The topic of the lesson is “The urinary system. The structure and functions of the kidneys ”Type of lesson: learning new material The purpose of the lesson: to form students' knowledge of the anatomical and physiological features of the urinary system and reveal the relationship between the structure of the kidneys and its functions. Lesson objectives: Educational To introduce the general plan of the structure and functions of the organs of the urinary system To study the features of the external and internal structure kidneys in connection with their functions careful attitude to their health, to form the right attitude towards a healthy lifestyle. Developing Develop techniques critical thinking on the example of working with text, tables Ability to give explanations of biological terms Equipment: cards (handout) presentation “structure and functions of the kidneys” video material: “urinary system”, “the process of formation and excretion of urine” Forms and methods of teaching: - frontal conversation; - performance of differentiated tasks; - formulation and solution of problematic issues; - creative independent work Basic terms and concepts: Kidney: cortical layer, medulla (renal pyramids), renal pelvis. Nephron: capsule, tubule, capillary glomerulus. Primary and secondary urine. Ureters. Bladder. The urethra. The topic of the lesson is “The urinary system. The structure and functions of the kidneys ”Type of lesson: learning new material The purpose of the lesson: to form students' knowledge of the anatomical and physiological features of the urinary system and reveal the relationship between the structure of the kidneys and its functions. Lesson objectives: Educational To introduce the general plan of the structure and functions of the organs of the urinary system To study the features of the external and internal structure of the kidneys in connection with the functions performed Developing Develop critical thinking techniques using the example of working with text, tables The ability to give explanations of biological terms Equipment: cards (handout) presentation “structure and functions of the kidneys” video material: “urinary system”, “the process of formation and excretion of urine” Forms and teaching methods: - frontal conversation; - performance of differentiated tasks; - formulation and solution of problematic issues; - creative independent work Basic terms and concepts: Kidney: cortical layer, medulla (renal pyramids), renal pelvis. Nephron: capsule, tubule, capillary glomerulus. Primary and secondary urine. Ureters. Bladder. Urethra.
150.000₽ prize fund 11 documents of honor Evidence of publication in the media
Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation
FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
CHELYABINSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(GOU VPO "ChGPU")
Outline plan open lesson in biology in grade 8 A on the topic "Structure and functions of the kidneys"
Performed:
Student of the natural-technological faculty,
group 559 - 60
Sedykh Daria Sergeevna
Chelyabinsk, 2014
Lesson topic"The structure and function of the kidneys"
Lesson type: learning new material
The purpose of the lesson: to form students' knowledge of the anatomical and physiological features of the urinary system and to reveal the relationship between the structure of the kidneys and its functions.
Lesson objectives:
Educational
To acquaint with the general plan of the structure and functions of the organs of the urinary system
To study the features of the external and internal structure of the kidneys in connection with the functions performed
Educational
To cultivate a caring attitude towards one's health, to form the right attitude towards a healthy lifestyle.
Educational
Develop critical thinking techniques on the example of working with text, tables
Ability to explain biological terms
Equipment:
cards (handout)
presentation "structure and functions of the kidneys"
footage: "urinary system", "the process of formation and excretion of urine "
Forms and methods of teaching:
Frontal conversation;
Fulfillment of differentiated tasks;
Statement and solution of problematic issues;
Creative independent work
Basic terms and concepts:
Kidney: cortex, medulla (renal pyramids), renal pelvis.
Nephron: capsule, tubule, capillary glomerulus.
Primary and secondary urine.
Ureters.
Bladder.
Urethra.
Literature for the teacher:
2011;
Internet resources
Literature for the student:
Textbook Biology: Grade 8: a textbook for students of educational institutions / I.N. Ponomareva, O.A. Kornilova, N.M. Chernov; ed. prof. I.N. Ponomareva. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2011;
During the classes
Hello guys. My name is Daria Sergeevna. I am glad to welcome you to the lesson, the epigraph to which will be the statement of the Athenian playwright Sophocles
“There are many miracles in the world, man is the most wonderful of them all!”(slide 1)
Knowledge update
And you have already had the opportunity to be convinced of this by traveling through the human body. And, it would seem, well, we all already know! But no, each lesson reveals more and more secrets of the human body to you. So today we will visit another unexplored corner, another organ system responsible for cleansing the body.
And what organ systems that rid our body of superfluous and unnecessary things do you already know? (they call, show pictures, kidneys last)
Organ systems with excretory function (slide 2)
excretory Respiratory digestive
Studying new topic
The topic of our lesson is "The structure and functions of the kidneys."(slide 3)
And I firmly believe that by the end of the lesson you will easily be able to answer the following questions:(slide 4)
What are the functions of the urinary system?
How many times do the kidneys filter the same portion of blood?
But in order to answer the questions, we need to set a goal for this lesson. In front of you on the board are mixed words from these words, you need to make up the goal of the lesson - to study the structure and functions of the kidneys.
The structure of the urinary system (video urinary system ) (slide 5.6) watch the video on the structure of the kidneys and use the textbook on pages 157-158 (Fig. 69, 70) to make captions for the figures.(Annex 1)
Did you know: (slide 7)
A person with strong kidneys can be recognized by their large ears. Small and translucent ears, on the contrary, indicate weakness of the kidneys.
The kidneys weigh from 120 to 200 grams, with the right kidney weighing slightly more than the left.
Since 2006, Kidney Day has been celebrated on the second Thursday of March.
Insert the necessary words from the dictionary into the text, the picture on the slide will help you. (slide 8) (appendix 2)
Glossary:
A person has two kidneys.
They are located at the level of the lower back, on both sides of the spine. On right kidney“presses” such a “giant” as the liver, so it is 1-1.5 cm lower than the left one.
The shape of the kidney resembles a bean.
The size of a kidney is the size of a human fist.
Weight - 150-200 g, length - 10-12 cm, width - 5-6 cm. Approximately every 7 s from
Ureters - tubules 30 cm long, 4-7 mm in diameter. Smooth movements of the ureters move urine to the bladder.
Bladder - unpaired organ, volume 500-700 ml. It is not too big and not too small - why accumulate extra weight that does not have useful qualities?)
Answer:(slide 9)
(checking the interchange 9-10 correct - 5 nephrons; 6-8 correct - 3 nephrons; 3-5 correct - 1 nephron)
What do you think you got now for the correct answers?
Nephrons are the structural and functional unit of the kidney.
There are 1 million of them in each human kidney, and therefore each earns its own nephrons.(Appendix 3)
"The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney". (slide 10)
How do you understand the phrase "Structural-functional unit"? (A structural unit is what an organ is built from, in our case, a kidney. A functional unit is such a part of an organ that performs its functions, work).
We write down in a notebook : Nephron is the smallest unit of the kidney, in which blood plasma is filtered (p. 157 of the textbook).
So, we study the structure of the nephron (Fig. 70 p. 158)
Each nephron begins with two layerscapsule .
leaves the capsuleconvoluted tubule which makesloop and then falls intocollecting duct . There are a lot of tubules in the kidney, their total length reaches 100 km. enters the capsuleartery, forming in itcapillary glomerulus . After leaving the capsule, the arterial blood vessel again branches intocapillaries , whichwrap around the walls of the tubule . The purified blood is collected in the kidneys.veins.
Remove excess (slide 11)
convoluted tubule
A loop
Pelvis
collecting duct
capillary glomerulus
Ureter
convoluted tubule
Capsule
The work of the nephron (slide 12)
Where does waste material go from the collecting duct? Arrange the organs in the correct order. (slide 13)
Bladder
Ureters
Pelvis
kidney cups
Urethra
ANSWER: 4,3,2,1,5
Kidney Functions (slide 14)
Consider the following fact:
in case of violation of both kidneys, severe poisoning of the whole organism occurs and the person dies after 5 days.
Explain:
a) what substances poison a person with damaged kidneys, although no poisons entered the body from the environment; b) what are the functions of the kidneys?
During the discussion, formulate and write down in a notebookmain kidney function :
1) excretory (remove excess water, organic and inorganic substances, products of nitrogen metabolism);
2) protective (provide the removal from the body of toxic compounds formed in the process of metabolism).
Now watch the video and fill in the table along the way according to what you see and hear (video of the process of formation and excretion of urine)(slide 15)
Urine formation (Annex 4)
Stages of urination
Processes (phases)
Where is formed
Compound
1. Formation of primary urine
filtration
in the renal capsule
Water, urea, salts, etc.
2. Formation of secondary urine
Reabsorption (reabsorption)
in the tubules
Urea, uric acid, water
(checking by the whole class of 6 answers -5 nephrons; 4 answers - 3 nephrons; 2 answers - 1 nephron)
Answer the questions… (slide 16)
What are the functions of the urinary system?
How many times do the kidneys filter the same portion of blood?
What substances are not removed from the blood with urine?
Why is it important to take care of kidney health?
Lesson summary (atwho has more nephrons - a medal)(Annex 5)
Homework (slide 17)
1. Study § 39 of the textbook.
2. 3 questions(Annex 6)
Reflection (slide 18)
Red the color of the card means that the lesson was very pleasant, during the lesson a good mood did not leave.
Yellow color - the lesson passed quietly, imperceptibly. Nothing in the lesson was particularly exciting, but you are satisfied with the lesson. The mood is calm, even.
Blue color - a feeling of complete dissatisfaction with the lesson, a mood of despondency and bitterness.
Annex 1
Appendix 2
Glossary: volume, two, shape, kidneys, ureters, lower back, unpaired, spine, width, mass.
TEXT:
In man? kidneys. They are located at the level? , at both sides?. Such a “giant” as the liver “presses” on the right kidney, so it is 1–1.5 cm lower than the left one. By? the kidney resembles a bean. Value? - the size of a man's fist.? - 150-200 g, length - 10-12 cm,? - 5-6 cm. Approximately every 7 s from the kidneys release another portion of urine, which enters the ureters.
? - tubules 30 cm long, 4-7 mm in diameter. Smooth movements of the ureters move urine to the bladder.
Bladder - ? organ,? 500-700 ml. It is not too big and not too small - why accumulate extra heaviness that does not have
useful qualities?
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Urine formation
Stages of urination
Processes (phases)
Where is formed
Compound
1. Formation of primary urine
2. Formation of secondary urine
Annex 5
Appendix 6
1. It is known that a person produces 180 liters of primary urine in 1 day. How is this value determined?
2. It is known that the rate of formation of secondary urine by the kidneys depends on two factors: the rate of filtration in the renal glomeruli and the intensity of reabsorption in the renal tubules. With pain irritation, the amount of secondary urine formed decreases. What could be the specific physiological mechanisms of this phenomenon? Suggest experiments that might reveal the involvement of some of the regulatory mechanisms involved.
3. Explain why drinking 1 liter of beer causes more copious urine production than drinking the same amount of water.
The structure and function of the kidneys.
Plan for studying new material:
- Selection value
- Urinary system
- The structure of the kidneys
- The structure of the nephron
- Functions of the nephron
A) the formation of primary urine
B) the formation of secondary urine
6) The structure and functions of the urethra, ureters, bladder.
During the classes
P: The basic structural unit of the body is the cell. For its vital activity, nutrients and oxygen are needed, which in the process of assimilation and dissimilation form energy substances: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, as well as carbon dioxide and harmful substances. Proteins, fats, carbohydrates are used by the body to build it. Energy is spent on the vital activity of the body, carbon dioxide is released through the respiratory system, and harmful substances through the excretory organs. This means that the constancy of the composition of the internal environment is maintained by removing the end products of metabolism and excess other substances through the lungs, skin and kidneys. The accumulation of such substances in the internal environment of the body can lead to its poisoning and death.
Open your notebooks and write down the topic of our today's lesson "The structure and functions of the kidneys"
So, the main part of harmful substances is removed from the body with urine through the excretory organs: kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra. Let's draw a diagram of the structure of the urinary system.
Excretory system
(The teacher, listing, draws a diagram on the board, then also shows, using the “paired kidneys” table, demonstrates models of the kidneys.)
The kidneys are the main organ of the urinary system. In humans, there are 2 of them, located at the level of the lower back, on both sides of the spine. Each one is about the size of a man's fist.
Cortical layer
Pelvis
(The teacher uses a table of a cross section of a kidney, draws a diagram)
The nephron is the structural unit of the kidney.
Bud - a system of microscopic renal tubules, begins in the cortical layer of the kidney with a two-layer capsule, its wall consists of one layer of the epithelium, which makes it easy to purify the blood.
The renal capsule acts as a filter. An artery with a large diameter enters the capsule, forming a capillary glomerulus in it, and a smaller diameter exits.
And now let's sketch the structure of the nephron.
The structure of the nephron
As a result of the continuous structure of the kidneys, the formation of urine occurs in stages.
The artery leaving the glomerulus is much thinner than the incoming one, due to which a large blood pressure is created in the glomerulus, and the liquid part of the unpurified blood seeps out of the glomerulus, containing both beneficial and harmful substances.
The resulting fluid in the cavity of the renal capsule, containing useful, organic substances such as glucose and harmful inorganic substances: urea, uric acid, potassium, sodium, is called primary urine.
P: Let's write down the definition of primary urine.
Primary urine
Let's make a diagram "Composition of primary urine"
Primary urine
Conclusion: Primary urine contains both organic and non-organic substances.
R: From the renal capsule, the primary urine enters the renal tubule. Its thin walls absorb water and some dissolved substances from the primary urine, such as: sugar, urea, uric acid are absorbed. This means that there are those substances that the body does not need - secondary urine. Let's write down the definition of secondary urine. Secondary urine is a liquid formed from primary urine and contains inorganic substances. Let's make a diagram "Composition of secondary urine".
Secondary urine
Inorganic substances: Urea, Water
uric acid, potassium, sodium.
Conclusion : Secondary urine contains only inorganic substances and water.
P: Guys, pay attention to the table "Composition of primary and secondary urine." Let's analyze this table.
Composition of primary and secondary urine
Substance name | blood plasma | Urine | The ratio in II and I urine. |
|
Primary | Secondary |
|||
| 0,03 | 0,03 | 65 times more |
|
| 0,004 | 0,004 | 0,05 | 12 times more |
| 0,1 – 0,15 | 0,1 – 0,15 | Absent |
|
| 0,15 | 7 times more |
||
| 0,32 | 0,32 | 0,35 | Approximately the same |
P: Guys, list the substances in the blood plasma.
U: Blood plasma contains such substances as: urea, uric acid, glucose, potassium, sodium.
P: Right! What substances are found in primary urine?
A: In the primary urine are all the same substances that are in the blood plasma.
P: Right! For a day of primary urine, 150 liters are formed. What are the features of the composition of secondary urine?
U: Secondary urine contains urea, uric acid, potassium, and sodium. organic matter missing.
P: Right! For a day of secondary urine, only 1.5 liters are formed.
The table shows that the content of urine I and II is different. This is due to the fact that all nutrients are absorbed by the kidneys, and harmful substances are removed from the body, it is water that ensures the removal of harmful substances from the body.
So, we found out that the composition of primary and secondary urine is different, due to the complex structure of the kidneys.
Even secondary urine is pushed in small volumes into the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder. The pushing of urine occurs due to the contraction of a thin layer of smooth muscle tissue.
In the bladder, additional absorption of water into the blood occurs. When the volume of the bladder reaches a certain limit, urine is expelled through the short urethra through the sphincter.
Sphincter - This is a rounded muscle formed by striated tissue, which is under the control of the higher part of the central nervous system - the cerebral cortex, so a person is able to consciously delay urination.
Thus, we found out that the kidneys play a very important role in our body. With their help, there is a process of excretion from the body of unnecessary substances formed during metabolic processes.
And to consolidate, guys, read § 39 in the textbook and orally answer the questions presented there. Learn pictures 69 and 70 the structure of the nephron, kidneys and urinary system.
Thus, we found out that the kidneys play an important role in our body. With their help, the process of excretion of unnecessary substances from the body, which are formed during metabolic processes, takes place, and thus the constancy of the internal environment is maintained.
Anchoring
1. What is the function of the kidneys in our body?
2. What is the difference between primary and secondary urine?
Homework
- Read §39
- Learn all the entries in the notebook.
Sheet of student's notebook.
The structure and function of the kidneys.
urinary system
Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra
Cortical layer
Kidneys Marrow layer Renal pyramids Nephron
Pelvis
The nephron is the structural unit of the kidneys.
The structure of the nephron
Primary urine
Organic substances Water Inorganic substances: Urea,
Uric acid, potassium, sodium
Primary urine - This is a liquid formed in the cavity of the renal capsule, containing organic and inorganic substances.
Secondary urine
Technological map of biology lesson
Teacher GBOU secondary school p.g.t. Mirny Bayonova Lyubov Germanovna
Lesson topic Structure and function of the kidneys
Purpose of the lesson Students' perception and initial awareness of the new educational material(the structure of the kidneys), understanding the connections and relationships in the objects of study.
Worldview idea The kidney is a vital organ.
Software requirements. The structure of the kidneys. Urination is one of the main functions.
Planned educational outcomes
Personal outcomes Meta-subject outcomes Subject outcome
- value attitude to healthy lifestyle Cognitive UUD:
- highlights essential information;
- sustainable educational and cognitive motivation and interest in learning
Communicative UUD:
- goal setting;
- forms own opinion and justifies it
Regulatory UUD:
- grade;
- self-esteem;
- adjustment;
- planning future activities;
- organization of independent work.
Knows:
- the concepts of "homeostasis", "nephron", "filtration", "reabsorption", "nephron tubule", "nephron capsule", "primary, secondary urine"; - macroscopic and microscopic structure of the kidneys;
- stages of urine formation;
- composition of urine;
- processes and their causes;
Why should you protect your kidneys?
Can:
- reveal the essential characteristics of these concepts;
- indicate the structure of the kidneys in the figure;
- characterize the processes of urine formation and the reasons for their occurrence;
- to distinguish the composition of primary and secondary urine;
- give examples of why it is necessary to observe the drinking regimen.
Owned by:
- rules of personal hygiene.
Program content The structure and functioning of the kidneys.
Plan for learning new material Creating a comfortable situation for research
Discussing the goal and the route to it
Solutions
Conclusion
Basic concepts "homeostasis", "nephron", "filtration", "reabsorption", "urine";
Lesson type Combined
Lesson form Group
Technology Problem-developing education using a student-centered approach.
Mise-en-scene of the lesson Work individually, in pairs and in a group.
Lesson equipment Basic textbook: Dragomirov A.G., Mash R.D., Biology: grade 8. - M .: "Ventana-Graf", 2010.
Computer software, presentation on the topic: “The structure and functions of the kidneys”, route sheet, additional material for the student, accessories, quote on the board, terms. For the experiment: a bucket of 10 liters, a jar of 1.5 liters, a fabric of 1.5 m², 20 white coats.
Homework Paragraph ___ questions at the end of the paragraph.
Creative tasks of choice: 1. prepare a presentation:
"Causes of Kidney Disease".
"Prevention of diseases of the urinary system", Special attention turn to the kidneys.
Create visual aid:
"The structure of the excretory system"
"Structure of the Kidney"
During the classes
Planned OR Teacher activity Student activity
ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT (2 min)
Greeting students, creating favorable moral and mental conditions:
- In what mood did you come to the lesson today?
What do you associate with the subject of anatomy?
- Do you like to study your body? - Would you like to know more about him?
Checking readiness for the lesson, the general mood for the upcoming lesson.
Preparation teaching aids to the lesson.
Participate in dialogue.
STATEMENT OF THE LEARNING PROBLEM (7 min.)
He draws attention to the words of the Italian film director F. Fellini: “Of all the adventures that life has in store for us, the most important and interesting is to go on a journey inside ourselves, to explore the unknown part of ourselves.”
Do you like to travel?
- To tune in to work, let's start with biological charging.
Reads statements. Offers to work quickly, independently:.- We study anatomy.
- Metabolism is a property that is characteristic only for humans.
- Homeostasis - the body's ability to maintain a relatively constant composition. - Only useful substances can enter the body.
- The nephron is part of the kidney.
Thanks, offers to sit down.
In the warm-up, two concepts caused difficulty: nephron and homeostasis. Offers to return to them later.
Draws attention to slide number 1. Offers to fill in the first column in table number 1.
Organ Removable substances Per day
Gaseous metabolic products: CO₂, H₂O, volatile substances -
Excess water, various salts (salts of sulfur, phosphorus, potassium) 0.5 l
Salts of heavy metals, cleavage products of bile pigments, hemoglobin. Undigested food debris - feces. 300 g
Excess water, drugs, various salts, urea, ammonia, poisonous substances 1.2 - 1.6 l
Asks:
- These organs belonging to one, or different systems organs?
- And what are they general role? (homeostasis).
Encourages the guys: Well done, I am pleased that you already know a lot.
Let's take a look at Table 1 again.
- Which organ removes more unnecessary substances from the body?
What system are the kidneys a part of?
- Why did she get such a name?
Draws attention to SLIDE number 2. Urinary system
Read the quote.
Answer the question
They got up, left their desks, listened, performed biological exercises: if the statement is true, they raise their right hand; if not, they raise their left hand; if they find it difficult, they do one squat, i.e. gymnastics for the body and brain.
Identified a gap in knowledge.
They study the table, offer options for filling out the first column, argue the answer
Answer questions, make logical conclusions
Remember the structure from the Zoology course
LEARNING NEW MATERIAL (20 min.)
Form an opinion on the topic
Show interest in the topic being studied.
Form the concept of the participation of the kidneys in maintaining
homeostasis
Show interest in the topic being studied.
Creating a problem situation: There is such a fact. In case of violation of the work of both kidneys, a person can live no more than five days.
Discussion: Why?
In order to understand why, he suggests, they will go on a journey, to an organ unknown to them - the kidneys.
Hypothesis 1. We do not know the structure of the kidneys, and the reason may be hidden in the structural features;
Hypothesis 2. We do not know how the kidneys function, and this could be the cause of the death of the organism.
Solutions:
Need to know:
Group 1: The location of the kidneys, their macroscopic and microscopic structure.
Self-acquired knowledge
Macroscopic structure of the kidneys:
Kidney = cortical layer + medulla + pelvis.
Microscopic structure of the kidneys: (we consider the kidneys at a higher magnification) Nephron - is the microscopic unit of the kidney. It has a complex structure. Nephron = capsule + tubule.
Conclusion: The kidney has a complex structure, and with a deviation in the health of this organ, serious problems of the whole organism as a whole are possible.
Group 2: We do not know how the kidneys function, and this could be the cause of the death of the body.
Stages Processes and their cause Where Composition
I. Formation of primary urine (per day - 150 - 170 l) Filtration due to the difference in pressure in the glomerulus of arterioles and the cavity of the capsule is formed in capsules of H2O, glucose, mineral salts, vitamins, amino acids, hormones, urea.
Should not be: protein, blood cells.
II. Formation of secondary urine (per day - 1.2 - 1.5 l) Reabsorption - reverse absorption according to the principle of diffusion and osmosis is formed in the tubules of H2O, urea, ammonia, glucose (up to 0.11%), uric acid, creatinine, excess drugs .
Should not be: protein, blood cells, glucose (more than 0.2%)
Conclusion: The kidney is a complex biological filter that forms urine in two stages, therefore, the kidneys maintain the constancy of the internal environment (homeostasis), if this process is disturbed, the body may die.
Second phase:
The teacher draws the attention of the children to the table with covered objects (1 bucket - 10 liters and a jar of 1.5 liters with liquid), offers a surprise riddle. What do the numbers on the bucket and jar mean?
Who is friends with mathematics, how many buckets of liquid do the kidneys pass through themselves per day? (18 buckets).
- How? Organs smaller than cams can pass through themselves 180 liters per day?
- I'll help you guys. It turns out that if you expand all the glomeruli and tubules of the nephron, you get a suction area of 1.5 m². With which system is the nephron connected (with the circulatory system), it is correct, so this becomes possible.
- What will happen to the body if it loses fluid at the stage of primary urine?
- Well done, we successfully passed the 2nd stage, it's time to relax. Discussion of a problem situation
Form and write down the topic of the lesson
Record 1 hypothesis
Reveal the essence of concepts:
kidney, cortical layer, medulla, pelvis, nephron, capsule, tubule.
Filling out the itinerary
Record 2 hypotheses
Conduct research using a textbook, cards with additional material, route sheet and ICT.
Reveal the essence of concepts:
filtration, reabsorption, primary, secondary urine, homeostasis.
Filling out the itinerary
Guess that 10l. - the amount of primary, and 1.5 l. is the amount of secondary urine.
They come to the conclusion that they will die because. will lose a lot of water, and the necessary substances.
PHYSICAL MINUTE (1 min.)
Recognize the topography of the organ. The best rest is active.
Offers to stand up, leave the desks and complete a series exercise, then put your hands on your lower back.
- What organ is under your hands? That's right, kidneys. Now we know the topography, the location of this organ, and if it hurts in the lumbar region, then you should pay attention to it. The kidneys that we studied today are asking for help. Sit at the desk, straighten your shoulders.
- Guys, our rest increased blood circulation and the process of cleansing the blood from decay products. Perform 2 quick squats, then 2 circular movements with the hands, while: inhale, exhale. Hands on the waist.
PRIMARY REPETITION AND REINFORCEMENT (7 min.)
Analyze information and draw conclusions.
Collective discussion of the proposed poem.
They are like two big beans.
Attached to the links.
At the spinal column
Cozy accommodations.
The kidneys filter our blood
With unparalleled stubbornness,
So that in the internal environment
There was constancy.
Nephron contains capsules,
Tubules and glomeruli.
There are a million nephrons in our kidneys.
Blood passes through the nephron
The canal decides here
What to return to the body, and what it removes.
From a young age we must take into account what is dearest to us.
We must protect not only honor, but also the kidneys.
Read and analyze the poem
- shape - location - function
- meaning
- the structure of the nephron
- number of nephrons
- Without which system is it impossible for the kidneys to work?
What do you need to remember from a young age?
LESSON SUMMARY (3 min.)
Evaluation, self-esteem.
- What did you learn in the lesson?
- What helped you learn new things?
- What will change in your behavior?
Meaningful evaluation of the work of the groups. Explanation of marks.
In the lesson, we will get an idea of what excretory organs are in the human body and what they are for. Consider the structure of the kidneys, their functions. We will understand the work of the kidneys and learn about their huge role in the functioning of the body.
Excretion is the most important part of metabolism - the removal from the body of decay products that can no longer be used. Removal of decay products of nutrients that have entered the body, provides homeostasis(the constancy of the internal environment).
Removed from the body: carbon dioxide, excess water, urea, uric acid, salts and other chemicals.
Some of the excretory organs are lungs. The lungs remove carbon dioxide and some water from the body in the form of steam, as well as urea, salts and water. sweat glands skin. And the main organs of the excretory system are kidneys.
The kidneys excrete many substances from the body, namely urea, excess water, uric acid, and other chemicals.
The kidneys are paired bean-shaped organs located at the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, at the level of the first and second lumbar vertebrae (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Kidneys
The mass of each kidney is about 150 grams, length is about 12 cm, width is 7 cm, thickness is 3 cm.
The kidneys are attached to the abdominal wall with a layer of connective tissue and are located on both sides of the spine, above the lower back, behind the stomach and liver (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Location of the kidneys
The kidney is covered with connective and adipose tissue. The concave edge of the kidney is turned towards the spine, here the blood vessels that innervate the nerves enter and exit the kidney, and the renal pelvis is also located there. The ureter departs from the renal pelvis, which connects the kidney to the bladder, which is connected to the urethra (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. The structure of the kidneys
Rice. 4. Scheme of the urinary system
The kidney consists of two layers of a cortical outer layer (dark brown) and a medullar inner layer (light brown). These layers are interconnected by renal pyramids (Fig. 5).
Rice. 5. Layers of the kidneys
In the cortex are nephrons, and in the medulla - renal tubules(Fig. 6).
Rice. 6. The structure of the layers
Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons. Nephron- structural functional unit of the kidney, providing filtration processes.
The nephron consists of the Shumyansky-Bowman capsule and the renal tubule (Fig. 8).
The capsules located in the cortical layer are microscopic cups of two layers of epithelial cells, between them there is a slit-like space, from there the renal tubules begin, inside the capsule there is a capillary glomerulus, it is formed by the repeatedly branching afferent renal artery. At the exit from the capsule, the efferent arterial vessel also branches into capillaries, which braid the walls of the tubule (Fig. 7).
Rice. 7. The structure of the nephron
The tubule that departs from the capsule is called the convoluted tubule of the first order and passes through the medulla, forming the loop of Henle, returns to the cortical layer, forming a second-order tubule, it flows into the collecting duct (Fig. 8).
Rice. 8. The structure of the tubule
The collecting ducts unite into excretory streams that pass into the renal pelvis at the tops of the renal pyramids.
The kidneys work under heavy load, in 4-5 minutes all the blood of the body is filtered through them. The blood supply to the kidneys is not the same as in other human organs. The vascular system consists of arteries - capillaries - arteries. Due to this structure, the body is quickly released from harmful substances in the form urine.
Urine is formed due to the fact that the blood through the afferent artery enters the capillary glomerulus (the afferent vessel is 2 times wider than the efferent vessel), excess blood pressure is created in the glomerulus, due to which blood is filtered into the cavity of the Shumlyansky-Bowman capsule, thus primary urine. It contains many more substances useful to the body (glucose, vitamins, amino acids, minerals) and decay products (urea, ureic acid). In an adult, about 200 liters of primary urine is formed in the nephrons per day. From the lumen of the capsules, primary urine moves along the convoluted tubule, its walls are adapted to reabsorption (reabsorption) substances contained in the primary urine (Fig. 9).
Rice. 9. Urine formation
During reabsorption, water, sodium and potassium salts, vitamins, amino acids enter the body back. Some substances enter the blood without high energy costs by osmosis and diffusion, while others, on the contrary, as a result of high energy costs. In addition to reabsorption, tubules secretion. Secretion - the entry from the blood into the urine of certain chemicals (uric acid, foreign chemicals) (Fig. 10).
Rice. 10. Secretion and reabsorption
As a result of reabsorption and secretion in the renal tubules, from the primary urine, secondary urine- a product that is to be excreted from the body.
Rice. 11. Secondary urine content
A healthy person produces 1.5-2 liters of secondary urine per day. Through the collecting ducts, secondary urine enters the renal pelvis, then through the ureters into the bladder, from which it is excreted from the body through the urethra (Fig. 12).
Rice. 12. Channels for excretion of secondary urine
Bibliography
- Kolesov D.V. etc. Biology. Human. Textbook for grade 8. - 3rd ed. - M.: Bustard, 2002. - 336 p.
- Vakhrushev A.A., Rodionova E.I. etc. Biology. 8th grade. (Know thyself). - M.: 2009. - 304 p.
- Dragomilov A.G., Mash R.D. Biology. 8th grade. - 3rd ed., revised. - M.: 2008. - 272 p.
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- Internet portal "opochkah.ru" ()
- Internet portal "Festival of Pedagogical Ideas "Open Lesson"" ()
- Internet portal "pedsovet.pro" ()
Homework
- What organs of the excretory system do you know?
- Describe the structure of the kidneys.
- What is reabsorption and secretion?
- What is secondary urine?