The emergence of Manchukuo - Territory and administrative structure - International recognition - Oath of Pu Yi - Emperor of the Great Manchurian Empire - Peaceful fate of Zaifeng - Japanese tutelage - Visits to Japan

Japan took over Manchuria in 1931. Pu Yi was 25 at the time. On the initiative of the Fourth Division of the Kwantung Army, on February 23, 1932, the All-Manchurian Assembly was held, declaring the independence of Northeast China. A new state appeared - Manchukuo (滿洲國).

It was a fairly large power with an area of ​​1,165,000 square meters. km. By modern standards it would be the twenty-sixth largest in the world, between South Africa and Colombia. The population of Manchukuo was 30 million people. Administratively, the country was divided into anto - an ancient Manchu administrative-territorial unit, similar to a province. In 1932, Manchukuo consisted of five anto, as it was during the Qing Dynasty. In 1941, a reform was carried out and the number of antos increased to nineteen. Anto was divided into prefectures.

Also in the structure of Manchukuo there was a special region of Peiman and two special cities - Xingjin (Changchun, the capital of the country) and Harbin. Peiman enjoyed the status of a special region from July 1, 1933 to January 1, 1936. Harbin eventually became part of the province of Binjiang.

The League of Nations, based on the Report of a commission led by Victor Bulwer-Lytton, determined that Manchuria was still an integral part of China and refused to recognize the new state, which led to the withdrawal of the Great Japanese Empire or League. Meanwhile, individual states recognized Manchukuo and established diplomatic relations with the Empire. Among these powers, different years included El Salvador, the Dominican Republic, the USSR (since March 1933, the Consulate of Manchukuo-Di-Go worked in Chita), Italy, Spain, Germany, Hungary. After the outbreak of World War II, Manchukuo was recognized by Slovakia, France, Romania, Bulgaria, Finland, Denmark, Croatia, the Chinese regime of Wang Jingwei, Thailand and the Philippines. It is widely believed that the Vatican also established diplomatic ties with Manchukuo, but this is a misconception. Bishop Auguste Gaspé was indeed appointed ad tempus representative of the Holy See and the Catholic Mission to the Government of Manchukuo, but the appointment took place through the Congregation De Propaganda Fide (Propagation of the Faith), and not the Secretariat of State of the Holy See, and Bishop Gaspé did not have diplomatic powers, answering only for missionary work.

Shortly before the creation of Manchukuo, Pu Yi, during an ancestral worship ceremony, swore an oath during a sacrifice:

“It is hard to look at the disasters experienced by the people for twenty years and be powerless to help them. Now that the people of the three northeastern provinces are giving me support and a friendly power is helping me, the situation in the country is forcing me to take responsibility and come to the defense of the state. When you start something, you cannot know in advance whether it will be successful.
But I remember examples of sovereigns who had to restore their throne in the past. For example, the Jin prince Wen Gong defeated the Qin prince Mugong, the Han emperor Guang Wudi overthrew the emperor Gengshi, the founder of the Shu state defeated Liu Biao and Yuan-nao, the founder of the Ming dynasty defeated Han Lin'er. All of them, in order to fulfill their great mission, had to resort to external help. Now, in disgrace, I wish to take on a great responsibility and continue a great cause, no matter how difficult it may be. I want to devote all my strength to the sure salvation of the people, and I will act very carefully.
In front of the graves of my ancestors, I sincerely speak about my desires and ask them for protection and help.
(Based on the book "The Last Emperor", Moscow, Vagrius 2006)

When Pu Yi learned that the Japanese saw him as the head of a new state, he agreed to their proposal. His goal was to restore the lost heritage of the ancestors. However, on March 9, 1932, he received from the Emperor of Japan only the title of Supreme Ruler of Manchuria (in fact, the Japanese governor) with the motto of the reign of Datong (大同), which was for him, not only the rightful heir to the Dragon Throne, but also a descendant of Nurhaci and Abahai, the creators of Manchukuo, the unifiers of the Jurchen tribes, with the deepest disappointment.

Later, in 1934, the Japanese finally agreed to the adoption of Pu Yi the title of Emperor of Manchukuo, or more precisely Da-Manzhou-Di-Guo (大滿洲帝國) - the Great Manchurian Empire. In the early morning of March 1, 1934, in Sinuatsun, a suburb of the Manchuo-Guo capital Changchun (later renamed Xinjing - "New Capital"), the ancient ceremony of the emperor's accession to the throne took place. Then, dressed in the uniform of a generalissimo, Pu Yi went to Changchun, where another coronation took place. Pu Yi adopted the throne name and reign motto of Kangde (康德). With all the splendor of the title of Emperor of the Great Manchurian Empire, everyone understood the puppetry of the newly-made emperor, who had no real political power. The Japanese planned to use Pu Yi, including as an agent of influence against China. For fourteen years, from 1932 to 1945, Pu Yi was the puppet ruler of Manchukuo, completely subject to Japan. Pu Yi did not really have his own power. His ministers only reported the state of affairs to their Japanese deputies, who carried out the real management of the ministries. They never came to Pu Yi with reports. Yoshioka Yasunori, a lieutenant general of the Japanese army, who spoke Chinese, became an attaché at the imperial court and an adviser to the Kwantung Army. He was inseparably with the emperor, controlling his every step.

It must be said that Pu Yi's father, the Second Grand Duke Chun Zaifeng, was initially against the proposal of the Japanese and did not support the idea of ​​creating Manchukuo. After the Xinhai Revolution, Zaifeng lived in Beijing, in his Northern Palace. The new leaders of China appreciated his prudence and peaceful relinquishment of power, and Zaifeng lived peacefully in peace surrounded by respect. In 1928, Zaifeng moved to Tianjing, where he lived in the British and Japanese concessions, but after a devastating flood, the former Prince Chun returned to Beijing.

During the reign of Pu Yi in the Manchu Empire, Zaifeng paid his son three visits, but remained in new country refused. After 1949, when the Communists came to power in China, nothing much changed for Zaifeng again. Unless, in order to overcome financial difficulties, the Northern Palace had to be sold to the government. Then, in gratitude for the good attitude, Zaifeng donated his library and art collection to Peking University. Zaifeng did a lot of charity work and participated in public life to the best of his ability. Died on February 3, 1951 in Beijing.

As for Manchukuo-Di-Go, the actual power here was in the hands of the commander of the Kwantung Army, who at the same time acted as the ambassador of the Japanese Emperor at the court of the Emperor Kangde. It was the Japanese commander who made all the most important state decisions, and the army of Manchukuo-Di-Go was subordinate to him. At the same time, the only guarantor of the country's independence was the Japanese Kwantung Army. From 1932 to 1945, six people replaced each other in the posts of commander of the Kwantung Army and Japanese ambassador to the Kangde Emperor.
From August 8, 1932 to July 27, 1933 Field Marshal Baron Muto Nobuyoshi commanded the Kwantung Army.
From July 29, 1933 to December 10, 1934 - General Hisikari Takashi.
From December 10, 1934 to March 6, 1936 - General Hiro Minami.
From March 6, 1936 to September 7, 1939 - General Kenkichi Ueda.
From September 7, 1939 to July 18, 1944 - Umezu Yoshijira.
And from July 18, 1944 to August 11, 1945 - General Yamata Otozo.

14. Manchukuo-Digo Emperor

The Japanese, through their reconnaissance channels, were well aware of all the actions of Pu Yi. He was constantly monitored, there were always people with him who reported on every step of his actions and conversations of Pu Yi. As the emperor himself wrote, first of all it was his servant Qi Jizhong . He appeared in the imperial palace in Beijing after Pu Yi drove out almost all the eunuchs from the palace. Then he was a young man whom the emperor had great confidence in. When Pu Yi left Tianjin for the Northeast, he took him with him and, of course, he knew every step of the young emperor. After the establishment of Manchukuo, Qi Jizhong was sent to study in Japan at a military academy, soon becoming an officer in the puppet troops of North China.

From the testimony of Pu Yi at the Tokyo trial: “General Yoshioka (Japanese Minister of the Court of the Emperor of Manchukuo - V.U.) gave me a list of relatives who were allowed to see me. When I met with these relatives, the Japanese gendarmerie kept track of when they came and went and reported to the Kwantung Army. All correspondence that came to my name from various friends was detained and looked through by Japanese censors. General Yoshioka, on the basis of instructions received from General Umezu, forbade me to visit the graves of my ancestors.

The Japanese military intelligence service was in charge of the 2nd Division of the Army General Staff and the 3rd Division of the Naval General Staff. These departments included representatives of legal intelligence, such as military and naval attachés, military missions, and intelligence agencies of the army and navy. In China, Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (by the way, as during the Japanese intervention in Siberia), intelligence work was carried out by military missions, the heads of which, as a rule, were appointed by the most qualified intelligence officers.

The Japanese gendarmes also carried out independent intelligence work. One of the departments of the gendarmerie, kempetai, performed the specific functions of counterintelligence and "thought control". As a rule, combat commanders were appointed as chiefs of gendarmerie detachments, therefore, most Japanese officers who held responsible posts had experience in commanding gendarmerie detachments and had experience in intelligence and counterintelligence work on their service records. Many top military leaders of the Kwantung Army took "advancement courses" precisely in the gendarmerie detachments. Thus, Lieutenant-General Itagaki, who had a great deal of experience in the intelligence service, prepared the Manchurian events as chief of staff of the Kwantung Army. General Tojo, the former premier of Japan during the war years, headed the gendarmerie of the Kwantung Army in 1936, and then became its chief of staff. Lieutenant General Tashiro, before accepting the post of commander of Japanese troops in North China, served as chief of the gendarmerie.

Intelligence work was also carried out by the civilian police, whose duties included recruiting cadres of provocateurs and planting spy agents in neighboring countries.

The consular and diplomatic intelligence service was administered by the Tokyo Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The intelligence work of the Japanese Foreign Ministry was carried out not only by diplomatic and consular institutions, but also by a huge network of research, scientific, cultural and other organizations.

In all major cities In the Far East, Japanese intelligence had its own residents, usually disguised as photographers, pharmacists, owners of restaurants and hotels, editors of newspapers and magazines, scientists, teachers, servants, etc. So, in Mukden, the owner of the University Pharmacy, who was actually a colonel of the headquarters of the gendarmerie of the Kwantung Army, a certain Miyakazawa, who spoke Russian and Chinese well, was engaged in espionage activities. The border reconnaissance posts in Sakhalyan and Hailar acted under the guise of pharmacies owned or operated by Japanese officers. General Staff or the gendarmerie.

The year of the reign of the supreme ruler in Manchukuo has passed. By agreement with the Japanese, Pu Yi agreed to be the supreme ruler for one year, and if the leadership of the Kwantung Army did not restore the monarchical system in a year, he could resign. But this did not happen, the supreme ruler, as he himself later admitted, did not have the courage to resign. And if, when he assumed new duties, he still stuttered about his future fate and the possibility of becoming emperor during meetings with Muto Nobuyoshi, which took place three times a month, then later he no longer raised this issue, at meetings he touched only on the topics of Buddhism, Confucianism, friendship between two countries of Manchukuo and Japan.

However, at one of the meetings that took place in the first days after the anniversary of his stay as the supreme ruler of Manchuria, Muto Nobuyoshi himself raised the issue that had long worried Pu Yi, his "imperial dreams", saying that Japan was just studying the problem of what the political system of Manchukuo should be. -Go. When suitable conditions are created, the Japanese stressed, this issue will naturally be resolved.

On March 27, 1933, Japan, having not received recognition of a "fait accompli", that is, the creation of Manchukuo by the League of Nations, published a notice of its withdrawal from this international organization, thereby freeing his hands to expand aggression in China. Even two days before the official announcement of withdrawal from the League of Nations, the command of the Kwantung Army concentrated five divisions on the front between Jinzhou and Shanghai, which, with the support of aviation from the Korean group of Japanese troops and warships of the 2nd squadron, were preparing to go on the offensive, force passages in the Great Chinese wall, and then turn the front to the west and southwest, in order to break into Central China and seize the provinces of Rehe and Chahar, thereby creating a blockade ring around Beijing and Tianjin.

Not a single division of the central Chinese government was in these threatened areas. Under the command of Chiang Kai-shek and his General Staff, 30 divisions with reinforcement units armed by Western states with modern small arms and artillery weapons, totaling more than 350 thousand people, were thrown at that time against the Soviet regions and the Red Army south of the Yangtze. The militarist generals of the western and southern provinces, for their part, had no intention of sending their troops north, as they saw the rise of Chiang Kai-shek's power as a threat to their position.

This situation was taken advantage of by the Japanese troops, who were in a hurry to launch an offensive with the aim of capturing Northern China, and primarily the provinces of Rehe and Chahar. Here they were opposed by the troops of Zhang Xueliang, in which anti-Japanese sentiments were strong. The officers and soldiers of the former Manchurian army were eager to go into battle in order to wash away the shame of their flight from the borders of Northeast China. However, these troops were poorly armed, had small stocks of ammunition and artillery shells. Zhang Xueliang's repeated appeals to Chiang Kai-shek for assistance with weapons remained unanswered.

On February 25, at dawn, two Japanese divisions in two echelons launched an offensive from the Jinzhou and Shanghaiguan regions, entering the Rehe province. The Chinese troops, who had the order "to prevent the Japanese troops from forcing the Great Wall of China", remained in positions along the wall, without offering serious resistance to the Japanese. Then the Japanese troops, curled up in columns, began to move quickly in the western and north-western directions, occupying one settlement after another. For a month and a half of the offensive, these columns advanced 280-200 km and on April 8 entered into main city Rehe province.

As soon as the Japanese army completely occupied Rehe, Pu Yi congratulated the Japanese generals on their victory and wished them further military success. He wished the generals to "make new efforts and achieve new victories".

Continuing to develop the offensive, the Japanese columns entered the province of Chahar by mid-April. On May 2 they occupied the town of Dolonnor. The Mongol feudal lords and their guard troops met the advanced detachments of the Japanese troops with "bread and salt", which gave the Japanese invaders grounds to assert an alleged "liberation mission against the Mongolian population of Inner Mongolia." The Japanese government "offered" Pu Yi "to address the leaders of the Rehe province with a proposal for negotiations on the subject of joining their provinces to the state of Manchukuo, to stand under the protection of this state recognized by Japan." A “delegation” from the rulers of Rehe, consisting of six officials, five monks and more than ten officers of the Inner Mongolian army who had previously worked for Japanese intelligence, was delivered to the capital of Manchukuo Xinjing by Japanese officers. The "delegation" was accepted by Pu Yi, the conversation was extremely short. The "delegates" put their signatures under the declaration on the "voluntary annexation of the province of Rehe to the state of Manchukuo."

From the cities of Rehe and Dolonnoora, motorized mobile detachments of the Japanese Kwantung Army moved south and southeast, broke through the passages in the Great Wall of China, entered Hebei province, and on the direction of the Beijing-Mukden railway ended up only 180 miles from Beijing and in 250 miles from Tianjin.

All over China, a protest movement rose up against the Japanese aggression. The Soviet government and the progressive forces in the capitalist countries came out in defense of the Chinese people, condemning the aggressive actions of the Japanese imperialists. The US and British governments were forced to declare "non-recognition of the Japanese seizures in China," and US President F.D. Roosevelt appealed open letter to the Japanese government, in which he proposed "to stop hostilities in China and enter into negotiations with the Nanjing government."

On May 31, 1933, Japanese-Chinese negotiations took place in Tanggu, as a result of which the Nanking government, torn by internal contradictions, capitulated again and signed an agreement known as the He-Umezu agreement (He Yinqing - Umezu). Under this agreement, the Kuomintang troops were to withdraw east of Luandong, and the Chinese government was to pledge Japan not to undertake "any acts that could provoke hostilities and unrest." This agreement stated that "Japanese troops, wishing to ascertain how the agreement is being carried out, can use aircraft and other means for observation, and the Chinese side must let the Japanese representatives through, protect them and provide them with all amenities" This is a shameful, capitulatory agreement signed by the government The Kuomintang, where the official refusal of the Nanjing government from Manchuria was confirmed, marked the beginning of a new stage in Japan's policy towards China. The Japanese leaders were convinced that the Kuomintang, led by Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jinwei, was ready to sacrifice North China, ready to make any agreement with Japan, if only to get a "free hand" for a wide deployment civil war against the communists and the Chinese Red Army.

This situation had a very inspiring effect on people who were passionately interested in the restoration of the Qing monarchy. They decided that the right moment had come, and began active operations.

Back in March, Xi Xia sent a person close to him with instructions to invite Manchu veteran monarchists and former members of the parliament of the three eastern provinces to a meeting in Changchun. They wanted to ask Pu Yi to take the throne, but the Japanese gendarmerie, well-informed about the state of affairs in Manchukuo, then forbade them to do so. In June they began to act again.

Some people from the Zhili group, as well as paid agents and some Japanese, were ready to support the militarist Wu Peifu if he again appeared on the stage. This caused some excitement among the old Qing monarchists of Beijing and Tianjin. A new "discussion and study" of the question of the possibility of restoring the monarchy in the north and northeast of China began. In July, the head of the general office of the State Council of Manchukuo, the Japanese Kamai, unexpectedly resigned. He was given an official severance pay of one million yuan, and another "a certain amount" for vowing to remain silent. After that, he begins a secret struggle for "independence" by Northern China. In a conversation with a high-ranking Chinese official, he said that he would go to Shanghai "to act in the name of the future restoration of the monarchy throughout China." Thus, rumors about a possible restoration of the monarchical system were constantly circulating in society, which undoubtedly inspired Pu Yi and his closest Chinese entourage. The supreme ruler sends his bodyguard Kudo Tetsusaburo, who came at one time with Pu Yi from Tianjin and whom he trusted, considering him honest and devoted, to Japan, where by indirect means to find out the situation and collect some information of interest to Pu Yi. Kudo soon returned, saying that in Japan he met in Minami and important persons from the Black Dragon Society and learned that the leaders of the Japanese military department agreed to restore the monarchical system in Manchukuo.

Already in October 1933, the words of the Japanese Kudo were confirmed. The new commander-in-chief of the Kwantung Army, Hisikari Takashi, officially informed Pu Yi that the Japanese government was ready to recognize the latter as Emperor of Manchukuo. Pu Yi came into an extremely joyful mood, his "imperial dreams" came true.

Three months before his proclamation as emperor, Japanese advisers led by Colonel Doihara staged a pilgrimage to the Northern Mausoleum in Mukden, where Pu Yi had a vision and said that “The soul of the deceased ancestor with a gesture showed him that the ascension to the throne of the emperor is known to the souls of his other ancestors, who were once on the throne in Peking, and that they give this their full approval.

The supreme ruler of Manchuria began to prepare for accession to the "imperial throne", believing that the first thing to do was to prepare the imperial attire.

Here is how Pu Yi himself described these preparations: “The imperial robe with dragons was sent from Beijing by the dowager imperial concubine. But the command of the Kwantung Army said that Japan recognizes me as the emperor of Manchukuo, and not the Qing emperor, so I should not wear a robe with dragons, but the full dress uniform of the Generalissimo of the naval, air and land forces of Manchukuo.

– How is it possible? I am a descendant of Aisin Gioro, is it possible not to follow the rules of the ancestors? In addition, all members of the Aisin Gioro family will come. And with them I will ascend the throne in an overseas uniform?

“You are right, Your Majesty,” Zheng Xiaoxu nodded his head, looking at the imperial robe thrown on the table. This man, who dreamed of becoming the prime minister of the late Qing, was apparently at that moment contemplating the coral decoration and peacock feathers on the headdress that high-ranking dignitaries could wear. Lately he has become a little more respectful towards me. - You are right, your Majesty, but how will the Kwantung Army look at this?

- Talk to them.

After Zheng Xiaoxu left, I began admiring the imperial dress that Imperial Concubine Rong Hui had been keeping for twenty-two years. This imperial robe was worn by Emperor Guangxu, this robe with embroidered dragons I have been thinking about for twenty-two years. I will definitely wear it to the solemn ceremony, and this will be the beginning of the restoration of the Qing Dynasty ...

Zheng Xiaoxu soon returned. He said that the Kwantung Army strongly demanded that I be dressed in the uniform of a generalissimo at the solemn ceremony.

As a result of negotiations with the Japanese command, a certain compromise was reached.

On March 1, 1934, early in the morning, in the suburb of Changchun, Xinghuaqun, on an artificially mounded hill depicting the "Temple of Heaven", Pu Yi, before the official coronation, in the ancient Manchu attire - the imperial robe - performed a ritual of worship in front of the altar, made sacrifices to the ancestors and performed an ancient entry ritual to the throne. Then, returning to the city, he changed into the uniform of a generalissimo and at 12 noon held a solemn ceremony of accession to the throne not far from the palace. "His Majesty the Emperor deigned to go to the Throne Place and take it." From that time on, the “superior ruler’s office” was renamed the “palace office”. The place of residence of Pu Yi, in contrast to the palace of the Japanese emperor, called " huanggun", became known as" digun" (that is, the word " huangdi”- the emperor, consisting of two hieroglyphs, was divided into two parts, the first was the name of the Japanese palace, the second was the palace in Chongqing).

The solemn ceremony of accession to the throne of the emperor took place in the palace premises of Qinshian. He was specially prepared for this significant event. A huge red carpet was laid in the Qingminlou Hall. Near northern wall with the help of silk curtains, a semblance of an altar was depicted, in the middle of which a throne specially made in Japan was placed: orchids, the emblem of the emperor, were carved on its back.

Pu Yi stood in front of the throne, next to him on the right and left side were the Minister of the Interior and the military attaché, the Japanese Ishimaru, Kudo's bodyguards and the son of Xi Xia Xi Lunhuang, Wan Rong's brother Jun Liang and others. All civil and military officials, headed by the prime minister, bowed deeply three times to Pu Yi, the latter bowed back to them with a slight bow. Then the commander of the Kwantung Army and also the Japanese Ambassador Hisikari presented Pu Yi with his credentials and congratulated him. After that, almost all members of the imperial family of Aisin Gioro and former courtiers, who arrived from Beijing, knelt down three times and repulsed nine bows. And the emperor at that time was already sitting on the throne.

Many old Qing courtiers living in Central China sent their congratulations, the head of the Shanghai gangsters, Chang Yuqing, also sent Pu Yi his congratulations and declared the seed to be loyal subjects of the new emperor.

On March 5, the emperor deigned to grant through Minister of War Zhang Jingkui the Highest Rescript addressed to the military and the Rescript to the soldiers who died for the cause of the founding of the state.

On May 10, 1934, on the occasion of the coronation of His Majesty, the first parade of the Manchukuo-Di-Go troops took place, arranged at the airfield in the capital Xinjing, which was personally received by the emperor.

On June 6, 1934, the brother of the Japanese emperor Chichibu-no-Miya Yasuhito arrived in Changchun, who congratulated Pu Yi on behalf of the Japanese emperor and presented him with the highest state award of Japan, the Order of the Chrysanthemum on the Big Ribbon ( Daikun'i kikkadaijuse), and Empress Wan Rong - the Order of the Precious Crown ( Hokanse) .

In July, Pu Yi's father and his brothers and sisters came to Changchun to meet with the emperor. The emperor sent a guard detachment to the railway station to meet them and escort them to the imperial palace.

Pu Yi, dressed in a military uniform and hung with orders, and Wan Rong in palace attire, were waiting for guests at the entrance to the imperial palace.

A car with Pu Yi's father drove up, the son stood at attention, waiting for the guest to get out of the car, then saluted his father in a military manner, and Wan Rong knelt down. Then everyone went into the living room, where they were all of their own, so Pu Yi, right in military uniform, knelt down and repulsed his father's bow to the ground.

In the evening there was a family banquet. As soon as Pu Yi entered the hall, the court orchestra began to play. European dishes were served at the banquet, and the guests were seated as at a dinner party - in a European way. Emperor Pu Yi and Wan Rong sat at opposite ends of the table, as befits hosts.

Pu Jie raised his glass of champagne according to his older brother's plan and loudly proclaimed, “Long live His Majesty the Emperor! Hooray! Hooray! Hooray!"

All members of Pu Yi's family, including his father, repeated this after Pu Jie with the exclamation of “Hurrah! Hooray! Hooray!".

The next day, there was a protest from the Japanese embassy due to the fact that during the meeting of Father Pu Yi, armed guards were present at the station, and this is a violation of the agreement signed by Japan and the former authorities of the Northeast and recognized by the Manchu Empire. The agreement stated that in a certain zone - on the lands adjacent on both sides to the South Manchurian Railway - other armed persons, except for Japanese, could not be located. And the Japanese embassy, ​​or to be more precise, the command of the Kwantung Army, demanded that such cases should not be repeated in the future. Pu Yi immediately sent a man to the Japanese embassy with guarantees and apologies, and was pleased that the Japanese protest was not open.

A new motto of the reign of the emperor "Kang-De" was proclaimed, from this year a new chronology began according to the motto of the reign, and the empire became known as "Manchukuo-Di-Go".

Emperor Pu Yi, on the day of his accession to the throne on March 1, 1934, issued the first edict on the establishment of orders. He established three orders at once: a large order blooming orchid, order Glorious dragon and order auspicious clouds .

Grand order blooming orchid was the highest award of the "empire" and had two degrees: an order with a chain and an order on the Big Ribbon. In all respects, the order corresponded to the Japanese Order of the Chrysanthemum. At the heart of it appearance lay the imperial coat of arms, although officially the image of a blooming orchid was approved in this capacity a little later. By 1941, only two people were the owners of this order: Emperor Pu Yi and Japanese Emperor Hirohito.

Order Glorious dragon was the equivalent of the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun with paulownia flowers. Also known as the Order of the Dragon with Rays. It depicts a golden imperial dragon with five claws on its paws, and a shining golden sun. The composition was based on the emblem embroidered on the back of the ceremonial clothes of Emperor Manchukuo-Di-Guo, which he wore when he ascended the throne. From 1934 to 1940 this award was presented only 33 times.

Order auspicious clouds had eight degrees, was the equivalent of the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun.

In the center of the badge of orders from the first to the sixth degree there is a yellow enamel circle with an outer ring covered with red enamel. From the ring in the vertical and horizontal direction, four groups of rays diverge (three rays each), forming a cross. At the corners of the cross are images of clouds in the Chinese classical style, covered with blue enamel.

Considering that the created Manchukuo did not have a constitution, although promises to develop one were made, and even a commission was created to "study issues related to the development of a constitution," the state lived according to the three promulgated laws of the country, replacing it.

On March 1, 1934 (the first year of Kang-De according to the new chronology), the “State Organization Law” was published, which entered into force from the day of publication. The law was amended twice (in November 1934 and June 1938). The law determined the system of state administration of Manchukuo.

“By the grace of the sacred Heaven, We have ascended the throne and hereby establish the Law on Organization, by which we indicate the foundations of the organization of the supreme power,” it said.

The first chapter of the Law, consisting of fifteen articles, outlined the functions of the emperor. Let's see what they were.

The greatness of the emperor cannot be violated (Article 2), the emperor, as the ruler of the state, wholly possesses the supreme power, and he exercises it on the basis of this Law (3). The prime minister gives advice to the emperor and is responsible for it (4). The Emperor exercises legislative power through the Legislative Chamber (6). The emperor establishes the Regulations on the organization of administrative institutions and appoints and dismisses officials, and also determines their salaries, with the exception of those cases for which there are special provisions in this and other laws (10). The emperor declares war, concludes peace and treaties with other states (11). The emperor has the supreme command of the army, navy and air forces of the state (12). The emperor bestows orders and other awards (13). The emperor grants pardon, reduction of punishments and restoration of rights (14).

With the promulgation of the Supreme Manifesto on the establishment of the Kenkoku Shinbo Temple, the relevant sections of the basic Law of Manchukuo Di-Go on the state system were changed. Thus, in the ninth paragraph, it was said that His Majesty the Emperor is establishing the Kenkoku Shinbo Temple and will personally perform divine services there for the well-being of all the people.

On the basis of the Supreme Decree of the fifteenth paragraph of the Law, it was established that the affairs of state worship would be in charge of a special Department for State Temples.

The order of succession to the throne was established by a special law on succession to the throne, consisting of 10 articles.

The throne of the Manchurian Empire inherits forever men's line sons and grandsons of Emperor Kang-De (Article 1). The throne passes to the eldest son of the emperor (2). In the absence of the emperor's eldest son, the presto passes to the emperor's eldest grandson. In the absence of the eldest son and eldest grandson of the emperor, the throne passes to his next son and then in the same order, according to the above (3). The legitimate sons and grandsons of the emperor inherit the throne in the first place, and the sons and grandsons of an illegitimate line inherit the throne only in cases where there are no legitimate sons and grandsons of the emperor (4). In the absence of the emperor and grandchildren, the throne is inherited by the emperor's brothers and their sons and grandchildren (5). Only persons of the blood line of the emperor can inherit the throne (10).

The third document was the Law on Ensuring the Rights of Citizens. “Emperor of Manchukuo Di-Guo ensures the freedom and rights of the people and, except in time of war and extraordinary events, establishes their duties on the following grounds without any derogation,” the introduction to this Law.

“Citizens of the Manchurian Empire enjoy personal immunity,” his first article said. “Restrictions on freedom by the authorities are permissible only on the basis of the law.”

How the "freedom and rights of the people" were ensured can be seen from the numerous examples that are given in the book.

On the basis of supreme power, His Majesty the Emperor personally manages the celebrations in the state, it was stated in the Law on the Organization of the State.

In the empire of Manchukuo-Di-Go, official large, medium and small holidays were approved.

Big holidays

There were two types: established forever, that is, permanent holidays and extraordinary holidays.

Day of the divine progenitor of Japan Amaterasu-Omikami - July 15 (the last two holidays were sometimes referred to as middle holidays).

Extraordinary holidays were established on the days of great historical events, as well as renovations of the temple.

Middle holidays .

The birthday of His Majesty the Emperor of Manchukuo, now safely reigning, is February 6;

Small holidays .

15th day of each month in memory of the establishment of the Temple of the Foundation of the State;

The new emperor especially liked to make "imperial visits" and "imperial tour of the possessions" of Manchuria, which he made on the orders of the leadership of the Kwantung Army once or twice a year, leaving his capital Xinjing. Four times a year, Pu Yi participated in the established ceremonies: once in a ceremony held at the monument zhongling (Chureito- in Japanese) ("devoted souls"), in honor of the Japanese soldiers and officers who died in aggressive war; the second time - in a ceremony held in the temple jianguo in honor of the fallen soldiers and officers of the puppet army of Manchukuo; the third time - when the birthday of the Japanese emperor was celebrated at the headquarters of the Kwantung Army. This holiday was called tianchang". And, finally, the fourth time - during the annual meeting in the Assistance Society.

Imperial departures were furnished as follows. On the eve of the emperor's departure from the palace, the gendarmerie and police of Changchun, for prevention, arrested "suspicious elements and vagabonds" who allegedly interfered with the imperial inspection. On the second day, police and troops were stationed along the road along which the cortege was to pass. They stood with their backs to the procession on both sides of the street and made sure that people did not walk along the street, did not leave houses and shops, did not look out the windows .. Just before Pu Yi left the palace, the radio station in Chinese and Japanese broadcast throughout the city: "His Imperial Majesty leaves the palace."

The so-called "small imperial exit" was headed by a police car for special purposes, at some distance from it was an open red car with a small flag, in which the chief inspector of police sat. Then followed the emperor's bright red car, accompanied by two motorcyclists on each side. The imperial cortege was closed by many cars that accompanied the Son of Heaven, and his personal guards.

All ceremonies were copied from the Japanese imperial house.

If the emperor went to the Kio-Wa-Kai society to read the next “decree” to the people, or to some special anniversary celebrations and anniversaries, then the road in front of the Assistance Society building and its courtyard were sprinkled with yellow sand. At this time, the employees of the society had to leave their places and go out into the street. The prime minister, who was concurrently the president of Kyo-Wa-Kai, with all the numerous officials of the first rank, lined up at the exit to receive the emperor. When Pu Yi drove by, everyone bent in a low bow. The orchestra played the "national anthem" of Manchukuo. The emperor entered the hall, rested a little, then received the ministers. Next to Pu Yi on both sides were the Minister of the Interior, the military attache, the head of security, the personal secretary of Emperor Yoshioka, the master of ceremonies and others. Tables and chairs, tablecloths and everything else were brought in advance from the palace, everything had a special imperial coat of arms in the form of an orchid. The prime minister with all the high-ranking officials saluted the emperor in turn and departed. After such a procedure, to loud music, Pu Yi left the lounge, entered the assembly hall and went straight to the stage. At this time, all those present in the hall had to bow in low bow. The commander of the Kwantung Army, standing in the corner of the stage, bowed to the emperor, the latter nodded his head in response. Having risen to the stage, Pu Yi bowed towards the audience, and only after that everyone could straighten up. Then the emperor read out the “decree” presented by the Minister of the Interior. At the same time, all those in the hall had to stand with their heads down, not raising their eyes from the floor. After reading the decree, the emperor left the hall, accompanied by music and low bows, to the rest room. Meanwhile, officials on special assignments lined up at the exit, preparing to see off the emperor. When Pu Yi left the society building, loudspeakers on the streets announced in two languages: "His Imperial Majesty is returning to the palace." After his return, the radio station broadcast again: "His Imperial Majesty has safely arrived at the palace."

In Manchukuo, the cult of the emperor was actively planted.

The imperial portrait had to hang in every institution, school, military and other organizations in a certain place. For example, in public institutions- in the meeting room, in schools - in the director's office, a kind of altar was arranged, which was fenced off with a curtain, behind it hung a portrait of Pu Yi and a manifesto before the wedding, the newlyweds had to bow a few bows to the portrait or bust of Chairman Mao, and proclaim to him a health resort of 10 thousand years, as once close to the Chinese emperor). Everyone who entered this room had to bow in the direction of the portrait of the emperor. In private houses, although there was no special order that it was necessary to hang a portrait of the emperor, but Kio-Wa-Kai without fail distributed a photograph in which the emperor was taken with Wan Rong (at first, the photograph of Pu Yi was called the "imperial image", then this name was replaced by a more euphonious and familiar to the Japanese, the middle between the Japanese and Chinese word "truthful portrait of the emperor").

In the army and schools, it came to idolatry: every morning on the ruler they beat off a “bow from afar” twice: one bow towards the East, where the “emperor’s dwelling” was located (that is, in Tokyo); the other - in the direction of the city of Changchun, where the palace of the "Emperor of Manchukuo" was located.

All students of Manchurian schools were required to memorize the manifestos of Pu Yi (fortunately, there were six such manifestos in total: Manifesto of accession to the throne of March 1, 1934; Manifesto of instruction to the people on the occasion of the return of the emperor (from Japan - V.U.) dated May 2, 1935; Manifesto to Strengthen the Foundations of Nations, July 15, 1940; manifesto on the present situation of December 8, 1941; Manifesto on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the founding of the state of March 1, 1942 (later this manifesto was replaced by the manifesto of accession to the throne); The Abdication Manifesto of August 15, 1945, which was never read aloud to anyone. Schoolchildren, students, soldiers had to know the manifestos by heart, and if they forgot the text or made mistakes, they were punished. On the anniversary of the promulgation of certain manifestos, rallies were held in all schools, institutions, military units, at which the text of the manifesto was read. (And during the period of the "cultural revolution" the entire adult population had to know the sayings of Mao Zedong from his red "quotation book", and when the "new instructions of Mao" were published, regular rallies were organized).

For example, in schools this ceremony took place like this. All the teachers and schoolchildren lined up solemnly in front of the podium: the teachers were in front, and the schoolchildren were behind them. Then the head of the educational and educational work school, holding high above his head a manifesto wrapped in a piece of yellow cloth. Those present bowed in respect. The manager went up to the podium, placed the bundle on the table, then unrolled it, opened the yellow wooden chest, took out the roll with the manifesto, and handed it to the headmaster. The latter, also wearing white gloves, accepted the bundle and, addressing everyone standing at the ceremony, began to read.

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Plan
Introduction
1. History
1.1 Diplomatic recognition

2 Politics
3 Concord Society
4 Armed forces
5 Demographics
6 Currency
Bibliography

Introduction

Manchu-guo, Manchuria (Chinese 滿洲國 - State of Manchuria, whale. 大滿洲帝國 - "Damanzhou-digo" (Great Manchurian Empire)), a state (empire) formed by the Japanese military administration on the territory of Manchuria occupied by Japan; existed from March 1, 1932 to August 19, 1945.

The capital is Xinjing (now Changchun); the last Chinese emperor (from the Manchu Qing dynasty) Pu Yi (Supreme ruler in 1932-1934, emperor from 1934 to 1945) was placed at the head of the state.

In fact, Manchukuo was controlled by Japan and followed entirely in line with its policy. In 1939, the armed forces of Manchukuo took part in the battles on the Khalkhin Gol River (in Japanese historiography - the "Incident at Nomonhan"). During the Soviet-Japanese war, Manchukuo ceased to exist. On August 19, 1945, Emperor Pu Yi was captured in the Mukden airport building by Red Army paratroopers. In 1949, the territory of Manchukuo became part of the PRC.

1. History

After the conquest of China by the Manchu tribes, the Ming dynasty was overthrown. The conquerors proclaimed the power of their Qing dynasty in China, but their historical homeland, Manchuria, was not fully integrated with China, which became part of the Qing empire, retaining legal and ethnic differences.

The progressive weakening of the Qing Empire in the 19th century caused the separation of part of the border regions and the strengthening of the great powers competing with each other. Russia expressed significant interest in the northern territories of the Qing Empire and in 1858, under the Beijing Treaty, gained control over the territories called Outer Manchuria in China (modern Primorsky Krai, Amur Region, southern Khabarovsk Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region). However, the further weakening of the Qing government led to the strengthening of Russia also in Inner Manchuria, where the CER was built, running along the route Harbin - Vladivostok. The Russian government was considering the Zheltorossiya project, the basis of which was to be the right-of-way of the CER, the formation of a new Cossack army and Russian colonists.

The clash of Russian and Japanese interests led to the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, as a result of which Russian influence in Manchuria was replaced by Japanese. In the period between 1905 and 1925, Japan significantly increases its influence in Inner Manchuria, relying on economic leverage.

During the Russian Civil War of 1918-1921, Japan took advantage of Russia's weakening and occupied Outer Manchuria. Manchuria became the arena of struggle between Russia, Japan and China.

Between Soviet Russia and Japan formed a buffer Far Eastern Republic, but the further strengthening of the Bolsheviks and the pressure of the Western powers on Japan led to the withdrawal of the occupying forces in 1925.

Beginning in 1925, China began to counteract the growing Japanese influence on the continent. During the civil war in the former Qing Empire, General Zhang Zuolin captured Inner Manchuria with the help of the Japanese, but was liquidated in 1928. In 1931, the Japanese invaded Manchuria and invited the last Qing emperor, Pu Yi, to restore the Manchu state. On March 1, 1932, by decision of the All-Manchurian Assembly, the State of Manchuria was formed, then recognized by Japan. The new state immediately became the scene of a battle between the Japanese and Chinese armed groups, which continued for several years.

Pu Yi, originally appointed Head of State - Supreme Ruler (he took office on March 9, 1932), was declared emperor two years later. The motto of his reign was "Kangde" (康德), or "Tranquility and Virtue". On March 1, 1934, Manchukuo was declared the Great Manchurian Empire (Manchukuo-di-go). Thanks to Japanese investment and rich natural resources, Manchuria was industrialized.

Manchukuo was used by Japan as a springboard for an attack on China. In the summer of 1939, the territorial disputes between Manchuria and the Mongolian People's Republic led to clashes at Khalkhin Gol between the Soviet-Mongolian and Japanese-Manchurian troops.

On August 8, 1945, the USSR, pursuant to the decisions of the Yalta Conference, declared war on Japan and attacked Manchukuo from the territory of Outer Mongolia and the former Outer Manchuria. Emperor Pu Yi tried to break through to the Japanese in order to subsequently surrender to the American army, but was arrested by Soviet troops and extradited to the Chinese communist government.

In the period 1945-1948, the territory of Inner Manchuria, thanks to I. V. Stalin, became the base for the People's Liberation Army of China.

1.1. Diplomatic recognition

The League of Nations refused to recognize Manchukuo, which led Japan to withdraw from the organization in 1934. At the same time, Manchukuo was recognized by 23 of the 80 states of the world that existed at that time. Diplomatic relations were established with the USSR (de facto March 23, 1935; de jure April 13, 1941), Germany, Italy, Spain, and later the Vichy regime in France. The state was also recognized by El Salvador and the Dominican Republic. In particular, the state was recognized:

2. Politics

Historians often view Manchukuo as a puppet state. In China, this state is usually referred to as "Wei Manchukuo" (false state of Manchuria), although it had a succession from the state of the Manchus, which gave rise to the Qing Empire.

On March 1, 1934, Manchuria was declared a monarchy. The emperor ruled based on the Privy Council and the Council of State. It was the State Council that was the center of political power. It consisted of several ministers, with each of them a Japanese deputy minister.

Manchukuo had state symbols: a flag, a coat of arms, and an anthem.

The commander of the Kwantung Army was also the Japanese ambassador to Manchukuo, and had the right to veto the decisions of the emperor.

There was a Legislative Assembly in the state, whose role was reduced to stamping the decisions of the State Council. The only political party allowed was the government-funded Concord Society (see below). en:Concordia Association); in addition to him, several emigrant groups, in particular, Russian emigrants, were allowed to organize their own political movements (see, for example, the Russian Fascist Party, Bureau of Russian Emigrants in the Manchurian Empire).

3. Society of Concord

The Accord Society played a key role in Manchukuo. Its name is explained by the pan-Asian concept of “the consent of peoples” put forward by the Japanese, which assumed the self-determination of various Asian peoples along the lines of the Soviet model of the “union of peoples”. At the same time, the coexistence of various nationalities was assumed strictly within the framework of a single centralized state, which could help to avoid possible weakening. The Concord Society assumed self-organization within separate communities for different nationalities; it included Mongols, Manchus, Koreans, Japanese, Muslims, Russian emigrants, and also a Chinese majority. At the same time, the organization was characterized by reliance on traditional religious leaders for each community.

The society was conceived as the main political force of Manchukuo, designed to replace the Kwantung Army in this capacity. However, in reality, the Concord Society has become an ideological tool in the hands of the Japanese military. In the mid-1930s, the leadership of the Kwantung Army ordered the society to purge its leaders, who were accused of left-wing sympathies. After the purge, the organization became, in fact, no different from its progenitors - the fascist parties of Europe of that time, standing on the positions of anti-communism and corporatism, and was transformed for mobilization purposes.

The model for the Concord Society was the Japanese organization Taisei Yokusenkai (Association for the Relief of the Throne). All civil servants, up to teachers, and all important figures of society were included in the society. Young people aged 16 to 19, starting in 1937, were automatically enrolled in the organization. By 1943, up to 10% of the population of Manchuria was in society.

Although a one-party system was not formally established in Manchukuo, in fact the only political party allowed was the Concorde Society. An exception to this rule were various political movements of immigrants living in Manchuria.

4. Armed Forces

The key role in the creation and further life of Manchukuo was played by the Kwantung Army - the Japanese army group on Far East. The decision to seize Manchuria in 1932 was made by the command of the Kwantung Army arbitrarily, without the consent of the Japanese Parliament.

In the future, the commander of the Kwantung Army simultaneously served as the ambassador of Japan, and had the right to veto the decisions of Emperor Pu Yi. Thus, the status of Manchukuo did not actually differ from the status of a protectorate of any of the European colonial empires.

The Kwantung Army formed and trained the Manchu Imperial Army. Its core was the North-Eastern Army of General Zhang Xueliang, numbering up to 160 thousand people. The main problem of these troops was the low quality of the personnel; many had poor training, in the army there were a large number of opium addicts. The Manchu troops were prone to desertion. So, in August 1932, 2000 soldiers deserted from the Wukumiho garrison, and the 7th Cavalry Brigade mutinied. All of these forces joined the Chinese guerrillas fighting the Japanese.

Manchukuo or the Manchurian state, created by the Japanese in the territory of Northeast China. It did not last long - from March 1932 to August 1945. Manchuria was used by the invaders as a military springboard for aggression against the Soviet Union, China and the Mongolian People's Republic (MPR). The territory of Manchuria was over a million square kilometers, about 30 million people lived on it. The capital of the new state was the city of Chachuan, renamed Xinjing by the invaders.

In 1931, on the night of September 18-19, Japan accused the Chinese of destroying its railway track. The provocation allowed Japan to send troops into Northeast China. The troops of the Celestial Empire, following the orders of the Kuomintang, did not put up any resistance.

As a result, Japan in a short time easily captured the territories of three northeastern provinces of China (later, in 1934, it annexed the fourth province of Rehe). Militaristic Japan created a puppet administration in the seized territories and proclaimed the independence of Manchukuo.

The last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Pu Yi (his dynasty formally abdicated in February 1912), became the ruler-regent or supreme ruler of Manchuria. He had good connections with Japanese intelligence.

On March 1, 1934, Pu Yi became Emperor of Manchukuo, but in reality, Japanese advisers and officials led him. They occupied almost all places in the administrative apparatus.

In Manchuria, the Sehekhoy ("Consent Society") society was established to intensify the propaganda indoctrination of rivals. The society promoted the idea of ​​"Japan's great mission in Asia". In the newly minted state, the Japanese established a military-police regime. The number of divisions of the Kwantung Army during the occupation of Northeast China grew from 12 thousand to 780 thousand people, the Manchurian army itself was brought to 170 thousand. Human. The Japanese and the inhabitants of Manchuria were engaged in strengthening the borders with Soviet Union, infrastructure development. On the borders with the USSR, a system of fortified areas was created with a network of highways and railways, airfields and various other military installations.

The territory of Manchuria was repeatedly used by Japan for provocations against the MPR and the USSR. Including a major provocation near Lake Khasan in 1939. From the territory of the puppet state, militaristic Japan plundered the regions of Northeast China. She created many enterprises for processing the extracted raw materials: cast iron, steel, synthetic fuel. Manchukuo introduced a system of cheap food supplies Agriculture. To reduce the cost of labor in the state there was labor service. The best lands went to the colonists. Such exploitation and unfair division of the land irritated the population and forced them to resist. Since 1932, a huge number of partisan detachments have been operating in Manchukuo. Later, in 1935, they united in an anti-Japanese army led by the Chinese Communists. Unfortunately, most of the detachments were defeated by regular Japanese troops by 1941. In August 1945 Soviet army succeeded in liberating Northeast China from the Japanese invaders.