Commodity supply is a system of measures to bring goods from the manufacturer to the places of sale or consumption.

The processes of production, circulation and consumption in society occur continuously. However, in a developed society there is no coincidence, both in space and in time, of these processes. Therefore, to ensure their continuity, inventory is needed.

The discrepancy between production and consumption in space and time is determined by the economic interests of society. Thus, production can be concentrated in the places of the raw material base, where commodity stocks are formed, which are then delivered to consumption points.

By its economic nature, commodity supply is a wholesale or small-scale wholesale turnover carried out by trading enterprises or individuals for the purpose of subsequent resale of purchased goods.

Properly organized wholesale purchases make it possible to form the necessary trade assortment of goods to supply the population or a retail trade network, to influence manufacturers of goods in accordance with the requirements of consumer demand, and ensure the efficient operation of a trading enterprise.

To successfully carry out commercial operations for the purchase of goods, wholesale depots must systematically identify and study sources of purchases and suppliers of goods. Business workers should know their economic region and his natural resources, industry, Agriculture, production capabilities and the range of manufactured products at industrial enterprises.

An important role in commercial work is assigned to the search for additional resources from local raw materials, products of the cooperative industry, subsidiary farms, farms, and products of individual labor activity. The commercial apparatus of wholesale bases should identify opportunities for the development of new types of production and the restoration of old forgotten crafts, especially artistic ones, keep records and study specific suppliers on a daily basis, identify and register manufacturers of goods that are not yet contractually connected with the base, prepare proposals for increasing the production of necessary goods , expanding the range, improving quality.

Given the great variety of suppliers of goods, they can be classified into different groups according to various criteria (functional, territorial, forms of ownership, departmental affiliation, etc.).

In a generalized form, all suppliers of goods can be divided into two categories: suppliers-manufacturers and suppliers-intermediaries who purchase products from their manufacturers and sell them to wholesale buyers (retailers, agents, brokers, retailers, etc.).

Intermediary suppliers can be wholesale enterprises of the national (federal), regional level of various product ranges (specialization), which form the basis of the wholesale structure system in the consumer market, wholesale intermediaries (distributors, broker enterprises, agent enterprises, dealers), as well as organizers of the wholesale turnover (wholesale fairs, auctions, commodity exchanges, wholesale and small wholesale markets, warehouse stores, etc.). wholesale food

Wholesale intermediaries in a market economy acquire an independent significance in the field of procurement (wholesale) activities.

Rational economic relations should be established with suppliers of goods, mainly direct and long-term contractual relationships, allowing you to purchase goods directly from suppliers-manufacturers on a stable long-term basis

At the enterprise OOO Yantar, the supply process is organized as follows.

Store managers on a daily basis generate a report on the movement of goods, on the basis of which they draw conclusions about the need to purchase a certain product and determine its quantity. This information is transmitted to the warehouse manager, who, in turn, analyzes the balance in the warehouse, makes a decision to move part of the goods to the trading floor and makes final conclusions about the purchase.

When ordering goods, the warehouse manager takes into account the current inventory balances. The formula for calculating the order of goods, which is used in the enterprise, is as follows:

ORDER = SALES * K - RESIDUE - PREVIOUS ORDER, (3)

• - Sale - the average daily value of sales of goods;
• - K - order calculation coefficient;
• - Balance - the current balance of the goods at the time of order;
• - Previous order - the quantity of goods in the previous day of the order.

The order settlement factor is calculated using the following formula:

K \u003d k + INSURANCE STOCK, (4)

• - k - the number of days between two deliveries (inclusive), the current one (for which the order is made) and the next one (selected from the delivery schedule);
• - Safety stock - value in the range from 1 to 3 days.

After the goods are received from the supplier to the warehouse, the storekeepers are engaged in posting them, after which part of the goods goes to stores, and the rest of the goods go to wholesale. Pricing in Yantar LLC is handled by the accountant of the enterprise, who makes a decision on the price depending on the minimum markup established at the enterprise, as well as an analysis of competitors' prices for similar products. The final decision on the price is agreed with the director of the enterprise.

Thus, all departments of the enterprise take part in the process of supplying goods at Yantar LLC: accounting, warehouse and retail store.

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In the territory Russian Federation there are federal sanitary rules and regulations that are mandatory for citizens, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities:

SanPiN 2.3.6.1066-01 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for trade organizations and the turnover of food raw materials and food products in them";

SanPiN 2.3.2.1324-03 "Hygienic requirements for shelf life and storage conditions of food products";

Managers of trade enterprises are obliged to ensure:

availability of personal medical books for each employee with a mark on the passage of periodic medical examinations;

Conducting classes on the study of these sanitary rules by persons entering the work, as well as an annual check of the sanitary and hygienic knowledge of the personnel with a mark on passing the test for hygienic training in a personal medical book;

· selective testing of sanitary and hygienic knowledge at workplaces and re-examination with acceptance of offsets in case of identified violations of sanitary requirements or in the absence of the necessary knowledge;

Availability of sanitary and uniform clothes in accordance with current standards, regular centralized washing and repair of sanitary clothes;

availability of a sufficient number of production equipment, utensils and other items of material and technical equipment;

Carrying out measures for disinfestation and deratization in accordance with the contract with decontamination departments;

Carrying out additional preventive measures according to epidemiological indications;

· the presence at the enterprises of the magazine of daily examinations for pustular diseases;

Availability of first aid kits for first aid and their timely replenishment;

organization of sanitary and educational work through seminars, talks, lectures.

Food trade organizations- These are organizations intended for the sale of food products and food raw materials. The activities of trade organizations, regardless of their form of ownership, are allowed on the basis of a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion issued by the Rospotrebnadzor authorities on compliance with their sanitary rules.

Assortment of goods (product assortment; product nomenclature) is a set of goods united by any one or a combination of characteristics.

Assortment list of goods- this is part of the trading assortment of goods, which must be constantly on sale. The range and volume of goods sold are subject to agreement with the bodies of Rospotrebnadzor. The range of food raw materials and food products sold in a trade organization must correspond to the type and type of trade organization. Subsequently, when changing the range of products sold (expansion or reduction), it is subject to renegotiation.

Criteria for retail premises, equipment, inventory, list of services are established by sanitary standards, safety regulations, fire safety and other requirements.

When organizing food trade, in accordance with Article 15 federal law"On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" to prevent the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases and mass non-infectious diseases (poisoning), sanitary rules must be followed. Every business must have sanitary rules.

Sanitary rules and hygienic standards are normative acts that establish criteria for the safety and harmlessness for a person of environmental factors and requirements for ensuring favorable conditions for his life.

At food trade enterprises, regardless of the form of ownership, the safety of life and health of consumers must be ensured, subject to sanitary rules and norms (SanPiN 2.3.6.1066-01 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for trade organizations and the circulation of food raw materials and food products in them") .

There are the following main types of food trade enterprises:

A) retailers

A grocery store is a trade enterprise that sells individual groups food products, and, if necessary, non-food products of private demand.

A grocery store is a trade enterprise with a trading floor area of ​​100 sq. m. which sells a wide range of food products by the traditional method of service and provides additional services to the population.

The supermarket is a comfortable trade enterprise with a trading floor area of ​​600 sq. m., with modern organization trading process and selling at least 2,000 types of food products and a wide range of related non-food products, as well as providing the population with a wide range of additional services.

B) small retail trade enterprises:

A pavilion is a lightweight structure, usually for 2-4 workplaces, with a utility room and a trading floor.

Kiosks - buildings for 1 - 2 workplaces without a trading floor.

Trade organizations can be located both in a separate building and in attached, built-in, as well as built-in - attached to residential buildings, in buildings for other purposes, can be located on the territory of industrial and other facilities to serve the employees of these organizations.

The territory of the market is delimited into functional zones: trade, administrative and warehouse, economic, parking for vehicles.

Sheds for storage of containers and areas for collecting garbage and food waste are arranged in the economic zone. For the collection of garbage and food waste, separate containers with lids (or specially closed structures) are provided, installed on hard-surfaced sites, the dimensions of which exceed the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe base of the containers by 1 m in all directions. Garbage and food waste collection sites are located at a distance of at least 25 m from trade organizations. It is allowed to reduce the specified distance, based on the local conditions of placement of trade organizations.

To consider the specifics of the activities of a psychologist, as well as his personal characteristics, it seems important to define the profession of a psychologist. The formation of psychology as a science took place in 1879, when W. Wundt founded the first laboratory of experimental psychology, it is to this period that the birth of the profession of psychologist can be attributed. There are a significant number of definitions of the concept of "psychology", one of them is as follows: Psychology is a science that studies the patterns of emergence, development and functioning of the psyche and the mental activity of a person and groups of people. The subject of psychology is the study of the human psyche. From this definition it follows that a psychologist can be called a specialist who studies the manifestations, methods and forms of organization of mental phenomena of a person in various areas human activity to solve research and applied problems, as well as to provide psychological help. When considering the specifics of the activity and personality of a psychologist, starting from the concept of S.L. Rubinshtein, in this work the psychologist will be considered "as a person and as a subject professional activity, characterized by its focus, motivational-required sphere, values, attitudes, its character and abilities.

The profession of a psychologist belongs to the group of socionomic professions, to professions of the "man-to-man" type. An important characteristic of professions "person - person" is professional communication. At the same time, it should be noted that a person or a group of people act not as social environment, a condition of activity, but are considered as an object and subject of the psychologist's activity. Experts often single out subjectivity as the subject of professional activity of a psychologist. The attitude of a psychologist to a client can be classified as a professional interpersonal relationships?, in which the psychologist is the subject, and the client is the object of the relationship.

The activity of a psychologist, like any other, has specific goals, functions and methods of providing assistance. To begin with, it is necessary to determine the functions of the psychologist's activity as a subject of psychological work, which are objective and most characteristic sets of professional tasks. The activity of a psychologist can be very diverse, it is extremely diverse and multifunctional in nature, the classification proposed by Zeer E.F. includes the following functions:

1. diagnostic, which involves the psychological study and registration of the characteristics of the individual, the team on the basis of the most significant parameters, as well as the diagnosis of possible deviations from the norm, the identification and evaluation of the main factors that affect the success of the activity and the psychological state of people;

2. The research function of a psychologist is to study the latest scientific and practical achievements in psychology, adapt new methods and expand scientific and methodological knowledge;

3. The prognostic function implies forecasting the direction of development and predicting the possible state of the main psychological characteristics the object under study;

4. information function includes informing clients about their psychological state, increasing their level of socio-psychological competence;

5. constructive and design function means the selection and structuring of the material, the formation and acquisition of teams, groups, the design of optimal conditions for the state of the object and the conditions for its activity;

6. educational and methodological function implies training in the use of knowledge of psychology in practice, development of methodological documents;

7. The expert function includes an assessment of possible options for solving problems from the point of view of psychology, as well as a conclusion about the psychological state of the person being assessed;

8. Advisory function involves helping people, giving recommendations on finding the best course of action in difficult psychological situations;

9. correctional and developmental function is to assist in changes that contribute to personal self-expression and development, as well as successful solution various tasks;

10. the communicative function is aimed at establishing contact with a partner, exchanging messages, emotional state, revealing the inner world of the interlocutor, tracking his non-verbal reactions, as well as providing mutual influence on the behavior and thoughts of a communication partner.

It becomes obvious that each of the functions of the activity of a professional psychologist has its own tasks, special subject content, hence the need for specific methodological and practical-methodological means, professional competence of a specialist and culture. The activity of a professional psychologist has a number of its own characteristics, which include:

1. The presence of a theoretical base among specialists, in which systematized, generalized ideas about the psyche and psychology are collected;

2. Reliance by specialists on the method of scientific knowledge, which makes it possible to navigate the variety of scientific problems. The method of scientific knowledge is applied by specialists both to themselves and to their scientific and practical activities, which is the basis of their professional reflection, in other words, the basis of the methodological base of the psychologist.

3. The use by specialists of specialized techniques to achieve scientific, diagnostic or formative goals. These methods are scientifically substantiated and verifiable specific methods of activity.

4. The need for a gradual formation of a sense of responsibility among consulted clients.

5. Mandatory exchange of experience, advanced training.

6. Possession of a special professional tact and adherence to professional and ethical standards.

7. Ability for continuous professional development and self-development of a professional psychologist.

The importance of the psychologist's compliance with all the above conditions is due to the fact that psychological activity can be classified as helping, aimed at maintaining the personality at critical moments of life, at activating its internal mental potential. The choice of the profession of a psychologist, as a rule, is based on a pronounced humanitarian orientation of the individual. The humanities study something that is specific to man, something that is difficult to succumb to the principles of knowledge and explanation adopted in the sciences of nature. Understanding a person as a special phenomenon requires a special approach to its study, since it has a fundamentally different character. This profession implies a focus on social interest, interest in the individual, in the interaction between people. The subject of helping activity not only performs a purposeful act of helping, but also uses special skills and knowledge in the implementation of the act of helping. At the same time, researchers note the fact that the success of a psychologist's professional activity largely depends not only on the level of possession of psychological knowledge, but also on the characteristics of the development of his personality. Experts note that the peculiarity of helping professions lies in the fact that the subject of activity itself carries the primary "tool" of work. The implementation of help, first of all, lies in the ability of the psychologist to establish a helping relationship. The psychologist, by the nature of his activity, constantly interacts with people, bears significant responsibility, and also experiences emotional stress. The developing and healing effect during therapy arises precisely due to the creation of a unique atmosphere of empathy, the establishment of sincere and warm relationships between the psychologist and the client, which contribute to self-disclosure. For this reason, a number of personal requirements are presented to specialists. As already mentioned, the main tool, the means of influence of a psychologist on other people is himself, his will, feelings, consciousness, speech, actions, his personality as a whole. B.S. Bratus in the article "On the problem of man in psychology" asked the question, what exactly is the specificity of the individual as the main psychological tool. According to the author, "man is the only one of all living beings who does not belong to his species, genus by the fact of birth", for this reason he must be assigned a human essence. The ability of a person to form and self-build in a person himself presupposes the existence of a kind of psychological tool or organ responsible for directing this incomparable process. This organ is the very personality of a person. Thus, one cannot say that the personality itself has a final meaning, on the contrary, this meaning is formed due to its developing relationships, connections with the content characteristics of human existence. When studying the human essence, the authors agree that the most significant characteristic of a person lies in his attitude towards another person. This idea was most clearly expressed by S.L. Rubinstein: "The first of the first conditions of a person's life is another person. Relationship to another person, to people is the main fabric of human life, its core. The "heart" of a person is all woven from his human relations with other people; what it is worth , is entirely determined by what kind of human relations a person aspires to, what kind of relationship he is able to establish with people, with another person. Psychological analysis of human life, aimed at revealing a person’s relationship to other people, forms the core of a truly life psychology. Here, at the same time, the area " interface between psychology and ethics. The normal development of a personality is possible only if one treats the other as a value in itself, the ability to realize this attitude through love and self-giving, to the free manifestation of the will. Thus, if we consider personality as a way or tool for a person to achieve his concept, his essence and development, we can evaluate a psychologist by how he serves this purpose, contributes to the familiarization of the personality with its essence. But this is not possible without continuous development the personality of the specialist himself, from which we can talk about another specificity of the professional activity of a psychologist, which lies in the importance of personal development in the development of the professionalism of a psychologist. In the course of studying the dynamics professional identity practicing psychologists, V.M. Prosenkova showed that the meaning of this profession lies in personal growth, the development of subjectivity and certain personal characteristics, which include awareness of oneself as a professional, as well as acceptance of the strength and weakness of the Self. Perhaps the profession of a psychologist in itself is a source of constant development, growth personality. The growth of a psychologist in this case is understood in the context of his personal and professional development, which implies a continuous process of both personal and activity, sociocultural changes occurring over time under the influence of appropriate training, education and self-improvement. The choice to "be a psychologist" is a kind of challenge, because it makes inevitable the individual's constant work on himself, self-knowledge, confrontation with himself. Because psychologists talk to other people with themselves, it is very important to be able to honestly answer questions about what my strengths and vulnerabilities are, what I fear. The specificity of this activity implies a conscious attitude of the individual to his own needs, experiences, thoughts, inclinations, motives of behavior, in other words, a developed self-awareness. This implies an emotional-semantic assessment of one's own capabilities based on the choice of actions that correspond to goals. Consciousness of attitude towards one's being favors the formation of an "I-image", which underlies the act of goal-setting both in professional activity and in life in general.

One of the features of the psychologist's activity is that it is an activity that requires a significant emotional involvement of the individual, a high level of morality, personal responsibility for the consequences of professional activity, since it requires the psychologist to participate in making responsible decisions related to human security. Thus, morality and psychology are closely related categories, since, being a systemic property, morality outlines the motivational and semantic sphere of a psychologist's personality, and is an integral part of his professional activity. Speaking about the responsibility of a psychologist for the consequences of his own actions, E.F. Zeer focuses on social and professional responsibility as the desire and ability to evaluate one's own behavior in terms of benefit or harm to society, a professional team or an individual. Responsibility implies awareness of duty and social measures in response to socially important, significant actions. Such interaction becomes a fact of consciousness, and subsequently acquires meaning in professional behavior.

In the process of choosing a profession, a person is constantly faced with the influence of a variety of factors, which sometimes leads to an erroneous decision made under pressure. The main difficulty lies in the fact that the one who chooses a profession needs to understand the huge variety of professions, understand their content, the requirements that they impose on a person, in addition, adequately assess their own capabilities, abilities and interests. We should also not forget the importance of approving the significant Adult's choice of direction. It is for these reasons that a contradiction arises between the significant uncertainty of students' ideas and knowledge about the principles, rational grounds underlying the choice of a profession and achieving success in the labor sphere, and the urgent need and need to choose a specific path among the many possible options, in connection with the onset of a certain age. According to experts, if the choice of a profession was made by a person on the basis of the extent to which the person, in terms of his individual psychological qualities, meets the requirements of the profession, a certain disappointment could be avoided. To understand what personal qualities a person should have, R.B. Cattell and his collaborators (1979) for the first time made an attempt to derive a typical personality profile of a psychologist, which includes developed intellectual abilities, erudition, emotional stability, independence, perseverance and perseverance, self-confidence, resourcefulness and originality, the ability to self-control, a high level of sensitivity , the desire for independent analysis and understanding of facts, events, critical thinking, as well as tolerance, the desire for self-knowledge. IN psychological portrait psychologist, the scientist noted the severity of three scales: A - readiness for contacts, B - general intelligence, N - the ability to maintain contact. However, it was noted that the role of these factors is different for practicing psychologists and theoretical psychologists. So, practitioners have a greater readiness for contacts (factor A), they are more characterized by not being saturated with contacts with other people, social courage, while theorists have a more pronounced factor B, that is, general intelligence. Domestic psychologists also made an attempt to highlight the qualities that ensure the success of the professional activities of psychologists, thus, to all of the above qualities, one can add an invaluable attitude towards people, developed intuition, the ability to predict events and creativity. Awareness of one's own individual characteristics contributes to the successful establishment of relationships with other people, building partnerships, which is an important ability for a future psychologist. Based on the results of the study of T.A. Vernyayeva of the individual psychological properties of students of psychological faculties, it can be assumed that future psychologists have a certain set of qualities, which include intuitiveness, sensitivity, extroversion, and the ability to plan. )