worked as an accountant.

Mom covered with her body

In June 1941, 16-year-old Alevtina Kotik lived with her parents and younger brother in Lithuania.

The bombing started at four o'clock in the morning. I woke up from the fact that I hit my head on the bed - the ground shook from falling bombs. I ran to my parents. Dad said: “The war has begun. We have to get out of here!” We did not know with whom the war started, we did not think about it, it was just very scary. Dad was a military man, and therefore he was able to call a car for us, which took us to the railway station. They took only clothes with them. All furniture and household utensils remained. At first we rode on a freight train. I remember how my mother covered me and my brother with her body, then they transferred to a passenger train. The fact that the war with Germany was learned somewhere at 12 o'clock in the afternoon from oncoming people. Near the city of Siauliai we saw a large number of wounded, stretchers, doctors. Our path lay in the Moldavian USSR, where we settled before arriving in Moscow.

And the first day of the war was the last when we saw dad alive. He died at the front.

Everyone was sure of victory

The ten-year-old Ninel Karpova found the war in Kharovsk, the regional center of the Vologda region:
- We listened to the message about the beginning of the war from the loudspeaker at the House of Defense. There were a lot of people there.

I was not upset, on the contrary, I became proud: my father will defend the Motherland. After all, he was a soldier. In addition, she and her mother filed a report to be taken to the front (mother was a doctor). Therefore, I had to stay for the winter to study with my grandparents, which I was very glad about. But they didn’t take my mother, and my father was appointed head of a military school for the training of junior officers.

In general, people were not afraid. Yes, women, of course, were upset, crying. But there was no panic. Everyone was sure that we would quickly defeat the Germans. The men said: “Yes, the Germans will drape from us!”

Ninel Karpova

And in addition

The subway has become a refuge

On the first day of the Great Patriotic War, the Moscow metro was turned into a bomb shelter.

Plank floors were laid on the tracks in the tunnels. 4,600 trestle beds and 3,800 cots were delivered to 20 stations. Equipped toilets, installed drinking fountains. Only in the autumn of 1941 more than 500 thousand people a day found refuge there.

217 children were born underground in 1941.
There were 21 first-aid posts in the subway. In 1941, 70,000 people turned to them for help. Film screenings and performances by propaganda teams were held at the stations, and libraries worked. The sale of milk and white bread for children was organized.

The shelter had its own regime

When the threat of bombing became daily, the metro was switched to a mode of operation in which trains were stopped from 18:00 and Muscovites passed inside.

The townspeople were so accustomed to this regime that an hour and a half before six in the evening, a line of people with suitcases and bundles lined up in front of the doors of the subway, wishing to hide in a safe place.

Gorbacheva Elena
WWII quiz "What do I know about the war"

quiz"What am I know about the war» .

preparatory group.

Guys, we talked a lot about the Great Patriotic war, read books, watched videos, presentations, chronicles of the war years and now it's time to test your knowledge. Let's have a little quiz, and it will be from several parts.

part 1 is called "What am I know about the war» .

I will ask you questions, for each there are 3 possible answers. One of these answers is correct. You must name the correct one and raise your hand to answer. I ask questions to each team in turn, if the team answered incorrectly, the right to answer goes to the opposing team. You are ready? Then we listen carefully.

1. When the Great Patriotic War began war?

2. Question: How many years did the Great Patriotic War last war?

3. What countries fought?

Soviet Union with Germany

Soviet Union with America

Soviet Union with Japan

4. What city at the time wars was in blockade for 900 days (almost 2.5 years?

Leningrad

Kaliningrad

5. How female name was the name of the weapon during wars?

6. What was the name of the place where the soldiers rested after the battle?

Dugout

Leading:

Well done! You are good at assignments. We continue.

7. Who first met the enemy for the first time days wars? What kind of troops? (Border guards)

8. What types of troops do you know?

Cavalry, infantry, armored troops, motorized rifle troops, rifle troops, navy, submariners, chemical troops, engineering troops, railway troops, signal troops.)

9. What are the hero cities of Russia?

Leningrad, Stalingrad, Sevastopol; Odessa, Moscow

Brest (fortress-hero, Kerch; Novorossiysk, Tula; Murmansk, Smolensk

How contemporaries honor the memory of those who died in the years wars?

Leading: let's play a little - warm up.

PHYSMINUTKA

Every day in the morning

We do exercises (marching in place)

We like to do it right

It's fun to walk (march in place)

Raise your hands (raise hands up)

Lower your hands (put hands down)

Squat and stand up (squat and stand up 4-6 times)

Jump and jump (make 10 jumps)

2nd round quiz"What am I I know about Victory"

And the final part of our quiz. I ask a question and offer three answers, you need to choose 1 correct one. I ask questions to each team in turn, if the team answered incorrectly, the right to answer goes to the second team of rivals. Attention to the screen.

1. When is Victory Day celebrated?

2. Where is the main parade in Russia in honor of the Victory?

Poklonnaya Gora

Red Square

Manezhnaya Square

3. What does the eternal memory of the fallen soldiers symbolize?

peakless cap

4. Who is now protecting our Motherland from enemies?

This is where ours ended. quiz. You have all shown yourself to be very smart and knowledgeable children. Hard work - to be the defender of the Motherland. You need to know and be able to do a lot in order to master modern weapons and control military equipment.

I know that the war lasted 5 years from June 22, 1941 to May 9, 1945. I know that the Germans first attacked the Brest Fortress. The soldiers guarding the border bravely fought for about two months. I know that there was a blockade of Leningrad. People were starving and freezing. They were given 100 grams of bread and then on cards. Food could be transported to the city in winter along the frozen Lake Ladoga, the so-called "road of life". I know about Nazi death camps. Many people died in them. I know that people worked very hard to help the Soviet soldiers.

I firmly believe that war is scary.

I hope that people will not allow such a terrible war again.

The war began in 1941 and ended in 1945. She was cruel and harsh to everyone. In the war, people died who fought to the death for their homeland. People were dying of hunger and fascist bullets.

The Great Patriotic War, which lasted 5 years, became a tragedy for many countries and peoples. The war brought a lot of grief and misfortune to the lives of many people. The best human qualities were manifested there: courage, courage, love for the Motherland. Women also fought in the war, who cared for the sick and wounded soldiers.

It was terrible time, and today we must say words of gratitude to all those who gave their lives for us to live. We must not forget this feat.

War. What a terrible word. My mother told me that our great-grandfathers had to defend our Motherland in 1941-1945 from fascist invaders. The war brought a lot of grief and misfortune to the lives of many people. Many died on the fronts, many went to concentration camps. Everyone knows the blockade of Leningrad, when only 100 g of bread was allocated per person. Children helped the partisans, worked in factories and put out burning shells. In battle, women were also not inferior to experienced soldiers. How many wounded soldiers were saved by Shura Serebrovskaya during the assault on Pillau, but she herself died. My great-grandfather Ivan also fought. Fled from the police, took Prague and Berlin. And I'm very proud of them!

Our generation does not know what war is. For this we must thank our veterans. So let's honor the memory of the dead and worthily carry the title of the Great Russian people!

At four o'clock in the morning on June 22, 1941, without declaring war, the German army attacked the Soviet Union. It was the most greatest war throughout the history of mankind. A huge number of people died in this war. People gave their lives for the fate of their Motherland, for their comrades. The cities that withstood the onslaught of the enemy were awarded the title of heroes. During the siege of Leningrad, people stayed in the encircled city for nine hundred days and did not give it to the enemy. The war ended on May 9, 1945

We must remember those who accomplished the very feat in the name of our Motherland.

How much war hurt

Gray-haired and children's heads.

We know about this war

Only according to the stories of grandfathers.

The Great Patriotic War lasted from June 22, 1941 to May 9, 1945. It was the most terrible war not only for the Soviet people, but also for many other peoples. In this war, the Soviet people showed their will and solidarity to the whole world. Thanks to the courage and unity of the peoples of the Soviet Union, fascism was defeated. The Soviet people paid a huge price for the victory - more than 27 million people died.

I really want this to never happen again.

Patriotic War. Men, women, children, old people left to fight. People looked death in the eyes, went into battle no matter what. They withstood frost, cold, hunger, enemy bombardments, did not sleep, spent the night in the open. The war brought a lot of grief and misfortune. People gave their lives for freedom, for a peaceful life, for the future. It was a terrible time.

Today we must say words of gratitude to all those who gave their lives for us to live!

The Great Patriotic War began on June 22, 1941. Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union without declaring war.

Defense Brest Fortress one of the first battles. The Soviet army held back the onslaught of the Germans for a week. During the defense of the Brest Fortress Soviet troops suffered heavy losses.

Besieged Leningrad had the hardest time. The city was surrounded on all sides by the Germans. When food supplies ran out, they were delivered to the city along the "road of life". The norm of bread was 250 grams per day.

The Great Patriotic War began at 4 am on June 22, 1941. German troops treacherously, without declaring war, invaded the territory of the Soviet Union. The main blow fell on the hero city of Brest. Warriors fought bravely and for a long time Soviet army in the Brest Fortress, but the forces were not equal. The Germans continued their offensive to the east. Hitler wanted to conquer all of Europe and the Soviet Union. But Battle of Stalingrad ruined all his plans.

The war began on June 22, 1941 and ended on May 9, 1945. Today, Victory Day is celebrated on this day. Germany attacked our country. During this terrible 4 years, millions of people died, the Nazis burned and destroyed hundreds of cities and villages. People were starving. Women and children worked in factories. There were concentration camps, the blockade of Leningrad. The war brought a lot of grief and misfortune. We should be grateful to all those who gave their lives for our life and the world.

The Great Patriotic War of 1941 is the most brutal and bloody in the history of the 20th century. About 26.6 million people died in this war. Children fought alongside the soldiers. They helped in partisan detachments, rescued the wounded, helped in the rear at factories and plants.

Among them was a girl
Zina Portnova. She worked as a waitress in a fascist canteen. This girl fearlessly planted a deadly poison in the food of the Germans.

The boys also performed feats. They helped the soldiers. They talked about where the Nazis store ammunition and equipment, went to reconnaissance.

The most terrible page in the history of the Great Patriotic War was the besieged Leningrad. That city was cut off by the Nazis. outside world. The only way out of besieged Leningrad was through Lake Ladoga. It was used to deliver food to the city. This road was called the Road of Life.

Ministry of Education Russian Federation

College of Education №5

Essay

On the topic of:

What do I know about the Great Patriotic War.

Performed:

2nd year student

Groups 21 “B”

Efremova A.E.

Moscow 2004

The beginning of the Great Patriotic War……………………………………..3

The defeat of the German-fascist troops near Moscow…………………..4

The defeat of the German-fascist troops near Stalingrad…………..5

Battle of Kursk……………………………………………………………..7

Battle for the Dnieper. Tehran Conference……………………………...8

The offensive of the red army in 1944 - 1945………………………………8

End of World War II. The results of the war………………………...9

The Soviet Union after the end of World War II .................................10

Source……………………………………………………………………………….11

Start Great Patriotic War.

June 22, 1941 Nazi Germany, without declaring war, suddenly attacked the Soviet Union. Violating the Soviet-German non-aggression pact concluded on August 23, 1939. At the same time, Italy, Finland, Hungary, and Romania entered the war against the USSR.

During the years of the pre-war 5-year plans, 9,000 large industrial enterprises were built in the Soviet Union. Industry developed especially hard in the Urals and Siberia. Soviet designers developed new models of military equipment (the T-34 medium tank was recognized as the best combat vehicle during the 2nd World War). During 1940, the first half of 41. in the USSR, 2,000 new tanks and about 8,000 combat aircraft were produced, which was clearly not enough to ensure the country's defense capability. Budget appropriations for defense increased from 25% in 1939 to 43% in 1941. the total number of armed forces of the USSR in prewar period 5 million people The population of the USSR in 1941 was 192 million people.

In April 1940 In Germany, the Barbarossa plan was developed, which provided for the lightning defeat of our country. The Germans planned to defeat the Red Army in 1.5 - 2 months, capture Moscow and Leningrad, reach the line of the city of Arkhangelsk - the river. Volga. With powerful blows to the industrial Urals, end the war.

At the same time, the Ost plan was developed, according to which the territory of the Baltic republics: Belarus, Ukraine, the European territory of the RSFSR were to be annexed to Germany and settled by German colonies. The local population was turned into slaves or destroyed.

The German invasion army numbered 5.5 million people. (152 divisions), 4,000 tanks, 5,000 combat aircraft, about 50,000 guns and mortars.

The total strength of the German armed forces in 1941. – 8.5 million people (in 1939, the German army consisted of 110 divisions, 1941 - 208)

The Germans attacked in 3 main directions:

1. Army Group "North" - through the territory of the Baltic Republic, to Leningrad.

2. Army Group "Center" (the most powerful army group) advanced through the so-called "Smolensk Gates" - Minsk, Smolensk, Moscow.

3. Army Group "South" - Ukraine, Kyiv, Dombas, Crimea.

The Soviet country faced a difficult task: to turn the USSR into a single combat camp in the shortest possible time; increase the number and strengthen the army in every possible way; reorganize the work of the Soviet rear in order to ensure a sufficient output of military equipment; normalize the living conditions of the civilian population in wartime.

The success of the mobilization policy: only by July 1, 1941. 5 million 300 thousand people were mobilized.

June 30, 1941 The State Defense Committee (GKO) was formed, which concentrated in its hands all power in the state. For the general management of hostilities, the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief was created, the working body of which was. General base. Stalin was the supreme commander and chairman of the GKO.

average speed the advance of the Germans, in the first days of the war, consisted of 30 km per day. The border units of the Red Army retreated, many were captured.

In 1941 3 million 900 thousand were captured by the Germans. Soviet soldiers and officers.

Army Group North July 10, 1941 went to Leningrad. The 900 day defense of Leningrad began.

Army Group Center July 10, 1941 went to Smolensk. The biggest battle has begun. WITH summer 1941 - Battle of Smolensk - Until September 10, 1941. Smolensk was taken. (For the first time, the Germans met stubborn resistance from the Red Army. Near Smolensk, the losses of the Germans amounted to 100 thousand people.)

Army Group South. July 11, 1941 went to Kyiv. September 19, 1941 Kyiv was abandoned. 30 Sept. 1941 Odessa was abandoned. The 250 day defense of Sevastopol began.

By the winter of 1941. The Germans occupied the territory in which 40% of the population of the USSR lived. More than 60% of coal, 58% of steel, more than 80% of sugar were mined ...

Conclusion: victory was not forged with the help of that powerful potential that was created at such a high price during the years of the first five-year plans.

Reasons for the failures of the Red Army:

the grossest strategic miscalculation of Stalin and his entourage in terms of the start of the war, and in determining the direction of the main blow (Stalin believed that the main blow would be delivered in a southerly direction, to Ukraine), outdated ideas about the methods of waging war, in the initial period.
delay in bringing troops, border military districts, to combat readiness. It led to the destruction of almost 80% of military equipment (only on the first day of the war, 1200 aircraft were destroyed at Soviet airfields without even taking off (the Germans lost 35 aircraft)).
mass repressions 37-38g. deprived the army of more than 40 thousand commanders, watered. Workers, military engineers, out of 5 marshals, 3 were shot by the beginning of the war (only 7% of the command of the red army had a higher military education).
the military-economic potential of Germany used the resources of almost all of Western Europe, and significantly exceeded the military-economic potential of the USSR.

The defeat of the German-fascist troops near Moscow.

30 Sept. – 20 Oct. 1941 the Germans resumed the general offensive against Moscow (Operation Typhoon, 77 selected German divisions). The Moscow direction was defended by the troops of the Western, Reserve and Bryansk Fronts.

Oct 7 1941 in the Vyazma region, the troops of the Western and Reserve fronts were surrounded (according to German data, 663 thousand Soviet soldiers and officers were captured). The headquarters of the supreme commander decides to merge the Western and Reserve fronts (Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov was appointed the new commander).

Early October 1941 The State Defense Committee, signed by Stalin, decides on the beginning of the evacuation to the east of industrial enterprises, state and government institutions, residents of Moscow; plans were drawn up for mining industrial facilities that could not be evacuated.

Oct 20 1941 The GKO declared Moscow under a state of siege. It was decided not to surrender the city under any circumstances.

November 6, 1941 at the Mayakovskaya metro station, a solemn meeting was held dedicated to the anniversary of the revolution. Stalin made a report at the meeting, hiding the truth about the huge losses of the Red Army. And determining the possible timing of the end of the war, he said: "... another half a year, well, maybe a year."

November 7, 1941 A parade of Red Army troops was held on Red Square. Troops went straight from the parade to the front.

November 15, 1941 the 2nd stage of the Moscow battle began. The Germans resumed the general offensive against Moscow. As a result of the general attack on Moscow (that is, from September 30, 1941), the Germans captured Klin, Kalinin, Rogachevo, Kryukovo, Istra, approached Zvenigorod (in some sectors of the front, the Germans approached Moscow by 25-30 km.) Mozhaisk, Yelets, Koluga approached Tula. They could not take Tula, they went around from the east, went under Kashira.

November 5-6, 1941 The counter-offensive of the Red Army near Moscow began. Forces of 3 fronts of Kalinin, Western, South-Western. As a result of this offensive, Kalinin, Klin, Mozhaisk, Istra, Kaluga, Yelets were liberated ... a total of 60 cities, 11 thousand people. settlements, Moscow, Ryazan and Tula regions. the Germans were pushed back from Moscow by 100-250 km.

Conclusion: As a result of the defeat of the German-fascist troops near Moscow, the plan was thwarted lightning war. In the first, the Germans suffered a serious defeat.

By the summer of 1942 An anti-Hitler coalition was formed, which included 28 countries.

May and June 1942 between the USSR, England and the USA an agreement was reached on the opening in Europe in 1942. second front.

The defeat of the German-fascist troops near Stalingrad.

After the defeat of the Germans near Moscow, the German command was preparing an offensive in the southern direction. The Germans sought to seize the initiative, inflict a decisive defeat on the Red Army and end the war against the USSR in 1942.

In May 1942 The Germans launched a decisive offensive in the Crimea. They captured the Circassian semi-island and began the assault on Sevastopol.

after 250 days of defense, Sevastopol was surrendered.

In May 1942 a significant part of the forces southwestern front was surrounded in the Kharkov region. Leaving the encirclement, the troops of the Red Army suffered significant losses.

In August 1942 the Germans launched an offensive in the northern Caucasus, captured Krasnodar, Maikop, Stavropol, Armavir ... rushed to Baku, but were stopped near Ordzhonikidze.

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Pedagogical College №5

Essay

On the topic of:

What do I know about the Great Patriotic War.

Performed:

2nd year student

Groups 21 “B”

Efremova A.E.

Moscow 2004

The beginning of the Great Patriotic War……………………………………..3

The defeat of the German-fascist troops near Moscow…………………..4

The defeat of the German-fascist troops near Stalingrad…………..5

Battle of Kursk……………………………………………………………..7

Battle for the Dnieper. Tehran Conference……………………………...8

The offensive of the red army in 1944 - 1945………………………………8

End of World War II. The results of the war………………………...9

The Soviet Union after the end of World War II .................................10

Source……………………………………………………………………………….11

Start Great Patriotic War.

During the years of the pre-war 5-year plans, 9,000 large industrial enterprises were built in the Soviet Union. Industry developed especially hard in the Urals and Siberia. Soviet designers developed new models of military equipment (the T-34 medium tank was recognized as the best combat vehicle during the 2nd World War). During 1940, the first half of 41. in the USSR, 2,000 new tanks and about 8,000 combat aircraft were produced, which was clearly not enough to ensure the country's defense capability. Budget appropriations for defense increased from 25% in 1939 to 43% in 1941. the total number of armed forces of the USSR in the prewar period is 5 million people. The population of the USSR in 1941 was 192 million people.

The German invasion army numbered 5.5 million people. (152 divisions), 4,000 tanks, 5,000 combat aircraft, about 50,000 guns and mortars.

The total strength of the German armed forces in 1941. – 8.5 million people (in 1939, the German army consisted of 110 divisions, 1941 - 208)

The Germans attacked in 3 main directions:

1. Army Group "North" - through the territory of the Baltic Republic, to Leningrad.

2. Army Group "Center" (the most powerful army group) advanced through the so-called "Smolensk Gates" - Minsk, Smolensk, Moscow.

3. Army Group "South" - Ukraine, Kyiv, Dombas, Crimea.

The success of the mobilization policy: only by July 1, 1941. 5 million 300 thousand people were mobilized.

The average speed of the advance of the Germans, in the first days of the war, was 30 km per day. The border units of the Red Army retreated, many were captured.

In 1941 3 million 900 thousand Soviet soldiers and officers were captured by the Germans.

Army Group North July 10, 1941 went to Leningrad. The 900 day defense of Leningrad began.

Army Group South. July 11, 1941 went to Kyiv. September 19, 1941 Kyiv was abandoned. 30 Sept. 1941 Odessa was abandoned. The 250 day defense of Sevastopol began.

By the winter of 1941. The Germans occupied the territory in which 40% of the population of the USSR lived. More than 60% of coal, 58% of steel, more than 80% of sugar were mined ...

Conclusion: victory was not forged with the help of that powerful potential that was created at such a high price during the years of the first five-year plans.

Reasons for the failures of the Red Army:

the grossest strategic miscalculation of Stalin and his entourage in terms of the start of the war, and in determining the direction of the main blow (Stalin believed that the main blow would be delivered in a southerly direction, to Ukraine), outdated ideas about the methods of waging war, in the initial period.
delay in bringing troops, border military districts, to combat readiness. It led to the destruction of almost 80% of military equipment (only on the first day of the war, 1200 aircraft were destroyed at Soviet airfields without even taking off (the Germans lost 35 aircraft)).
mass repressions 37-38g. deprived the army of more than 40 thousand commanders, watered. Workers, military engineers, out of 5 marshals, 3 were shot by the beginning of the war (only 7% of the Red Army command had a higher military education).
the military-economic potential of Germany used the resources of almost all of Western Europe, and significantly exceeded the military-economic potential of the USSR.

The defeat of the German-fascist troops near Moscow.

Oct 20 1941 The GKO declared Moscow under a state of siege. It was decided not to surrender the city under any circumstances.

November 7, 1941 A parade of Red Army troops was held on Red Square. Troops went straight from the parade to the front.

November 5-6, 1941 The counter-offensive of the Red Army near Moscow began. Forces of 3 fronts of Kalinin, Western, South-Western. As a result of this offensive, Kalinin, Klin, Mozhaisk, Istra, Kaluga, Yelets were liberated ... a total of 60 cities, 11 thousand settlements, Moscow, Ryazan and Tula regions. the Germans were pushed back from Moscow by 100-250 km.

Conclusion: As a result of the defeat of the German-fascist troops near Moscow, the plan for a lightning war was thwarted. In the first, the Germans suffered a serious defeat.

By the summer of 1942 An anti-Hitler coalition was formed, which included 28 countries.

May and June 1942 between the USSR, England and the USA an agreement was reached on the opening in Europe in 1942. second front.

The defeat of the German-fascist troops near Stalingrad.

In May 1942 The Germans launched a decisive offensive in the Crimea. They captured the Circassian semi-island and began the assault on Sevastopol.

after 250 days of defense, Sevastopol was surrendered.

In May 1942 a significant part of the forces of the southwestern front was surrounded in the Kharkov region. Leaving the encirclement, the troops of the Red Army suffered significant losses.

In August 1942 the Germans launched an offensive in the northern Caucasus, captured Krasnodar, Maikop, Stavropol, Armavir ... rushed to Baku, but were stopped near Ordzhonikidze.

Conclusion: thus, in the summer, autumn of 1942, the situation on the southern wing of the Soviet-German front deteriorated sharply.

August 26, 1942 G.K. Zhukov was appointed first deputy commander in chief. This position did not exist before. Stalin probably realized his incompetence.

July 28, 1942 order No. 227 was issued “not a step back. To exterminate alarmists and cowards on the spot, ”creation of penal battalions (3-4% survived among the penalized)

The headquarters of the Supreme Commander of the Red Army developed a plan by Stalingradaka offensive operation. Our troops were to go on the offensive on a front of 400 km. encircle and destroy the enemy with the forces of three fronts: southwestern (N.F. Vatutin), Donskoy (K.K. Rokossovsky), Stalingrad (A.I. Eremenko). Operation Uranus.

November 23, 1942 near the city of Kalach, the troops of the southwestern and Stalingrad fronts, connected by closing the environment. The 6th German army was surrounded, under the command of General Pauls (22 German divisions, more than 300 thousand people).

December 12, 1942 the Germans made an attempt to break through the encirclement from the Kotelnikovsky (Manstein) area. This grouping was opposed by the second guards army, General Malinovsky. In heavy battles, our troops stopped and then drove the enemy back.

By January 1943 the Germans were thrown back from the Stalingrad "cauldron" by 170 - 250 km. The death of those surrounded was inevitable. The Soviet command offered to surrender, but this offer was rejected.

January 25, 1943 troops of the Don Front broke into Stalingrad and began the destruction of the encircled German group.

January 31, 1943 the northern German grouping, and on February 2 the southern one, ceased their resistance.

Conclusion: The Battle of Stalingrad marked the beginning of a radical turning point in the course of the Great Patriotic War, and the entire Second World War.

The Battle of Stalingrad lasted 200 days and nights. And ended with a major defeat for the Germans. Only 91 thousand prisoners. Among them, 2.5 thousand officers, 24 generals headed by F.S. Pauls.

Battle of Kursk.

After the defeat at Stalingrad, spring 1943 the German command developed a plan for Operation Citadel, which involved a major battle summer 1943 near the city of Kursk. Where as a result of the offensive of the Red Army winter 1942-1943 a large ledge was formed, which went down in history under the name of the Kursk Bulge. (Kursk was liberated on February 8, 1943).

The Germans planned to inflict two simultaneous attacks on Kursk from the Orlovsky (northern) and Belgorod (southern) bridgeheads, quickly encircle and destroy the Soviet troops located on the Kursk ledge. For this purpose, the Germans concentrated 50 of the most combat-ready divisions. With a total number of more than 900 thousand people, Tiger and Panther tanks.

April 1943 Zhukov prepared a report on possible actions enemy summer 1943: predicted the plans of the Germans and calculated the strength of the enemy. Hitler signed the plan for Operation Citadel only a week later.

The task of the Soviet troops was to wear down and bleed the enemy in defensive battles on previously prepared lines, and then go on a powerful counteroffensive and complete the defeat of the Germans. G.K. Zhukov proposed not to attack first, but to organize a defense in depth. In the direction of the probable enemy offensive, six powerful defensive lines to a depth of 200 kilometers. The troops, together with the population of Kursk, Oryol and other regions, dug trenches, trenches, communication passages with a total length of more than 5000 km.

The Soviet command became aware that German troops go on the offensive July 5, 1943. Zhukov, together with Rokossovsky, decides to carry out a preemptive shelling of German positions. agree with Stalin decision there was no time. After a powerful artillery bombardment, the Germans, having suffered significant losses, launched an offensive two hours late. Eight divisions advanced from the Orel region (Northern bridgehead), including 500 tanks; 14 divisions advanced from the Belgorod region (Southern bridgehead), 700 of them tanks. The German offensive from the Orlovsky direction was stopped by the troops of the Central Front (Rokossovsky); the German offensive from the southern (Belgorod) direction was stopped by the troops of the Voronezh Front (Vatutin).

July 12, 1943 in the Orel region, the troops of the Western, Bryansk and Central Fronts went on the offensive. July 12, 1943 troops of the Voronezh and Steppe fronts went on the offensive in the Belgorod region. As a result of this offensive, August 5, 1943 Orel and Belgorod. August 23, 1943 Kharkov was liberated.

August 5, 1943 in Moscow, the first salutes thundered in honor of the liberation of Orel and Belgorod.

Conclusion: The Battle of Kursk, which lasted from July 50 to August 23, 1943, ended in a major defeat of the Germans; ended a radical change in the course of the Great Patriotic War and the entire Second World War.

The strategic initiative now belonged entirely to the Red Army.

The Battle of Kursk took place on a line of 500 kilometers. 4 million people fought, more than 13 thousand tanks, 69 thousand guns, 12 thousand aircraft.

July 12, 1943 in the area of the village of Prokhorovka (in the strip of the Voronezh Front) the largest tank battle of the Second World War took place, in which 1200 tanks took part.

Battle for the Dnieper. Tehran conference.

After finishing Battle of Kursk The Red Army launched an offensive on a front of 2,000 kilometers.

IN September 1943 Soviet troops defeated the enemy in the Western direction, liberated Bryansk, Smolensk, entered the eastern regions of Belarus. The liberation of the Left-Bank Ukraine, Donbass, Kuban, and the Taman Peninsula began. The troops of the Red Army reached Perekop and the Kerch Peninsula, closing a large enemy group in the Crimea.

IN September 1943 Italy capitulated, Anglo-American troops landed on its territory.

IN September 1943 Soviet troops reached the Dnieper on a front of 700 kilometers, began to force the Dnieper. On the western bank of the Dnieper, they occupied 23 bridgeheads. Favorable conditions were created for the liberation of Kyiv and right-bank Ukraine.

From November 28 to December 1, 1943 Tehran hosted a conference of heads of government of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition. The Soviet delegation was led by Stalin; the American delegation was headed by Franklin Roosevelt; British delegation - W. Churchill.

The main issue of the conference is the question of opening a second front in Western Europe. The Soviet delegation insisted on opening a second front in Western Europe in order to hasten the defeat of Nazi Germany, however, the United States - our allies sought to continue fighting in the Mediterranean basin and land their troops in the Balkans. After a heated discussion, at the insistence of the Soviet delegation, a decision was made to open a second front in Western Europe in May 1944. However, this deadline was not met.

The offensive of the Red Army in 1944-1945.

By 1944 the Germans suffered a number of serious defeats on the Soviet-German front, but were still very strong and concentrated more than 200 divisions against the USSR, which amounted to 2/3 of all the troops of Nazi Germany.

January 14, 1944 the troops of the Leningrad and Valuev fronts went on the offensive. A week later, the troops of the Leningrad Front defeated the enemy's Peterhof-Strelna grouping, Leningrad was unblocked, and Novgorod was liberated. Leningrad and part of the Kalinin region were liberated. The liberation of Estonia began.

In the spring of 1944 The Red Army went on the offensive with the forces of three Ukrainian fronts on vast territory from the Pripyat River to the mouth of the Dnieper. As a result of this offensive, right-bank Ukraine, part of Western Ukraine, was liberated. The troops of the 1st and 2nd Ukrainian fronts successfully carried out the Korsun-Shevchenko operation, destroyed 10 German divisions, crossed the Dnieper River and liberated a significant part of Moldova.

March 26, 1944 troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front on the 85-kilometer front reached the state border of the USSR along the Prut River for the first time and entered the territory of Romania. towards the middle April 1944 Once the state border of the USSR (with Romania) was restored on a 400-kilometer section.

Troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front liberated Nikolaev and Odessa.

April-May 1944 troops of the 4th Ukrainian Front liberated Simferopol, Sevastopol, Kerch, the Crimean group of Germans was defeated.

In June 1944 Soviet troops liberated Petrozavodsk and reached the state border of the USSR and Finland. Finland sued for peace, severed relations with Germany and September 19, 1944 An armistice was signed between the USSR and Finland March 1945 Finland declared war on Germany).

June 23, 1944 A large-scale offensive of the Red Army in Belarus was launched by the 1st Baltic and three Belarusian fronts - Operation Bagration. TO June 29 in the area of Vitebsk and Bobruisk, 10 German divisions were surrounded and destroyed. 30 June Minsk was liberated, and July 13 Vilnius was liberated. Belarus and most of Lithuania were liberated. The Red Army entered the territory of Poland and approached the borders of East Prussia.

IN July-August 1944 troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front carried out the Lvov-Sandomierz operation, as a result, Lvov was liberated, and soon the whole of Western Ukraine. Troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front entered the territory of Poland.

August 20, 1944 The Yaseno-Kishinev operation began. During the week, the troops of the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian fronts destroyed 18 German divisions, liberated Chisinau and Soviet Moldavia. The troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front entered the territory of Romania, and the troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front entered the territory of Bulgaria.

IN early November 1944 Soviet Zaporozhye was liberated. During November 1944 the Soviet Baltic republics were liberated.

IN 1944 Soviet armed forces liberated the entire territory of the USSR from Nazi invaders and restored the state border of the USSR from the Barents to the Black Sea.

IN August-September 1944 Red Army troops liberated Romania, Bulgaria, part of Yugoslavia. Romania and Bulgaria severed relations with Germany and declared war on her.

IN early 1945 Slovakia was liberated, the liberation of Hungary began. IN February 1945 Budapest was liberated. All Hungary was liberated at the beginning April 1945. Hungary at the end December 1944 declared war on Germany.

IN February 1945 As a result of the Vistula-Oder operation, Poland was liberated. As a result of the East Pomeranian operation, Prussia was liberated, and as a result of stubborn fighting , April 9, 1945 the city of Koenigsberg was occupied. April 13, 1945 Vienna was liberated.

End of World War II. Results of the war.

In February 1945 in the Crimea, in Yalta, a conference of the heads of government of the USSR, the USA, England (Stalin, Roosewalt, Chergel), foreign ministers, and representatives general staffs. At this conference, our countries outlined a plan for the final defeat of Germany, agreed on terms and conditions for surrender, and agreed on the principles of the post-war order of the world. At the insistence of the USSR, a decision was made at the conference after the defeat of Germany to dissolve it. armed forces, to destroy Nazism, to punish the main war criminals - Germany must become a peace-loving state.

At the Yalta Conference, an agreement was approved on the zones of occupation of Germany: the eastern part of the USSR, the western part - England and the USA. The Soviet Union unilaterally took the obligation to declare war on Japan, in case of refusal, to capitulate in 2-3 months. after the surrender of Germany. In order to speed up the end of 2 M.V.

Spring 45g. soviet troops nah. at 60km. from Berlin. Our allies reached the Elbe, and were 100-120 km away. from Berlin. Participated in the Berlin operation; 1 Belarusian, 2 Belarusian, 1 Ukrainian.

20-22 Apr – troops of the first Belor., and 1 Ukr. They broke into Berlin, and a few days later they joined up behind Berlin, surrounding 400 thousand German soldiers and officers.

May 2, 1945 The Berlin garrison capitulated. The fall of Berlin meant the collapse of the fascist regime.

May 8, 1945 at 22:43 CET, or at 0:43 9th May Moscow time, the unconditional surrender of Germany was signed in Karlhorst.

Refused to capitulate to the Soviet armed forces, only the millionth German garrison located in the Czech Republic (they wanted to surrender to our allies).

May 5, 1945 in Prague, an uprising of the inhabitants of the city began. However, the forces were not equal and Prague turned to the Soviet command for help.

May 11, 1945 The Germans stopped resisting and surrendered. For the liberation of Prague, 140 thousand Soviet soldiers died.

Conference decision.

1. liquidate the german military industry

2. destroy the Nazi party.

3. punish the main war fascist criminals.

4. disarm Germany

5. set new frontiers in Europe.

a) transfer the city of Küneksberg to the USSR, and part East Prussia

b) establish a new western border of Poland, along Odessa and the Neisse.

The southern part of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands returned to the USSR.

72 states fought in World War II. 110 million people fought. 55 million people died: 27.5 million Soviet citizens, 14 million Germans, 2 million Yugoslavs, US losses - 400 thousand. The Red Army took part in the liberation of 12 states.

Soviet Union after the end of World War II.

During the first years after the end of the Second World War, a number of countries in Europe and Asia embarked on the path social development. Formed world system socialism, which included 13 states with a population of about 1 billion people, which accounted for 1/3 of humanity. The formation of the world system of socialism dramatically changed the balance of forces in the world arena in favor of socialism. The international prestige of the Soviet Union increased: the number of states that established diplomatic relations with the USSR increased. In 1949. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was formed, which coordinated the households. activities of the socialist countries. In 1949. formed by the GDR and the FRG.

IN post-war years USSR held an independent foreign policy. The hostile attitude towards our country on the part of Britain, France and the United States resulted in a "cold war". Our country has consistently pursued a peaceful foreign policy: peace treaties with the former allies of Germany: Finland, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria. The Soviet Union is the initiator of the creation of the UN (in October 1945 the UN charter came into force; the tasks of the UN are to ensure peace and security, to prevent the threat of war in the world). During the war years, the Soviet Union lost about 30% of its national wealth, which = $485 billion. 32 thousand industrial enterprises, 1470 cities and villages were destroyed; 26 million 452 thousand died. Soviet citizens. The city's standard of living dropped sharply. The country was faced with the task of preventing the consequences of the war in all areas of society in the shortest possible time.

At the end of 1945. About 5 million citizens returned from the occupation to their homeland, 7.5 thousand industrial enterprises were restored. With the transition to peace, the GKO was eliminated; in 1946 In February, the first post-war elections to the Soviet Soviet of the USSR were held; in 1946 The Council of People's Commissars was renamed the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The eight-hour working day was restored, annual paid holidays were canceled, overtime work was canceled.

In 1946. The fourth five-year recovery plan was passed National economy USSR for 1946-1950. As a result, about 4.5 thousand large industrial enterprises were restored and rebuilt in the shortest possible time.

Light industry and the production of consumer goods remained in the background. Due to the inability to equally finance the agricultural industry, the village in many respects fell below the level of 13 years.

In the early 1950s, the incomes of collective farmers were, on average, 4 times lower than the incomes of workers and employees. In addition, collective farmers were required to pay a tax in kind from their personal plot of land: collective farmers still did not have passports, which limited the ability to move around the country in search of work.

In 1946 in the USSR, drought, crop failure; cards were introduced. However, at the end 1947 cards have been cancelled. A monetary reform was carried out. During the years of the Fourth Five-Year Plan, prices for basic consumer goods were repeatedly reduced. The grounds for social insurance were increased: in the wards for mothers of many children and one-children. By March 1948, the army was demobilized (from 11 million 400 thousand to 20 million 900 thousand)

In 1949 was carried out the first atomic weapon in the USSR.

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