Within the framework of classical physics, research is constantly being carried out to further refine and develop the modern physical model of the world. Physics - be it macrophysics, microscopic physics or physics at the intersection of sciences is constantly evolving, developing, supplemented by more and more new models, knowledge and discoveries.

Unfortunately it doesn't exist today. unified system or physical theory. All of them are true and confirmed subject to certain conditions. So, for example, classical mechanics can be considered correct only if we apply it to objects much larger than elementary particles and moving slower than the speed of light. It is worth changing these conditions and quantum mechanics, which is not applicable to ordinary conditions, comes into play.

The constant search for a model that unifies all the main branches of physics and brings together all theories is an unattainable dream of scientists. However, it is in our power to constantly refine the laws of nature, bring together disparate knowledge and combine them to create more and more detailed models of the behavior of the world around us.

In this section of our portal you can get acquainted with the latest research in the field of classical physics. Research based on the centuries-old knowledge of science may lead to an understanding of individual phenomena, and this, in turn, will allow them to be used for the benefit of mankind.

Presented by us latest discoveries and ideas span theoretical, experimental and applied physics. There are several main areas of classical physics:

• classical mechanics
• Thermodynamics
• Optics
• Electrodynamics
• Atomic physics
• Condensed Matter Physics
• Nuclear physics
• The quantum physics
• Physics elementary particles

We will be glad if you present your ideas, discoveries and developments to the reader's judgment. Perhaps they will be of interest to specialists and the general reader. In addition, inventions and discoveries in the field of physics can be patented and become a source of income in the future.

In addition, we will try to acquaint you with discoveries in the border areas of physics, physics at the junction with other sciences, such as:

• Biophysics
• Geophysics
• Chemical physics
• Plasma physics

This list can expand as it enters the catalog of ideas and discoveries in different areas of physics. Come, read and you will always be aware of the most interesting, and perhaps fateful for mankind, discoveries.

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The year began with the attainment of the holy grail - physicists succeeded in hydrogen into metal. The experiment confirmed the theoretical developments of the first half of the last century. Researchers from Harvard University cooled the element to -267 degrees Celsius and subjected to a pressure of 495 gigapascals, which is more than at the center of the Earth.

“In the West they will stop drinking alcohol and switch to a harmless alcosynth”

The experimenters themselves compared the production of the first metallic hydrogen on the planet with the acquisition of the sacred bowl - the main goal of the legendary knights. But the question remains whether hydrogen will retain its properties when the pressure is relieved. Physicists hope not.

Time travel is possible

Revise the concept of time by theorists from the University of Vienna and the Austrian Academy of Sciences. According to the laws of quantum mechanics, the more accurate the clock, the sooner it subjects the flow of time to the effect of quantum uncertainty. And that limits the ability of our measuring instruments, no matter how well they are made.

Time cannot be measured. But you can travel in it using curvature, a scientist from the University of British Columbia (Canada). True, while this is only a theoretical admission. For creating real machine time, there are no necessary materials.

But quantum particles are capable of going into the past, more precisely, influencing other particles in time. This theory was confirmed in 2017 by scientists from Chapman University (USA) and the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (Canada). Their theoretical research led to a curious conclusion: either physical phenomena able to propagate into the past, or science is faced with a non-material way of particle interaction.

Exactly two layers of graphene can stop a bullet

Dark energy does not exist. But it is not exactly

Disputes about dark energy - a hypothetical constant that explains the expansion of the universe - have not stopped since the beginning of the millennium. This year, physicists have come to the conclusion that dark energy does not exist after all.

Scientists from the University of Budapest and their colleagues from the US that the error lies in understanding the structure of the universe. Proponents of the concept of dark energy proceeded from the fact that matter is homogeneous in density, but this is not so. The computer model showed that the Universe consists of bubbles, as it were, and this removes contradictions. Dark energy is no longer needed to explain inexplicable phenomena.

However, built on a supercomputer at Durham University (Britain) led astrophysicists to the opposite conclusions. And the data of the magnetic alpha spectrometer from the International space station that dark energy does exist. This was independently stated by two groups of researchers: from Germany and from China.

And most importantly, XENON1T, the most sensitive dark matter detector in the world, gave the first . However, there are no positive results yet. But scientists are pleased that the system generally works and shows minimal errors.

Scientists no longer understand how AI works

Technologies

Gravity is the key to other dimensions

Physicists have long dreamed of building a theory of everything - a system that would exhaustively describe reality. Does not allow one of the four fundamental interactions- gravity. Particles that would carry the gravitational interaction have not been found. So, in accordance with the laws of quantum mechanics, there are no waves.

Ingenious solution to the problem scientists from the Max Planck Institute. In their opinion, the gravitational field arises precisely at the moment when a quantum wave becomes a particle.

Another obstacle to the construction of a theory of everything is the absence of an inverse action to the force of attraction, this factor also violates the symmetry of ideal formulas. However, scientists from the University of Washington in April 2017 a substance that behaves as if it has a negative mass. The effect has been achieved before, but the result has never been so precise and certain.

Interest in the study of gravity is increased by the theory that gravity is influenced by other dimensions. Physicists from the Max Planck Institute (Germany), using the most modern gravitational wave detectors, will confirm or disprove the existence of other dimensions in a year. At the end of 2018 or at the latest - at the beginning of 2019.

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Quantum mechanics is doomed

It is easy to see that most of the discoveries of modern physics are related to the study of quantum mechanics. However, scientists believe that quantum theory in its current form will not last long. And the key to understanding the world will be the new mathematics.

In the light of such statements, it is not clear how to perceive the news that experimenters from the Niels Bohr Institute for the first time in the history of science will make qubits rotate in the opposite direction. Or that the second law of thermodynamics under certain circumstances in the quantum world, according to physicists from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. Perhaps all this should be taken as confirmation of the current theory. Perhaps - as a step aside new physics, which more accurately describes reality.

In the meantime, scientists continue to search for phenomena that will reconcile the worlds of Einstein and Newton. Perhaps this will help - a new form of matter. By the way, it turned out to be a condensate, although until now theorists have argued a lot about its nature.

A lot has happened in the world of science over the past 10 years. From the search for water on Mars to memory manipulation and the discovery of "dark matter", everything on this list shows that people are indeed living in an amazing time today.

1. Reprogramming stem cells

Stem cells are unique. They seem to be no different from any other cell in the body, apart from the fact that they have the innate ability to transform into any other type of cell. This means that they can turn, for example, into red blood cells, if the body lacks them, or into white blood cells, into muscle cells, into nerve cells ...

Stem cells have been known since 1981, but until 2006 it was not known that any cell in the body could be reprogrammed and turned into a stem cell. And it's quite easy to do, as proved by a scientist named Shinya Yamanaka, who was the first in the world to be able to add four specific genes to skin cells. Within two to three weeks, these skin cells turned into stem cells. This was a huge discovery for regenerative medicine.

2. The largest black hole

In 2009, a team of astronomers began measuring the mass of a newly discovered black hole, dubbed S5 0014 + 81. To their amazement, it turned out to be 10,000 times larger than the supermassive black hole at its center. Milky Way, making it the largest black hole known to man. This ultramassive black hole has a mass of 40 billion more sun. Even more incredible, it was formed relatively recently in the universe, 1.6 billion years after the Big Bang.

3. Memory manipulation

In 2014, scientists Steve Ramirez and Xu Liu were able to replace negative memories in the brain of mice to positive, and vice versa. They introduced light-sensitive proteins into the body of mice and achieved the activation of these proteins using a laser that shone into the mice's eyes. As a result, negative events experienced by mice began to be perceived by rodents as positive, and positive events as terrible. This has opened up a whole new form of potential treatment for those suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder or intense feelings of grief over the loss of a loved one.

4. A computer that mimics the human brain

Though it was thought impossible just a few years ago, IBM released a computer chip in 2014 that works just like the human brain. It contains 5.4 billion transistors and consumes 10,000 times less power than conventional computer chips, and also works by mimicking synapses in human brain. And to be more precise, 256 brains. It can be programmed to do whatever the user wants, making this chip incredibly useful for use in supercomputers. Synapse is not limited in terms of performance due to its radically different design compared to conventional computers. This revolutionary technology could seriously change the computer industry for the better in the coming years.

5. Step towards world domination of robots

In 2014, 1,024 "nanobots" were tasked with organizing themselves into a star shape. Without any further instructions, they began to work together and ended up assembling into the perfect star shape. Although they did it slowly, in jerks, and collided with each other several times, nevertheless, they were able to do it. If any of the tiny robots got stuck, then he “asked for help” from the neighbors, and they returned him to the right track. Scientists are now investigating how nanobots can flock to fight diseases once they have been introduced into the human body. And larger microrobots could be used in search and rescue operations.

6. Confirmation of the existence of dark matter

Dark matter is largely a theoretical phenomenon that has been "invented" to explain many strange astronomical scenarios. An example is this: there is a galaxy with a thousand planets inside it. If you sum up the masses of all these planets and compare the result with how this galaxy actually moves, you will find a strong discrepancy. The galaxy is moving in such a way that it must be several times more massive. This may mean that there is some matter in it that people simply do not see. That is why it is called "dark matter".

In 2009, several US labs claimed they were able to "detect" 2 particles of this dark matter using sensors inside an iron mine 800 meters underground. These data are still being checked to make sure they are correct. If this turns out to be true, then this may well be one of the most significant discoveries in physics in the last century.

7. Life on Mars

Still, it may exist. In 2015, NASA released images showing long dark streaks on the red planet's surface that appear and disappear during different seasons of the year. This is strong evidence that liquid water exists on Mars today. While scientists have known for some time that it existed on Mars in the past, it is the first time that it exists today. Therefore, the question arose again about the existence of life on Mars. Also, the discovery of liquid water can be a significant help to astronauts who are going to go to Mars in 2024.

8. Reusable rockets

Soon there will be no need for launch vehicles that take ships and satellites into orbit. SpaceX, a private space exploration company owned by billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk, has successfully landed a rocket on a remote-controlled barge in the middle of the ocean several times. This could save billions of dollars as rockets are not disposable and can be repaired, refueled and reused.

9. Gravitational waves

Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space-time that travel at the speed of light. They were predicted by Albert Einstein in his general theory relativity, which says that mass curves space-time. Things like black holes "radiate" gravitational waves, which were discovered in 2016 using the LIGO instrument. Thus, Einstein's predictions made 100 years ago were confirmed.

TRAPPIST-1 is the name given to star system, located about 39 light years from our solar system. What makes it special is that at least 7 planets revolve around a star 12 times less massive than the Sun, 3 of which are in the habitable zone, that is, they can potentially have life.

Type Ia concluded that the Hubble constant is changing and the expansion of the universe is accelerating with time. These observations were then backed up by other sources: CMB measurements, gravitational lensing, Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The data obtained are well explained by the presence dark energy that fills the entire space of the universe.

Physics of elementary particles

The main result of the modern theoretical FEF is the construction standard model physics of elementary particles. This model is based on the idea of ​​gauge field interactions and the mechanism of spontaneous gauge symmetry breaking (Higgs mechanism). Over the past couple of decades, its predictions have been repeatedly verified in experiments, and at present it is the only physical theory that adequately describes the structure of our world up to distances of the order of 10 −18 m.

IN Lately there are published experimental results that do not fit into the framework of the Standard Model - the birth of muon jets at the Tevatron collider, the CDF facility in proton-antiproton collisions at a total energy of 1.96 GeV. However, many physicists consider the found effect to be an artifact of data analysis (only about two-thirds of its participants agreed to sign the CDF collaboration article).

Physicists working in the field of theoretical PEF face two main tasks: creating new models for describing experiments and bringing the predictions of these models (including the Standard Model) to experimentally verifiable values.

quantum gravity

Two main lines trying to build quantum gravity, are superstring theories and loop quantum gravity.

In the first of them, instead of particles and background space-time, strings and their multidimensional counterparts, branes, appear. For multidimensional problems, branes are, as it were, multidimensional particles, but from the point of view of particles moving inside these branes, they are space-time structures. In the second approach, an attempt is made to formulate a quantum field theory with no reference to the spatiotemporal background. Most physicists now believe that the second way is the correct one.

quantum computers

In a practical aspect, these are technologies for the production of devices and their components necessary for the creation, processing and manipulation of particles whose sizes range from 1 to 100 nanometers. However, nanotechnology is now at an early stage of development, since the main discoveries predicted in this area have not yet been made. Nevertheless, ongoing research is already yielding practical results. Use in nanotechnology advanced scientific achievements allows it to be classified as high technology.

Notes

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Books

• Isotopes: properties, obtaining, application. Volume 2, Collective of Authors. This book contains articles on a wide range of rapidly developing areas of science and technology that are associated with the production and use of stable and radioactive isotopes.…

Behind Last year were made in Russia important discoveries in chemistry, physics, medicine

PHOTO: Alexander Kozhokhin, Evening Moscow

The correspondent of "VM" found out what was invented in the vastness of our country in 2017, and how Russian science recognized all over the world.

1. Quantum Blockchain- a system of distributed data storage, which is simply impossible to hack, because it is protected using quantum cryptography methods. And the world's first quantum blockchain was launched last May by Moscow physicists from the Russian Quantum Center. According to the developers, in the future this system will become indispensable in the preparation of "smart contracts", the storage of information on intellectual property rights and other data.

“All work on the creation of a quantum blockchain was carried out within the framework of investments already received for a quantum cryptography project,” said Alexei Fedorov, the creator of the technology. “Now you need to create products based on it – refine the platform and create blockchain applications with business logic.

2. Three-dimensional metamaterial, created by Russian scientists from St. Petersburg, was recognized as one of the main discoveries of 2017 according to one of the prestigious world scientific journals. Its properties make it possible to control the propagation of light and electromagnetic waves without any loss of energy. The peculiarity of the metamaterial is that its surface conducts current, and the insides are insulated.

“Thanks to three-dimensional insulators, we can achieve such behavior of electromagnetic waves that was previously technically unattainable,” commented Alexander Khanikaev, professor at the City University of New York.

3. Virtual Cancer Drug Testing System was also invented in Russia. The development belongs to geneticists from the Institute of Systems Biology. The technology was demonstrated in February last year. The invention once again proves that everything ingenious is simple. A team of researchers has created a computer analogue immune system person. He reacts to all drugs in exactly the same way as our body. So now experiments with methods of treatment can be carried out in completely safe conditions, and the results obtained will be much more complete and effective. The software package, according to scientists, will speed up the process of developing and testing immunotherapy.

4. Another authoritative American magazine recognized 2017 as a breakthrough detection of gravitational waves that appear during the merger of neutron stars in the galaxy NGC 4993. Despite the fact that more than seventy of the world's leading observatories were engaged in research in this area, it was our astrophysicists from Russian Academy Sciences and Moscow state university The name of Lomonosov has the right to be called the discoverers. This discovery, by the way, is a direct confirmation of the Theory of Relativity.

5. On February 8, 2017, the official inclusion in the periodic table of the 118th chemical element oganesson, named after Yuri Oganesyan, scientific director of the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Moscow Region. It was through his efforts that the discovery was made. By the way, Oganesyan is the first Russian scientist whose name was given to a chemical element during his lifetime.

– The name of the 118th element was proposed by my colleagues working in Dubna together with scientists from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory of the USA, – said Oganesyan. - After a five-month discussion, the name of the element was finally approved. And I am grateful to my colleagues for such a high assessment of my work.