The individual to the conditions of the social environment. Social adaptation - as a category of social pedagogy. Social adaptation is

03.05.2020

Social adaptation- the process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the social environment; type of interaction of an individual or social group with the social environment. An important component of social adaptation is: coordination of the individual’s assessments, aspirations, his personal capabilities (real and potential level) with the specifics of the social environment; goals, values, orientation of the individual with the ability to realize them in a specific social environment. Adaptation is one of the aspects of the socialization process, which every individual certainly experiences during his/her growing up. In addition, in life practice, individuals, families, groups have to adapt again in the event of a normal or catastrophic change in their social environment or their status in it (change of job, loss of a job, relocation, forced relocation, acquisition of disability, etc.) . One of the types of social adaptation is socio-psychological adaptation, i.e. such an interaction between the individual and the social environment that leads to an optimal balance between the goals and values of the individual and the group. This type of adaptation presupposes the search activity of the individual, his awareness of his social status and social-role behavior, identification of the individual and the group in the process of performing joint activities, and the individual’s acceptance of the norms, values and traditions of the social group.

Adaptive potential- degree hidden possibilities the subject is optimally involved in new or changing conditions of the social environment surrounding him. It is associated with adaptive preparation - the accumulation by a person of such potential in the process of specially organized activities to adapt to social conditions. External difficulties, illness, a state of prolonged extremity, hunger, etc. reduce the adaptive potential of an individual, and when faced with a situation that threatens his life goals, maladjustment. Various forms of antisocial activity - drug addiction, alcoholism, mental tension - are a consequence of unsuccessful social adaptation or maladjustment. It is with people who are socially maladjusted or characterized by a predominance of inappropriate activity that a social worker most often has to interact. One of the most important areas of working with them is readaptation, i.e. restoration of adaptive abilities, for which a number of social technologies are used.

Social adequacy- the ability of individuals or groups to act in accordance with the requirements and expectations of society, to correctly apply knowledge, attitudes, ideas and skills acquired in the process of socialization.

The emerging personality perceives not only the knowledge and ideas of the community to which it belongs, but also modes of behavior, types of mental reactions characteristic of it. All this knowledge and skills have not only an adaptive effect, but also a certain social rationality and contribute to the best functioning of the individual (group) in their environment. One of the manifestations of social adaptation is the degree of limitation, “cultivation” of those deep, biologically based emotions that a person experiences unconsciously, outside the control of the mind and outside the control of his social environment, but the expression of which is subject to the control of the social norm.
On the other hand, absolute submission to the norms and guidelines of society, absolute conformism are unproductive in terms of social and personal prospects; they characterize a person incapable of development, and a society that does not want the development of its members. In this regard, we can say that social adaptation also includes the concept of a measure of inclusion in the established structure of relations and ideas of society, a measure of subordination to its behavioral and emotional stereotypes. This measure can never be maximum: absolute acceptance of vital parameters external to the individual deprives him of the opportunity to change, move, and develop. A personality, absolutely determined by the framework of external conditions, is vulnerable, rigid, and prone to submission to external forces. The locus of control of such a personality lies outside of it; individuals with such a life attitude experience fear of change, painfully adapt to changes in external circumstances, and tend to defend the inviolability of their living conditions. For this protection, they are ready to use “all means”, because They do not believe that they will be able to defend their positions with the power of knowledge, political competence, and their own energy. Therefore, a certain space of heuristic freedom and search uncertainty is included in the concept of social adaptation, giving the individual development potential, flexibility, and the ability to adapt to changing social circumstances.

Those individuals and groups that have some internal freedom in accepting or rejecting the demands and attitudes of society act in accordance with one of the most important principles of systematicity - the principle of the optimal level of order in the system, the most rational combination of organization and uncertainty. These subjects of social action live in the confidence that they are able to influence their circumstances and influence the external conditions of their life.

Schooling places certain demands on the child, which are combined into the concept of “readiness for schooling.” The most significant indicator of readiness is considered to be adaptation, or adaptation to school. This is a very important period in the life of a first grader. Almost the entire life of a child changes: his interests, desires, communication with peers and adults - everything is subject to school problems.

Many parents believe that by teaching their child to read, write and count to 100, they have prepared the future first-grader very well for school, and he will not have any problems there. When faced with a child’s first reluctance to go to school, parents are completely perplexed.

Adaptation of a first-grader includes two main levels of readiness: physical and psychological. Consequently, readiness for school education involves not only the formation of certain educational skills in preschool gymnasium. The physical component implies the general physical development of boys and girls of 6-7 years of age in accordance with standard indicators. These indicators include: weight, height, breast volume; state of motor skills, vision, hearing; general health. Children's health is assessed on four grounds:

§ level of neuropsychic and physical development;

§ indicators of the functioning of the main body systems;

§ level of the body’s resistance to adverse effects.

Based on these indicators, researchers distinguish 5 groups of children:

First group– mental and physical development corresponds to average age standards; children rarely get sick; organs and systems of the body function normally. Unfortunately, only 20-25% of such children enter first grade.

Second group– available functional disorders, making it difficult to adapt to school, but the disease has not yet become chronic. The number of such children in first grade is approximately 30-35%.

Third group– children with chronic diseases. The number of such children is 30-35%.

Fourth and fifth groups consist of children suffering from serious health problems that do not allow them to study in a general school.

A.V. Mudrik considers the adaptation process as part of human socialization. By socialization, the scientist understands “the development and self-change of a person in the process of assimilation and reproduction of culture, which occurs in the interaction of a person with spontaneous, relatively guided and purposefully created living conditions at all age stages.” The essence of socialization consists in a combination of adaptation (adaptation) and isolation (autonomization) of a person in the conditions of a particular society. According to A.V. Mudrik, in the process of socialization there is an internal, not completely resolvable, conflict between the degree of a person’s adaptation to society and the degree of his isolation in society. In other words, effective socialization involves a certain balance of accommodation and separation.

The complex process of social adaptation is influenced by various factors that determine its course, pace and results. IN scientific literature presented different groups factors: external and internal; biological and social; factors that depend and do not depend on the teacher and school. It should be noted that the factors that complicate the adaptation of schoolchildren and lead to personality maladjustment have been more fully studied and characterized in the psychological and pedagogical literature (O.A. Pestereva, N.A. Razina, S.N. Sukhova).

Successful social adaptation is determined by the cognitive and social orientation of the individual’s development, his social activity, integration into society through involvement in various areas life activity. It is very important that the child adapts to new living conditions, to a new environment, and masters a new social environment.

Social adaptation is the process of an individual’s active adaptation to the conditions of the social environment, a type of interaction between an individual and a social group. An important component of social adaptation is: coordination of the individual’s assessments, claims, personal capabilities (real and potential level) with the specifics of the environment; goals, values, orientations of the individual with the ability to realize them in

specific social environment.

The essence of socialization is that in the process a person is formed as a member of the society to which he belongs. Social adaptation in this context can be considered as an indicator of the degree of individual involvement in this process.

Socio-psychological mechanisms of socialization, as defined by R.S. Nemov, are “the ways through which a human individual becomes involved in culture and gains experience accumulated by other people.” The main sources of human socialization, carrying the necessary experience, are public associations (parties, classes, groups, etc.), members of his own family, school, education system, literature and art, print, radio, television.

The most important role in how a person grows up and how his development goes is played by the people in direct interaction with whom his life takes place. They are usually called agents of socialization. At different age stages, the composition of agents is specific. Thus, in relation to children and adolescents, these are parents, brothers and sisters, relatives, peers, neighbors, and teachers. In adolescence or young adulthood, the number of agents also includes a spouse, work colleagues, etc. In their role in socialization, agents differ depending on how significant they are for a person, how interaction with them is structured, in what direction and by what means they exert their influence. AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

Sociality is the essential side of a person, his qualitative characteristic. The only exceptions here can be mentally ill people or those who have not gone through the stages of socialization since childhood (“Mowgli effect”).

Adaptive changes are more or less conscious changes that a person goes through as a result of transformation, a change in the situation. Changes constantly accompany a person’s life, so it is important for each individual to be prepared for critical periods, turning points, and a conscious revision of one’s life position in new circumstances. This creates real prerequisites for readiness for full, active adaptation.

Human socialization unfolds according to the specific conditions of an individual’s life.

This process covers all aspects of cultural integration, training and education, through which a person acquires the ability to participate in public life.

Successful socialization is facilitated by factors such as expectations, behavior change, and the desire to meet these expectations. In the process of historical practice, the individual manifests his social essence, forms social qualities, and acquires personal life experience. Objectively, when forming and developing one’s own “I,” a person cannot exist without communication and activity. Consequently, the main areas of socialization can be considered activity, communication and self-awareness. In activity, a person expresses himself as a social individual, demonstrates personal meaning, independence, initiative, creativity and professionalism, and learns new types of manifestation of his own activity. In the sphere of communication, there is an in-depth understanding of oneself and other participants in the communication process, enrichment of the content of interaction and people’s perception of each other. The sphere of self-awareness involves the formation of the individual’s “I,” understanding one’s social status, mastering social roles, forming a social position, and a person’s moral orientation.

An important aspect of socialization is the individual's acceptance of a certain social role. We can talk about two forms of social adaptation: active, when an individual seeks to influence the environment in order to cause a reaction of change (including those norms, values, forms of interaction and activity that he must master), and passive, conformal, when he does not seek such influence and change. The effectiveness of social adaptation largely depends on how adequately an individual perceives himself and his social connections. A distorted or underdeveloped self-image leads to disorders of social adaptation, the extreme expression of which is autism.

Indicators of successful socialization are the high social status of the individual in a given environment, as well as his psychological satisfaction with this environment as a whole and its most important elements for him (for example, satisfaction with the job and its conditions, its content, remuneration, organization).

Indicators of low socialization are the individual’s desire to move to another social environment (staff turnover, migration, divorce), anomie and deviant behavior.

The success of socialization depends on the characteristics of both the individual and the environment. The more complex the new environment (for example, the wider the range of social connections, the more complex joint activities, the higher the level of social heterogeneity), the more intense the changes occur in it, the more difficult the process of social adaptation turns out to be for the individual. To a large extent, the socio-demographic characteristics of the individual - education and age - are significant for social adaptation.

Socialization includes: social mechanisms, like training, upbringing, mastering social roles, growing up, adaptation. There are also psychological mechanisms of socialization: identification, imitation, suggestion, social facilitation, conformity, shame, guilt, repentance.

There are three areas in which the formation of personality is primarily carried out: activity, communication, self-awareness.

As for activity, throughout the entire process of socialization the individual deals with the expansion of the “catalog” of activities, i.e. mastering more and more new types of activities.

The second area - communication - is considered in the context of socialization also from the perspective of its expansion and deepening, which goes without saying, because communication is inextricably linked with activity. The expansion of communication can be understood as the multiplication of a person’s contacts with other people, the specificity of these contacts at each age level. As for deepening communication, this is, first of all, a transition from monologue to dialogical communication, decentration, i.e. the ability to focus on a partner, more accurately perceive him.

The third area of socialization is the development of individual self-awareness. In the most general terms, we can say that the process of socialization means the formation in a person of the image of his “I”.

In numerous experimental studies It has been established that the image of “I” does not arise in a person immediately, but develops throughout his life under the influence of numerous social influences.

When studying adaptation, one of the most pressing issues is the question of the relationship between adaptation and socialization. The processes of socialization and social adaptation are closely interrelated, as they reflect a single process of interaction between the individual and society. Socialization is often associated only with general development, and adaptation - with the adaptive processes of an already formed personality in new conditions of communication and activity. The phenomenon of socialization is defined as the process and result of an individual’s active reproduction of social experience, carried out in communication and activity. The concept of socialization is largely related to social experience, development and formation of personality under the influence of society, institutions and agents of socialization. In the process of socialization, mechanisms of interaction between the individual and the environment are formed.

Thus, in the course of socialization, a person acts as an object that perceives, accepts, and assimilates traditions, norms, and roles created by society. Socialization, in turn, ensures the normal functioning of the individual in society.

In the course of socialization, the development, formation and formation of the personality are carried out, at the same time, the socialization of the personality is a necessary condition for the adaptation of the individual in society. Social adaptation is one of the main mechanisms of socialization, one of the ways of more complete socialization.

Social adaptation is:

- a constant process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the new social environment;
- the result of this process.

Social adaptation is an integrative indicator of a person’s condition, reflecting his ability to perform certain biosocial functions, namely:

- adequate perception of the surrounding reality and one’s own body;
- an adequate system of relationships and communication with others;
- ability to work, study, organize leisure and recreation;
- variability (adaptability) of behavior in accordance with the role expectations of others.

In the course of social adaptation, not only the individual adapts to new social conditions, but also the realization of his needs, interests and aspirations. The personality enters a new social environment, becomes its full member, asserts itself and develops its individuality. As a result of social adaptation, social qualities of communication, behavior and objective activity, accepted in society, are formed, thanks to which the individual realizes his aspirations, needs, interests and can self-determinate.

Social adaptation is the process of a person’s active adaptation to a changed environment using various social means. The main way of social adaptation is the acceptance of the norms and values of the new social environment (group, collective, organization, region of which the individual is a member), the forms of social interaction that have developed here (formal and informal connections, leadership style, family and neighborhood relations, etc. ), as well as forms and methods of objective activity (for example, methods of professional performance of work or family responsibilities).

A.G. Kovalev distinguishes two forms of social adaptation: active, when an individual seeks to influence the environment in order to change it (including those norms, values, forms of interaction that he must master), and passive, when he does not seek such influence and change. An indicator of successful social adaptation is the high social status of an individual in a given environment, as well as his satisfaction with this environment as a whole (for example, satisfaction with work and its conditions, remuneration, organization, etc.). An indicator of low social adaptation is the movement of an individual to another social environment (personnel turnover, migration, etc.) or deviant behavior.

According to I.A. Georgieva, the basis for the development of mechanisms of social adaptation, its essence, is the active activity of a person, key point which is the need to transform essential social reality. Therefore, the very process of forming the mechanisms of social adaptation of an individual is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals and takes place in three main phases: activity, communication, self-awareness, which characterize its social essence.

Social activity is a leading and specific mechanism in the organization of human adaptation. Important are its constituent types, such as communication, play, learning, work, which ensure full inclusion and active adaptation of the individual to the social environment. The very mechanism of adaptation in the social activity of an individual has natural stages:

- the need of the individual,
- needs,
- motives for making a decision,
- implementation and summing up,
- her assessment.

Social communication is the most important mechanism of human social adaptation, which guides and expands the circle of assimilation of social values when in contact with other individuals and social groups.

Social self-awareness of an individual is a mechanism of social adaptation of an individual, in which the formation and understanding of one’s social affiliation and role is carried out.

According to I.A. Georgieva, there are also such mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual as:

1. Cognitive, including all mental processes associated with cognition: sensations, perceptions, ideas, memory, thinking, imagination, etc.
2. Emotional, including various moral feelings and emotional states: worry, concern, sympathy, judgment, anxiety, etc.
3. Practical (behavioural), suggesting a certain directed human activity in social practice. In general, all these mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual constitute a complete unity.

The basis of social adaptation of an individual is active or passive adaptation, interaction with the existing social environment, as well as the ability to change and qualitatively transform a person’s personality itself.

The process of social adaptation is of a specific historical nature, which influences the individual in different ways or pushes him to a certain choice of mechanisms of action in a given context of time.

Research by G.D. Volkov show that the process of social adaptation must be considered at three levels:

1. Society (macroenvironment) - this level allows us to highlight the process of social adaptation of the individual in the context of socio-economic, political and spiritual development society.
2. Social group (microenvironment) - studying this process will help to identify the reasons for the discrepancy between the interests of the individual and the social group (work collective, family, etc.).
3. Individual (intrapersonal adaptation) - the desire to achieve harmony, balance of the internal position and its self-esteem from the position of other individuals.

Analysis of the literature showed that there is no unified classification of social adaptation. This is explained by the fact that a person is part of a wide system of professional, business, interpersonal, and social relationships that allow him to adapt in a given society. The social adaptation system includes different types adaptive processes:

- production and professional adaptation;
- everyday (solves various aspects in the formation of certain skills, attitudes, habits aimed at routines, traditions, existing relationships between people in a team, in a group outside of connection with the field of production activity);
- leisure (involves the formation of attitudes, abilities to satisfy aesthetic experiences, the desire to maintain health, physical improvement);
- political and economic;
- adaptation to forms of social consciousness (science, religion, art, morality and others);
- to nature, etc.

According to G.D. Volkov, all types of adaptation are interconnected, but the dominant one here is social.

Thus, there are mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual, the formation process of which is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals, such as: activity, communication and self-awareness. The essence of the mechanisms of social adaptation lies in active human activity, the key point of which is the need to transform significant social reality.

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Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus

Educational Institution Brest State University named after A.S. Pushkin

Faculty of Social Sciences and Pedagogy

Department of Social and Medical Disciplines

Course work

Topic: Adaptation as a process and the result of an individual’s adaptation to the environment

INconducting

Relevance course work. The problem of human adaptation has long been one of the fundamental problems in many areas of scientific knowledge. Adaptation is one of the very real ways to preserve human viability not only in today’s rapidly changing world, but also in the future.

Including adaptation in the circle important issues is determined both by the real requirements of life and by the logic of the development of scientific knowledge. Modern social science, which has been actively and extensively involved in solving urgent problems for society, is faced with the need to understand changes in human behavior. Disclosure of adaptation mechanisms provides the key to understanding new forms of human relationships with society, nature and with oneself, and to predicting the dynamics of behavior.

Today, understanding the essence of adaptation and seeing its uniqueness among other ways of human existence is quite difficult. Difficulties arise, first of all, due to the lack of general guidelines for describing and explaining adaptation processes.

A predominant focus on environmental features led to the emergence of social, professional, climatic, school, university, etc. adaptation. Orientation to the level of human organization? to socio-psychological, mental, psychophysiological, physiological adaptation. Consideration of a number of conceptual provisions, as well as long-term experience in studying the possibilities of human life in different environmental conditions, convinces us that a fairly reliable guideline for explaining adaptation processes is contained in a person’s personality. In all its complex organization of properties and qualities, in all the diversity of its interaction with the surrounding reality, in its correlation with a specific historical period in the development of society, lies the main internal regulator of adaptation in changing social, cultural, subject-technological and natural conditions.

Target course work is to study the behavior of the individual as a subject of adaptation when interacting with environment.

An object? process of adaptation of the individual.

Item? changing environment.

In accordance with the purpose of the course work, the following were decided tasks:

1. Summarize ideas about adaptation as a unique form of human interaction with a changing environment.

2. Expand the content of the concept “environment”.

3. Identify a social adaptation strategy that ensures viability in changing conditions of existence.

1. WITHsocial adaptation as a mechanism of personality socialization

The concept of “adaptation” (from the Latin adaptation) is currently used in many areas of knowledge? biology, philosophy, sociology, social psychology, ethics, pedagogy, etc. Essentially, the study of this problem is at the intersection of various branches of knowledge and is the most important, promising approach in the comprehensive study of man.

In the literature, adaptation is considered in the broad and narrow sense of the word.

In a broad, philosophical aspect, adaptation is understood as “... any interaction between an individual and the environment in which their structures, functions and behavior are harmonized.” In works carried out in this aspect, adaptation is considered as a way of connecting the individual and the macro-society, emphasizing the change in a person’s social status, the acquisition of a new social role, i.e. adaptation correlates with socialization.

Adaptation in a narrow, socio-psychological meaning is considered as the relationship of an individual with a small group, most often industrial or student. That is, the adaptation process is understood as the process of an individual entering a small group, assimilating established norms and relationships, and occupying a certain place in the structure of relations between its members.

The peculiarities of the study of adaptation are that, firstly, the relationship between the individual and society is considered as mediated by small groups of which the individual is a member, and secondly, small group itself becomes one of the parties involved in adaptive interaction, forming a new social environment - the sphere of the immediate environment to which a person adapts.

When studying adaptation, one of the most pressing issues is the question of the relationship between adaptation and socialization. The processes of socialization and social adaptation are closely interrelated, as they reflect a single process of interaction between the individual and society. Often socialization is associated only with general development, and adaptation - with the adaptive processes of an already formed personality in new conditions of communication and activity. The phenomenon of socialization is defined as the process and result of an individual’s active reproduction of social experience, carried out in communication and activity. The concept of socialization is more related to social experience, development and formation of personality under the influence of society, institutions and agents of socialization. In the process of socialization, mechanisms of interaction between the individual and the environment are formed.

Social adaptation is:

The constant process of active adaptation of the individual to the conditions of the new social environment;

The result of this process.

Social adaptation is an integrative indicator of a person’s condition, reflecting his ability to perform certain biosocial functions, namely:

· adequate perception of the surrounding reality and one’s own body;

· an adequate system of relationships and communication with others;

· ability to work, study, organize leisure and recreation;

· variability (adaptability) of behavior in accordance with the role expectations of others.

In the course of social adaptation, not only the individual adapts to new social conditions, but also the realization of his needs, interests and aspirations. The individual enters a new social environment, becomes its full member, asserts itself and develops its individuality. As a result of social adaptation, social qualities of communication, behavior and objective activity are formed, accepted in society, thanks to which the individual realizes his aspirations, needs, interests and can self-determinate.

According to I. A. Georgieva, the development of mechanisms of social adaptation, its essence, is based on active human activity, the key point of which is the need to transform significant social reality. Therefore, the very process of forming the mechanisms of social adaptation of an individual is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals and takes place in three main phases: activity, communication, self-awareness, which characterize its social essence. .

Social activity is a leading and specific mechanism in the organization of human adaptation. Important are such types of components as communication, play, learning, work, which carry out full inclusion, the active adaptation of the individual to the social environment. The very mechanism of adaptation in the social activity of an individual has natural stages:

The individual's need

Needs,

Reasons for making a decision

Implementation and summing up,

Social self-awareness of an individual is a mechanism of social adaptation of an individual, in which the formation and understanding of one’s social affiliation and role is carried out.

According to I. A. Georgieva, there are also such mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual as:

1. Cognitive, including all mental processes associated with cognition: sensations, perceptions, ideas, memory, thinking, imagination, etc.

2. Emotional, including various moral feelings and emotional states: anxiety, concern, sympathy, condemnation, anxiety, etc.

3. Practical (behavioral), suggesting a certain directed human activity in social practice. In general, all these mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual constitute a complete unity.

Research by G. D. Volkov and N. B. Okonskaya shows that the process of social adaptation must be considered at three levels:

1. Society (macroenvironment) - this level allows us to highlight the process of social adaptation of the individual in the context of the socio-economic, political and spiritual development of society.

2. Social group (microenvironment) - studying this process will help to identify the reasons for the discrepancy between the interests of the individual and the social group (work collective, family, etc.).

3. Individual (intrapersonal adaptation) - the desire to achieve harmony, balance of the internal position and its self-esteem from the position of other individuals.

Industrial and professional adaptation;

Household (solves various aspects in the formation of certain skills, attitudes, habits aimed at routines, traditions, existing relationships between people in a team, in a group outside of connection with the sphere of production activity);

Leisure (involves the formation of attitudes, abilities to satisfy aesthetic experiences, the desire to maintain health, physical improvement);

Political and economic;

Adaptation to forms of social consciousness (science, religion, art, morality and others);

To nature, etc.

According to G.D. Volkov and N.B. Okonskaya, all types of adaptation are interconnected, but the dominant one here is social. Complete social adaptation of a person includes:

Managerial,

Economic,

Pedagogical

Psychological,

Professional,

Production adaptation.

Let us consider in more detail the listed types of social adaptation.

Managerial (organizational) adaptation. Without management, it is impossible to provide a person with favorable conditions (at work, at home), create the prerequisites for the development of his social role, influence him, and ensure activities that meet the interests of society and the individual.

Economic adaptation? this is a complex process of assimilation of new socio-economic norms and principles economic relations individuals, subjects. For the technology of social work, the so-called “social block” is important here, including adaptation to the real social reality of the size of unemployment benefits, the level of wages, pensions and benefits. They must meet not only the physiological, but also the sociocultural needs of a person.

Pedagogical adaptation? This is an adaptation to the system of education, training and upbringing, which form the individual’s system of value guidelines.

Psychological adaptation. In psychology, adaptation is considered as the process of adapting the senses to the characteristics of the stimuli acting on them in order to better perceive them and protect the receptors from excessive load.

Professional adaptation? is the individual's adaptation to a new species professional activity, new social environment, working conditions and characteristics of a particular specialty.

Production adaptation? labor activity, initiative, competence and independence, professional qualities are improved.

Thus, social adaptation implies ways of adapting, regulating, and harmonizing the interaction of an individual with the environment. In the process of social adaptation, a person acts as an active subject who adapts in the environment in accordance with his needs, interests, aspirations and actively determines himself. There are mechanisms of social adaptation of the individual, the formation process of which is inseparable from all types of transformations of individuals, such as: activity, communication and self-awareness. The essence of the mechanisms of social adaptation lies in active human activity, the key point of which is the need to transform significant social reality.

This section of the course work examines the types and structure of social adaptation. Drawing a conclusion, we can say that there is no single classification of the structure of social adaptation. The absence of a unified classification of types of social adaptation is explained by the fact that a person is an individual who is part of a broad system of professional, business, interpersonal, and social relationships that allow him to adapt in a given society.

2 . INthe influence of the social environment on the process of socialization of the individual

Considering adaptation as the process and result of an individual’s adaptation to the environment, it is necessary to note the concept of “environment”.

The environment is:

Sphere of human habitation and activity;

The natural and created material world that surrounds man.

The social environment as a factor in the formation and development of personality has always been recognized. For centuries, teachers, social workers and psychologists, in the process of development of science, culture, and society, have studied the mutual influence and interaction of the environment and man. 14. K. D. Ushinsky believed that a person is formed under the influence of the entire complex of influences associated with the environment.

The ideas of the 19th Russian democrats V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov and others are imbued with a deep faith in man, in his development and improvement. Belinsky’s famous statement is that nature creates man, but society develops and shapes him.

The problem of the environment was widely developed in the second half of the 20s - 30s. N.K. Krupskaya, A.V. Lunacharsky, S.T. Shatsky emphasized that it is necessary to study all the factors that shape an individual: both organized and spontaneous. The environment and its influence on humans was studied both theoretically and in the form of specific studies of the material, housing, everyday and cultural living conditions of people. The relationship between the economic and social status of the family and the level of education was traced, the specific features of people’s lives and the impact on their development were identified. Attempts have been made to make certain changes in the environment of people. The study of the environment was carried out from a class position, as evidenced by the terms: proletarian, worker-peasant, socialized, intellectual and other environment.

Since the nature of the influence of the environment depended on quality, the researchers of those years, developing an ideal model of its use, saw the environment as healthy, moral, expedient, rationally organized, etc. It was proposed that such an environment should nourish ideals, create good dominants, develop activity, creativity, independence, develop skills of reasonable, disciplined behavior, etc.

From the above, I. A. Karpyuk and M. B. Chernova define the concept of “social environment”.

Social environment is a part of the environment consisting of interacting individuals, groups, institutions, cultures, and so on.

The social environment is an objectively social reality, which is a set of material, political, ideological, socio-psychological factors of direct interaction with a person in the process of his life and practical activities.

Main structural components social environment are:

Social living conditions of people;

Social actions of people;

Relationships between people in the process of activity and communication;

Social community.

Natural social environment, surrounding a person, is external factor its development. In the process of socialization of the individual, the transformation of a biological individual into a social subject occurs. This is a continuous, multifaceted process that continues throughout a person’s life. It occurs most intensely in childhood and adolescence, when all the basic value orientations are laid, social norms and relationships are learned, and the motivation for social behavior is formed.

The process of socialization of an individual occurs in interaction with a huge number of different conditions that more or less actively influence their development. These conditions affecting a person are usually called factors. In fact, not all of them have even been identified, and of the known ones, not all have been studied. Knowledge about the factors that were studied is very uneven: quite a lot is known about some, little about others, and very little about others. More or less studied conditions or factors of the social environment can be conditionally divided into four groups:

1. Megafactors (mega - very large, universal) - space, planet, world, which to one degree or another through other groups of factors influence the socialization of all inhabitants of the Earth.

2. Macro factors (macro - large) - country, ethnic group, society, state, which influence the socialization of everyone living in certain countries.

3. Mesofactors (meso - average, intermediate) - conditions for the socialization of large groups of people, distinguished: by the area and type of settlement in which they live (region, village, city, town); by belonging to the audience of certain mass communication networks (radio, television, etc.); according to belonging to certain subcultures.

4. Microfactors - factors that directly influence specific people who interact with them - family and home, neighborhood, peer groups, educational organizations, various public, state, religious, private and counter-social organizations, microsociety. .

The socialization of a person is carried out by a wide range of universal means, the content of which is specific to a particular society, a particular social stratum, a particular age of the person being socialized. These include:

Methods of feeding and caring for a baby;

Developed household and hygienic skills;

Products of material culture surrounding humans;

Elements of spiritual culture (from lullabies and fairy tales to sculptures);

Methods of reward and punishment in the family, in peer groups, in educational and other socializing organizations;

Consistent introduction of a person to numerous types and types of relationships in the main spheres of his life - communication, play, cognition, subject-practical and spiritual-practical activities, sports, as well as in the family, professional, social, religious spheres.

As an individual develops, he seeks and finds the environment that is most comfortable for him, so he can “migrate” from one environment to another.

According to I. A. Karpyuk and M. B. Chernova, a person’s attitude to the external social conditions of his life in society has the nature of interaction. A person not only depends on the social environment, but also modifies and at the same time develops himself through his active actions.

The social environment acts as a macro environment (in in a broad sense), i.e. the socio-economic system as a whole, and the microenvironment (in the narrow sense) - the immediate social environment.

The social environment is, on the one hand, one of the most important factors that accelerates or inhibits the process of personal self-realization, on the other hand, a necessary condition for the successful development of this process. The attitude of the environment towards a person is determined by the extent to which his behavior corresponds to the expectations of the environment. A person’s behavior is largely determined by the position he occupies in society. An individual in society can occupy several positions at the same time. Each position makes certain demands on a person, that is, rights and obligations, and is called social status. Statuses can be congenital or acquired. Status is determined by a person's behavior in society. This behavior is called social role. In the process of formation and development of personality, positive and negative social roles can be mastered. The individual’s mastery of role behavior that ensures his successful inclusion in social relationships. This process of adaptation to the conditions of the social environment is called social adaptation.

Thus, the social environment has a great influence on the socialization of the individual through social factors. It can also be noted that a person not only depends on the social environment, but also modifies and, at the same time, develops himself through his active actions. And the way to harmonize an individual with the environment is the strategy of social adaptation.

3. WITHsocial adaptation strategy

The concept of “strategy” in a general sense can be defined as a guiding, organizing way of conducting actions and behavior designed to achieve not random, momentary, but significant, defining goals.

Social adaptation strategy as a way of harmonizing an individual with the environment, a way of aligning his needs, interests, attitudes, value orientations and environmental requirements should be considered in the context of life goals and life path person. In this regard, it is necessary to consider such a range of concepts as “lifestyle”, “life history”, “picture of life”, “life plan”, “life path”, “life strategy”, “lifestyle”, “life scenario” .

M. A. Gulina notes that social analysis of lifestyle is intended to identify the mechanisms of self-regulation of the subject associated with his attitude to the conditions of life and activity, with his needs and life orientations, as well as with its relation to social norms.

K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya highlights the basic principles of studying personality in the process of life, formulated by S. L. Rubinshtein and B. G. Ananyev:

* the principle of historicism, where the inclusion of a personality in historical time allows us to consider biography as its personal history;

* genetic approach making it possible to highlight different reasons for determining the stages, stages of its development in life;

* communication principle development and life movement of the individual with her work activity, communication and cognition.

The principle of historicism was based on the idea of S. Bühler, who proposed an analogy between the process of an individual’s life and the process of history, and declared the life of an individual to be an individual history. She called individual, or personal, life in its dynamics life's path personality and highlighted a number of aspects of life in order to trace them in dynamics:

* sequence of external events as the objective logic of life;

* logic of internal events - change of experiences, values - evolution inner world person;

* results of human activity.

S. Bühler considered the driving force of personality to be the desire for self-fulfillment and creativity. As K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya emphasized, the understanding of Sh. Buhler’s life path contained the main thing: the life of a particular person is not accidental, but natural, it lends itself not only to description, but also to explanation.

B. G. Ananyev believed that the subjective picture of a person’s life path in a person’s self-awareness is always built according to individual and social development, commensurate with biographical and historical dates.

A. A. Kronik presents a subjective picture of the life path as an image, the time dimensions of which are commensurate with the scale of human life as a whole, an image that captures not only the past of the individual - the history of its formation, not only the present - life situation and current activities, but also the future - plans, dreams, hopes. The subjective picture of the life path is a mental image that reflects the socially determined spatio-temporal characteristics of the life path (past, present and future), its stages, events and their relationships. This image performs the functions of long-term regulation and coordination of the individual’s life path with the lives of others, especially people who are significant to him.

S. L. Rubinstein, analyzing the works of S. Buhler, adopted and developed the idea of the life path and came to the conclusion that the life path cannot be understood only as the sum of life events, individual actions, creative products. It needs to be presented as something more complete. To reveal the integrity and continuity of the life path, S. L. Rubinstein proposed not just highlighting its individual stages, but also finding out how each stage prepares and influences the next. While playing an important role in the path of life, these stages do not predetermine it with fatal inevitability.

One of the most important and interesting thoughts of S. L. Rubinstein, according to K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, is the idea of the turning stages of a person’s life, which are determined by personality. S. L. Rubinstein affirms the idea of personality activity, its “active essence”, the ability to make choices, make decisions that influence one’s own life path. S. L. Rubinstein introduces the concept of personality as a subject of life. Manifestations of this subject consist in how activities and communication are carried out, what lines of behavior are developed based on desires and real possibilities.

K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya identifies three structures of the life path: life position, life line and meaning of life. The life position, which consists in the self-determination of an individual, is formed by its activity and is realized in time as a life line. The meaning of life determines the value position and life line. Special meaning attached to the concept of “life position”, which is defined as “personal development potential”, “way of living” on the basis of personal values. This is the main determinant of all life manifestations of personality.

K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya defines the concept of “life perspective” in the context of the concept of a person’s life path as the potential and capabilities of an individual, objectively developing in the present, which should manifest themselves in the future. Following S. L. Rubinstein, K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya emphasizes that a person is the subject of life, and the individual nature of his life is manifested in the fact that the individual acts as its organizer. The individuality of life consists in the ability of an individual to organize it according to his own plan, in accordance with his inclinations and aspirations, which are reflected in the concept of “lifestyle”.

As a criterion for the correct choice of a person’s life path, K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya puts forward the main criterion - satisfaction or dissatisfaction with life.

The ability of an individual to foresee, organize, direct the events of his life or, on the contrary, to submit to the course of life events allows us to talk about the existence of various ways of organizing life. These methods are considered as the ability of different types of individuals to spontaneously or consciously build their life strategies. K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya defines the very concept of life strategy as constantly aligning the characteristics of one’s personality with the way one lives, building one’s life based on one’s individual capabilities. Life strategy consists of ways of changing, transforming conditions and situations of life in accordance with the values of the individual, the ability to combine one’s individual characteristics, their status and age capabilities, their own claims with the demands of society and others. In this case, a person as a subject of life integrates his characteristics as a subject of activity, a subject of communication and a subject of cognition and correlates his capabilities with his life goals and objectives.

Thus, a life strategy is a strategy for a person’s self-realization in life by correlating life’s requirements with personal activity, its values and method of self-affirmation.

The strategy of social adaptation is an individual way of adapting an individual to society and its requirements, for which the determining factors are the experience of early childhood experiences, unconscious decisions made in accordance with the subjective scheme of perception of situations and the conscious choice of behavior made in accordance with goals, aspirations, needs, personal value system.

Social adaptation strategies are individual and unique for each individual, however, it is possible to identify some features and characteristics that are common and characteristic of a number of strategies, and thus identify the types of social adaptation strategies.

The variety of types and methods of social adaptation can be considered both from the point of view of the types of orientation of activity in the adaptation process (and then it is set by the leading motives of the individual), and from the point of view of specific types and methods of adaptation, which are set, on the one hand, by the hierarchy of values and goals depending on the general orientation, and on the other hand, the psychological and psychophysiological characteristics of the individual.

In the classification of A. R. Lazursky, three levels of relationships are distinguished. At the first level, personality is entirely dependent on the environment. The environment and external conditions suppress a person, thus insufficient adaptation occurs. At the second level, adaptation occurs for the benefit of oneself and for society. People who are at the third level of relationships - a creative attitude towards the environment - are able not only to successfully adapt to the environment, but also to influence it, changing and transforming the environment in accordance with their own needs and drives.

Thus, A.R. Lazursky foresaw the possibility of directing the transformative effect as a result of social adaptation of the individual both to change and rebuild the personal structure (first and second levels) and externally.

Similar ideas are expressed by J. Piaget, according to whom the condition for successful adaptation can be considered the optimal combination of two aspects of social adaptation: accommodation as the assimilation of the rules of the environment and assimilation as the transformation of the environment.

N. N. Miloslavova characterizes the types of adaptation in connection with the level of compliance of the individual with external conditions, “growing into the environment,” not including the process of transformation, the influence of the individual on the environment:

* balancing -- establishing a balance between the environment and the individual, who show mutual tolerance to each other’s value system and stereotypes;

* pseudo-adaptation -- a combination of external adaptation to the situation with a negative attitude towards its norms and requirements;

* atRavnevasion -- recognition and acceptance of the basic value systems of the new situation, mutual concessions;

* likening -- psychological reorientation of the individual, transformation of previous views, orientation, attitudes in accordance with the new situation.

An individual can sequentially go through all these stages, gradually growing more and more into the social environment from the stage of balancing to the stage of assimilation, or he can stop at one of them. The degree of involvement in the adaptation process depends on a number of factors: on the degree of “tightness” of the individual, on the nature of the situation, on the individual’s attitude towards it and on the life experience of the adapter.

Differences in the way of individual life suggest the construction of different strategies, the leading parameter of which K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya considers activity as internal criterion personality in the implementation of its life program. As a basis for describing various personality strategies, K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya proposes the distribution of initiative and responsibility as an individual way of implementing activity. A person whose structure is dominated by responsibility always strives to create the necessary conditions for himself, to foresee in advance what is needed to achieve the goal, to prepare to overcome difficulties and failures. Depending on the level of aspirations and orientation, people with developed responsibility can show various ways self-expression.

Thus, a person of the executive type has low activity of self-expression, is unsure of his abilities, needs the support of others, is situational, and is subject to external control, conditions, orders, and advice. He is afraid of changes, surprises, strives to record and maintain what has been achieved (example: Anatoly Efremovich Novoseltsev - the hero of the film “Office Romance”).

Another type of personality, with high responsibility, receives satisfaction from the fulfilled duty, expresses himself through its implementation, his life can be planned to the smallest detail. Daily, rhythmic fulfillment of the planned range of duties brings him a feeling of satisfaction at the end of the day. There are no long-term prospects in the lives of such people, they do not expect anything for themselves, and are always ready to fulfill other people's demands. An example of this type of personality would be main character from the film “The Diamond Arm” Semyon Semenovich Gorbunov.

People with a different kind of life responsibility can have both friends and acquaintances. But due to the feeling of being “alone” with life, they exclude both any orientation towards support and help from other people, and the opportunity to take responsibility for others, since, in their opinion, this increases their dependence and binds their freedom of expression. The responsibility of such people is realized in a variety of roles, for example: Borshchev Afanasy Nikolaevich from the film “Afonya”.

A person with developed initiative is in a state of constant search, strives for something new, not being satisfied with the ready-made, given. Such a person is guided mainly only by what is desirable, interesting, “lights up” with ideas, willingly takes any risk, but when faced with something new, different from the imaginary, from the plans and plans he has created. Cannot clearly define goals and means, outline stages in the implementation of plans, or separate the achievable from the unattainable. For an initiative person, most often, it is not the results that are important, but the search process itself, its novelty, and breadth of prospects. This position subjectively creates diversity in life, its complexity and fascination.

N. N. Miloslavova identifies different types of initiative people depending on their tendency to take responsibility. Some of them prefer to share their projects, proposals, ideas with others, intensively involve people in the circle of their creative searches, and take responsibility for their scientific and personal destiny. These people have a harmonious combination of initiative and responsibility. The initiative of other people may be limited by good intentions, and plans are not put into practice. The integrity or partiality of their activity depends on the nature of their claims and the degree of connection with responsibility.

A person whose life position is initiative constantly searches for new conditions, actively changes his life, and expands the range of life activities, affairs, and communication. He always builds a personal perspective, not only thinks about something new, but also builds multi-stage plans, the realism and validity of which depend on the degree of responsibility and the level of personal development.

In people who combine initiative and responsibility, the desire for novelty and readiness for uncertainty associated with risk are balanced. They are constantly expanding their semantic and living space, but can confidently distribute it into what is necessary and sufficient, what is real and what is desired. Responsibility for such a person implies not only the organization of activities, but also the opportunity not to live situationally, but to maintain autonomy and the opportunity to take initiative.

E.K. Zavyalova distinguishes individual strategies adaptation in connection with search activity directed by a person to improve the system of interaction with the environment and himself. The passive strategy is most typical for people in a state of social or emotional shock, and is manifested in a person’s desire to preserve himself, first of all, as a biological unit, to leave unchanged past lifestyle, use well-established and previously effective stereotypes of interaction with the environment and oneself. The core of the passive adaptation strategy is negative emotional experiences: anxiety, frustration, a feeling of loss, insurmountability of obstacles; the past seems beautiful regardless of reality, the present is perceived as dramatic, help is expected from the outside; aggressive reactions towards others and yourself become more frequent; a person is afraid to take responsibility for making risky decisions.

The passive adaptation strategy is determined by a number of personal properties and, in turn, forms a certain type of personality, the dominant position in the structure of which is occupied by hyper-caution, pedantry, rigidity, preference for regulation of any creative activity and freedom of decision, orientation towards making a collectively developed decision, craving for depersonalization, unconditional acceptance of social norms, responsible performance of usual duties.

In the event of the emergence of new forms of human interaction with nature, society, and oneself, an active adaptation strategy is implemented - a strategy centered on intrapersonal and external social changes made by the person himself, on changing the previous way of life, on overcoming difficulties and destroying unsatisfactory relationships. In this case, a person focuses on his own internal reserves, is ready and able to be responsible for his actions and decisions. The basis of an active adaptation strategy is a realistic attitude towards life, the ability to see not only negative, but also positive aspects reality; a person perceives obstacles as surmountable. His behavior and activities are characterized by purposefulness and organization; active, overcoming behavior is accompanied by predominantly positive emotional experiences. Centered on overcoming, the active strategy, as well as the passive one, forms a certain psychological portrait of the individual: social orientation of actions and decisions, social confidence and self-confidence, high personal responsibility, independence, sociability, high level claims and a high self-evaluation, emotional stability.

By comparing the considered approaches, it is possible, in general, to define the strategy of social adaptation as the predominant way for a subject to build his relationships with the outside world, other people and himself in solving life problems and achieving life goals.

When assessing this strategy, it is necessary to consider the sphere of subjective relations of the individual:

a) attitude towards oneself, assessment of one’s success, self-acceptance;

b) interest in others and communication with them, attitude towards the environment and people in general, acceptance of other people, an idea of their personality assessment, position in communication (dominance or dominance) and in conflict situations;

c) a position towards the world as a whole, which can manifest itself in a preference for certain experiences, reflected in the level of a person’s aspirations, his way of assigning responsibility and attitude towards the future (openness to the future or fear of the future, closure on the present).

Concluding the above, within the framework of the psychoanalytic direction, social adaptation is interpreted as a homeostatic balance of the individual with the requirements of the external environment (environment). The socialization of the individual is determined by the repression of drive and the switching of energy to objects sanctioned by society (3. Freud), as well as as a result of the individual’s desire to compensate and overcompensate for his inferiority (A. Adler).

Within the framework of the humanistic direction of research on social adaptation, a position is put forward on the optimal interaction of the individual and the environment. The main criterion of adaptation here is the degree of integration of the individual and the environment. The goal of adaptation is to achieve positive spiritual health and compliance of personal values with the values of society. Moreover, the adaptation process is not a process of equilibrium between the organism and the environment.

Social adaptation implies ways of adapting, regulating, and harmonizing an individual’s interaction with the environment. In the process of social adaptation, a person acts as an active subject who adapts to the environment in accordance with his needs, interests, aspirations and actively determines himself. The process of social adaptation involves the manifestation of various combinations of techniques and methods, strategies of social adaptation.

In general, the strategy of social adaptation is a universal and individual principle, a way of a person’s social adaptation to life in his environment, taking into account the direction of his aspirations, the goals he has set and how to achieve them.

Thus, we have identified types of social adaptation strategies that are individual and unique for each individual. By comparing the types considered, it is possible, in general, to define the strategy of social adaptation as the predominant way for a subject to build his relationships with the outside world, other people and himself in solving life problems and achieving life goals.

Zconclusion

The purpose of this course work was to analyze the behavior of an individual as a subject of adaptation when interacting with the environment.

We have summarized ideas about adaptation as a unique form of human interaction with a changing environment. Social adaptation implies ways of adaptation, regulation, harmonization of an individual’s interaction with the environment only in the case when a person acts as an active subject who adapts in the environment in accordance with his needs, interests, aspirations and actively self-determines.

We identified a strategy of social adaptation that ensures viability in changing conditions of existence. The strategy of social adaptation will be a universal and individual principle, a way of a person’s social adaptation to life in his environment, taking into account the direction of his aspirations, the goals he has set and how to achieve them.

In connection with the above, it becomes obvious that without research into social adaptation, consideration of any problem of social incongruity will be incomplete, and the analysis of the described aspects of the adaptation process seems to be an integral part of man.

Thus, the problem of adaptation is an important area of scientific research, located at the junction of various branches of knowledge that acquires modern conditions increasingly important. In this regard, the adaptation concept can be considered as one of the promising approaches to the complex study of man.

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