Over the past centuries, humanity has made an unprecedented technological leap. Technologies have emerged that can significantly change the world. If earlier human influence on nature could not upset the fragile ecological balance, then new ingenious inventions allowed him to achieve this unfortunate result. As a result, many species of animals were destroyed, many living creatures are on the verge of extinction, and large-scale climate changes begin on Earth.

results human activity cause such terrible damage environment that more and more people are beginning to worry about the future of our planet. The growing concern has resulted in numerous public organizations on nature conservation. Today they operate everywhere, monitor the preservation of the unique natural heritage, uniting millions of enthusiasts throughout to the globe. But this was not always the case; the pioneers of the environmental movement traveled a long way to achieve the current state of affairs.

The Birth of Nature Conservation Organizations

The beginning of the creation of the international environmental community can be considered in 1913, when the first International Conference on nature conservation was held in Switzerland. 18 countries took part in it, but the meeting was of a purely scientific nature, not implying any action. Ten years later, the first International Congress on the Protection of Nature takes place in Paris. Then the International Bureau for the Protection of Nature opened in Belgium. However, it did not try to somehow influence the environmental situation in the world, but simply collected statistical data on nature reserves and environmental legislation.

Then, in 1945, it was created which took environmental cooperation between states to a whole new level. In 1948, a special branch was created at the UN - the International Council for the Defense of Nature. It was he who was responsible for international partnerships in environmental protection. Scientists suddenly began to realize that it was impossible to solve ecological problems at the level of one country, because an ecosystem is a subtle mechanism full of non-obvious, intricate relationships. A change in the natural balance in one place on the planet can have a catastrophic effect on other, seemingly very distant places. The need to jointly solve environmental problems has become obvious.

Further development

Subsequently, the international one became one of the most important topics for discussion at major scientific and cultural events. In 1972, Sweden hosted the UN Conference on the Environment, in which 113 countries took part. It was at this event that the foundations of the modern nature conservation movement were laid. This day has become an international holiday - World Environment Day.

Then came years of stagnation in the environmental movement, when public environmental organizations began to receive less and less funding, and the popularity of their ideas began to wane. But in the early 1980s the situation began to change in better side, resulting in the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Brazil. This event took place in Rio de Janeiro and continued the work begun in Sweden. At the conference, basic concepts were adopted that touch on the topic of the further harmonious development of humanity. The sustainable development model discussed in Rio offers a completely new way of looking at further development human civilization. It involves controlled development within certain limits so as not to harm the environment. The conference in Brazil outlined the activities of environmental organizations up to the present day.

Our days

Today, society is greatly alarmed by changes in the environment caused by human activity. Many countries have passed a number of laws to control organizations such as Greenpeace or the World Fund wildlife, have gained millions of supporters around the world. Almost in any more or less large country There are representations of international environmental organizations. Online communities and thematic sites allow you to get quick and convenient access to information related to ecology. The Internet also makes it possible to coordinate the efforts of people all over the planet - here everyone can make a contribution to protecting the environment.

Science also does not stand still; new inventions are constantly appearing, bringing the era of environmentally friendly energy closer. Many countries have begun to actively use natural energy: wind, water, geothermal, solar, etc. Of course, man-made emissions have not decreased, and corporations are still mercilessly exploiting nature for profit. But the general interest in the environmental problem allows us to hope for a bright future. Let's look at the largest public environmental organizations.

"Greenpeace"

The Greenpeace organization is by far the most popular environmental company on Earth. It appeared thanks to enthusiasts opposing uncontrolled nuclear weapons testing. The first members of Greenpeace, who were also its founders, managed to get the Americans to stop nuclear testing in the area of ​​Amchitka Island. Further protests led to France also stopping nuclear weapons testing, and other countries later joined in.

Despite the fact that Greenpeace was created to protest against nuclear testing, its activities are not limited to this. Members of the organization hold protests around the world to protect our planet from suicidal and stupid human activities. Thus, Greenpeace activists were able to stop the cruel hunt for whales, which was carried out on an industrial scale back in the last century.

Modern protests of this unusual organization are aimed at combating air pollution. Despite the fact that the harm that emissions from factories and factories cause to the atmosphere has been proven, corporations and their unscrupulous owners do not care deeply about all life on this planet, they only care about profit. Therefore, Greenpeace activists are holding their actions to stop the barbaric attitude towards the environment. Sadly, it is likely that their protests will never be heard.

World Wildlife Fund

There are a wide variety of conservation organizations. The list of non-governmental organizations would be incomplete without mentioning the World Wildlife Fund. This organization operates in more than 40 countries around the world. In terms of the number of supporters, the Wildlife Foundation is even ahead of Greenpeace. Millions of people support their ideas, many of them fight for the preservation of all forms of life on earth, not only in word, but also in deed; more than 1000 environmental projects around the world are excellent proof of this.

Like many other public conservation organizations, the World Wildlife Fund has its primary mission on Earth. Members of this environmental organization are trying to protect animals from the harmful influence of humans.

UN Environment Program

Of course, he heads public and state organizations Nature Conservation United Nations. It is this that is of the most large-scale nature. Almost every UN meeting addresses issues of the environment and international cooperation in the field of improving ecological situation on the planet. The branch dealing with environmental issues is called UNEP. Its tasks include monitoring pollution of the atmosphere and the world's oceans and preserving species diversity.

This system of environmental protection does its job not only in words; many important international laws designed to protect the environment were adopted precisely thanks to the UN. UNEP was able to achieve more thorough monitoring of the transport of hazardous substances, and a commission was created that monitors and tries to stop this scourge.

Russian nature conservation organizations

Some international environmental movements have been described above. Now let's look at what organizations are involved in nature conservation in Russia. Despite the fact that the popularity of domestic environmental organizations is significantly lower than that of their international colleagues, these societies still perform their function and attract new enthusiasts.

The All-Russian Society for Nature Conservation is a large and influential organization dealing with environmental problems in the Russian Federation. It performs many different tasks, one of the main ones is promoting knowledge about ecology to the masses, educating people, and drawing attention to environmental problems. VOOP is also involved in scientific activity and monitors compliance with environmental legislation.

The All-Russian Society for Nature Conservation was created back in 1924. The fact that this organization was able to survive to this day, while increasing its number to three million people, shows the genuine interest of people in the environmental problem. There are other Russian associations of environmentalists, but VOOP is by far the largest all-Russian environmental organization.

Nature Conservation Team

The Nature Conservation Team was created in 1960 and continues its work to this day. Moreover, some of the major Russian universities joined this organization and created their own squads. Today, DOP is engaged in the same activities as other environmental organizations in Russia. They carry out explanatory work, trying to improve the education of citizens in the environmental sphere. In addition, the nature conservation squad is involved in protests against the destruction of wild places in Russia, and helps in the fight against forest fires and makes his contribution to science.

The future of environmental organizations

There are a wide variety of environmental organizations, a list of some of their non-governmental representatives is as follows:

1. World Wildlife Fund.
2. "Greenpeace".
3. United Nations Program (UNEP).
4. World Society for the Protection of Animals.
5. Global Nest.

The number of such associations is growing every year, they are gaining more and more popularity. This is not surprising, since the consequences of barbaric expansion carried out by man are becoming more and more noticeable. Scientists and public figures, like most people on Earth, long ago realized that something needs to be changed before we turn our planet into a lifeless dump. Of course, today the opinions of people are not significant in any of the existing states, which allows industrial magnates to continue their dirty business, taking advantage of impunity and their own short-sightedness.

However, there is still hope for a bright future. With the advent of the Internet, non-governmental environmental organizations have the opportunity to conduct their educational activities with millions of people. Now everyone who cares about the environment can communicate with like-minded people and get any necessary information about the environment, it has become much easier to unite supporters and coordinate protests. Of course, most people are still victims of years of propaganda that paint the green movement in an unsavory light. However, the situation can change at any second, because environmental organizations have become a force to be reckoned with.

What can be done to protect nature?

Loud speeches about protecting the environment and preserving species diversity can excite the minds of young enthusiasts. But, unfortunately, this is all that words can do; real benefit to nature can only be brought by actions. Of course, you can find out which organizations are involved in environmental protection in your city and plunge headlong into their useful activities. This path is not suitable for everyone, so it is best to start saving nature by stopping destroying and polluting it with your own hands.

Everyone has at least once seen beautiful forest clearings littered with piles of garbage after someone's stormy vacation. So, before you start nature, you first need to stop harming it. How can you encourage others to care about the environment if you yourself pollute the environment? Garbage collected after a vacation, a fire extinguished in time, trees that you did not kill for firewood - all this is very simple, but brings wonderful results.

If everyone remembers that the Earth is our home, and the fate of all humanity depends on its condition, then the world will be transformed. For those who want to take an active part in protecting the environment, there are numerous Russian organizations Nature Conservation is ready to provide such an opportunity. The era of change has come, today it is decided what we will leave to our descendants - a radioactive dump or a beautiful green Garden. The choice is ours!

1. Participants and leaders of the practice are obliged to strive to minimize the damage caused to nature by the presence of a large group.

2. When setting up a long-term campsite, it is necessary to dig a garbage pit, being careful not to damage the roots of the trees, and when removing the camp, clear the area of ​​debris and bury it. During short-term stops, garbage is burned (polyethylene - separately from food waste), cans should be burned over a fire and buried or taken with you.

3. Participants in the practice are prohibited from tearing or digging up protected species of plants and catching protected species of animals. Unknown species should be collected after consultation with the teacher, and if this is not possible, in a single copy.

4. Mass collections of any organisms should be avoided, which could lead to their senseless death and cause damage to the population. Mass collections can only be made for scientific purposes with the permission of teachers.

5. Unnecessarily, you should not cut down or damage living trees and bushes. If it is necessary to use live trees when setting up a camp or for other economic purposes, it is permissible to use undergrowth of “weed” species (in the middle zone - birch, aspen).

6. Soil damage should be minimized. If it is necessary to dig around a fire pit or tents, the removed turf should be saved and then put back in place. Moving in and around the camp should follow paths to minimize trampling.

7. It is prohibited to drain or pour toxic and polluting substances onto the soil and water bodies.

8. It is prohibited to make noise in the forest, to look for bird nests without scientific necessity, or to pick up eggs and chicks.

More interesting articles

The richness of the subsoil, the purity of waters, forests and the atmosphere of the Earth. Nature conservation has economic, historical, social and national significance.

Nature conservation activities

Activities related to nature conservation can be divided into the following groups:

Nature conservation activities can be carried out on an international scale, a national scale or within a specific region.

The world's first measure to protect animals living freely in nature was the decision to protect chamois and marmots in the Tatras, adopted in 1868 by the Zemstvo Sejm in Lviv and the Austro-Hungarian authorities on the initiative of Polish naturalists M. Nowicki, E. Janota and L. Zeisner.

The danger of uncontrolled changes in the environment and, as a result, the threat to the existence of living organisms on Earth (including humans) required decisive practical measures to protect and preserve nature, legal regulation use natural resources. Such measures include cleaning up the environment, streamlining the use of chemicals, stopping the production of pesticides, restoring land, and creating nature reserves. Rare plants and animals are listed in the Red Book.

In Russia, environmental measures are provided for in land, forestry, water and other federal legislation.

In a number of countries, as a result of the implementation of government environmental programs, it was possible to significantly improve the quality of the environment in certain regions (for example, as a result of a multi-year and expensive program, it was possible to restore the purity and quality of water in the Great Lakes). On an international scale, along with the creation of various international organizations on individual problems of environmental protection, the UN Environment Program operates.

Nature conservation at the state level in the Russian Federation

In June 2016, it was announced the creation of the Regional Environmental Prosecutor's Office in Far East, which will exercise supervision in the territories of the Amur Region, Primorye and Khabarovsk Territory. A similar structure for the Volga region was created in 1990, which included Samara, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Ryazan, Cheboksary, Kazan, Ostashkovsk, Tver and Cherepovets interdistrict environmental prosecutor's offices.

The next day, the countess, inviting Boris to her place, talked with him, and from that day he stopped visiting the Rostovs.

On December 31, on New Year's Eve 1810, le reveillon [night supper], there was a ball at Catherine's nobleman's house. The diplomatic corps and the sovereign were supposed to be at the ball.
On Promenade des Anglais the famous house of the nobleman glowed with countless lights of illumination. At the illuminated entrance with a red cloth stood the police, and not only gendarmes, but the police chief at the entrance and dozens of police officers. The carriages drove off, and new ones drove up with red footmen and footmen with feathered hats. Men in uniforms, stars and ribbons came out of the carriages; ladies in satin and ermine carefully stepped down the noisily laid down steps, and hurriedly and silently walked along the cloth of the entrance.

Introduction

1. The semantic meaning of the concepts: “nature protection”, “environmental protection”, “nature management”, “ecological safety”

2. The environmental crisis is a real threat to humanity

3. Environmental activities in Russia

4. Principles of international cooperation in the field of environmental protection

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Intensive use natural resources led to the need for a new type of environmental activity - rational use natural resources, in which protection requirements are included in the process itself economic activity on the use of natural resources.

This work will cover such concepts as: “nature protection”, “environmental protection”, “ecological safety”; the causes of the environmental crisis are analyzed and ways to solve it are considered; such an issue as the Main Law on Nature Protection in Russia, as well as the principles of international cooperation in the field of environmental protection will be directly covered.

principle protection nature ecology safety

1. The semantic meaning of the concepts: “nature protection”, “environmental protection”, “nature management”, “ecological safety”

Protection of Nature- a set of state and general educational measures aimed at preserving the atmosphere, flora and fauna, soils, waters and subsoil.

In the 50s XX century Another form of protection arises - protection of the human environment. This concept is close in meaning to nature conservation, puts the person in the center of attention, the preservation and formation of such natural conditions, which are most favorable for his life, health and well-being.

Environmental protection represents a system of state and public measures (technological, economic, administrative, legal, educational, international) aimed at the harmonious interaction of society and nature, the preservation and reproduction of existing ecological communities and natural resources for the sake of living and future generations. In the new environmental Federal law(2002) use the term “environmental protection”, with the “natural environment” understood as the most important component of the environment. IN last years the term is also often used “protection of the natural environment”, which is close to another concept - "biosphere protection" those. a system of measures aimed at eliminating the negative anthropogenic or natural influence on the interconnected blocks of the biosphere, maintaining its evolutionarily developed organization and ensuring normal functioning.

The protection of the natural environment is closely related to environmental management - social and production activities aimed at meeting the material and cultural needs of society through the use of various types of natural resources and natural conditions. According to N.F. Reimers (1992), it includes:

a) protection, renewal and reproduction of natural resources, their extraction and processing;

b) use and protection of natural conditions of the human living environment;

c) preservation, restoration and rational change of the ecological balance of natural systems;

d) regulation of human reproduction and the number of people.

Nature management can be rational and irrational. Rational environmental management means an integrated, scientifically sound, environmentally safe and sustainable use of natural resources, with the maximum possible conservation of natural resources resource potential and the ability of ecosystems to self-regulate. Irrational environmental management does not ensure the preservation of natural resource potential, leads to a deterioration in the quality of the natural environment, and is accompanied by a violation of ecological balance and destruction of ecosystems.

On modern stage development of the problem of environmental protection, a new concept of “ecological safety” is born, which is understood as the state of protection of the natural environment and vital environmental interests of humans from the possible negative impact of economic and other activities, emergency situations, and their consequences.

The scientific basis for all measures to ensure the environmental safety of the population and rational environmental management is theoretical ecology, the most important principles of which are focused on maintaining the homeostasis of ecosystems and preserving animal potential.

Ecosystems have the following maximum boundaries such existence(existence, functioning), which must be taken into account during anthropogenic impact (Saiko, 1985):

Limit anthropotolerance— resistance to negative anthropogenic impacts, for example, the harmful effects of pesticides;

Limit stochetolerance- resistance against natural Disasters, for example, the effects of hurricane winds on forest ecosystems;

Limit homeostasis- ability to self-regulate;

Limit potential regenerativeness, those. self-healing abilities.

Environmentally sound rational management of natural resources should consist of increasing these limits to the maximum possible extent in order to achieve environmentally balanced environmental management. Irrational use of natural resources ultimately leads to an environmental crisis.

2. The environmental crisis is a real threat to humanity

An ecological crisis is a stage of interaction between society and nature at which the contradictions between economics and ecology are exacerbated to the limit, and the possibility of maintaining potential homeostasis, i.e. the ability of self-regulation of ecosystems, in conditions anthropogenic impact seriously undermined.

A group of American scientists - D.H. Meadows, D.L. Meadows, I. Renders, V. Behrens, as well as representatives of the Club of Rome, using methods of system analysis, with the help of a computer, developed a model of the future development of the biosphere as a world system according to five main parameters: population, food production, industrial production, environmental pollution, non-renewable natural resources. The authors of the model came to the conclusion that if the growth rate of population, economy, and the rate of depletion of natural resources increases on the same scale, then by 2020–2040. humanity will be on the verge of destruction as a result of the destruction of the natural environment. In other words, the degradation of the biosphere now poses a direct threat to our civilization, since the limits of possible loads have already been reached.

Modern environmental science has proven that biota itself is capable of regulating and stabilizing the environment. Reacting to external disturbances with strong feedback(which is similar to the action of the La Chatelier-Brown principle in thermodynamics), the biota returns the natural environment to its previous state. However, such a reaction of the biota is possible only to a certain limit.

If the economic or carrying capacity of the biosphere is exceeded, the biota, as stated by V.I. Danilov-Danilyan and K.S. Losev (2000), itself becomes a “source of pollution.” The remaining natural part continues to compensate for the disturbance, but such compensation is no longer sufficient to return the previous state of the natural environment.

It must be taken into account that environmental degradation and its consequences are only one side of the manifestation of the environmental crisis, the other side (social) is crisis of state public structures, unable to ensure the environmental safety of society (Petrov, 1995).

Finding a way out of the global environmental crisis is the most important scientific and practical problem of our time. The task is to develop a set of reliable anti-crisis measures that will make it possible to actively counteract further degradation of the natural environment and achieve sustainable development. Attempts to solve this problem by any means alone, for example, technological ones (sewage treatment plants, low-waste technologies, etc.), will not lead to the necessary results. Overcoming the environmental crisis is possible only under the condition of the harmonious development of nature and man and the removal of antagonism between them. This is achievable only on the basis of the implementation of the “trinity of natural nature, society and humanized nature” (Zhdanov, 1995), along the paths of sustainable development, an integrated approach to solving environmental problems. General principle environmental protection (Reimers, 1994): global baseline natural resource potential during historical development is continuously depleted, and, as a consequence of it, another principle: “ecologically friendly - economical”. This requires humanity to make fuller use of natural resource potential, and efforts to implement it must be comparable with the economic results of environmental management. Another important environmental rule: all components of the biosphere— atmospheric air, water, soil, etc.— they must be protected not individually, but as a whole, as unified natural systems of the biosphere. Only with such an ecological approach is it possible to ensure the preservation of landscapes, mineral resources, animals, plants, etc.

According to the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” (2002), the main principles of environmental protection are the following:

Respect for human rights to a healthy environment;

Rational and sustainable use of natural resources;

Conservation of biological diversity;

Payment for environmental use and compensation for environmental damage;

Mandatory state environmental impact assessment;

Priority to the conservation of natural ecosystems, natural landscapes and complexes;

Respect for everyone’s right to reliable information about the state of the environment, etc.

The most important environmental principle reflected in the Federal Law is scientifically based combination of environmental, economic and social interests,- corresponds to the spirit of the UN International Conference in Rio de Janeiro (1992), where a course was taken to preserve the natural environment environment "alongside, together" with economic growth.

An analysis of the environmental and socio-economic situation in Russia allows us to identify five main directions for Russia to overcome the environmental crisis (Fig. 1). This requires an integrated approach: simultaneous use of all areas:

First direction - greening technology: creation of environmentally friendly technology, introduction of waste-free, low-waste industries, etc.

Second direction - development and improvement of the economic mechanism environmental protection;

Third direction - administrative and legal: application of administrative and legal liability measures for environmental violations;

Fourth direction - evil-educational: harmonization of environmental thinking, rejection of consumerism towards nature;

Fifth direction - international legal: harmonization of environmental international relations. Certain steps to overcome the environmental crisis in all of the above five areas are already being taken in Russia. However, we all have to go through the most difficult and responsible sections of the path ahead.

3. Environmental activities in Russia

In our country, certain efforts have been made to protect nature at different periods. Environmental protection laws in the USSR were adopted in the 70-80s of the 20th century.

In 1991, the RSFSR Law “On the Protection of the Natural Environment” was adopted. First of all, it defines the principles of protection

Environment: priority is to protect human life and health,

Combination of economic and environmental interests,

Rational use of natural resources, transparency and

Openness of environmental information, etc.

The law establishes the rights of citizens in the field of environmental protection, the main legal institutions nature protection, specially protected natural areas, environmental emergency zones, as well as requirements for various types activities, basics of environmental control and education, types of environmental offenses and responsibility for them. The law contains a set of rules for its protection in the conditions of economic development and is, therefore, the Environmental Code of Russia. The objectives of this law can be divided into three parts:

Protection of the natural environment (and through it human health);

Prevention of harmful effects of economic and their activities;

Improving the environment and improving its quality

The law calls the leading principle aimed at solving these problems a combination of environmental and economic interests, scientifically justified from the point of view of preserving and, if necessary, restoring the natural environment and human health. This scientifically based combination should establish standards for the quality of the natural environment - maximum permissible standards for exposure (chemical, physical, biological, etc.), maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances, maximum permissible emissions, discharges of harmful substances, standards for radiation and electromagnetic exposure, noise , vibrations, standards for harmful residual substances in food, etc. To ensure compliance with environmental quality standards, the law forms environmental requirements for all economic structures and citizens who are responsible for their failure to comply. It is prohibited to finance and implement projects and programs that have not received a positive conclusion from the state environmental assessment. The commission for acceptance of completed construction includes representatives of environmental protection and sanitary-epidemiological control authorities. The object will not be accepted without their signature. The law establishes the imposition of a large fine on members of acceptance commissions for accepting objects for operation in violation of environmental requirements. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation allows such persons to be held criminally liable for negligence or abuse of official position.

For the first time in our legislation, a section has been included in the law reflecting the right of citizens to a healthy and favorable natural environment. The real guarantees of this right are standards for maximum permissible harmful effects, a system of environmental control over their implementation and liability for non-compliance. The right of citizens and public environmental movements to provide environmental information, participate in environmental impact assessments, demand its appointment, hold rallies, demonstrations, apply to administrative and judicial authorities with applications to suspend or terminate the activities of environmentally harmful facilities, and claims for compensation for damage caused to health is established. and property. The amount of damage caused is recovered from the causer, and if it is impossible to establish it, then at the expense of the corresponding state environmental fund, i.e. in this case, the state is responsible to the citizen. The law includes two categories of factors in the economic mechanism of environmental protection: positive and negative. Their goal is to ensure the economic interest of the natural resource user in limiting the harmful impact on nature. Positive factors create direct economic incentives for environmental protection and provide financing, credit benefits, and reduced taxation when introducing environmentally friendly technologies. Negative factors affect economic interest through the withdrawal of part of the income as payment for the use of natural resources, a tax on environmentally harmful products or products produced using environmentally friendly means. dangerous technologies. There are two types of payments for the use of natural resources: one - for the withdrawal and consumption of natural substances, the second - for the discharge, emission, disposal of production waste in the natural environment. The economic incentive system is supplemented by law with administrative and legal measures. The law includes environmental assessments, environmental control, measures of administrative and legal suppression of harmful activities, and liability for environmental violations. Environmental control is presented in three forms: an environmental monitoring system, state control, industrial and public control.

The principles of international cooperation in environmental protection reflected in the law play an important role, since the tasks of ecological revival are transboundary and can only be fully resolved through the efforts of the entire world community. Russia has signed a number of international agreements on environmental protection. In recent years, the country has seen an increase in the influence of local authorities and environmental authorities on the work of industry.

In Moscow, for example, it is prohibited to use leaded gasoline. Since 1989, the Moscow Committee for Nature Protection has introduced round-the-clock duty for an environmental ambulance (tel. 952-72-881 whose task is to quickly respond to reports of air, water or soil pollution. More than 150 environmentally harmful enterprises in Moscow either stopped or were closed.

4. Principles of international cooperation in the field of environmental protection

The objectives of international cooperation in the field of environmental activities are to solve problems of the relationship between legal regulation of the economy different countries, the impact of human society on the environment as a whole and the mutual influence of ecology, law and economics, as well as issues of organizing rational environmental management using market leverage and bringing environmental standards of different countries to uniformity.

Exchange between states includes a large range of environmentally significant goods - production, sale, transportation and export of hunting, including fur, trophies, exhibits and collections of rare animals and plants; pumping of oil, products produced from it, gas, and other hydrocarbon raw materials; export of timber; food imports; import of technologies, industrial products, chemicals, as well as radioactive waste for processing. International quality standards also apply to environmental services—certification of forestry and other environmental products, implementation of environmental audits, voluntary and compulsory insurance of environmental risks, and other forms of environmental entrepreneurship. In addition, the sphere of interaction between countries in the field of ecology includes spontaneous movements of natural objects and transnational pollution.

Management and control at the global regional and national levels of the state and changes of the environment on the basis of generally accepted criteria and parameters are international principles that are accepted by most states, and this implies the conclusion of not only interregional and bilateral, but also multilateral international agreements on environmental issues when organizing and implementing environmental management.

Agreements can be conditionally classified according to topics that give an idea of ​​the level and scale of globalization and the directions of international environmental cooperation:

Issues of creating international environmental organizations (40 in total) (World Meteorological Organization (1950) International Fund for Compensation for Damage Caused by Oil Pollution (1994));

Protection of selected natural resources (39) - protection of all peaceful cultural and natural heritage (1972), international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora (1973), long-range transboundary air pollution (1979), conservation of biological diversity (1992); protection of the resources of the World Ocean: on regulating the mesh sizes of fishing nets and fish size limits (1953), on fishing in the waters of the Black Sea (1959), in the North-West Atlantic (1978), the Baltic Sea (1973). ), Mediterranean Sea (1976 and 1980, on the prevention of pollution by discharges from ships (1973, 1988 and 1992);

Radiation safety issues (13) - on the protection of workers from ionizing radiation (1960), on the ban on testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water (1963), on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (1968), on prompt notification of a nuclear accident (1986), etc.

International agreements cover the solution of problems associated with the use of Vehicle(16), Antarctica (5), space (4), military use and destruction of non-nuclear weapons of mass destruction (4).

The global nature of ecology leads to the creation of global supranational environmental governance bodies - international whale conservation bodies, fur seals, polar bears and other endangered species of animals, as well as plants. Coordination of the activities of states to establish quotas for oil and gas production and minimum prices for hydrocarbon raw materials is carried out by OPEC. Technologies are being exchanged in the field of using solar, wind, and tidal energy; coordination of measures for the search, processing, transportation, protection and sale of diamonds, platinum, palladium, gold and other precious metals; formation of a system of restrictions harmful emissions into the atmosphere, monitoring emissions, charging for excess pollution introduced after 1990 and signing Kyoto Protocol. The European Environmental Arbitration Court, the European Environmental Commission and other environmental cooperation bodies have been formed within the framework of the countries of a united Europe.

The Declaration on Environment and Development, adopted in Rio de Janeiro at the World Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 06/14/1992). A statement of principles for the protection and management of all types of forests was also adopted here; Convention on Biological Diversity; climate change convention.

To develop information cooperation in the field of harmonization of measurements, coordinated collection and exchange of environmental information at the international level and integration into international monitoring systems, networks of national information centers on the state of the environment of the Global environmental monitoring United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), taking into account and complying with international standards.

Conclusion

French explorer Jacques Cousteau said: “Nature used to frighten man, but now man frightens nature.” The time has come to stop intimidating each other, and through the joint efforts of everyone living on Earth - be it a person or a microorganism - to improve our common home - the biosphere. The task of Homo sapiens is not to undermine the natural foundations of his existence, not to interfere with progressive processes in the biosphere, wasting an ever-increasing amount of energy on this, but to try to understand the laws and rules driving these processes, and to coordinate his goals and actions.

Literature

1. Andreeva T.A. - Ecology in questions and answers: textbook. - TK Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2006. - 148 p.

2. Aspiz M.E. - encyclopedic Dictionary young biologist - M.: Pedagogika, 1986. - 352 pp.: ill.

3. Batuev A.S. - Biology: A large reference book for schoolchildren and applicants to universities / Batuev A.S., Gulenkova M.A., Elenevsky A.G. and others - 2nd ed. - M.: Bustard, 1999. - 668 p.: ill.

4. Volodin V.A. - Encyclopedia for children. Volume 19. Ecology. - M.: Avanta+, 2001. - 448 p.: ill.

5. Korobkin V.I., Peredelsky L.V. - Ecology in questions and answers: Tutorial. - Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2002. - 384 p.

6. Khotuntsev Yu.L. - Ecology and environmental safety: A textbook for students. higher ped. textbook establishments. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2002. - 480 p.