The mainland of relics - animals and plants preserved from the past geological epochs; - No active volcanoes; - The driest continent on Earth. It receives 5 times less precipitation than Africa, 8 times less than South America; - About half of its area is occupied by deserts and semi-deserts; - The whole mainland is occupied by one state; - Later than others it was settled and mastered by Europeans; - Fully located in the southern hemisphere; - The smallest continent.

The history of the discovery of Australia Explorer CountryWhat was discovered by Luis Vaes de Torres SpainP - in Cape York, the strait between New Guinea and m. York (1606) Willem Janszon (Yants) Holland The northern coast of Australia, the Gulf of Carpentaria (1606) Abel Tasman Holland Proved that New Holland is a special continent (gg.) Opened a section of New Zealand. James Cook England Defined that New Zealand consists of 2 islands. April 28, 1770 The first landing on the mainland took place. On April 29, the Gulf of Bothnia was opened

Exploration of the territory of Australia Air John Edward - sheep breeder, in the years. in search of pastures he explored the coast of the Great Australian Bight. Strzelsky Pavel Edmund - geographer and geologist, discovered the highest point in Australia. Hume Hamilton and Howell William - discovered the Australian Alps, the Murray (Yuma) River Matthew Flinders - sailed around the mainland and gave the modern name.

Physico - geographical position mainland 1. How is the mainland relative to the equator, the tropics and the prime meridian. 2. The extreme points of the mainland, determine their coordinates and the length of the mainland in degrees from north to south, from east to west. 3. In what climatic zones is the mainland located? 4. What oceans and seas wash the mainland? 5. How is the mainland relative to other continents?

Mark on the contour map of the sea - Tasmanovo, Timor, Coral, Arafura; straits - Torres, Bass; bays - Great Australian, Arnhemland; islands - Tasmania, New Zealand, New Guinea; peninsulas - Cape York, Arnhemland; capes - York, Southeast, Northwest, Byron.

In the relief of Australia, surfaces have been preserved that have not changed since the past, which is associated with the peculiarities of the formation of the relief inherent only to this continent: since the time of separation from the parent continent of Pangea, the Australian plate has been drifting south almost without being subjected to any tectonic influences. The nature of Australia also remained almost unchanged under conditions of long-term isolation from other continents and the absence of competition from "new" species of plants and animals, since Australia was early separated from other continents by vast oceanic expanses.

The nature of Australia in its original form is animals that are not found on other continents, plants that amaze with unusualness. Rainforest, outback, mountains and savannah form a magical colorful palette against the blue sky.

History of the development of the continents

Australia is an unusually compact landmass. Since the processes of mountain building during the last few geological periods were not as active there as on many other continents, the mountains that formed during the earlier periods were subjected to strong weathering and erosion. 75% of the territory of the mainland is located in the altitude range from 150 to 460 m above sea level, and only 7% is elevated by more than 600 m.

Many facts convince us that for most of the geological history of Australia, together with South America, Africa, Antarctica and India was part of the large "supercontinent" Gondwana.

About 160 million years ago, Gondwana split into parts, and its fragments, which became the continents, "moved" to their current positions.

During the Paleozoic era, the southern continent of Gondwana existed. (Ancient continent. A huge continent that existed in the southern hemisphere in the Paleozoic era. It included parts of South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, Arabia, India. In the Triassic and Jurassic, Gondwana collapsed. It included all the current southern continents: South America , Africa, Australia, the Indian subcontinent, Antarctica. The northern continents in the Devonian united into the northern supercontinent - Laurasia. At the end of the Paleozoic, both continents approached and formed a supercontinent - Pangea - a single land. Pangea existed throughout the Permian period and the Lower Triassic. But already in Permian-Triassic time Gondwana began to disintegrate, and the continents slowly drift away from each other.

The split point is marked by three branches of the underwater Indian Ocean Ridge. At the end of the Triassic, the northern and southern supercontinents - Laurasia and Gondwana - began to diverge. Between them formed a body of water - the Tethys Ocean. The waters of the Tethys washed the south of North America, the south of Europe, the south of Asia and the north of Gondwana.

About 160 million years ago, Gondwana split into parts under the influence of tectonic movements. The Indomadagascar part separated: the Mozambique Channel has existed for more than a hundred million years. Then Hindustan separated from Madagascar and began to drift north. About 50 million years ago, the Hindustan plate collided with the southern part of the Asian continental plate. As a result of this collision, the eastern part of Tethys was crushed by Hindustan, and the mountains of the Himalayas began to rise at the site of the collision. In place of the spreading plates - fragments of Gondwana, the Indian Ocean began to form.

At the end jurassic South America began to separate from Africa. At the end of the Cretaceous period, South America completely separated from Africa, and the southern and central parts of the Atlantic Ocean formed. At the beginning of the Cenozoic era, Laurasia broke up into North America and Eurasia. (Laurasia is an ancient supercontinent that united the platform parts of North America and Eurasia. It was formed from the beginning of the Devonian to the Permian. From the middle of the Mesozoic, the disintegration of Laurasia began). In the Eocene, a complete separation of North America, Greenland and Europe took place: the North Atlantic was formed.

Australia was very early separated from Africa, but there was a connection with South America through Antarctica until the end of the Tertiary period. In the east, during the Paleozoic, there was an increase in the Australian land due to mountain building. In the last 65 million years, during the Cenozoic time, the main contours of the mainland took shape, although the Central Lowlands remained partially flooded by the sea until the end of the Paleogene.

The modern relief of Australia clearly reflects the features of the geological history and structure. The mainland is dominated by plains and plateaus.

Such a course of events, which led to the modern location of the continents, has paleomagnetic, paleoclimatic and geological confirmation. In particular, it was found that the mountains on the western coast of Africa and the Sierra mountains in South America are composed of the same rocks, have the same order of geological layers and the same minerals. On the islands South Atlantic there are rocks of continental origin (this was also known to Darwin). They testify that these islands are nothing but fragments of land. The same applies to the Seychelles, Kerguelen Island. These confirmations also apply to the same climate on the southern continents. (Paleoclimate - the term means "fossil climate", that is, evidence preserved in the modern landscape that at the time of the appearance of such evidence the climate on our planet was different.) The discovery of the compatibility of the continents with each other belongs to the German geophysicist Alfred Wegener and was presented by him in book The Origin of Oceans and Continents in 1912. Wegener argued that the granite continents and the basalt bottom of the oceans do not form a continuous cover, but, as it were, float on viscous molten rock, set in motion by a force associated with the rotation of the Earth. The earth's crust consists of 20 small and large platforms.

The unique development of the nature of the mainland was strongly influenced by climatic conditions, which have been formed throughout the history of the development of Australia. The modern appearance of the mainland is the most arid continent on Earth. Three-quarters of the surface of Australia has insufficient moisture. Climatic conditions on the continent are determined by its position near the equator, on both sides of the tropic. It was the hot tropical sun that caused the formation of extended deserts on the continent and, accordingly, unusual flora and fauna.

In accordance with this geographical position, one of the main factors affecting the climate of the mainland is the high total solar radiation, reaching 140 k/cal per cm2 per year in the northwest. Compared to South Africa and South America, South of the Equator, Australia is more stretched from west to east. With a weak dissection of the coastline, this causes constantly high temperatures in the interior and gives the right to consider it the hottest part of the land of the southern hemisphere. The main territory of Australia is located in three climatic zones - from the subequatorial in the north, in the main part of the tropical, in the subtropical in the south, and the island of Tasmania is classified by climatologists as a temperate zone.

From December to February (in the summer of the southern hemisphere), the mainland warms up strongly, especially its central parts; This is the hot season of the year, the average air temperature during the day is about 35-36 degrees, and on some days it is even higher than +40. In winter, daytime temperatures here are almost two times lower - about +20 degrees, in the Great Victoria Desert - up to +10 degrees, in some years night frosts are not ruled out. In the coolest part of the country - on the island of Tasmania - a typical British climate reigns - in summer the daytime temperature is +20. +22, ten degrees cooler in winter. In winter, night frosts occur, but there is no stable snow cover here - in the entire region, snow steadily falls only on the tops of the mountains. The climate of most of the mainland is continental. The East Australian mountains hold back moist winds from the Pacific Ocean.

The amazing nature of Australia was influenced by many factors, but the main ones are the long geological and isolated development of the mainland, its topography and climate formation over millions of years. The future of Australia is visible on the geological map, on the map of the movement of lithospheric plates and the entire history of the planet. It is assumed that in the future, in a few tens of millions of years, Australia will approach Eurasia.

Chapter 2 Australia's unique nature

By natural conditions The mainland is divided into three large parts. In the west - peneplain - a plateau located at an altitude of 300-500 m. The space from the northern Gulf of Carpentaria to the southern coast is lowland, and in the east of Australia, mountains rise along the entire coast - the Great Dividing Range.

Australia is surrounded by many islands. Some of them are nothing but the remains of an ancient continent - New Guinea, New Zealand, New Caledonia and even the most remote islands of Fiji. Other islands are of volcanic origin - Hawaiian, Marquesas, Tahiti, etc. And the smallest islands are atolls, islets that have arisen due to overgrown corals.

Due to the considerable age of the continent, the wide variety of weather patterns and long geographical isolation, Australia's wildlife has become rich and unique.

Although the Australian mainland is one of the oldest in the world, it has been isolated from other land masses for a long time and therefore many unique animals have survived there, including various marsupials, such as kangaroos and koalas and egg-laying platypus and echidna.

More than 150 species of marsupial mammals live in Australia, including marsupial mice, wolves and even bears. Although millions of years ago they were common everywhere and even in Europe. But later, the land bridge between Australia and Southeast Asia collapsed and went under water, leaving on the surface only a chain of islands, now called Indonesia. Thus, the animals, cut off from the rest of the world, received at their disposal a whole continent, where, moreover, they had almost no natural enemies. That is why Australian animals developed in unique conditions, and that is why the island - the continent became the birthplace of all kinds of living curiosities.

A characteristic feature of Australia has always been that it did not have indigenous predatory mammals. The only dangerous predatory animal and almost the only enemy of sheep herds is the dingo dog, an animal medium size between the fox and the wolf.

Dingoes were introduced by Austronesians who traded with the Australian Aborigines.

One of the main reasons for the growing popularity of Australia is the uniqueness of its fauna and flora. 82% of Australian mammals, 90% of frogs and reptiles, 45% of birds belong to endemic species. Endemic - platypuses and echidnas, marsupial mole, Tasmanian devil wombat koala, kangaroo, emu parrot cockatoo black swan, lyrebird cassowary

kookaburra and frilled lizard.

Australia is a continent of relics. The national parks of Australia have become famous throughout the world for the fact that they have preserved the flora and fauna of past geological eras. Here grow eucalyptus forests, numbering about 700 species, umbrella acacias, bottle trees, tree-like horsetails and ferns, reaching a height of 10-20 m. Relic tree-like ferns and herbaceous trees form the second tier of the eucalyptus forests of the east coast. The unique forests of Australia are called the green pharmacy of the continent.

There are more than 500 national parks in Australia located in different parts of the country. Kakadu National Park is famous for its ancient rock carvings, one of the greatest wonders of the world. Their age is about 25,000 years. Today, there are more than 1,000 protected areas in Australia, one of which, the Great Victoria Desert, is over 2 million hectares in size.

The famous sights of Australia include the Royal Canyon. Crystal clear water flows along its rocky walls in places and covers the carpet of evergreen vegetation at the top.

One of the natural wonders of Australia is the Great Barrier Reef, which stretches along the northeast coast for 2000 km. This is the largest and most unique coral colony. Due to the shallow depth, the water here warms up to 25 degrees. Hundreds of thousands of tourists come there for vacation. The purest water, fantastic coral formations of bizarre shapes and colors, a huge variety underwater world, fish of all colors of the rainbow, more like butterflies fluttering over the snow-white sandy bottom, attract scuba divers from all over the world. Unforgettable beauty of the underwater kingdom leaves no one indifferent.

The uniqueness of Australian nature has found its reflection in local geographical names. There are islands here: Sharks, Crocodiles, Kangaroos, Snakes, Wild Ducks, Seals, Big Palms and many others.

Chapter 3 Sociological Research

70 people took part in the sociological study. The survey method was chosen. The questions were aimed at knowledge of the nature of Australia. For the first question, a list of answers was offered to the question “What does the concept of “endemics” mean? The answers were distributed as follows: out of 70 people, 61 answered: plant and animal species limited in their distribution to a relatively small area. 8 people answered: species of plants growing only in Europe. 1 person replied: division of flora by geographical distribution. It follows that most of the answers were correct.

To the second question - on which continent do animals with bags run - the answers were distributed as follows: North America- 3, Africa - 2, Australia - 65. The largest number of students answered the question correctly.

For the third question, it was necessary to single out one answer with the listed animals of Australia. Most of the students - 58 people - chose the correct answer: wombat, echidna, emu ostrich, koala.

It was interesting to know the answers to the fourth question: "Who lives on the island of Tasmania?" 60 people answered correctly - this is a marsupial devil.

Conclusion

The study of this topic was carried out through acquaintance with various sources of information. The paper reveals the reasons for the unique nature of Australia.

The nature of Australia remained almost unchanged under conditions of long-term isolation from other continents and the absence of competition from "new" species of plants and animals, since Australia was early separated from other continents by vast oceanic expanses. The nature of Australia in its original form is animals that are not found on other continents, and plants that amaze with unusualness.

The unique development of the nature of the mainland was strongly influenced by its long isolation and climatic conditions, which were formed throughout the history of Australia's development.

Thus, the animals, cut off from the rest of the world, received at their disposal a whole continent, where, moreover, they had almost no natural enemies. That is why Australian animals developed in unique conditions, and that is why the island - the continent became the birthplace of a unique nature.

For research and more study of their topic, a sociological survey and analysis of the answers were conducted. 70 people took part in the survey. All survey results are presented in diagrams. In addition to additional literature and statistical data of questionnaires, the work presents photographs of the unique nature of Australia.

The topic of the work is open. The purpose and tasks set in the work were fulfilled. It was interesting to work on this topic, to discover something new. The historical path of the development of our planet and the history of the formation of Australia have been studied. The reasons for the unique nature of Australia are revealed.

Explain why Australia is called a huge nature reserve? Answer: For a very long time, Australia developed in isolation, so there are many endemics on the mainland (animals and plants that are not found anywhere else on Earth). For example, eucalyptus, kangaroo, echidna, platypus. Due to isolation and the absence of predators, many animals that scientists considered extinct have survived in Australia (for example, egg-laying mammals - the platypus and echidna).

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Australia

"Game in Australia" - Koala. The world-famous arts festival takes place here every two years. Named after the famous English scientist. After some time, the sailors saw the land. Sydney. Sundew. Name the island. City in the south, named after the wife of the English king. For 15 years, the little predator coped. Hobart.

"Australia as a continent" - Physical and geographical location. 5. How is the mainland relative to other continents. The very best. Km. S= 7.7 million. 4. What oceans and seas wash the mainland. The most sparsely populated continent. There is no volcanism, earthquakes, modern glaciation. Australia. There is only one state - the Australian Union.

"Theme Australia" - Shading natural areas on the contour map. And on the branches the little koala sleeps sweetly. Theme of the lesson: "Natural areas of mainland Australia." Table: "Natural areas of Australia." Theme of the lesson: "Natural areas of Australia." The purpose of the lesson: The coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Australia. I'll still get it. Homework. Irina Yavorovskaya.

"Geography of Oceania" - Creative title "World without secrets". The ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships by comparing various geographic Maps. To form an idea of ​​the geography of Oceania as the "geography of life" in this territory. didactic goals. methodological goals. Fundamental question. Learn to read, compile, analyze graphs, charts and statistical materials.

"Australia as a country" - Kakadu. Natural resources. Endemic to Australia is the platypus. For hundreds of kilometers stretch large sheep and cow pastures, or ranches. Live nature. Kookaburra. Australia is home to the most a large number of in the world of venomous snakes. Sydney. Wombats. Almost three quarters of Australia are deserts and semi-deserts.

"Animal World Australia" - Body length from 14 to 100 cm. Emu feed on fruits, seeds and small animals. EMU is a family of the cassowary order. The plumage has a woolly character and is painted in monotonous brownish-gray tones. In females, the tail is shorter and has the usual structure. Burrows are up to 15 meters deep. The voice gives only in case of danger, screams like a child.

There are 18 presentations in total in the topic

The purpose of the lesson: to create conditions for the formation of students' ideas about the physical and geographical position of Australia, to introduce the history of the study of the mainland, the formation of relief and minerals, climate, inland waters, natural areas and population.

• create general idea about the originality, originality of the mainland;
• to form an idea of ​​the history of the discovery of the mainland;
• to acquaint with the main landforms;
• form an idea of ​​the climate and inland waters of the mainland;
• to acquaint with the peculiarities of the location of natural zones and the resettlement of the population;
• improve the ability to work with a map, create tables;
• to improve the ability of students to compare maps and draw conclusions.

Equipment:

Physical map of Australia, map of the structure of the earth's crust, list of nomenclature objects, computer presentation

Lesson structure:

I. Organizational moment

Hello guys, nice to see you! Don't forget to prepare for the lesson. Textbooks, an atlas, contour maps, notebooks, a pencil case should lie on the table.

II. Main part.

- Guys, we devoted the last lessons to the study of the first of the southern continents. What? (Africa). Today we begin to explore the next continent. But first, let's remember:

• Which continents belong to the group of southern continents? (Name them and show them on the map). (Right)
• On what grounds do they belong specifically to the southern continents? (I ask 2-3 people).

– There was a strong belief about this continent even before its discovery that it exists, and it was called “Terra Australis incognita”. What does this mean, what continent are we talking about? (Unknown southern land Australia)
– What associations do you have with the word “Australia”?
- Well done. You have made many suggestions. But there are inaccuracies. Let's figure it out. This is the topic of our lesson. Let's write it down.
– You and I often turn to fiction to illustrate geographical phenomena and objects, and today I would also like to read you an excerpt from Jules Verne's novel “The Children of Captain Grant”. Geographer Paganel:

“I tell you, I repeat to you, I swear to you that this is the most curious land in all the globe. Its origin, nature, plants, animals, climate… – surprised, surprises and will surprise all the scientists of the world… The continent, which, when it was born, rose from the sea waves not by its central part, but by its edges, like a kind of giant ring; the mainland, where the rivers dry up every day; where trees annually lose not leaves, but bark; where the leaves give no shade, the trees are often fireproof, and the forests are stunted and grasses of gigantic height; where animals are unusual: tetrapods have beaks, kangaroos have legs of different lengths, and foxes flutter from tree to tree ... Oh! The most bizarre, most illogical country! The earth is paradoxical, rejecting all the laws of nature! Here it is, this Australia, a kind of parody of the laws of the world, or rather, a challenge thrown to the rest of the world!” What is the reason for such a uniqueness of this amazing continent? (Australia is a continent of relics of animals and plants preserved from past geological eras, since Australia, after its separation, existed separately, without land borders with other continents)

• How do we study geographic objects? Where do we start? (Student answers follow: geographical location, history of research, relief and minerals).
• Define the concept of "Physical and geographical position of the mainland."
• How do we determine the geographic location of a continent? (I ask 1-2 students)
• What is relief? (1 student answers)
• What are minerals and what are they? (listen to the answer of another 1 student)

- Great! Open your textbook, the physical map of Australia is in front of you on the board (you can use the map in the atlas) and write down your observations in a notebook. Compose with their help the geographical position of the mainland. The time to complete the work is 3-4 minutes. The task can be done in pairs.
- Time is over! Each pair says 1 sentence from the written. We check, we write down the missing. (We look at the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe mainland in the table at the end of the atlas.) (We find out the position of the mainland in relation to the equator, 0 meridian, to neighboring continents; we say which oceans it is washed by, list the seas, indicate the features of the coastline; indicate the extreme points, name and indicate the lowest and the highest point on the mainland). I correct student answers as I go along.
- Well, now on the contour maps of Australia, mark all these geographical objects and determine the coordinates of the extreme points using the atlas. To complete the work - no more than 10 minutes. (Then, after the time has elapsed, we check, find out the mistakes, explain why they were made. For correction and explanation, I call the students to the board.)
- Do you think we have analyzed the geographical position of the mainland? Why? (Answers from 2 students follow)
What question should we consider next? Right. History of exploration of the mainland. I suggest you make a table. What do you think it will look like (Researcher, country, discovery time, object of discovery) Well done, you have 5 minutes to work using the text of the textbook.
- Check and add. (2-3 students answer). What conclusion can we draw from looking at the table? That's right, Australia was discovered by Europeans later than other continents.
- We begin to study the relief and minerals. Using a map of the structure of the earth's crust and physical map Australia, draw a conclusion about the reasons that led to the emergence of just such a relief of the mainland? (The mainland is dominated by a flat relief; the only mountain system located in the east is the destroyed medium-high mountains; Australia is a calm mainland (there are no active volcanoes, earthquakes, modern glaciation, the mainland is rich in minerals, etc.). (I ask students, correct answers).
- Tell me, what types of minerals did you see on the map and where are they located? Why are minerals located there? Plot the minerals on the contour map. (Working time 5 minutes)
“The next item on our agenda is climate. According to the climate map, we determine the features of the climate of Australia and conclude that the most favorable climatic zone is located in the north of the mainland. (Tropical, Subtropical, Subequatorial). Conclusion about the aridity of the mainland.
- We find out the presence of rivers and lakes on the continent.
- The largest river system on the mainland? (Murray and Darling). What about other river systems?
- What are the channels of temporary drying rivers on the mainland called? (Screams)
- Open the map of natural areas of Australia and find out which natural areas are present on the mainland.(Deserts, Savannahs).
– There are more than 500 species of such trees in Australia, they are a symbol of Australia. What are these trees? What else do you know about them? (Eucalyptus. The tallest trees in the world are 155 m and a trunk thickness of up to 10 m. Eucalyptus trees have hard wood, and the bark and leaves are rich in essential oils. Powerful roots reach groundwater - drainage. The leaves face the sun with an edge and do not give shade. Grow in all countries of subtropical and tropical zones)
– When scientists first read the description of this animal, they refused to believe in its existence. Judge for yourself: “He has the body of a fat puppy with a skin that is noticeably large for him, membranes between his toes, a duck’s beak on his head, a tail like a beaver’s, and his front paws are badgers. To top it all off, the male has cock spurs on its hind legs that release venom. The female lays eggs, but she feeds the hatchlings with milk. Do you recognize this animal?
- What other unusual representatives of the animal world can be found in Australia? (Platypus. Ancient egg-laying mammals, marsupials and other animals that have become extinct on other continents).
- What insects build conical clay structures up to 5 meters high? (Termites).
What are the names of animals and plants that are not found anywhere else? (Endemics)
- The largest building created on Earth by living beings is a huge strip stretching for 2000 km off the coast of Australia. What do you know about this building? (The Great Barrier Reef, reaching a length of 2000 km, a width of 150 km, is composed of the organic remains of the builders themselves - coral polyps).
- Why is Australia's worst disaster - rabbits? Who brought them? Did they exist on the mainland before that?

• The population of Australia. Indigenous (aboriginal) minority
• They belong to the Negroid-Australoid race, have dark brown skin, wavy black hair, and a wide nose. Native (Anglo-Australian) majority

Descendants of Europeans, almost exclusively English. They have light skin color, light or dark, straight or curly hair.

"Blitz Tournament"

- The smallest continent on Earth? (Australia)
What is the most common tree? (Eucalyptus)
– The biggest lake? (Air)
- The highest point on the mainland? (Mount Kosciuszko)
- After what traveler is the island in the south of the mainland named? (Abel Tasman)
- A navigator who proved the existence of an independent mainland Australia? (J. Cook)
Mountains in Australia? (Great Dividing Range)
- What is the largest part of the mainland occupied with? (Deserts)
Are there volcanoes in Australia? (No)
- The climate zone in which most of Australia lies? (Tropical)
- What are the channels of temporary drying rivers on the mainland called? (Screams)
- The largest river system on the mainland? (Murray and Darling)
- Thickets of dry shrubs of acacia and eucalyptus? (Scrub)
- A strip of coral reefs off the coast of Australia? (Great Barrier Reef)
– What constant winds have the greatest influence on the climate of the mainland? (trade winds)
What state occupies the whole continent? (Australian Union)
– Name natural area in northern Australia? (Savannas)
What animal eats termites? (Echidna)
What animals are featured on the Australian coat of arms? (ostrich emu, kangaroo)
- In conclusion, I would like you, based on the knowledge gained, to draw up a “Visit Card of Australia” (The smallest continent, the most even, there are no volcanoes, a little indented coastline ...)

I am reading a poem by G. Usova "Australia".

Australia - country on the contrary,
She is below us.
They obviously walk upside down
There's an inside-out year.
There the gardens bloom in October,
It's summer in January, not July.
There are rivers flowing without water
(They disappear somewhere in the desert).
There are traces of wingless birds in the thickets,
The cats eat snakes there.
Animals are born from eggs.
And the dogs don't know how to bark.
The trees themselves climb out of the bark,
There the rabbits are worse than the flood.
Saves the south from the northern heat.
The capital has no population.

Its source is on the London wharf
Cleared the way for predators
Exiles and hard labor people.
Australia is the opposite.

III. Final part.

- Summing up, let's note whether we have completed everything that we planned. Students analyze. I praise individual students, I encourage those who did not succeed, I give grades for the lesson, explaining what the grade is for. I collect contour maps for a more detailed check.

Homework.

- Open your diaries and write down your homework: “Based on paragraph 35, make a comparative description of the geographical location of Australia and Africa. Make a conclusion about the similarities and differences in the features of geographical location and relief.

The lesson is over. All the best.

New South Wales is a region and state of the Green Continent, which is located in the southeast of the mainland. There are 780 protected protected areas and national parks on its territory.

In order to get to know the unique flora and fauna of this Australian state, worth knowing about the most popular and showy parks in New South Wales.

Kosciuszko Park, which is part of the Australian Alps, is largest protected area .

It got its name from the mountain of the same name. Mount Kosciuszko, whose height is 2228 meters above sea level.

Elevation attracts thousands of tourists who strive to see with their own eyes the majesty of this hill.

The most high mountain in Australia, Kosciuszko is the pride of the park of the same name. This park is also interesting in that it has six wildlife zones, the total area of ​​​​which is 3000 km². Rare plants endemic to Australia grow in these territories.

As far as the animal kingdom is concerned, among the most unique representatives fauna of New South Wales, which live in the Kosciuszko Park, can be distinguished mountain couscous. This animal was thought to be extinct until in 1966 it was not found in this park.

Also here you can see a bright false toad in its natural habitat. Kosciuszko Park - one of the most popular holiday destinations, both for Australians and travelers. Every year it is visited by three million tourists from all over the world.

National Park System - Blue Mountains

The seven parks that make up this system are located in the east of the state near Sydney. The total area of ​​the Blue Mountains parks is 10,326.49 km², as well as 862 km² of the buffer zone around.

Interesting fact! Many people think that the park system is called that because there are mountains in this area. blue color, however, the Blue Mountains are not hills, but a plateau cut by gorges with a height difference - from one hundred to one thousand three hundred meters above sea level.

The system, which merged into one of the different zones in 2000, is formed by such protected areas, How:

• Yengo;
• Blue Mountains;
• Kanangra-Boyd;
• Nattay;
• Gardens of Stone;
• Wollemi;
• Thirlmer Lakes;
• Jenolan Caves Karst Conservation Reserve.

Basic vegetation the Blue Mountains park systems are the eucalyptus forests of Australia.

Grows over vast areas ninety-one species of eucalyptus, which make up 13% of all eucalyptus plants in the world. In addition, twelve of them are endemic to the Blue Mountains.

It is also worth noting that in these protected areas grows such amazing plant like a wolf. It was opened in 1994. Wollemia presents relic plants, which are the rarest and oldest on the planet.

As for the fauna, the parks are inhabited by four hundred animal species Green Continent. Among them are the koala, spotted-tailed marsupial marten and golden littoria.

The largest predator of the Blue Mountains is the dingo dog. This marvelous, but the diet of this ferocious animal is mainly made up of the giant kangaroo, which also lives in the Blue Mountains parks.

It is worth noting separately and the fact that birds of Australia also live here - from typically Australian individuals to unique exotic ones. There are origmas, diamond finches, fire-breasted petroics, companion birds and warty honeyeater.

Royal National Park

Royal National Park is another significant protected area State of New South Wales, which became the first protected area, the status of which was determined as a "national park".

Royal Park is also the second oldest national park in the world after Yellowstone. Educated in 1879. Today, its territory is 15 thousand hectares.

Feature of this the oldest and world famous park in the fact that Australian endemic plants grow here, a number of which are under the threat of extinction.

Since the park belongs to category II, based on the IUCN classification, here the protection of unique ecosystems is combined with tourism, so every traveler has the opportunity to visit this amazing park with extensive flora and fauna.

Other parks in New South Wales

If you are interested in what territories are especially carefully protected in the state of New South Wales, then one of the most interesting can be called the national monga park.

This high security zone is located in the south of the state, and its area is more than twenty-five thousand hectares.

Another protected area in New South Wales is Nattay park, which was given national status in 1991 in order to preserve the unique landscapes of the Nattay River.

One of the most picturesque wild parks in the state can be called a park called Mount Pickup which is visited by more than 600 thousand people every year.

And, of course, it is impossible not to mention the national sydney harbor park, which is located directly on the territory of Sydney and includes:

• small islands;
• tide-flooded coastal areas;
• steep peninsulas.

It is important to know! Sydney Harbor Park belongs to the V category of the IUCN classification, that is, it is a zone of protected marine and terrestrial landscapes.

The National Parks of New South Wales are areas that represent how the rarest ancient plant species, and the unique fauna of the Green Continent.

Avid travelers from all over the world strive to get here, and Australians like to spend their holidays in the picturesque and sometimes wild parks of the state. bright and memorable leisure.