Subject, object and methods of psychology. The place of psychology in the system of sciences.
Psychology is a science that studies the psyche in its development and manifestation in various types activities.
Subject of psychology- this is the psyche as the highest form of relationship between living beings and the objective world, expressed in their ability to realize their impulses and act on the basis of information about it.
At the human level, the psyche acquires a qualitatively new character due to the fact that it biological nature transformed by sociocultural factors. From point of view modern science The psyche is a kind of mediator between the subjective and the objective, and implements historically established ideas about the coexistence of the external and internal, bodily and mental.
Object of psychology- these are the laws of the psyche as a special form of human life and animal behavior. This form of life activity, due to its versatility, can be studied in a wide variety of aspects, which are studied in various branches of psychological science.
They have as their object: norms and pathology in the human psyche; types of specific activities, development of the human and animal psyche; human attitude to nature and society, etc.
Methods of psychology.
methods of collecting information (observation, study of performance results, study of documents, survey method, test method, experiment, biographical method);
data processing methods ( statistical analysis, other mathematical methods);
methods of psychological influence (discussion, training, formative experiment, persuasion, suggestion, relaxation and others).
The place of psychology in the system of sciences
All of the above indicates that modern psychology is at the intersection of a number of sciences. It occupies an intermediate position between philosophical sciences, on the one hand, natural sciences, on the other, and social sciences, on the third. Its proximity to these sciences, even the presence of industries jointly developed with some of them, does not in any way deprive it of independence. In all its branches, psychology retains its subject of research, its theoretical principles, and its ways of studying this subject. As for versatility psychological problems, so significant not only for psychology, but also for related sciences, this is explained by the fact that the center of attention of psychologists always remains a person - the main thing actor world progress. All sciences and branches of knowledge have meaning and significance only in connection with the fact that they serve man, arm him, are created by him, arise and develop as human theory and practice. All further development of psychological knowledge is conceived as the maximum expansion of the connections between psychology and related sciences while maintaining its independent subject of research.
History of the emergence and development of legal psychology.
Psychology has short story, because The first attempts to describe the mental life of a person are in the distant past through the recognition of diseases, descriptions of the creation of man, and finding the reasons for his actions. This materialistic approach was pushed aside for many centuries by idealistic philosophers and the church, who believed that spiritual life does not obey the same laws as material nature. This approach to physical processes delayed the development of scientific psychology for many years. There was a predominantly dualistic approach that has been preserved in foreign philosophy and psychology to the present day. Due to this approach, scientists consider elementary physiological and psychophysical processes as natural processes that are subject to precise research. scientific methods, and the highest phenomena of mental life, such as consciousness and thinking, are considered a manifestation spiritual world, which can only be studied by describing the phenomena occurring in it.
In 1764 a brochure by the Italian lawyer C. Beccaria “On Crime and Punishment” was published, which went through 60 reprints on different languages world and revolutionized the practice of criminal justice. He first proclaimed the following principles:
o a person must be considered innocent until the court has convicted him
o the effectiveness of punishment depends not on its cruelty, but on its inevitability and speed of execution
These ideas became widespread and a broad wave of reorganization of judicial proceedings and prison policies based on humanistic positions began.
In 1789, after the victory of the Great French Revolution The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted, which declared that people are born and remain free and equal in rights. These ideas laid the foundations for the adoption in 1791. The French Criminal Code, in which the accusatory form of legal proceedings was replaced by an adversarial one, the presumption of innocence was proclaimed, trial by jury, and the theory of formal evidence was abolished. Jurors, judges and assessors were given the right to make decisions based on internal conviction. The accused received the right to defense; the burden of proof fell on the prosecution.
Initially, questions of psychology in relation to the tasks of legal proceedings were presented in works on forensic medicine, and only later did legal psychology begin to develop independently.
In the 2nd half of the 19th century, under the influence of expert psychologists, forensic psychology began to develop. A noticeable role was played by the works of the Italian prison psychiatrist Cesare Lambrazo, who is considered the creator of the biopsychic direction in the study of the personality of a criminal. In his theory, he believed that criminal behavior is considered a type of psychopathology. This has led to the fact that psychology is part of forensic psychiatry.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the subject of forensic psychology received its final form in scientific works German researchers. The founder of criminology, Hans Gross, in his book “Forensic Psychology,” first introduced the term “forensic psychology,” considering it as an applied branch of general psychology. He divided forensic psychology into large groups:
1) subjective – psychological activity judges
2) objective – the activities of the remaining participants in the process + witnesses and the accused
In the 50-60s. interest in the problems of legal psychology is growing and many scientific research about this theme.
In Russia, psychology as a science began to emerge in the 18th century, but it did not develop. After judicial reform in 1864 there is a need to study psychological problems that have arisen in the activities of the court and investigative authorities. There are works devoted to the application of psychological knowledge in criminal proceedings. Monographs on forensic psychology are being published, and works are appearing that criticize Lambrazo’s theory. As a result, in the works of some Russians scientists started In the 20th century, the psyche of a criminal began to be viewed as psychopathy - a condition close to mental illness. In general, the development of forensic psychology occurs in the following areas:
1) research in the field of criminal psychology influenced by the theory of Lambrazo (Bekhterev). After October revolution The research results affect the use of mental data in legal proceedings and correctional activities. In 1918 In Petrograd, at the suggestion of Bekhterev, an institute for the study of the brain and mental activity was created.
2) study of the psyche of witness testimony (Kony)
In the works of this period, the personality of the criminal was actively explored and forensic psychology became a generally recognized and authoritative branch of knowledge. A criminal mental office was created in Minsk, which had several sections, in particular a section of criminal psychology and psychiatry. In 1930 The 1st All-Union Congress on the Study of Psychology was held.
3) judicial practice of mental examinations.
Psychic studies of various professors began with the aim of establishing mental fitness, vocational guidance when choosing a profession, the characteristics of the investigator’s activities and his professional profile.
4) 60-70 In 60 Professor Ratinov proposed a new name - legal psychology, which in 1969. was included in the list of scientific specialties.
Within its framework, a number of studies appear on forensic psychology, interrogation psychology, and correctional psychology. These works had a positive influence on many subsequent publications in this area and on textbooks and teaching aids in forensic psychology (Vasilieva V.L., Dulova, Enikeeva M.I., Shikhantsov).
In 1971, under the leadership of Rateiny, an all-Union conference was held, and a section of forensic psychology began to function. As part of the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 74. The Department of Psychology was organized, and a mental laboratory was created at the Research Institute of General and Forensic Psychology.
In '77 the first one was published Toolkit on forensic psychological examination for official use (Kochenov).
A significant contribution to the formation and development of legal psychology was made by V.G. Romanov. – introduction of legal psychology into the field of military justice and Enikeev – organization of teaching legal psychology in Moscow universities.
In the early 80s, the psychological foundations for organizing service in the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation began to be developed.
Currently, many areas of legal psychology are being developed by a number of scientists and lawyers. The last known one is the Gestalt approach. This is a direction of modern mental practice that is concerned with restoring and maintaining a person’s mental integrity and health.
Prerequisites and origins of legal psychology. In a number of textbooks on legal psychology, its origins are traced back to ancient times. Trends in the genesis of the legal worldview are analyzed, the statements of Socrates, the works of Democritus, Plato, Aristotle and other classics of the ancient era on issues of justice and legality, the need to take into account the characteristics of the human soul are quoted.
However, such an approach to historiography is broad, since its implementation involves a mixture of three different in content, although to a certain extent interrelated, meanings of the term “psychology”: everyday (non-scientific), philosophical and specifically scientific.
It seems more correct to begin the analysis of the prerequisites for the emergence of legal psychology only in the 19th century, when, on the one hand, real social needs arise for accounting in civil legal regulation psychological factor, and on the other - in various sciences and in legal practice, empirical material is already beginning to accumulate, which “highlights” the role of psychological phenomena in the legal field. Such a historical period is the Age of Enlightenment. It was then that the foundations of a rationalistic approach to explaining the causes of crime were laid in scientific discussions, and empirical psychological material was also collected on the activities of courts and places of deprivation of liberty.
Overcoming theological and naturalistic views on crime was carried out in the works of French humanist philosophers D. Diderot, J.J. Russo, S.L. Montesquieu, M.F.A. Voltaire, K. Helvetius, P. Holbach, where it was argued that law should not be the will of rulers, but a measure of social justice perceived by society, based on the ideas of individual freedom and respect for its natural rights. At the same time, thanks to the scientific and legal developments of the Italian lawyer Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794), who laid the foundations for the rational-legal codification of crimes, and the English scientist Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), who created the “utilitarian theory of the causes of crime,” interest in the study of crime factors and the identities of specific types of criminals, the influence of investigations on them, trial and punishments.
The first monographic works on legal psychology are traditionally considered to be the publications of German scientists K. Eckarthausen “On the Necessity of Psychological Knowledge in the Discussion of Crimes” (1792) and I.Kh. Schaumann "Thoughts on Criminal Psychology" (1792). However, interesting psychological ideas were also contained in the works of their predecessors. Thus, the French lawyer Francois de Pitaval in 1734-1743. published a twenty-volume work "Amazing Criminal Cases", where he made an attempt to reveal the psychological essence of criminal acts. In John Howard’s monograph “The State of Prisons in England and Wales” (1777), written on the basis of a study of a significant number of places of detention throughout Europe (more than 300, including in Russia), not only actively defended the ideas of improving the conditions of prisoners and respecting their rights, but and the importance of studying and taking into account in penitentiary institutions the individual characteristics of persons serving sentences was indicated.
Among domestic scientists of the 18th century, views quite fruitful in the psychological aspect were contained in the works of I.T.
Pososhkova (1652-1726). He, in particular, proved the relevance of developing a classification of criminals according to the “degree of depravity”, and also justified psychologically effective ways interrogation of witnesses and accused. Another progressive figure in Russia of that era, V.N. Tatishchev (1686-1750) argued that laws are often violated out of ignorance, and therefore it is necessary to create conditions for their study from childhood. In the works of M.M. Shcherbaty (1733-1790) drew attention to the special importance of legislators’ knowledge of the “human heart.” F.V. Ushakov, in his treatise “On the Right and Purpose of Punishment” (1770), attempted to reveal psychological conditions the impact of punishment and, in particular, “corrective bringing him to repentance.” A.N. Radishchev (1749-1802) in his work “On the Regulations of Law” substantiated measures to prevent crimes based on taking into account the psychology of the criminal’s personality (and above all his motivation).
Features of the first half of the 19th century. is the growth of publications about crime and the personality of the criminal, based on the achievements of the natural sciences (anatomy, biology, physiology, psychiatry, etc.). These are the works of German scientists I. Hofbauer “Psychology in its main applications to judicial life” (1808) and I. Friedreich “Systematic manual on forensic psychology” (1835), as well as publications of domestic scientists A.P. Kunitsyna, A.I. Galich, K. Elpatievsky, G.S. Gordienko, P.D. Lodiy on the psychological justification of punishment, correction and re-education of criminals.
In the first half of the 19th century, the phrenological (from the Greek phren - mind) theory of the Austrian anatomist Franz Gall (1758-1828), who tried to prove the direct relationship between mental phenomena and external physical features of the structure of the human brain (the presence of bulges, depressions and relationship between the parts of the skull). Gall's followers tried to create "phrenological maps" to identify types of criminals. Propaganda of the “phrenological idea” also took place in Russia. For example, Professor H.R. Stelzer, first at Moscow (1806-1812), and then at Yuryev (now Tartu) universities, taught a special course “Criminal Psychology according to F. Gall” to future lawyers.
The apotheosis in the development of the biologizing approach to the personality of the criminal was the publication by the Italian prison psychiatrist Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) of the monograph “The Criminal Man, Studied on the Basis of Anthropology, forensic medicine and prison science" (1876), who developed the concept of " born criminal", believing that he is characterized by atavistic features that are related to his savage ancestors. According to C. Lombroso, a typical "born criminal" can be recognized by certain physiognomic features: sloping forehead, elongated or undeveloped earlobes, prominent cheekbones, large jaws, dimples on the occipital parts of the head, etc.
Ch. Lombroso's advocacy of an objective approach to the study of the personality of criminals found active support from scientists in many countries of the world, including Russia (I.T. Orshansky, I. Gvozdev, in the early works of D.A. Dril). At the same time, due to domestic socio-cultural traditions and interdisciplinary orientation, they were immediately criticized by many lawyers (VD. Spasovich, N.D. Sergievsky, A.F. Konii, etc.) and psychologically oriented scientists (V.M. Bekhterev, V.F. Chizh, P.I. Kovalevsky, etc.).
The intensification of psychological research into the causes of crime and the personality of the criminal in the second half of the 19th century was significantly influenced by progress in the field of social and human sciences, and current needs of legal theory and practice. Judicial reforms carried out in many countries of the world (in Russia since 1864), as a result of which the principles of independence and irremovability of judges, adversarial proceedings and equality of parties, recognition of the verdict of a jury, etc., were established in legal proceedings, created favorable conditions for the demand for psychological knowledge. S.I. Barshev, in his work “A Look at the Science of Criminal Law” (1858), wrote: “Not a single issue of criminal law can be resolved without the help of psychology... and if the judge does not know psychology, then it will be a trial not of living beings, but of corpses.” . K.Ya. Yanevich-Yanevsky in the article “Thoughts on criminal justice from the point of view of psychology and physiology” (1862) and V.D. Spasovich in the textbook “Criminal Law” (1863) draw attention to the importance, on the one hand, of establishing legal laws taking into account human nature, and on the other, the presence of psychological competence among lawyers.
THEM. Sechenov (1829-1905) - the leader of domestic physiologists and at the same time the founder of the objective behavioral approach in psychology as an independent science - in his work “The Doctrine of Free Will from the Practical Side” argued that “coercive measures against criminals, based on physiological and psychological knowledge about the internal laws of development individuals must pursue the goal of their correction." In the monograph of the domestic psychiatrist A.U. Frese's "Essays on Forensic Psychology" (1871) argued that the subject of this science should be "the application of information about normal and abnormal manifestations of mental life to legal issues." In an article published in 1877 by lawyer L.E. Vladimirov" Psychological characteristics criminals according to the latest research" it was stated that the social causes of crime are rooted in individual character criminal, and therefore requires thorough psychological research. YES. Dril, who has both a medical and legal education, in a number of his publications in the 80s of the last century ("Criminal Man", 1882; "Young Criminals", 1884, etc.) purposefully defended an interdisciplinary approach, proving that law and psychology deal with the same the same phenomena - the laws of human conscious life, and therefore law, not having its own means for studying this phenomenon, must borrow them from psychology.
In the late 80s of the 19th century, one of the most theoretically profound typologies of criminals (insane, accidental, professional) was developed by St. Petersburg University professor I.Ya. Foinitsky and his followers (DA. Dril, A.F. Lazursky, S.N. Poznyshev and others).
The elucidation of the psychological patterns of jury activity was reflected in the publications of L.E. Vladimirova, A.F. Coney, AM. Bobrishchev-Pushkin and many other domestic scientists1.
Among the active supporters of the introduction of psychological examinations into legal proceedings were lawyers L.E. Vladimirov, S.I. Gogel, psychiatrists V.M. Bekhterev, S.S. Korsakov and V.P. Serbsky.
When talking about the significant increase in interest in psychological knowledge in Russia after the judicial reform of 1864, it should be noted the role of the works of domestic writers N.G. Chernyshevsky, F.M. Dostoevsky, as well as the journalistic and journalistic works of A. Semiluzhsky ("The community and its life in the Russian prison", 1870), N.M. Yadrintsev ("The Russian community in prison and exile", 1872) and P.F. Yakubovich ("The World of the Outcasts, Notes of a Former Convict", 1897). The publications of these authors, who experienced the torment associated with being in prison, intensified scientific discussions about the motives of crimes, about the possibility and nature of the process of reforming prisoners.
IN foreign countries After the emergence of psychology as an independent science2, many of its theories began to be actively in demand to explain the causes of crime. Thus, guided by the ideas of Gustav Le Bon
1 For more details, see: Budilova E.A. Social and psychological problems in Russian science. - M., 1983. - P. 54-63.
2 Historians of psychology consider the date of its emergence as an independent science to be 187? when Wilhelm Wundt created the first experimental psychological laboratory in Leipzig. In Russia, the first such laboratory was opened in 1885 in Kazan (headed by V.M. Bekhterev), and until the end of the last century they also appeared in Kyiv, Kharkov, Odessa, Tartu, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Lvov (P.I. Kovalevsky, I.A. Sikorsky, N.N. Lange, V.F.
(1841-1931), who was the first to begin a psychological analysis of the “crowd” phenomenon and identified the role of the “contagion” mechanism, a number of scientists tried to develop them in their concepts explaining the reasons for the unlawful acts of the masses. Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904) in his fundamental works “The Laws of Imitation” and “The Philosophy of Punishment”, published in Paris in 1890, argued that criminal behavior, like any other, can be learned in real society on the basis of psychological mechanisms of “imitation” and "learning". Viewing criminals as a kind of “social ex-crement,” Tarde argued that legal dispositions should be built on a psychological basis rather than on the premise of “equal punishments for equal crimes.”
The development of the socio-psychological approach to the study of the causes of crime was significantly influenced by the works of the French sociologist E. Durkheim (1858-1917). In Russia, lawyer N.M. Korkunov in “Lectures on general theory law" (1886), society was considered as a "psychic unity of people", and law was interpreted as an instrument for ensuring a certain order in the event of conflicts in interpersonal relationships.Social and psychological views were developed in the works of such domestic scientists as S.A. Muromtsev, P.I. Novgorodtsev, M.M. Kovalevsky, ID. Kavelin, N.Ya. Grot, M.N. Gernet, M.M. Isaev. The largest lawyer of the early 20th century L.I. Petrazhitsky (1867-1931) created the rationalistic concept of “psychology of law”, where law acts as a mental phenomenon.
The end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries is also significant in that a number of fundamental psychological and legal works appeared. Thus, the Austrian scientist G. Gross published the monograph “Criminal Psychology” in 1898. V. Stern together with G. Gross and O. Lipman in 1903-1906. in Leipzig they publish a special journal “Reports on the psychology of indications”. In Russia since 1904, edited by V.M. Bekhterev published "Bulletin of Psychology, Criminal Anthropology and Hypnotism".
For late XIX- beginning of the 20th century. characterized by increased efforts to study the psychology of persons serving sentences (in Russia - M.N. Gernet, S.K. Gogel, A.A. Zhizhilenko, N.S. Tagantsev; abroad - I.B. Goring, V. Khilee and etc.).
Taking into account the emerging significant expansion of the range of psychological and legal problems that began to be subjected to careful scientific study, the Swiss psychologist Edouard Claparède (1873-1940) introduced the general term legal psychology in 1906. At that time, three main directions were clearly identified - criminal, forensic and penitentiary psychology.
In the development and application of the experimental method of legal psychology, a significant role belongs to the largest Russian psychologist, psychiatrist and neurologist V.M. Bekhterev (1857-1927). In his article “On experimental psychological research criminals", and also 10 years later in the book "Objective psychological method in application to the study of crime, a comprehensive approach to the study of a criminal person was promoted, including taking into account genealogical heredity, the influence of upbringing, the living environment and the peculiarities of the genesis of the psyche itself. His talented student A.F. Lazursky (1874-1917) not only developed the method of “natural
experiment", but also created a theory of personality, which as an application contained a fairly productive typology of the personality of criminals. At the Psychoneurological Institute created in 1908 by V.M. Bekhterev, there was a special criminological section. At the beginning of the 20th century, many universities around the world began to teach lawyers special courses in legal psychology in in general or in its individual branches. For example, E. Claparède in Geneva taught a “course of lectures on legal psychology” from 1906, R. Sommer in Hesse taught the “International course of forensic psychology and psychiatry”, and DA Dril at the Psychoneurological Institute - a special course “Forensic”. psychology".
Main trends in the development of foreign legal psychology in the 20th century. At this time, foreign scientists began to actively introduce into the practice of legal regulation the methodological developments of such schools of psychology as psychoanalysis, behaviorism, psychotechnics. Thanks to the research of psychoanalysts F. Alexander, G. Staub, A. Adler, B. Karpman, B. Bromberg and a number of other scientists identified the role of the unconscious sphere of the individual in criminal behavior, and also proved that criminal inclinations and stylistic characteristics of the behavior of delinquents are often a consequence of early mental traumatization.
The merit of representatives of behaviorism (behavioral psychology) is the extensive study of the mechanisms of learning criminal behavior and the active introduction into practice of penitentiary institutions of various programs for “modifying the behavior of prisoners” aimed at their resocialization.
In the 20-30s of this century, guided by the methodological guidelines formulated by the founder of psychotechnics Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916), his followers sought to develop and introduce into legal practice a diverse psychological toolkit, including for solving the following key problems: to prevent violations of law; to clarify the subjective composition of crimes; on the interpretation of legal cases (on decision-making in court), on psychological support for the work of law enforcement officers (development of professional charts, professional selection, scientific organization labor).
In the 20th century The diagnostic tools of legal psychology and, above all, the testological approach to the study of the personality of criminals are intensively developing abroad. The creator of one of the first intelligence tests, Alfred Binet, used it only in forensic psychological examinations of juvenile delinquents, and later - to prove the assumption that criminals have more low level mental development. But in the end it was proven that the level of intelligence of criminals is not lower than that of the general population.
Among the tests of a psychological nature in legal practice we found wide application methods for individual motor-physiological and mental processes, as well as the study of integral personal properties (accentuations of character, delinquent abilities, personality orientation and projective tests("ink spots" by G. Rorschach - 1921, "thematic apperception test" - TAT by X. Morganai and G. Murray - 1935, "portrait" technique by L. Szondi - 1945, "drawing frustration" technique by S. Rosenzweig - 1945, "color choice" test "
F. Luscher - 1948, etc.), as well as multi-purpose personality questionnaires(MMPI, CPI, EPI), etc. A significant achievement in the development of psychological tools is the creation of an associative experiment methodology that made it possible to identify truthfulness/falsity in the testimony of criminals. In the 70-80s, foreign scientists began to resort to computer modeling in their research. Thus, in the monograph of American scientists T. Poston and S. Stewart, “The Theory of Catastrophes and Its Application,” published in Russia, approaches and results of modeling group violations in prison are discussed.
To improve understanding of the essence legal norms and psychological justification for ways to improve legal regulation in last years Methods of legal hermeneutics are being developed and implemented.
In the field of implementation of the achievements of psychocorrection and psychotherapy in the legal sphere in the 20th century. Penitentiary institutions usually served as a kind of testing ground for the initial testing of their methods.
According to analytical reviews on legal psychology, which in 1994-1996. were done by the M. Planck Institute (Germany; Helmut Curie), currently in Western Europe alone there are more than 3.5 thousand psychologists working directly in law enforcement agencies. In addition, there are a significant number of specialized scientific centers and academic institutes where targeted research is conducted on the problems of legal psychology. In addition to the integration of efforts on a national scale (primarily through the creation of professional communities of legal psychologists: 1977 - in England, 1981 - in the USA, 1984 . - in Germany, etc.) in recent years there has been a tendency to increase contacts and connections at the international level (conducting cross-cultural studies, international symposiums, etc.).
Development of domestic legal psychology in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. In Russia, in the first 15 years of Soviet power, due to the social order and the creation of organizational and institutional conditions for applied research, favorable circumstances arose for the development of almost all areas (branches) of legal psychology. Through the efforts of employees, special offices emerged in the 20s in many cities (in Saratov, Moscow, Leningrad, Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don, Samara, etc.), as well as created in 1925 in Moscow State Institute in the study of crime and the criminal, not only a significant increase in psychological and legal knowledge was ensured, but also diverse means of studying the personality of offenders and the impact on them were developed.1 Among the most significant monographic works of that period, the works of K. Sotonin “Essays on Criminal Psychology” (1925), S. IN. Poznysheva “Criminal Psychology: Criminal Types” (1926), M.N. Gernet "In prison. Essays on prison psychology" (1927), Yu.Yu. Bekhterev "Study of the personality of a prisoner" (1928), A.R. Luria “Experimental psychology in forensic investigation” (1928), A.E. Brusilovsky "Forensic psychological examination" (1929).
1 For more details see: Pozdnyakov V.M. The personality of the criminal and the correction of the convicted person (historical and psychological essay). - Domodedovo, 1998.
At the First Congress on the Study of Human Behavior, held in 1930, legal psychology is already recognized as an applied science, the merits of scientists in the development of problems of criminal, judicial and penitentiary nature are noted (A.S. Tager, A.E. Brusilovsky, M.N. Gernet, etc. .). However, later (for more than three decades) research in the field of legal psychology in our country was stopped for political reasons.
Research in the field of legal psychology was resumed only in the 60s. The greatest activity was shown in restoring the scientific and subject status and conducting research in forensic psychology (Yu.V. Ivashkin, L.M. Korneeva, A.R. Ratinov, A.V. Dulov, I.K. Shakhrimanyan, etc.). Its teaching in law schools began in 1965-1966, its problems were discussed at sections of the III and IV congresses of the Society of Psychologists of the USSR (1968 and 1971), as well as at the All-Union Scientific and Practical Conference "Current Problems of Forensic Psychology" (1971) and the second conference in Tartu in 1986. In 1968, at the All-Russian Research Institute of the USSR Prosecutor's Office under the leadership of A.R. Ratinov began to work in the psychological research sector, and in 1974 at the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - the Department of Management Psychology. In 1975, the first (and for 20 years the only) dissertation council on legal psychology was created at the Academy, where more than 10 doctoral and about 50 candidate dissertations were defended.
Legal psychology (LP)) has a long historical path of development of scientific knowledge that explains the causes of crime and outlines scientifically based approaches to solving this social problem.
In the development of UP we can roughly distinguish several main stages:
- 1. Early history of UP - XVIII century. - first half of the 19th century.
- 2. Formation of UP as a science - the end of the 19th century. - beginning of the 20th century
- 3. The creation of UP at the beginning of the 20th century, when it was based on conceptual scientific psychological theories.
- 4. New and recent history UP XX-XXI centuries
First, let us dwell on the development of this science in foreign countries. The first works on the use of psychological knowledge in criminal proceedings began to appear in Germany in late XVIII V. In the works of K. Eckartshausen “On the need for psychological knowledge when discussing crimes” (1792) and I. Schaumann “Thoughts on criminal psychology” (1792), an attempt was made to psychologically examine the personality of the criminal. In 1808, the work of I. Hoffbauer “Psychology in its main applications to judicial life” was published, and in 1835 the work of I. Fredreich “Systematic Guide to Forensic Psychology” was published, which also examined the psychological aspects of the personality of the criminal, criminal proceedings, an attempt was made to use psychological data in the investigation of crimes. The intensive development of foreign legal psychology began at the end of the 19th century. in connection with the development of experimental psychology, as a result, 5 main areas of research were formed:
- 1) criminal psychology;
- 2) psychology of testimony;
- 3) psychology of diagnostic methods (“involvement”), i.e. establishing the guilt of the suspect and accused;
- 4) psychological examination;
- 5) psychology of investigative and judicial activity as a profession (“psychotechnics”).
Well-known lawyers and psychologists - G. Gross, A. Binet, V. Stern, K. Jung, M. Wertheimer - were involved in this kind of research.
At the beginning of the 20th century. Swiss psychologist E. Claparède introduced the concept of “legal psychology” into scientific use, which characterized the actively developing applied branch of psychology, exploring the manifestation and use of general psychological mechanisms and patterns in the sphere of relations regulated by law. In 20-30 years. XX century Foreign scientists began to actively introduce into the practice of legal regulation the methodological developments of such schools of psychology as psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and psychotechnics. At that time, a peak of activity was also observed in the psychotechnical support of legal regulation. Guided by the methodological guidelines formulated by the founder of psychotechnics Hugo Munsterberg, his followers sought to develop a psychological one. In the 30-70s. Both theoretical developments and versatile approaches to the creation of tools for psychodiagnostics, psychocorrection and psychotherapy, which have been and are quite actively used in legal psychology, have received further multifaceted development.
The development of legal psychology in Russia has a complex and contradictory history and is conventionally divided into several periods:
- 1. Development of legal psychology in Russia at the beginning of the century (before 1917);
- 2. The period of development of Soviet legal psychology (until 1991);
- 3. Post-Soviet period of development of the UP (from 1991 to the present).
In Russia, I.T. spoke about the need to take into account the psychology of criminals back in the 18th century. Pososhkov, who proposed various methods of interrogating accused and witnesses in the “Book of Poverty and Wealth.” However, it did not have any influence on criminal proceedings, since at that time the investigative (inquisitorial) process dominated, which did not require the use of psychological knowledge. Criminal proceedings were based on a secret, written process, on the desire to obtain a confession from the accused at any cost, including through the most sophisticated, brutal torture.
The development of domestic legal psychology intensified after the judicial reforms of the 60s. XIX century. In 1863, B.L.’s textbook was published. Spasovich "Criminal Law", which uses a large number of psychological data. And in 1874, the first monograph on forensic psychology, written by A.A., was published in Kazan. Frese, Essays on Forensic Psychology. Both books had a significant impact on the development of forensic psychology in Russia.
In 1907, on the initiative of V.M. Bekhterev, the Scientific and Educational Psychoneurological Institute was created, the program of which included the development of the course “Forensic Psychology”. In 1909, the Criminological Institute was created within the framework of this institute. Professional psychologists began to study forensic psychology, and from that time on it began to develop in Russia as an independent applied branch of psychology. Forensic psychology outlines a range of its own specific problems - the study of the psyche of criminals, witnesses and other participants in criminal proceedings, the diagnosis of lies, etc. In 1912, V. Bekhterev’s fundamental work “The Objective-Psychological Method as Applied to the Study of Crime” was published. Psychologists (A. Nechaev, D. Zavadsky, etc.) were actively involved in forensic psychological research.
Thus, the main directions of development of UP were formed:
The first direction, as in the West, is criminal psychology.
The second direction - the development of forensic psychology in Russia - is the study of the psychology of testimony. The works of many authors have proven the impossibility of obtaining objective, reliable information from witnesses.
The third direction is forensic psychological examination. The first appeal to the use of psychological knowledge in legal practice dates back to 1883 and is associated with the investigation of rape, in which the Moscow notary Nazarov was accused, and the victim was actress Cheremnova. The subject of the examination was mental condition actress after her debut: her first performance in the play led her to such a breakdown that she was unable to provide any physical resistance to the rapist.
The fourth direction is related to the study of problems of increasing labor productivity, which led to the intensification of research in the psychology of work (psychotechnics), which began to be carried out to study the psychological characteristics of the investigator’s activities (psychology of investigative activity).
Interest in legal psychology increased sharply in the first years after the revolution, the psychological preconditions of crime and the psychological aspects of its prevention began to be studied. Forensic (criminal) psychology is becoming a generally recognized and authoritative branch of knowledge. Already on I All-Russian Congress in psychoneurology in 1923 there was a section of criminal psychology. In 1930, the 1st Congress on the Study of Human Behavior was held, at which the section of forensic psychology worked. However, at this time major biological errors were also made, sharp criticism of which in the early 30s, as well as subsequent legal voluntarism, led to the unjustified cessation of forensic psychological research. No psychological research in the field of law was allowed. And only in the 60s. last century, applied psychological research gradually began to unfold to ensure effective law enforcement activities. In 1964, a special resolution of the CPSU Central Committee was adopted “On the further development legal science and improving legal education in the country,” according to which already in the next academic year into the program for training lawyers in higher education educational institutions The course “Psychology (general and forensic)” was introduced. In 1968, a psychology sector was created within the structure of the All-Union Institute for the Study of the Causes and Development of Crime Prevention Measures (at the Research Institute of the General Prosecutor's Office) under the leadership of Professor A.R. Ratinov, who at that time led the revival of legal psychology in our country. His fundamental work “Forensic Psychology for Investigators” (1967) and a number of publications on methodological issues of legal psychology laid the foundations for the development of modern domestic legal psychology. At the congresses of the USSR Psychological Society, a section of forensic psychology began to function. In 1974, the Department of Psychology was organized as part of the Academy of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. At the All-Russian Research Institute of General and Forensic Psychiatry named after. V.P. Serbsky organized a psychology laboratory. Extensive research has begun on forensic psychological examination. Significant changes that occurred in the 1970-80s required corresponding changes in the training of legal personnel. Teaching legal psychology in law schools has become one of the main means of humanitarian reorientation of lawyers. Developed learning programs, textbooks and teaching aids made it possible to normalize the teaching of general and legal psychology in law schools, to form legal psychology as academic discipline. Its scientific and methodological foundations are also being intensively formed.
The changes that have taken place in our country have opened up access to the information necessary for further development all sciences, incl. and legal psychology, and have had a wide range over the past decades. This is not only a psychological study of the profession of an investigator, a judge, the psychology of operational-search activities, the psychology of inquiry and investigation, the problems of forensic psychological examination, but also an in-depth study of the personality of the criminal, the motivation of criminal behavior, the psychological aspects of crime prevention, the psychology of the activities of correctional labor institutions, psychological conditions for the effectiveness of legal norms, the psychology of legal proceedings, lawful behavior, etc.
Positive changes are observed in terms of the organization of scientific research. These processes indicate that legal psychology has now reached the level of new stage development. Currently, there are a significant number of specialized research centers and academic institutes where targeted research is conducted on the issues of legal psychology.
A number of textbooks on legal psychology trace its origins to ancient times. Trends in the genesis of the legal worldview are analyzed, the statements of Socrates, the works of Democritus, Plato, Aristotle and other classics of the ancient era on issues of justice and legality, the need to take into account the characteristics of the human soul are quoted. However, such an approach to historiography is broad, since its implementation involves a mixture of three different in content, although to a certain extent interrelated, meanings of the term “psychology”: everyday (pre-scientific), philosophical and specifically scientific.
It seems more correct to begin the analysis of the prerequisites for the emergence of legal psychology only from the era when, on the one hand, real social needs arise to take into account the psychological factor in civil legal regulation, and on the other hand, empirical material is already beginning to accumulate in various sciences and in legal practice, which “highlights” the role of psychological phenomena in the legal field. Such a historical period is the Age of Enlightenment. It was then that the foundations of a rationalistic approach to explaining the causes of crime were laid in scientific discussions, and empirical psychological material was also collected on the activities of the court and places of deprivation of liberty.
Overcoming theological and naturalistic views on crime was carried out in the works of the French humanist philosophers D. Diderot, J.J. Russo, S.L. Montesquieu, M.F.A. Voltaire, C. Helvetius, P. Holbach, where it was argued that law should not be the will of rulers, but a measure of social justice perceived by society, based on the ideas of individual freedom and respect for its natural rights. At the same time, thanks to the scientific and legal developments of the Italian lawyer Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794), who laid the foundations for the rational-legal codification of crimes, and the English scientist Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), who created the “utilitarian theory of the causes of crime,” interest in the study of factors of crime and the personality of specific types of criminals, the influence on them of the investigation, trial and punishment.
The first monographic works on legal psychology are traditionally considered to be the publications of German scientists K. Eckarthausen “On the need for psychological knowledge when discussing crimes” (1792) and I.Kh. Schaumann, Thoughts on Criminal Psychology (1792). However, interesting psychological ideas were also contained in the works of their predecessors. Thus, the French lawyer Francois de Pitaval in 1734-1743. published a twenty-volume work “Amazing Criminal Cases”, where he attempted to reveal the psychological essence of criminal acts. In John Howard’s monograph “The State of Prisons in England and Wales” (1777), written on the basis of a study of a significant number of places of detention throughout Europe (more than 300, including in Russia), not only actively defended the ideas of improving the maintenance of prisoners and compliance their rights, but also pointed out the importance of studying and taking into account the individual characteristics of persons serving sentences in penitentiary institutions.
Among domestic scientists of the 18th century, quite fruitful views in the psychological aspect were contained in the works of I.T.
Pososhkova (1652-1726). He, in particular, proved the relevance of developing a classification of criminals according to the “degree of depravity”, and also substantiated psychologically effective ways of interrogating witnesses and defendants. Another progressive figure in Russia of that era, V.N. Tatishchev (1686-1750) argued that laws are often violated out of ignorance, and therefore it is necessary to create conditions for their study from childhood. In the works of M.M. Shcherbaty (1733-1790) drew attention to the special importance of legislators’ knowledge of the “human heart.” F.V. Ushakov, in his treatise “On the Law and Purpose of Punishment” (1770), attempted to reveal the psychological conditions for the impact of punishment and, in particular, “corrective bringing it to repentance.” A.N. Radishchev (1749-1802) in his work “On the Regulations of Law” substantiated measures to prevent crimes based on taking into account the psychology of the criminal’s personality (and above all his motivation).
Feature of the first half of the 19th century V. is the growth of publications about crime and the personality of the criminal, based on the achievements of the natural sciences (anatomy, biology, physiology, psychiatry, etc.). These are the works of German scientists I. Hofbauer “Psychology in its main applications to judicial life” (1808) and I. Friedreich “Systematic guide to forensic psychology” (1835), as well as publications of domestic scientists A.P. Kunitsyna, A.I. Galich, K. Elpatievsky, G.S. Gordienko, P.D. Lodiy on the psychological justification of punishment, correction and re-education of criminals.
In the first half of the 19th century. The phrenological (from the Greek phren - mind) theory of the Austrian anatomist Franz Gall (1758-1828), who tried to prove the direct relationship between mental phenomena and external ones, gained great popularity. physical features the structure of the human brain (the presence of bulges, depressions and relationships between parts of the skull). Gall's followers attempted to create "phrenological maps" to identify types of criminals. Propaganda of the “phrenological idea” also took place in Russia. For example, Professor H.R. Stelzer, first at Moscow (1806-1812), and then at Yuryev (now Tartu) universities, taught a special course “Criminal Psychology according to F. Gall” to future lawyers.
The apotheosis in the development of the biologizing approach to the personality of the criminal was the publication by the Italian prison psychiatrist Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) of the monograph “The Criminal Man, Studied on the Basis of Anthropology, Forensic Medicine and Prison Science” (1876), who developed the concept of the “born criminal”, considering , that he is characterized by atavistic features that are related to his savage ancestors. According to C. Lombroso, a typical “born criminal” can be recognized by certain physiognomic characteristics: sloping forehead, elongated or undeveloped earlobes, prominent cheekbones, large jaws, dimples on the back of the head, etc.
Ch. Lombroso's advocacy of an objective approach to the study of the personality of criminals found active support from scientists in many countries of the world, including Russia (I.T. Orshansky, I. Gvozdev, in the early works of D.A. Dril). At the same time, due to domestic socio-cultural traditions and interdisciplinary orientation, they were immediately criticized by many lawyers (VD. Spasovich, N.D. Sergievsky, A.F. Koni, etc.) and psychologically oriented scientists (V.M. Bekhterev, V.F. Chizh, P.I. Kovalevsky and others).
The intensification of psychological research into the causes of crime and the personality of the criminal in the second half of the 19th century was significantly influenced by progress in the field of social and human sciences, and current needs of legal theory and practice. Judicial reforms carried out in many countries of the world (in Russia since 1864), as a result of which the principles of independence and irremovability of judges, competitiveness of the judicial process and equality of the parties, recognition of the verdict of a jury, etc., were established in legal proceedings, created favorable conditions for the demand for psychological knowledge . S.I. Barshev in his work “A Look at the Science of Criminal Law” (1858) wrote: “Not a single issue of criminal law can be resolved without the help of psychology... and if the judge does not know psychology, then this will be a trial not of living beings, but of corpses." K.Ya. Yanevich-Yanevsky in the article “Thoughts on criminal justice from the point of view of psychology and physiology” (1862) and V.D. Spasovich in the textbook “Criminal Law” (1863) draw attention to the importance, on the one hand, of establishing legal laws taking into account human nature, and on the other, the presence of psychological competence among lawyers.
THEM. Sechenov (1829-1905) - the leader of domestic physiologists and at the same time the founder of the objective behavioral approach in psychology as an independent science - in his work “The Doctrine of Free Will from the Practical Side” argued that “coercive measures against criminals, based on physiological and psychological knowledge about internal laws of personality development, must pursue the goal of correcting them.” In the monograph of the domestic psychiatrist A.U. Frese, “Essays on Forensic Psychology” (1871), argued that the subject of this science should be “the application of information about the normal and abnormal manifestations of mental life to legal issues.” In an article published in 1877 by lawyer L.E. Vladimirov “Psychological characteristics of criminals according to the latest research“It was stated that the social causes of crime are rooted in the individual character of the criminal, and therefore thorough psychological research is required. YES. Dril, who has both a medical and legal education, in a number of his publications in the 80s of the last century (“Criminal Man”, 1882; “Young Criminals”, 1884, etc.) purposefully defended an interdisciplinary approach, proving that law and psychology have deals with the same phenomena - the laws of human conscious life, and therefore law, not having its own means for studying this phenomenon, must borrow them from psychology.
In the late 80s of the 19th century, one of the most theoretically profound typologies of criminals (insane, accidental, professional) was developed by St. Petersburg University professor I.Ya. Foinitsky and his followers (DA. Dril, A.F. Lazursky, S.N. Poznyshev, etc.).
The clarification of the psychological patterns of jury activity was reflected in the publications of L.E. Vladimirova, A.F. Koni, A.M. Bobrishchev-Pushkin and many other domestic scientists1.
Among the active supporters of the introduction of psychological examinations into legal proceedings were lawyers L.E. Vladimirov, S.I. Gogel, psychiatrists V.M. Bekhterev, S.S. Korsakov and V.P. Serbian.
Speaking about the significant growth in Russia after the judicial reform of 1864 of interest in psychological knowledge, it should be noted the role of the works of domestic writers N.G. Chernyshevsky, F.M. Dostoevsky, as well as the journalistic and journalistic works of A. Semiluzhsky (“The community and its life in a Russian prison,” 1870), N.M. Yadrintsev (“Russian community in prison and exile”, 1872) and P.F. Yakubovich (“In the world of the outcasts, notes of a former convict”, 1897). The publications of these authors, who experienced the torment associated with being in prison, intensified scientific discussions about the motives of crimes, about the possibility and nature of the process of correction of prisoners.
In foreign countries, after the emergence of psychology as an independent science2, many of its theories began to be actively in demand to explain the causes of crime. Thus, guided by the ideas of Gustav Le Bon (1841-1931), who first began a psychological analysis of the “crowd” phenomenon and identified the role of the “contagion” mechanism, a number of scientists tried to develop them in their concepts explaining the reasons for the unlawful acts of the masses. Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904), in his fundamental works “The Laws of Imitation” and “The Philosophy of Punishment,” published in Paris in 1890, argued that criminal behavior, like any other, can be learned by people in real society on the basis of psychological mechanisms “ imitation" and "learning". Viewing criminals as a kind of “social excrement,” Tarde argued that legal dispositions should be built on a psychological basis rather than on the premise of “equal punishments for equal crimes.”
The development of the socio-psychological approach to the study of the causes of crime was significantly influenced by the works of the French sociologist E. Durkheim (1858-1917). In Russia, lawyer N.M. Korkunov in his “Lectures on the General Theory of Law” (1886) considered society as a “mental unity of people,” and law was interpreted as an instrument for ensuring a certain order when conflicts arise in interpersonal relationships. Social and psychological views were developed in the works of such domestic scientists as S.A. Muromtsev, P.I. Novgorodtsev, M.M. Kovalevsky, ID. Kavelin, N.Ya. Grot, M.N. Gernet, M.M. Isaev. The largest lawyer of the early 20th century L.I. Petrazhitsky (1867-1931) created the rationalistic concept of “psychology of law”, where law acts as a mental phenomenon.
Late XIX - early XX centuries. are also significant in that a number of fundamental psychological and legal works appeared. Thus, the Austrian scientist G. Gross published the monograph “Criminal Psychology” in 1898. V. Stern together with G. Gross and O. Lipman in 1903-1906. in Leipzig they publish a special journal “Reports on the Psychology of Testimony”. In Russia since 1904, edited by V.M. Bekhterev published “Bulletin of Psychology, Criminal Anthropology and Hypnotism”.
For the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. characterized by increased efforts to study the psychology of persons serving sentences (in Russia - M.N. Gernet, S.K. Gogel, A.A. Zhizhilenko, N.S. Tagantsev; abroad - I.B. Goring, V. Khilee and etc.).
Taking into account the emerging significant expansion of the range of psychological and legal problems that began to be subjected to careful scientific study, the Swiss psychologist Edouard Claparède (1873-1940) introduced the general term legal psychology in 1906. By that time, three main directions were clearly identified in it - criminal, forensic and penitentiary psychology.
In the development and application of the experimental method in legal psychology, a significant role belongs to the largest Russian psychologist, psychiatrist and neurologist V.M. Bekhterev (1857-1927). In his article “On the experimental psychological study of criminals”, published in 1902, and also 10 years later in the book “Objective psychological method as applied to the study of crime,” he advocated an integrated approach to the study of a criminal person, including taking into account genealogical heredity, influence upbringing, living environment and peculiarities of the genesis of the psyche itself. His talented student A.F. Lazursky (1874-1917) not only developed the “natural experiment” methodology, but also created a theory of personality, which as an application contained a fairly productive typology of the personality of criminals. In created in 1908 by V.M. The Bekhterev Psychoneurological Institute had a special criminological section. At the beginning of the 20th century, many universities around the world began to teach lawyers special courses on legal psychology in general or in its individual branches. For example, E. Claparède in Geneva since 1906 taught a “Course of Lectures on Legal Psychology”, R. Sommer in Hesse read the “International Course of Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry”, and YES. Drill at the Psychoneurological Institute - special course “Forensic Psychology”.
Legal psychology
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| 1) Dabout passing the main test, passing the training test - “ Self-check." * | ||
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In the first years of its emergence, legal psychology was formalized as psychology
criminal
judicial
penitentiary
To conduct a special examination of the accused, a period of up to
20 days
days
30 days
Fill out the table with the missing data:
| Temperament | VND type | Balance of nervous processes | Mobility of nervous processes |
| Sanguine | strong | balanced | 4 |
| 1 | strong | unbalanced | mobile |
| Phlegmatic person | 2 | balanced | sedentary |
| Melancholic | weak | 3 | sedentary |
An impulsive reaction, reflecting an individual’s attitude to the significance of a phenomenon perceived by him, is
character
emotions
temperament
Conducting the POC is entrusted
forensic psychiatric commission
expert psychologist
psychiatrists
Match:
| preventive psychology | A section of legal psychology that studies the psychological aspects of judicial proceedings and the problems of forensic psychological examination. |
| forensic psychology | a branch of legal psychology that studies the nature and mechanisms of deviant behavior from an interdisciplinary perspective systematic approach, including personal, social, socio-psychological, psychological and pedagogical factors that determine sociopathogenesis, and also offers scientifically based recommendations for psychological support, prevention, diagnosis and correction of deviant behavior. |
| legal psychology | psychology of reflection of legally significant phenomena in the consciousness of society, individual social groups and individuals. |
| criminal psychology | a section of legal psychology that studies the patterns and mechanisms of preparation and commission of crimes by individuals and criminal groups, the psychological aspects of guilt and the role of victims in a criminal act, and also develops psychologically based theories and typologies (classifications) of the personality of criminals, recommendations for improving the fight against crime. |
Psychotrasology is
trace-forming psychological factor
obviousness of the criminal act
identifying versions
Antisocial illegal behavior of an individual, embodied in his actions (actions or inactions), causing harm to both individual citizens and society as a whole, is called ___________ behavior.
The method of psychological influence is the method
infection
individuation
beliefs
Preventive psychology studies
prevention of deviation
amoral behavior
nature and mechanisms of deviant behavior
Match:
| excitable (explosive) psychopaths | differ increased level anxiety, timidity, self-doubt, extreme hypersensitivity to traumatic circumstances, maladjustment in mentally stressful situations. |
| psychasthenic psychopaths | are characterized by increased irritability, constant mental tension, explosive emotional reactivity, reaching the point of inadequate attacks of rage. |
| hysterical psychopaths | They differ mainly in their thirst for recognition. |
| paranoid psychopaths | are characterized by an increased propensity for “overvalued ideas.” |
Reactions are typical for intentional criminals
extrapunitive
intrapunitive
simple impulsive
Forensic psychology studies
psychological information about legal proceedings
psychological problems of procedural legislation
psychological aspects of trial
Criminal entities consisting basically of persons united according to national or community principles are called
communities
The POC in civil proceedings is appointed to resolve the issue of
legal capacity/incapacity
ability to work/disability
sanity/insanity
forced hospitalization
Identification is an investigative _____1_____, consisting of identifying an object by ____2______ image of the identifier, who must be _____3______ before carrying out this investigative action to clarify the circumstances under which he observed the corresponding object, its features and _____4_____ (select 4 terms out of 11).
1. event 2. action 3. mental 4. actual 5. acting 6. interrogated 7. identified 8. examined 9. signs 10. signs 11. thoughts
Match:
| group legal consciousness | the sphere of social consciousness, reflecting legally significant phenomena of social life. |
| public legal consciousness | consciousness that depends on the interests of certain groups, which often contradict public interests. |
| individual legal consciousness | It is determined by the legal consciousness of the individual, the conditions of his everyday formation. |
It is common for careless criminals to
euphoria
extrapunitive reactions
intrapunitive reactions
V.M. Bekhterov divided criminals into groups according to psychological characteristics:
1. criminals are ________ (impetuous and impulsive).
2. criminals with deficiencies in __________ areas who commit crimes without moral criteria, deliberately.
3. criminals with disadvantages _______.
4. criminals with weakened ________ (laziness, alcoholism, etc.).
The inability of a person to bear responsibility for antisocial illegal acts due to the painful state of his psyche, the inability to account for and manage his actions, is _______________.
IN professional activity The investigator's primary function is
formalized
cognitive-prognostic
social and educational
Negative emotional condition irritability or anger in psychology is called ___________.
Match:
| reconstruction activities | collection of information by the investigator about the crime event. |
| search (cognitive) activity | current and final analysis of all collected information and, based on this analysis and synthesis of special knowledge, proposing versions that explain the event that happened. |
| certification activities | bringing all obtained information into a special form provided for by law - protocol, resolution, etc. |
| communication activity | receiving necessary information through communication. |
| organizational activities | consists of volitional actions aimed at implementing and testing hypotheses (versions) and plans. |
Testimony that incriminates a person of committing a crime that he did not commit (may be knowingly false, or the result of an honest mistake) is _________.
Match:
| law-abiding behavior | the needs, desires, and interests of the individual do not coincide with social demands, but the individual, due to fear of punishment, submits to the requirements of the law. |
| law-abiding behavior | the goals and means of achieving them coincide with social requirements not due to the internal conviction of the individual, but due to his conformity (compliance). |
| law enforcement behavior | the needs of the individual, goals and means of achieving them coincide with legal requirements. |
Admission of one's guilt and self-condemnation of one's illegal behavior, readiness to bear a well-deserved punishment, is called ____________.
Establish a correspondence between the volitional qualities of a person and their definitions:
| independence | ability to make and implement quick, informed and firm decisions |
| determination | the ability not to be influenced by various factors, to critically evaluate the advice of other people, to act on the basis of one’s views and beliefs |
| determination | conscious and active focus of the individual on a specific result of activity |
| perseverance | the ability to constantly and for a long time pursue a goal without reducing energy in the fight against difficulties |
Criminal behavior officials Those who use their official behavior for personal enrichment are called __________________.
Criminal ___________ is antisocial behavior of a subject that encroaches on social relations protected by law.
A type of examination of a person’s body to establish traces of a crime or special signs, when this does not require a forensic medical examination, is called ______________.
Legal psychology is a sub-branch of psychology
| penitentiary | |
| age | |
| legal |
A criminal entity consisting basically of persons based on nationality or land is
communities
bandit formations
persistent criminal groups
Gestures of insincerity are (three correct answers)
| rubbing the eyelid | |
| if for 2/3 of the time the gazes of those talking meet each other | |
| excessive politeness | |
| ear scratching | |
| self-confident statements | |
| touching the nose |
Mechanism psychological protection is
Created the first experimental psychological laboratory in history
| Z. Freud | |
| A. Luria | |
| W. Wundt |
The psychopath has no
Behavior that is contrary to accepted moral standards in society is called
frustrated
deviant
expressive
The size of a simple organized group is
2-4 people
5-10 people
300-500 people
Psychological barriers to interrogation
laziness
installation
frustration
Legal psychology is
applied direction
special branch of psychological science
branch of criminal proceedings
Penitentiary psychology is
| W. James | |
| K. Leonhard | |
| R. Burns | |
| E. Bern |
In Russia, he dealt with the problems of creating a “lie detector”
Luria
Lombroso
Yu.Yu. Bekhterev
Mental state expressed in characteristic features experiences and behavior caused by objectively insurmountable (or subjectively understood) difficulties that arise on the way to achieving a goal or solving a problem are ___________________.
frustration
Match:
| infection | a method of influencing the consciousness of an individual through appealing to his own critical judgment to form certain views and a worldview in general. |
| belief | unconscious (involuntary) exposure of an individual to certain psychological states in which uncritical acceptance of any information and feelings occurs. |
| imitation | a way of influencing people on each other, as a result of which there is an unconscious reproduction of personality traits and behavioral patterns. |
A personality trait that characterizes her as a potential victim of a crime is
victimization
deviance
emotionality
Mental cognitive process is(are)
will
emotions
perception
Sustained armed groups, consisting of a small number of members (usually up to ten people) and carrying out brutal, selfish and violent actions, are
communities
bandit formations
C. Lombroso
Yu. Yu. Bekhterev
A. F. Koni
Post-prison assistance includes (give 2 answers)
consultations
psychoanalysis
employment
diagnostics
Enter the main investigative actions:
(enter with a lowercase letter) 1. ________ rate - an investigative action involving the simultaneous interrogation of two persons interrogated earlier in order to eliminate the contradictions that exist in their testimony.
2. _________ is the most common way of obtaining evidence in a case and at the same time one of the most difficult investigative actions: its implementation requires the investigator to have a high general, psychological and professional culture, deep knowledge of people, their psychology.
3. inspection ______ incident - the process of collecting information about a criminal event at the scene of its commission through active, targeted perception, analysis and synthesis of the information received to solve the crime.
4. _______ is an investigative action aimed at a forced examination of a person, premises, structures, areas of the area under the jurisdiction of the person being searched and members of his family or any organization, to find and seize hidden objects that are important to the case, as well as detection of a wanted person or corpse.
5. presentation for __________ - an investigative action consisting of the presentation of various persons and material objects for their identification (identity determination).
6. __________ experiment is an independent investigative action consisting of conducting special experiments in order to verify the evidence collected in the case, obtain new evidence, verify and evaluate investigative versions about the possibility of the existence of certain facts that are important to the case.
Match:
| schizoid (introverted) type | characterized by a tendency to periods of angry and melancholy mood, accompanied by simmering irritation and the search for a “scapegoat” on which to take out evil. |
| epileptoid (excitable) type | characterized by isolation, immersion in a world far from real world thoughts, ideas, images, hobbies. |
| labile type | characterized by extreme instability of mood, which changes too often and too sharply under the influence of insignificant, unnoticeable reasons for others. |
| hyperthymic type | characterized by great noisiness, restlessness, sociability, excessive independence, even courage, and a tendency to mischief. |
In psychology, there are traditionally four types of human temperament. Determine the description of which type of temperament is given below:
A lively, ardent, active person, with frequent changes of impressions, with a quick reaction to all the events happening around him, quite easily coming to terms with his failures and troubles. Usually has expressive facial expressions. He is very productive at work when he is interested, becoming very excited about it; if the work is not interesting, he treats it indifferently, he becomes bored. Answer ___________ .