Technological map of a history lesson in 5th grade

Lesson 3

Subject: Sources of knowledge about the past (What are historical sources)

Lesson objectives:

• to form ideas about order in historical science using the example of dividing historical sources into groups;
• develop the ability to classify information, describe historical sources, evaluate people’s actions;
• cultivate respect for the traditions of the people and cultural heritage.

Basic concepts:historical sources; groups of sources: written, material, oral; document, museum, archive, library, historical memory.

Basic questions of the lesson:

1. Historical sources.
2. Source groups.
3. Archives, museums, libraries.

Lesson type: Study and primary consolidation of new knowledge

Type of student activity in the lesson:individual work

Planned result (requirements for the level of training of students):

Be able to:

• explain the meaning of the concepts: historical source, excavations, Ancient world;
• determine the meaning of historical sources

Information and methodological support:

• presentation,
• concept maps

During the classes

1. Organizing time

1. Updating students’ basic knowledge on the topic “Measurement of time”

• Frontal survey
• Individual survey

1. Learning new material

Teacher's story with elements of conversation

1. Introduction. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.

For a long time, people carefully preserved information about the past: they passed down tales about their heroes from generation to generation, recorded information about wars and natural disasters*, erected monuments at battle sites, filmed the most important events.

Every family keeps its own history: old letters, documents, photographs or film and video recordings. It is no coincidence that they say that history is the past preserved in the memory of mankind.

Everything that we store, and thanks to which we learn about the past, is calledHISTORICAL SOURCES.

Introduction of the topic (Slide 1) – writing in a notebook

Today we have to find out what groups historical sources are divided into and what their significance is.

Setting a goal (Slide 1)

2. How ancient monuments perish.

Which natural phenomena may cause the destruction of historical evidence.

However, nature cannot be blamed for everything. A person, with his ill-considered actions, also causes irreparable harm. For example: during the construction of new residential areas, churches that were built hundreds of years ago were demolished; The children, while cleaning the room, threw away old papers, among which were their grandmother's diaries.

Slide 2 - ??? What other events occurring due to human fault can lead to the destruction of ancient monuments?

3. Historical sources.

As you can see, there are a lot of forces that can destroy the past. But under a layer of sand, the remains of the village can persist for thousands of years. After the invasion of the enemy army, the city was destroyed, but the foundations of buildings and many objects that belonged to people remained underground. A manuscript written several centuries ago has been preserved in the ancient monastery. In the attic of my grandmother's house, under a pile of unnecessary things, there was an old hand mill. Remnants of the past can be found everywhere.

Everything that was once created by people is calledhistorical sources.

Slide 3 – Historical sources - (in notebook)

How did this name come about? Typically, a spring refers to water that flows from the depths of the earth. A stream originates from a source, which flows into a river, which flows into a large river that flows into the sea. This means that the source is the beginning.

A source is anything that gives rise to something. A book helps you gain knowledge. That is why they say that a book is a source of knowledge. The journalist reports that the information was received from a reliable source, that is, from an informed person, who knows the truth. Sources provide historians with information about the past and help restore the picture of events.

Slide 3 – ??? Let's together create a definition of the concept “Historical sources” - (in a notebook)

4. Source groups

In any science, scientists strive to put the information they receive in order. Historical science is no exception. Historians draw their conclusions only on the basis of historical sources. Most often, sources are divided intogroups: oral, material, written.

Slide 4 – (write in notebook)

Oral sources- these are legends, epics, proverbs, sayings, songs. They are passed on from one generation to another. Studying them allows you to learn customs, rituals, rules of behavior and much more.

TO material sourcesinclude buildings, household items, weapons, jewelry, that is, a wide variety of things (or their fragments) ever created by man.

With the advent of writing there arosewritten sources: records on wooden tablets, birch bark*, papyrus*, stone, clay, paper. The development of science and technology has led to the appearance of sound recordings, photographs and film documents.

Slide 5 – Task – Identify a group of sources.

• Real
• Written
• Real
• Real

Historical sources are also called monuments. The word “monument” is known to everyone. This is a sculptural group, statue, bust, column, tombstone, Triumphal Arch. They were created in order to perpetuate historical events and heroes of the past. Many years will pass, and the monument will remind descendants of the glorious deeds of their ancestors

Slide 6 – Historical monuments(write in notebook)

• Great Sphinx , Ancient Egypt, third millennium BC
• Parthenon , Ancient Greece, 5th century BC.
• Mausoleum-mosque of the Taj Mahal. 17th century
• Postal station in Yekaterinburg, XIX century (such stations served as a means of communication between Russian cities, here travelers could change horses and rest)
• Windmill, Holland, city of Rotterdam, 18th century (monument to the history of technology development).

A monument is a reminder of the past. Therefore, in science, any piece of the past that has reached us is called a monument. The remains of a church, a decoration found in the ground, an ancient painting, an ancient manuscript, an inscription on a stone, ancient legends - these are the monuments of the past that have reached us. Particularly valuable and significant monuments of the past are protected by law.

5. Archives, museums, libraries.

Scientists are trying to preserve the monuments of the past that have survived to this day. For this purpose, special institutions are created.

Documents are stored in archives . This word comes from the Greek "archaeion", which means "institution".

Slide 7 – Archive (writing in a notebook)

The archives contain ancient manuscripts, city plans, letters from prominent people, agreements between state leaders and other valuable evidence of the history of the past. But it’s not just historians who use archives. For example, in order to restore a building that was once destroyed, builders turn to the archive for the drawings of a given historical monument stored there.

***If time permits, we can discuss the issue of creating a home archive (scanning documents, creating electronic version archive)

An institution that collects, stores and displays objects of art, ancient monuments, and scientific collections is called museum, translated from Greek - “temple of the muses.” The Greeks considered history to be art.

Slide 8 – Museum (write in notebook)

***The patroness of the arts were goddesses - muses. Muse Clio was considered the patroness of history. She was usually depicted with manuscripts in her hands. Sometimes there was a sundial nearby - with its help she observed the order of time.

Every city has museums. They can be artistic, historical, ethnographic, zoological, literary, etc.

According to the slide: now you see various museums around the world. They contain works of great art masters. They are called masterpieces. This word is translated from French as “the best work.” Perhaps you have visited some of these museums.

Notes from travelers, chronicles, memoirs of war participants and many other evidence of the past are contained in books. Books can be handwritten or printed. They are of great value to historians.

Slide 9 – Library (writing in a notebook)

There is no researcher of the past who would not turn to library. Translated from Greek, “biblion” means book, “teka” means repository, that is, this word means “book depository.”

Library - an institution that collects and stores books for public use.

For what purpose are archives, museums, and libraries created? How do they help in studying the past?

As we already know, sources can be oral, material and written. Historians call written sources documents. WITH Latin language the word “document” is translated as “evidence.”

By studying documents and material sources, scientists reconstruct historical events. But the researcher’s work does not end there. There is nothing accidental in history. Therefore, it is important to determine what happened before and after the events being studied and to establish a connection between them. And finally, you should understand the significance of this or that event for the history of the country or the whole world. This means painting a whole historical canvas. And historical sources give us the colors for it.

Homework: Slide 10

***Have you encountered any historical sources in your home?

Have you ever worked in archives?

What museums and libraries of our city do you know?

History translated from Greek means a story about the past, about what has been learned. History is the process of development of nature and society. History is also called a complex of social sciences (historical science) that study the past of mankind in all its specificity and diversity. History is part of the group of humanities that study a particular region (African studies, Balkan studies), people (Sinology, etc.) or a group of peoples (Slavic studies).

World (universal) history is a history that studies the period of humanity from the appearance of the first Homo sapiens to the present.

The history of the Fatherland is a history that studies the history of individual countries and peoples (the history of Russia, the history of Germany).

The story is divided into the following sections chronologically:

• story primitive society- history that studies the period in human history before the invention of writing, after which the possibility of historical research based on the study of written sources becomes possible.
• ancient history- history that studies the period of human history distinguished between the prehistoric period and the beginning of the Middle Ages in Europe.
• medieval history is history that studies the period of human history following Antiquity and preceding the Modern Age.
• new story- history that studies the period in human history located between the Middle Ages and Modern times.

• modern history - history that studies the period of humanity since 1918

Branches of history:

• economic history– a branch of history that studies phenomena and processes associated with the evolutionary development and interaction of those aspects human activity, which are somehow related to the economy.
• military history- a branch of history that studies wars that took place in a particular historical era; also the history of any one war or even a single campaign.
• historical geography is a branch of history that studies history through the “prism” of geography, it is also the geography of any territory in a certain historical stage its development.
• historiography - branch historical science studying its history (accumulation of historical knowledge, interpretation of historical phenomena, change of methodological directions in historical science, etc.).

Organic parts of history as a complex of sciences:

• archeology is a science that studies the history of society using the material remains of people’s lives and activities - material (archaeological) monuments.
• ethnography (ethnology) is the science of ethnic groups (peoples), studying their origin and settlement, life and culture.

History is part of the group of humanities that study a particular region (African studies, Balkan studies), people (Sinology, etc.) or a group of peoples (Slavic studies).

Historical sources are all objects that directly reflect the historical process and make it possible to study the past of mankind.

Historical sources are conventionally divided into several groups

1. by type of information recording:

1.written - epigraphic documents, birch bark letters, manuscripts, printed materials.

A) official, For example:

• legislative acts – Complete collection of laws Russian Empire: “First meeting. 1649 – 1825 (in 45 volumes)", "Second Collection. December 12, 1825 – February 28, 1881 (in 55 volumes).”
• chronicles - Lavrentievskaya, Tale of Bygone Years, Resurrection, Nikonovskaya, etc.
• diplomatic and military documents - 1323 - Orekhovsky peace (Noteberg peace), 1582 - Yam-Zapolsky peace, 1792 - Yassky peace, 1812 - Bucharest peace.
• statistical and economic materials - E. Zyablovsky “Statistical description of Russia” (1808), K. Arsenyev “Inscription of statistics of the Russian state” (1818).

B) unofficial, For example, diaries, memories, memoirs, etc.

2. material - instruments of production and material goods created with their help: buildings, weapons, jewelry, dishes, works of art - everything that is the result of human labor activity.

Unlike written ones, they do not contain a direct account of historical events and most often do not contain any inscriptions.

For example:

• tools - wooden plow, hand ax, stone cutter, rawl, plow, harrow, etc.

• weapons - armor (quilted coat, cloak, scaly armor, chain mail), helmet, spear, halberd, crossbow, etc.

• jewelry - bracelet, pendant, tiara, amulet, medallion, necklace, etc.

3. film and photo documents – documentary film, background and photographic materials.

4. visual – icons, parsuns, paintings, posters, etc.

For example:

• icons - icons of the Holy Trinity, icons of the Mother of God, icons of saints and ethereal powers, symbolic and allegorical compositions.

• Parsyns – “Andrei Besishchiy”, “Yakov Turgenev”.

II. from the point of view of studying any science:

1. ethnographic - information that has survived to the present day: data on everyday life, morals, customs, which are often absent from written sources. Such information is collected, studied and processed by ethnography.

For example, information about rituals - “Christmas time”, Maslenitsa, the holiday of Ivan Kupala, wedding and funeral ceremonies.

2. folklore - monuments of oral folk art, i.e. legends, songs, fairy tales, proverbs, sayings, etc. Such information is collected, studied and processed by folkloristics.

For example:

• epics - “Ilya Muromets and Nightingale the Robber”, “Sadko”, “Dobrynya and the Serpent”.

• fairy tales - Russian folk tales, peoples of the north, Belarusian, Ukrainian, peoples of the East, etc.

• songs – Russian folk (Christmas, family rituals), etc.

• legends - The legend of Joan of Arc, the legend of Ivan the Terrible, Church tradition.

3.linguistic – information about origin geographical names, personal names, proper names of ships, ships, proper names of gods and deities, etc. Such information is studied by linguistics.

For example:

• information about the origin of geographical names - Ukraine, the Black Sea, Novgorod, the Lovat River, Kulikovo Field, etc.

• information about the origin of personal names - Ivan Kalita, Rurik, Yaroslav the Wise, etc.

Individual historical sources can only conditionally be assigned to one group or another. Thus, some ethnographic sources are studied by both archeology and ethnography; Anthropological sources stand on the border between natural science and history. The development of society constantly leads to a particularly rapid expansion of the varieties of written documents and the emergence of completely new types of historical sources. For example, the invention and use of sound recording cameras and films led to the formation of a special group of film, phono and photographic materials.

The science of source studies deals with the classification and study of the origin, authorship, reliability, and completeness of historical sources.

2. Auxiliary historical disciplines

Auxiliary historical disciplines are subjects that study certain types or individual forms and contents of historical sources.

We can include the following sciences as auxiliary historical disciplines:

Paleography– an auxiliary historical discipline (a special historical and philological discipline) that studies the history of writing, the patterns of development of its graphic forms, as well as monuments of ancient writing in order to read them, determine the author, time and place of creation. Paleography studies the evolution of the graphic forms of letters, written signs, the proportions of their constituent elements, the types and evolution of fonts, the system of abbreviations and their graphic designation, writing materials and tools. A special branch of paleography studies the graphics of secret writing systems (cryptography).

Diplomatics– an auxiliary historical discipline that studies historical acts (legal documents).

She examines ancient documents of a diplomatic and legal nature: charters, acts and similar texts and their originals. One of its tasks is to distinguish forged acts from real ones.

Genealogy- an auxiliary historical discipline that deals with the study of family relationships of people, the history of childbirth, the origin of individuals, the establishment of family ties, the compilation of generational lists and family trees. Genealogy is related to heraldry, diplomacy and many other historical disciplines. WITH beginning of the XXI century, due to scientific progress, genetic genealogy using human DNA analysis is gaining popularity.

Heraldry- a special historical discipline that deals with the study of coats of arms, as well as the tradition and practice of their use. It is part of emblems - a group of interrelated disciplines that study emblems. The difference between coats of arms and other emblems is that their structure, use and legal status comply with special, historically established rules. Heraldry defines exactly what and how can be applied to the state emblem, family coat of arms and so on, explains the meaning of certain figures.

Sphragistics– an auxiliary historical discipline that studies seals (matrices) and their impressions on various materials.

Initially developed as a part of diplomacy, dealing with determining the authenticity of documents.

Historical metrology– an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the measures used in the past - length, area, volume, weight - in their historical development. Often units of measurement did not form the metric system; they are classified as traditional measurement systems. Historical metrology studies the history of the genesis and development of various measurement systems, the names of individual measures, their quantitative relationships, and establishes their real values, that is, their correspondence to modern metric systems. Metrology is closely related to numismatics, since many peoples in the past had measures of weight that coincided with monetary units and had the same name.

Numismatics– an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the history of coinage and monetary circulation.

Social functions of numismatics: identification of numismatic cultural monuments; the study of characteristic facts, connections and processes that contribute to a more in-depth understanding of history and fill gaps in historical science.

Chronology– an auxiliary historical discipline that sets dates historical events and documents; sequence of historical events in time; a list of any events in their time sequence.

Historical geography– an auxiliary historical discipline that studies history through the “prism” of geography; It is also the geography of a territory at a certain historical stage of its development. At the moment, there are 8 sectors of historical geography:

Historical physical geography (historical geography) is the most conservative branch, studies landscape changes;

Historical political geography– studies changes in the political map, political system, routes conquests;

Historical geography of population - studies ethnographic and geographical features population distribution in the territories;

Historical social geography – studies the relationships of society, the change of social strata;

Historical cultural geography – studies spiritual and material culture;

Historical geography of interaction between society and nature – direct (human influence on nature) and reverse (nature on human);

historical economical geography– studies the development of production, industrial revolutions;

Historical and geographical regional studies.

Archival studies– scientific discipline, studying and developing theoretical, methodological and organizational issues of archival work and its history.

Archeology- a historical discipline that studies the historical past of mankind from material sources.

Ethnography- part of historical science that studies ethnic peoples and other ethnic formations, their origin (ethnogenesis), composition, settlement, cultural and everyday characteristics, as well as their material and spiritual culture.

Historiography is an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the history of historical science. Historiography checks how correctly it is applied scientific method when writing a historical work, focusing on the author, his sources, the separation of facts from interpretation, as well as on the style, author’s preferences and the audience for which he wrote this work in the field of history.

Historical computer science- an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the methods of using information technologies in the study of the historical process, the publication of historical research and teaching of historical disciplines, as well as in archival and museum affairs.

Introductory history lesson in 5th grade "What history studies"

A lesson in discovering new knowledge

Goals: Creating conditions for the formation of ideas about history, ways and means of studying the past of humanity.

Task:

1.Form a knowledge system using the key concepts of the lesson.

2. Develop cognitive interest in the subject.

3. Make discoveries in the area that history studies.

4. Cultivate interest in a person’s past.

Equipment: board, PC, presentation, textbook, workbook.

Board design: theme"What history studies"

Metasubject UUD

Cognitive - establish cause-and-effect relationships; build logically sound reasoning; critically evaluate incoming information.

Communicative - express your opinion, arguing it, confirming it with facts, putting forward counterarguments in the discussion.

Regulatory - determine the purpose and objectives of the lesson.

During the classes

I . Organizing time

II . Motivational - target stage of the lesson

Collage on the screen

What science is depicted in the collage?

What is familiar to you here?

What topics from history do you remember from the course? The world"in 4th grade?

What can you learn in history lessons?

Why is it important to study history?

Try to formulate the topic of the lesson?

Topic: “What history studies”

You will be able to immediately fully answer the question “What does history study?”

Therefore, today in class we will discover new knowledge to answer this question.

What do you need to know for this?

Lesson Plan

1. What is history

2. What questions does history answer?

3. What kind of story happens.

4. How history is studied.

5. What helps to study history in more detail.

These are the tasks of our lesson, which we will implement with the help of discoveries.

III . Work on the topic

1. First discovery “What is history”

Do any of you know who created the story and why?

Look at the slide and try to guess who it is?

This, guys, is the muse of Clio's history.

Clio the muse of history is one of the 9 muses, the muse of history; usually depicted with a scroll in his hands. In the Herculan fresco she holds an open papyrus in her hands; Next to her stands a basket with scrolls of manuscripts. Sometimes her attribute is a sundial, as she observes the order in time.

From time to time all the muses united to sing one grand song. The glorious community of muses gathered on Mount Parnassus or Mount Helicon, where they held learned discussions about poetry, science and music.

Clio recorded all the great and heroic deeds, as well as the names of those who performed them, and therefore was depicted with a laurel wreath on her head and with a book and pen in her hand, which indicated her readiness to record everything important that happened in the lives of mortal people or immortals gods.

What do you think history is?

History is the science of the past of mankind from the moment of its inception: past events, life and activities of people, culture.

Write the definition in your notebook.

What was the first discovery we made?

2. Second discovery “Tree of Predictions”

Students fill out the diagram on the cards

Know the history

For what? ?

Main

questions? ? ?

Let's check why you need to study history?

What questions does history pose?

Know the history

Why Know the history of your ancestors For the development of society

Main questions When? Where? Why?

What was your second discovery?

3. Third discovery “What kind of story happens”

Tell me the adjectives for the noun “history.”

The question was asked in the game "100 to 1""What is the story?"

The answers were as follows:

Ancient

Domestic

Russian history

Interesting

New

Sad

General

Scary

Choose the correct answers.

In fact, history is divided into universal and domestic, guess what they study?

What new did you learn from this discovery?

4. Fourth discovery “Historical sources”

How do we learn about a person's past?

What are their names?

Look at the slide, what sources are there?

Organize your sources into groups. (task on slide)

How is history studied?

5. Fifth discovery “Auxiliary historical disciplines”

Is it possible to immediately describe the events of antiquity using sources?

What helps to study some sources?

There are more and more sources every year, so auxiliary historical disciplines have emerged that help study the past of man.

And you will make this discovery at home.

IV . Homework

Determine what these disciplines study:

Paleography, numismatics, heraldry, toponymy, chronology, archeology, ethnography, genealogy, onomastics, faleristics, metrology, textual criticism.

V. Summarizing

Come up with a slogan for the discoveries that were made today in class?

What new have you learned?

VI . Reflection

Raise your hands, how many of you want to study history?

Stand up those who want to know more about the life of a person in the past?

Wish you successful study history and new discoveries.