In the history of mankind, the primitive communal system was the longest. It existed for hundreds of millennia among all peoples at an early stage of their development - from the moment of the separation of man from the animal world to the formation of the first class society. The main features of the primitive system were:
- extremely low level of development of productive forces;
- collective work;
- communal ownership of tools and means of production;
- egalitarian distribution of products of production;
- the dependence of man on the surrounding nature in connection with the extreme primitiveness of tools.
The first tools were chipped stone and a stick. Hunting improved with the invention of the bow and arrow. Gradually, it led to the domestication of animals - primitive cattle breeding appeared. Over time, primitive agriculture received a solid foundation. Mastering the smelting of metals (first copper, then iron) and the creation of metal tools made agriculture more productive and allowed primitive tribes to switch to a settled way of life. The basis of production relations was the collective ownership of tools and means of production. The transition from hunting and fishing to cattle breeding and from gathering to farming as early as the Middle Stone Age was made by tribes living in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, the Nile, in Palestine, Iran, and the southern part of the Mediterranean. The development of cattle breeding led to major changes in the economy of primitive tribes. With the social division of labor (the first is the separation of cattle breeding from agriculture and the second is the separation of handicrafts from Agriculture) the emergence and development of exchange and the emergence of private property are connected. These factors led to the formation of commodity production, which caused the creation of cities and their separation from the villages.
The expansion of commodity production, the deepening of the division of communal labor and the intensification of exchange gradually disintegrated communal production and collective property, as a result of which private ownership of the means of production was expanded and strengthened, concentrating in the hands of the patriarchal nobility. A significant part of the community property became the private property of the leading group of community patriarchs. The elders gradually turned into tribal nobility, separating themselves from ordinary community members. Over time, tribal ties weakened, and the place of the tribal community was taken by the rural (neighboring) community.
Wars between communities and tribes led not only to the capture of new territories, but also to the appearance of prisoners who became slaves. The appearance of slaves, property stratification within communities inevitably led to the emergence of classes and the formation of a class society and state.
The transition from a primitive communal system based on collective labor and communal property to a class society and state is a natural process in the history of human development.

The first people on the territory of Russia - 100 thousand years ago. The first colonies founded by the Greeks appeared in the 7th-5th centuries. BC e. In the 5th century BC e. most of these colonies united in the Bosphorus kingdom, which existed until the 2nd century BC. e.

To the north of the Greeks lived the Scythians - nomads.

On the territory of Azerbaijan in the 4th century BC. e. the Scythian kingdom was formed. In the 3rd century they were driven out to the Crimea. They were defeated by the Goths (German tribes).

A new wave of nomads, the Sarmatians, rushed from the east because of the Don. In the 3-7 centuries. n. e. in the era of the Great Migration of Peoples on the territory of the Northern Black Sea region, and later between the Volga and the Danube, Hunnic tribes or Huns poured in, coming out of the steppes of Transbaikalia and Mongolia.

In the 5th century AD e. they reached the borders of Northern France. After their defeat by the Gallic tribes, they return back, where they completely dissolve among the Turkic tribes.

In the 6th century, Turkic tribes reappeared from the borders of Mongolia, which in the middle of the 6th century formed the Turkic Khaganate, the territory of which stretched from Mongolia to the Volga.

Gradually almost the entire population of Eastern Europe(steppe part) was subjected to Turkization. In the forest-steppe zone, the Slavic component and the Finno-Ugric one are established. The Iranian-speaking ethnic group, the Alans, lives in the Central Caucasus. In the Western Ciscaucasia in the 6th century, the Bulgars occupied a dominant position.

After the collapse of the Turkic Khaganate in the 80s of the 6th century, the state of Great Bulgaria was formed here, which existed until the first third of the 7th century: it collapsed under the blows of the Khazars. After the collapse, part of the population went to the southwest (the Balkan Peninsula), where the state of Danube Bulgaria was formed. The other part went to the North Caucasus (modern Balkars). Another part moved on northeast, in the region of the Middle Volga and Kama, where the state of Volga Bulgaria was formed. The Bulgars are considered the ancestors of the modern Chuvash, partly Tatars, Mari, Udmurts.

The Great Migration of Peoples is the conventional name for the totality of ethnic movements in Europe in the 4th-7th centuries, which destroyed the Western Roman Empire and affected a number of territories in Eastern Europe. The prologue of the Great Migration of Nations was the movement of Germanic tribes (Goths, Burgundians, Vandals) at the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 3rd centuries. to the Black Sea. The immediate impetus for the Great Migration of Nations was the mass movement of the Huns (since the 70s of the 4th century). In the VI-VII centuries. Slavic (Sklavins, Antes) and other tribes invaded the territory of the Eastern Roman Empire.

The great migration of peoples and the problem of the ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs.

1st century AD e. Tacitus spoke of the VENEDS who lived in the regions of the West. Poland, Zap. Belarus and Western Ukraine. Under the Wends, scientists understood the people unknown to the ancient world, who lived outside the borders of the state.

4th century BC e. - 7th century BC e. - The Great Migration of Nations due to the cold snap.

Lesson topic: "The most ancient peoples on the territory of Russia" History of Russia, grade 6

The appearance of people in the territory modern Russia. The emergence of agriculture, cattle breeding and crafts. The beginning of the collapse of primitive society. Greek city-states of the Northern Black Sea region. Turkic peoples and their states on the territory of our country. Inhabitants of the forest strip of Eastern Europe. Lesson plan:

The most ancient people settled on the territory of our country from time immemorial. Approximately 700 thousand years ago they appeared in the North Caucasus and in the region of the Kuban River. The appearance of people on the territory of modern Russia

Life was full of dangers and it was very difficult to survive alone. People united in small groups of 20-30 people. They became known as the human herd. The appearance of people on the territory of modern Russia

About 80 thousand years ago, living conditions changed dramatically - a cold snap set in. Heat-loving animals were replaced by mammoths, bison, woolly rhinos, reindeer, and horses. The appearance of people on the territory of modern Russia

The appearance of people on the territory of modern Russia A person learned with great difficulty to adapt to changing conditions Despite the harsh conditions, the Slavs began to settle further and further north Primitive human herd Tribal community Tribe

12-14 thousand years ago, as a result of the ice age, many animals became extinct. And now it was difficult for a man who was engaged only in hunting and gathering to feed himself. The emergence of agriculture, cattle breeding and crafts reconstruction of the Slavic village

From the ancient gathering in the south of our country 5-6 thousand years ago, agriculture gradually emerges. And hunting is being replaced by cattle breeding The emergence of agriculture, cattle breeding and crafts

The advent of agriculture, cattle breeding and crafts Having learned to work with clay, people began to make dishes Women learned to spin fibers and sew clothes from fabric Big changes in people's lives occurred when metal processing began

Craftsmen are people who produce various products, tools. Let's write the definition:

The beginning of the collapse of primitive society. It stands out to know the Elders Leaders of the function Supervised the collective work. They controlled the exchange with other tribes. Monitored compliance with established procedures. 4. Raised the tribe for protection from enemies (leaders)

The beginning of the collapse of primitive society Family ties are weakening The neighboring (territorial) community comes to replace

The beginning of the collapse of primitive society Tribe Tribe Tribe Tribe At the head of the unions are people for whom the management and protection of their land is the main occupation. The rulers, and the state comes to replace the tribes

Let's write down the definition: The state is such an organization in which there is one system management of people living in the same territory, uniform laws, a single army and uniform measures of length, weight.

Greek city-states of the Northern Black Sea region The ruins of Olbia The first states arose in the south of our country. In the 7th - 6th centuries BC. on the coast of the Black Sea, the city-states of Olbia, Panticapius, Chersonese, and others were formed. In the 5th century. They united in the Bosporus state. Panticapaeum

Greek city-states of the Northern Black Sea region The closest neighbors of the Greeks in the Black Sea region were the Iranian-speaking tribes - the Scythians, who were divided into pastoral and agricultural. Cattle breeders led a nomadic way of life, and the Scythians-farmers - settled.

Greek city-states of the Northern Black Sea region To resist the invaders, the Scythian tribes began to unite. At the head of a strong tribe was a king. So the Scythian state appeared

Greek city-states of the Northern Black Sea region Starting from the 3rd century BC. the Black Sea tribes were invaded by nomadic tribes: Sarmatians, Goths, Huns. Sarmatians Huns

When we talk about the ancient people who inhabited Europe millions and thousands of years ago, we still cannot say what kind of modern peoples they were the ancestors of. We can talk about common history settlement of the European territory, not forgetting how many migrations, transitions from place to place were made by ancient people. And before we talk specifically about the Germanic tribes that interest us, we will talk about their famous predecessors.

Stone Age in Europe:
Homo erectus, Neanderthals and Homo sapiens

The first man to come to Europe was Homo erectus (upright man), who appeared about 1.5 million years ago. When asked when exactly people of this species ended up in Europe, different researchers answer differently, and we will not write the exact date here.

These ancient people lived as hunters and gatherers in small tribes and at a later time already knew how to make quite complex and carefully crafted tools: spears, axes, scrapers, etc. They lived in caves or made simple huts for themselves. They covered themselves with undressed animal skins, used fire for heating and cooking (but they still didn’t know how to get it). Their predecessors, who lived in Africa, were people of the species Homo habilis (“handy man”).

The remains of a human of the species Homo erectus, found in Java in 1891

Outwardly, people of the species Homo erectus still looked very much like monkeys: a sloping forehead, an infraorbital ridge, and no chin. But they already walked completely upright, knew how to talk, buried the dead, performed the simplest cult actions, worshiped animals. Unlike their predecessors, the right hand becomes their leading one. The volume of their brain exceeds the volume of the brain of a skilled person, although it is still less than ours.

Many habitats of Homo erectus have been found in Europe. The most famous of them is the Heidelberg man (Homo heidelbergensis), so named because in 1907 his jaw was found near the city of Heidelberg, in his own way. appearance suitable for a wide, protruding face. The Heidelberg Man lived about
500,000 years ago.

Approximately 200,000 years ago, Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) appeared on the territory of modern Europe. The first discovery of the remains of such a person was made in the Neandertal Valley (Germany) in 1856. The face of a Neanderthal is wide, the forehead is sloping, there is a large supraorbital ridge above the eyes, there is still no chin, the nose is flat or knobby.

Neanderthals were shorter than modern humans. Stocky, muscular, they were the first humans to adapt to the cold climate of the Ice Age. They already made fire themselves, heating their caves, sewed clothes from skins.

Their brain has increased even more compared to Homo erectus, they make a variety of tools. Judging by their rituals, their consciousness is already quite developed. Their simple drawings have been found - colorful lines and stripes, but they still do not know how to depict animals.

Neanderthals became extinct about 30,000 years ago, and it is still unclear why this happened. Neanderthals lived for some time next to more developed people - Homo sapiens, and some researchers believe that these two species could interbreed, that is, there is some Neanderthal blood in Europeans.

One of the first appearances of a Neanderthal, made according to the skull from the Feldhofer grotto (Neandertal, Germany) by the artist Philippart according to the descriptions of G. Schafhausen. 1888

Modern man, Homo sapiens ("reasonable man"), appeared in Europe about 40,000 years ago. The structure of his body already differs little from the structure of the bodies of our contemporaries. The forehead is no longer sloping, but straight, the supraorbital ridge is absent, but the chin appears. These people live in caves or simple huts, they are engaged in hunting and gathering. They know how to use fire and make weapons and tools. The speech is already well expressed. They sew their own clothes. Art appears for the first time: caves painted with animals are known to us precisely in connection with these people.

The first find of a human of the species Homo sapiens was the discovery of five human skeletons with tools and drilled shells in the Cro-Magnon cave (France). From the name of this cave, such people became known as Cro-Magnons. Findings of the remains of these people, objects associated with them, painted caves were made in France, Germany, Spain and other countries.

Horse from Lascaux cave (France). Copy from the Anthropos Pavilion in Brno

The time when people lived by hunting and gathering, making stone tools, is called the Paleolithic (ancient stone Age). In Europe, this period lasted until about 10-8 thousand years BC. During the Neolithic period (New Stone Age), people gradually move to agriculture and cattle breeding (in Europe it is about 5-3 thousand BC, in Asia this transition was made several millennia earlier). People changed their nomadic way of life to a sedentary one. At the end of the Neolithic, people know how to make flint sickles, simple wooden plows and hoes, and grind grain with stones. They make wooden looms and sew clothes from wool and linen.

At first, the south-east of Europe was settled by farmers, later they penetrated into central Europe through the river regions of the Danube. They appeared in northern Germany around 2000 BC. The oldest agricultural culture, called the "funnel cup culture" (named after the shape of the utensils they make), existed between the Rhine and the Vistula, as well as in southern Scandinavia. People of this culture built houses on stilts, enclosed by a wall or palisade.

Funnel cup. Illustration from Nordisk familjebok (Swedish Encyclopedia), 1917

Bronze Age in Europe: the first appearance of the Germanic tribes

The manufacture of metal products was first mastered in the Middle East. Copper products began to be made there around 4000 BC. From Mesopotamia, knowledge of copper spread through the Caucasus and Anatolia to Egypt, from there to the coast of the Aegean Sea. From Crete, where the first European civilization arose, the ability to work with copper, and later with other metals, spread throughout Europe.

Bronze is an alloy of copper and another metal, most commonly tin. Bronze is stronger than copper and more fusible. Apparently, the discovery of bronze was an accident, it happened later than the discovery of copper - in the East about 2500 BC. In Europe, bronze products began to be made around 1800 BC. The European centers of culture of the Bronze Age are the mountainous regions of Transylvania (north-west of Romania (“Semigradie”)), Tyrol (Eastern Alps), Central Germany, Spain, England, Ireland, the Czech part of the Ore Mountains.

The first Germanic tribes appear off the banks of the Elbe and the Rhine precisely in the Bronze Age - approximately 1000 BC. But historians do not have very much information about that time of their life.

Ore for bronze. New Museum. Berlin

Iron Age in Europe: the time of the Celts

by the most famous people Europe during the Iron Age were the Celts (these tribes do not belong to the Germanic peoples). 750-15 BC Celtic tribes occupied large areas of the Middle and Western Europe(territories modern France and Belgium, parts of Switzerland, Germany and northern Italy). In southern Germany, the Celts appeared around 450 BC. The Celts were the first Europeans to master iron, and since their history is very interesting, we will talk about them.

The Greeks called these peoples Celts (keltoi). The Romans called them Gauls (galli), and the territory of their settlement - Gaul.

The Celts lived in large walled settlements, building them more often somewhere on a hill. An interesting feature their wooden houses were what the Celts built their round ones. There was no furniture inside, the hearth was open - that is, it smoked, although it was not especially warm in the cold season. There was a loom in the house, the clothes of the Celts were bright and original, often with a checkered motley pattern. The Celts made weapons and tools from iron and bronze, were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding, made carts, dishes from clay and glass. They traveled far from their places to trade. They sold weapons, fabrics, salt. They took wine and beautiful vases from the Greeks, furs and amber from the Germans.

The Celts did not create a single state, although many tribes were united by similar languages, customs and beliefs. They worshiped the gods that they saw everywhere - in the earth, water, air and in the sky. Their revered people were the druids - wise old hermits who knew a lot. The druids watched the movement celestial bodies and kept a calendar. Julius Caesar later wrote about them that the Druids knew the Greek script, although they never used it to write down their knowledge: they believed that knowledge would be desecrated in this way, and transmitted their knowledge to their students orally. Therefore, we know nothing about the Celts from the Celts themselves - only from the later records of the Greeks and Romans. But these records were often unflattering - they were kept at a time when the Celts began to fight. IN Lately much has become known about the Celts through archaeological excavations.

Joseph Martin Kronheim. Druids with oak leaf wreaths while harvesting mistletoe. 19th century

Around 400 BC the Celts suddenly took off and moved to the southeast. They crossed the Alps and reached Italy, through the Balkans they reached Greece and even modern Turkey, engaging in clashes with local peoples. It is not known what prompted them to militant resettlement - the deterioration of the climate or overpopulation. In 390 BC The Celts sacked Rome. They destroyed all historical records that existed before that time. The Celts advanced on their opponents with loud cries, blowing their battle trumpets (carnyxes), decorated with animal heads. Shout: "The Celts are coming!" terrified. But still, the Greek and Roman armies were better organized, and about 200 BC. AD the Celts returned to their former places.

Having visited foreign countries, they further improved their skills in iron processing (instead of geometric patterns, more subtle decorations in the form of animals appeared). Now they cost themselves large fortified cities ("oppidum" in Roman).

In the 1st century BC. The Germans pushed the Celts back across the Rhine. Later, Julius Caesar started a war with them (the so-called Gallic War). By the turn of the century, the Romans had conquered all of Gaul, and the Celts had to withdraw to the north of Europe.

Now the descendants of the Celts live in Ireland and Wales, retain their dialects and culture ("island Celts").

Such is the history of Europe until the time when the Germanic peoples began to actively manifest themselves, to advance in their turn on the Roman Empire and actively populate Europe.

Ancient people and their sites on the territory of modern Russia

Questions in the text

1. How did primitive people manage to survive and populate the territory of modern Russia?

Some of the most ancient human settlements were found in central Dagestan and on the Taman Peninsula. Also, the oldest human settlements were discovered near the village of Kostenki near Voronezh, Sungir - near Vladimir, in the South Urals, in Altai, etc.

People united in small groups. Together it was easier to get food, to protect themselves from predatory animals, to maintain and protect the fire. All members of the collective were equal among themselves, and food, regardless of who and how it was obtained, was shared equally. The formation of tribal communities and tribes (several tribal communities living in the neighborhood), the division of labor, the improvement of tools, forms of collective hunting and methods of processing materials, as well as the use of fire (obtaining and preserving) determined the survival of people in the Ice and post-glacial periods.

After the end of the Ice Age, the Mesolithic period began. Climate change has led to the extinction of large animals (mammoths and woolly rhinos), and, consequently, to a change in the forms of collective hunting - from driven to ambush. Also, people were forced to pay attention to gathering and fishing. Vehicles were invented - boats, skis, sleds. People settled further north. They reached the shores of the Baltic Sea, and then to the Arctic Ocean.

2. When and on what territory, according to scientists, did the first people appear?

On the territory of modern Russia, some of the oldest traces of the presence of an ancient man were found in central Dagestan and on the Taman Peninsula.

3. Find out who the Neanderthals are.

Neanderthals are fossils of early Paleolithic humans. Skeletal remains of Neanderthals have been discovered in Europe, Asia and Africa. The period of existence according to various estimates is 300 thousand - 28 thousand years ago. As studies of the genetic material of Neanderthals have established, they, apparently, are not the direct ancestors of modern humans. The name is given by an early discovery of a fossil man in the Neandertal valley, near Düsseldorf (Germany). The bulk of the remains of Neanderthals and their predecessors were found in Europe, mainly in France, and belong to the period of 70-35 thousand years ago.

4. What is a clan, tribe, community?

A clan or tribal community is the first association of ancient people, including blood relatives. The property of the community was considered common property, all its members had equal rights, issues were resolved jointly. At the same time, the oldest, most experienced people enjoyed the greatest influence. Tribe - several tribal communities living in the neighborhood.

Questions for the paragraph

1. When and where did the first people appear on the territory of our country?

Traces of the stay of an ancient man were found in central Dagestan and on the Taman Peninsula.

2. Give a description of the appropriating economy.

The appropriating economy is an ancient way of organizing life. People do not grow or produce anything, but extract and appropriate what is created by nature. Main activities: hunting for animals, catching insects and amphibians, gathering (fruits, berries, edible plants).

3. How did people's lives change during the Ice Age?

Man with great difficulty managed to adapt to life in harsh conditions. Hunting was still his main occupation. They went hunting in small groups. The form of hunting is driven. Fleeing from the cold, people began to constantly use fire, and then learned how to get it. Meat food cooked on fire was better digested, contained important human body substances. Increased life expectancy. The technique of stone processing became more perfect, and the tools of labor became more diverse. The stones chipped along the entire length were in the form of knives, saws, adzes, and awls. People have learned to work well with the horns and bones of animals. Needles with ears appeared, and people began to sew clothes from skins using animal tendons or plant fibers. There was a division of labor between men and women. The need to coordinate their actions on the hunt, to transfer the accumulated experience contributed to the development of speech. Life in the team became more cohesive and organized.

4. Why did ancient people use stone to make their tools?

For the manufacture of tools, ancient people used not only stone, but also animal bones and wood - materials that were common and available. All source materials were amenable to very primitive processing. Stone, unlike bone and wood, has greater strength, and with successful primitive processing, it acquired the necessary weight and sharpness.

5. List the main features of the primitive communal system.

Ancient people lived in clans, had primitive tools in common ownership, worked together and distributed products equally. The tribal community included blood relatives. The property of the community was considered common property, all its members had equal rights, issues were resolved jointly. At the same time, the oldest, most experienced people enjoyed the greatest influence. Several tribal communities living in the neighborhood constituted a tribe.

Working with the map

Show the oldest human sites on the territory of modern Russia

Showing the oldest sites on the territory of Russia is convenient if you focus on modern Russian cities. For example, Sungir is located near the city of Vladimir, Kostenki is near Voronezh, and Burst and Malta are just north of Irkutsk.

Thinking, comparing, reflecting

1. Using the Internet and additional literature, indicate the names of the parking lots primitive man on the territory of Russia and other countries, in addition to those mentioned in the paragraph.

Most of the most ancient archaeological finds were made in Africa, the Middle East and the Caucasus, East Asia (Pakistan, India, China), Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Australia), Russia, Europe and South America.

So, one of the largest sites of ancient people is the site in the Olduvai Gorge in Africa (Tanzania), Deering-Yuryakh (Russia, Yakutia), Karakhach (Armenia). Ancient people lived in them almost 2 million years ago. Also among the most famous are the sites of Ainikab (Dagestan) - 1.95 million years, Dmanisi (Georgia) - 1.8 million years, on the Taman Peninsula (Russia) - 1.7 million years.

In addition, on the territory of Russia, the most famous ancient sites are sites in Kostenki, Sungir, Malta and Buret (Irkutsk region), Mysovaya ( Southern Urals, Lake Tashbulatovskoye), Makarovo-4 (Siberia, the Lena River), Mamontova Kurya (Siberia, the Usa River), Berelekh (Siberia, the Indigirka River), Yana (Siberia, the Yana River), Denisova Cave (Altai), Ust-Karakol (Altai), etc.

2. Prove that the most ancient people who came to the modern territory of our country went the same way in their development as the inhabitants of other territories of the Earth.

The oldest people in different parts the world went the same way from primitive society, tribes, clans, communities to the emergence of the first states. They had the same technological development. The course of human history was almost the same, regardless of the regions in which it took place. The ways of the birth and development of civilization turn out to be common. This is confirmed by archaeological excavations.

3. Find out what ancient sites were found on the territory of your city, district, region, territory, republic. Prepare short message about one of these sites.

Moscow region

The oldest archaeological sites on the territory of the Moscow region belong to the Upper Paleolithic, the late period of the ancient Stone Age, the chronological framework of which is determined by the period from 40-35 to 12-10 thousand years ago. At this time, there was a slow and gradual development by man of the central regions of the Russian Plain, previously occupied by the glacier. The climate then was more severe than today, and the Moscow region was a cold steppe with small copses. Mammoths, woolly rhinos, primitive bulls, wild horses lived here.

The Zaraisk site is the oldest archaeological site of the Upper Paleolithic in the Moscow region. The parking lot is located in the very center of the ancient Russian city of Zaraysk, Moscow Region. It belongs to the Kostenkov-Avdeev culture. Archaeological excavations have been carried out at the site since 1980. A rich collection of flint products was found, numbering more than 15,000 items. Among the tools, two points with a side notch and a large group of knives attracted the most attention.

Homework

1. Write a mini-essay about the life of ancient people who lived on the territory of modern Russia

On the territory of modern Russia, ancient people appeared many millennia ago, back in the era of the early Paleolithic. Modern archeology has evidence of the existence of ancient people in Russia almost 2 million years ago. Sites of ancient people were discovered in the center of Dagestan and on the Taman Peninsula. This confirms the old archaeological theory that humanity originated in the territories of Northeast Africa, Asia and in the area of ​​the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

However, the discovery of the settlement of ancient people Deering-Yuryakh, on the territory of modern Yakutia, only 480 km from the Arctic Circle, calls into question the theory of the African origin of man. Indeed, according to recent studies, the age of the Deering-Yuryakh site is more than 2 million years. Scientists will have to argue for a long time on this issue.

Newer settlements of ancient people on the territory of modern Russia - Kostenki, Sungir, Denisova Cave - give an idea of ​​​​how people lived in the Paleolithic era, after the Ice Age, about 20-45 thousand years ago. Archaeological finds of these sites show the presence of a developed society and traditional technologies of the Neolithic. For example, flint tools, spearheads, bone and stone figurines of women and animals were found at the excavations of the primitive Kostenka site. Also, a lot of evidence was found that the local Homo sapiens lived not only by hunting, but also knew many crafts and even engaged in artistic creativity, in addition, they knew how to build residential buildings and made multifunctional tools from bones and stone.

2. Fill in the table "The appearance of people on the territory of modern Russia"

Chronological period	Territory of residence	Main occupations	Forms of cohabitation
500 thousand - 1 million years ago		hunting, gathering
80 thousand years ago	North Caucasus, Taman Peninsula	Hunting, gathering, driven hunting. Man learns to make fire.	primitive human herd
40 thousand years ago	Omsk, Voronezh, Vladimir, Tyumen regions.	Hunting, gathering, housing construction	tribal community, tribe
10-14 thousand years ago	From the North Caucasus to the Baltic Sea and the Arctic Ocean	Hunting, farming, fishing, cattle breeding, handicraft	Tribal unions, neighborhood communities

Need to know

Appropriating economy is an ancient way of organizing life. People do not grow or produce anything, but extract and appropriate what is created by nature. Main activities: hunting for animals, catching insects and amphibians, gathering (fruits, berries, edible plants).

Stone Age This is the earliest period of human existence. This age lasted for many millennia. The Stone Age is divided into three major periods: the Old Stone Age - Paleolithic, the Middle Stone Age - Mesolithic and the New Stone Age - Neolithic. During the Stone Age, man had not yet learned how to mine, but he already knew how to maintain fire. Tools of labor are primitive. People made their tools and weapons from wood, bone, but the main material was stone - primarily silicon. They made hand axes, scrapers, and pointed ones from it.

Kostenki- one of the oldest known settlements in Europe was found near the village of Kostenki near Voronezh. Their age is estimated at 35-45 thousand years. Not only tools of labor were found here, but also numerous decorations and works of ancient art. Among them are not only sculptural images of animals, but also the so-called "Paleolithic Venuses" that have become world famous - small figurines of women made of stone or bone. Some of them show images of women's jewelry.

Sungir- Another site of an ancient man, located near Vladimir. Its age is about 25 thousand years. Here, archaeologists have discovered numerous fragments of products of ancient people. The inhabitants of Sungiri hunted mammoths, reindeer, bison, horses, wolves and wolverines. Scientists have restored the clothes of these people. It turned out to be very similar to the traditional clothing of the current indigenous northern peoples of Europe. The inhabitants of ancient Sungiri richly decorated the surface of their robes with the smallest beads made of mammoth bone. Bracelets were made from the same material. Spears with tips made of mammoth bone were also found in the burials. One of the copies reaches a length of 2.4 m.

glacial period- This is a period that was about 80 thousand years ago. The ice shell bound the northern territories of Europe, Asia, North America. Along the edge of the glacier stretched endless tundra, and to the south - cold steppes. Heat-loving animals and plants died out. They were replaced by mammoths, bison, woolly rhinos, reindeer, wild horses. The ice age ended 12-14 thousand years ago.

driven hunting This is a type of collective hunting. They went hunting in small groups. Having tracked down the prey, people began to shout loudly, brandish fire torches, throw stones to drive it into a ravine or a specially dug hole. The driven beast was finished off with clubs, stones and spears.

Division of labor between men and women appeared with the formation of collectives, communities. Hunting has become a male occupation. Women were engaged in gathering, ran the household. The children helped the adults.

Primitive communal system- this is the structure of society in which ancient people lived in clans, had primitive tools in common ownership, worked together and equally distributed products.

Mesolithic- This is the period that replaced the Ice Age. Climate change has led to the extinction of large animals such as mammoths and woolly rhinos. The number of other large animals also decreased. People were forced to pay more attention to gathering and fishing. The nature of hunting has changed - people began to arrange ambushes. Man learned to make composite tools: small, carefully crafted pieces of stone plates were inserted into wooden or bone bases. Spearheads and darts, harpoons, boomerangs, bows and arrows, chisels for processing wood and bone, scrapers, and fishing tackle appeared. At the same time, vehicles were invented - boats, skis, sledges. People settled further north. They reached the shores of the Baltic Sea, and then to the Arctic Ocean.

resettlement ancient people on the territory of our country 700 thousand years ago - the appearance of the first people on the territory of Russia (the North Caucasus and the Kuban region); 100 - 35 thousand years ago - the Lower Volga; 35 - 10 thousand years ago - Siberia and the north of the European part of Russia; Further development slowed down in this area, as the glacier retreated here later and warming began, when compared with the region (for example) of the Mediterranean.

5th century BC - Creation Bosporan kingdom 5th century BC - the creation of the Bosporus kingdom; IV century BC – Taman Peninsula, eastern coast of the Sea of ​​Azov; Scythians, Meots, Adygs recognized the power of the Bosporus; Extensive connections with Greece and Rome; Mithridates IV Eupator annexed M. Armenia and Colchis and, in alliance with V. Armenia, entered the fight against Rome (lost)

Scythian state Scythians - Iranian-speaking tribes (VIII century BC ousted the Cimmerians from the Black Sea region) The Scythians were divided into agricultural and pastoral tribes; IV century BC - the emergence of the state (the power of the king was hereditary and deified, but limited to the union council and the people's assembly); III - II century AD - the Scythians were driven back by the Sarmatians to the Crimea; I century - the Scythians were defeated by Rome; III century - the invasion of the Northern Black Sea region is ready, the Scythians (the power of Germanaric) also entered the alliance; IV century - the Goths were defeated by the Huns

Turkic peoples and states on the territory of our country. 6th century - the beginning of a mass invasion of the Turkic tribes in the northern Black Sea region and the creation of the state of the Turkic Khaganate on the territory from Mongolia to the Volga; 7th century - the state collapsed; 6th century - the Avars came to the steppes of the western Caspian, and then moved through the steppes of the Black Sea to the Balkans, where they created the state - the Avar Khaganate (VIII century defeated by the Franks);

Turkic states of the 7th century. - in the steppes of the Northern Caucasus, the state of the Khazar Khaganate is formed, the Khazars subjugated vast territory and founded the capital Itil on the Volga; 8th century - Khazars accept Judaism; The territory from the Kuban to the Dnieper was occupied by the Turkic-speaking Bulgars and in the 7th century. Created the state of Great Bulgaria

Eastern Slavs in antiquity The presence of the Proto-Slavs (Proto-Slavs) on the territory of our Motherland can be traced from the 15th century. BC. SCYTHIANS-PAHARI? II - IV centuries AD - the Proto-Slavs are part of the Chernyakhov culture (they were part of the huge power of Germanarich; V century AD - the Slavs made up most of the population of the Hunnic state

“A lot of time later (after the Babylonian pandemonium), it is written further in the Tale of Bygone Years, the Slavs sat down along the Danube, where the Hungarian and Bulgarian land is now. So, for example, some, having arrived, sat down on the river by the name of Morava and were called Morava, while others were called Czechs. And here are the same Slavs: white Croats, and Serbs, and Horutans. When the Voloks attacked the Slavs on the Danube and settled among them and oppressed them, then these Slavs came and sat on the Vistula and were called Poles, and from those Poles came the Poles, other Poles - Lyutichs, others - Mazovshans, others - Pomeranians ... Nestor about the ancestral home of the Slavs:

In the same way, these Slavs came and sat down along the Dnieper and called themselves glades, and others - Drevlyans, because they sat in the forests, and still others sat down between Pripyat and Dvina and called themselves Dregovichi, others sat down along the Dvina and called themselves Polochans along the river that flows into Dvina and is called Polota. The same Slavs who sat down near Lake Ilmen were called by their own name - the Slavs, and built a city, and called it Novgorod. And others sat down along the Desna, and along the Seven, and along the Sula, and called themselves northerners. And so the Slavic people dispersed."

In the I-II centuries. n. e. Roman and Greek authors (Tacitus - in "Germany", Pliny the Elder - in "Natural History", Ptolemy - in the "Guide to Geography") mentioned a large people of Venedi (Veneti), who lived between the Baltic Sea and the Carpathians. Based on the fact that in German the name "Vendi" is used to refer to the Slavs, and there were also Slavic tribes Vyatichi (the old sound of the root - vent), it is generally accepted that the Slavs were part of the Wends. It has been suggested that the Wends were a non-Slavic people, who, however, by the 1st century. n. e. "already forgot your native language and spoke only Slavonic" (S. B. Bernshtein).

Only in the VI century. The historian Jordanes, who wrote in Latin, in his essay “On the Origin and Deeds of the Getae”, brought to 551, reports reliable information about the Slavs, whom he calls the Sclavens: “Starting from the birthplace of the Vistula River, a large tribe of Veneti settled down in the boundless spaces Although their names now vary according to different genera and localities, they are still predominantly called Sclavens and Antes.Sklavens live from the city of Novietun and the lake called Mursian to Danastra, and north to Viskla; instead of cities, they have swamps and forests. The Antes - the strongest of both (tribes) - spread from Danastra to Danaper, where the Pontic Sea forms a bend; these rivers are removed from one another at a distance of many transitions ... "