History of the ship. Types of warships: Galleys from the 15th to the 18th centuries. (galiots, feluccas, castaldellas, galleases, fustas) Battleship "Victorious"

27.08.2020

Types of warships: Galleys from the 15th to the 18th centuries. (galiots, feluccas, castaldellas, galleases, fustas)

However, in the 10th century. the galleys did not form the backbone of the fleet. This role was played by dromons, selanders and yachts, while galleys were used for reconnaissance and other missions where speed was required. It is obvious that the galleys of the 12th-13th centuries. were no longer the same as the galleys of the 10th century, but were a modified version of the dromon, which had lost one row of oars with all the rowers on the deck, which had one or two masts with lateen sails and later only one rudder. In other words, the large dromons, with two hundred and thirty oarsmen and seventy soldiers, were approximately the same size as the light galleys of the 12th and 13th centuries, which were significantly larger than the galia topegas of previous centuries.

To describe the various types of ships built before 1300, a great variety of theories had to be formulated to solve some of the problems of shipbuilding and the positioning of men at the oars. With galleys the situation is different. These are relatively modern ships, for which we have descriptions, drawings and rich illustrative material.

home distinctive feature galley is that it is a ship consisting of two separate parts: the hull, which is the supporting structure and the gunwale, or frame, a huge wooden rectangular structure that is shorter, but much wider than the hull and serves to accommodate the oarlocks, as well as for the location on it there are guns and soldiers at the front end of the “bow platform” and along two side corridors above the rowlocks.

In paintings, the hull is usually not visible, but you can see the gunwale, oars, masts, sails and a small poop, usually covered with a luxurious canopy, which the Venetians called .... In the bow of the hull there was a powerful ram and a very rounded deck, sloping steeply to the sides to allow the water that would easily flood such a low deck to roll back into the sea. Inside the ship's hull, the following areas were distinguished from bow to stern:

The bow (or doctor's) compartment, into which a ladder led from the twenty-third bank on the starboard side. Ropes and surgical instruments were stored there, and there was also a hospital for the sick.
The sailing compartment, adjacent to the powder compartment, is down the ladder from the fourteenth bank on the port side, near the main mast. Awnings and sails were stored there, and equipment for guns was stored in the powder chamber. Here the boatswain distributed and sold wine.
Middle (or drainage) compartment. Dry provisions such as biscuits, corned beef, and so on were stored here.
A pantry for water, wine, sausage, cheese, etc., where there were barrels for liquids and shelves for everything else, down the ladder from the tenth can on the port side.
The aft cabin, or storeroom with provisions for the captain, where weapons and armor of officers were also stored, is down the ladder from the sixth bank on the starboard side.

6. The afterpeak, where the captain's cabin was located, is down the ladder from the hatch on the port side, closest to the captain's bridge.

Descents into various holds were located either on the starboard or port side. According to Aubier, light entered the afterpeak through round openings called samapeiev, but all other compartments received light and air only through access hatches on the deck.

As can be seen from the above list, there was no special compartment to accommodate a very large crew. Only the commander and perhaps a few officers had the opportunity to settle down for the night in the afterpeak. But on light galleys it was, as a rule, so small that there was only enough space for the captain’s bed, and the officers slept on the deck under the “canopy”.

The rest slept wherever they could. The oarsmen, whether free people or slaves and convicts, settled down to spend the night, sitting on their banks, to which the slaves and convicts were chained by the leg. Sailors and soldiers slept on the bow platform and in the side passages, which were approximately 31.5 inches (80 cm) wide; the soldiers leaned on their bags and spent the night “in a very uncomfortable position.”

The only shelter from the sun and rain was a large awning, which stretched over the middle part of the galley and covered the area between the bow and stern platforms, where the rowers sat and the sailors and soldiers were located. For this reason, the galleys were used in battle only in good weather and wintered in port. Naval campaigns, therefore, took place only in the warm season.

The lack of basic amenities also forced the galleys to turn into port every night, or they were pulled ashore so that the crew could rest. Only under sail, with the oars raised from the water and folded in the passages (the oars were removed), was it possible to remain at sea, since movement with the help of a sail allowed the use of only a small number of sailors.

Galleys were classified according to their size or the number of cans, or special names were used, such as main-galley, or gross-galley, flagship, or commander-in-chief's galley, galliot and galleas.

A typical light galley had twenty-five to twenty-six benches along the side, but their number could vary depending on the period and type of galley.

The Genoese statutes of February 16, 1340 and June 21, 1441 mention galleys with seventeen banks and ninety-nine oarsmen, since in place of one bank there was a galley. The French galleys, which Philip de Valois equipped for the crusade in 1335, had twenty-nine cans with two oarsmen, and in total they had one hundred and sixteen oars. In Spain, the galleys of King Don Pedro of Aragon, according to the statute of 1354, could have twenty-five banks of two oarsmen, and therefore a hundred oarsmen, or twenty-nine banks, also two rowers per bank, with a total of one hundred and sixteen oars.

Genoese, as well as Spanish and French statutes established that in addition to working oarsmen, a certain number of spare ones were required, to be more precise - sixty-three on Genoese galleys, fifty-eight on French, and fifty-four or forty-four on Spanish. This, by the way, was already an established practice on the dromons of the Byzantine era.

This indicates great foresight of the rulers, since during a very long sea expedition the number of rowers could decrease due to the death of several people or their injuries. Therefore, just as today a reserve supply of fuel and spare parts is placed on board, in those days reserve rowers were taken on voyages.

After the 15th century, when the “lensal” system was replaced by a “step-tier” system - that is, with several rowers per oar, those galleys that provided different numbers of oarsmen for two different types of oars (namely, five per oar on the banks of the first half and six per oar in the aft half) began to be called “main-galleys”. They were larger than light galleys and were intended for what the Venetians called Sari da Mar, that is, for commanders of galley fleets or squadrons. On the main galley with twenty-six cans (it should be borne in mind that there was a galley in place of one of the cans) there were 25x5 people in the bow section and 26x6 in the stern, for a total of two hundred and eighty-one oarsmen.

Flagships, or ships of commanders-in-chief, were even larger than main-galleys (Italian galera-grossa) and were intended, accordingly, for fleet commanders. They usually had six rowers per bench, and it is generally accepted that Andrea Doria added a sixth rower. On a French galley of the 17th century. The Real had thirty-two banks and, therefore, three hundred and eighty-four oarsmen. The flagship galley with the largest number of cans was once built by the Turkish captain Uluh Ali after the Battle of Lepanto, and had thirty-six cans and four hundred and thirty-two oarsmen. These gigantic galleys (the French Real - 170.6 feet (52 m) in length and the Turkish - 179 feet (54.57 m in length) were slow, difficult to control and, therefore, unsuitable for maneuvers and battles .

Galiots were smaller than galleys. In many Genoese documents they appear under the name ligna de leriis, and in Venetian documents as lignum de remis centum... de remis octoginta. These vessels, clearly different from galleys, are not described

authors of that time, but there is no doubt that in design they should be similar to light galleys, from which they differed in size and number of oarsmen. While a galley of twenty-five cans with three oarsmen had one hundred and fifty oars, the ligna had one hundred and eighty, according to a decree published in Venice on March 12, 1334, and from twenty to one hundred, according to the "Imposicio Officii Gazariae" » 1313

Probably over time, as Latin (still the official language in 1300) was abolished, the term ligna was replaced by "galiot". Panther Panther writes only about galliots and says that they are built like galleys, but do not have a bow platform and do not always have a foremast. They had from seventeen to twenty-three benches and two oars per bank. Panther adds that in Barbary there were galliots, as large as ordinary galleys, but without a bow platform or foremast, explaining that the Turks used just such a stratagem to avoid the requisition of their ships by the state in case of war. In this regard, it should be noted that while on the Christian side in the Battle of Lepanto (1571) only galleys, main-galleys, flagships and galleasses participated, the Turkish fleet had thirty-eight ships classified as galliots and seventeen - like fusts.

Fewer galliots were naval brigs, similar in design to galliots, but without a passage between the banks, of which there were from eight to sixteen, and each was occupied by one oarsman, that is, there were from sixteen to thirty-two oars. These oars were very long and light, so they were easier to operate than the large and heavy oars of the 16th century. and later on galleys of the stepped-tier type (“scaloggio”). Panther Panther says that the brigs were fast, and for this reason were often used by Turkish pirates.

Frigates, smaller ships, were the predecessors of brigs, some without a deck, but all with a central passage between the banks. Their stern was lower than that of brigs, and in addition there was no outrigger; the oarlocks were located along the edge of the hull. They had six to twelve cans, and only one oarsman on each, and the oars, therefore, were from twelve to twenty-four of the same type as the brigantine oars. The frigate had only one mast with a lateen sail. According to Jel, the name "frigate" is a corruption of "afrakta", which means "without deck".

Even smaller than the frigate was the felucca. There was no deck on it, there was only one mast, three to five canopies and, accordingly, six to ten oars. A variety of felucca was the castaldella, mentioned by Panthero Panther. According to Aubin, the bow of the felucca could change roles with the stern, and there were steering axles in both.

Latiner was very common in the 12th-13th centuries. ship and is mentioned in the history of Pisa and the Annals of Caffaro as a ship used by pirates. Documents from that period suggest that it had twelve oars. However, in the 17th century. this term was used to designate a three-masted sailing ship with lateen sails, suitable for both combat and merchant navigation.

Another small warship

undecked and equipped with a ram, it was a coaster. Perhaps it was a type of frigate, only it had fewer cans. A special type of ship widely used by Berberine pirates until the 18th century was the fusta. It is discussed in “De Re Navalio by Lazarus Baif, where the author reports that the Venetian fusta had two oars per bench from the stern to the mainmast and only one from the mainmast to the bow. On a fusta with twenty banks and a mainmast, the eleventh bank could have sixty-two oars, therefore, about twenty oars more than on a brig with the same number of banks. In the “Consular Book” (code naval laws in force in the Mediterranean Sea), the fusta is placed in the list after the galley and before the latene, which makes it possible to determine its size and the layout of the rowers. The largest of the great galleys, even larger than the flagship with six oars per bank, was the galleas.

The galleas belongs to the family of galleys and has nothing in common with the galleon, which is very different from it in hull design, sailing equipment and weapons. The galleas was invented after the introduction of firearms, so that it would be possible to mount on a ship more guns than a galley could carry. The ship is of Venetian origin, as it was designed and built by the "Proto dei Marangoni" (master shipbuilder) of the Venetian naval shipyard, Francesco Bressan. Galeas were used in the Battle of Lepanto, where they were not very successful. There were five galleasses in the Invincible Armada of Philip II of Spain; they were destroyed by the British at Calais on July 27, 1588. From this date, galleasses practically disappeared from European navies, only the Republic of Venice retained them until the 18th century. It is known that galleasses were in the fleet of Lorenzo Marcello in 1656, in Francesco Morosini in 1684 and again in 1714. Since they appeared around 1530, when the “zenzil” system was replaced by the “step-tier” “, they had one oar per bank, which was operated by seven oarsmen, and, as a rule, twenty-five to twenty-six jars, like on a regular galley, but obviously more spaciously arranged. According to Crescenzio's description in Nautica Mediterranean, the galleas was about a third longer than the galley and the same amount wider. There were three masts with lateen sails, a rudder at the stern, plus two “steering oars” on each side, which had an auxiliary value and were quite large. Unlike a galley, a galleas did not have a ram on its bow.

There were two platforms, bow and stern, but not yet real ones. Along the sides there were two bulwarks, much higher than on the galley, and two side passages where arquebuses and stone-throwing guns could be installed. Between the rows of benches there was the usual central passage connecting the bow and stern; cans for rowers were installed on the deck plating of the hull, which, like on galleys, was narrower than the gunwale frame. At the stern of the galleas there was a deck for the commander and soldiers. Like other types of ships, galleasses have undergone modifications over time. In later samples, the tank superstructure (forecastle) and the deck took on the proper shape of the upper superstructures (castles) with two batteries of guns; the two steering oars disappeared, and finally the two stern rams no longer existed, and the gunwale lengthened and began to curve around the stern, like the galleries on later ships.

Despite big number oarsmen on each bank, the galleasses were slow and so difficult to maneuver that, as can be read in the description of the battle of Lepanto, when the ships were arrayed in battle formation, six galleasses of the Christian fleet had to be towed to the place they were supposed to occupy.

Galiot "Eagle" 1668 - personal ship of the Emperor of All Rus' Alexei Mikhailovich.
For voyages on the seas of the sovereign emperor Great Empire in 1668, Russian shipbuilders built a large military ship on the Oka River sailing ship with eagles - a symbol of power, and this galliot received the name “Eagle”.

The length of the ship was 24.5 m, width 6.5 m - a quite maneuverable ship. Crew - proven 22 sailors and 35 gunners.

It was a double-decker ship and carried, as usual, three masts. was armed with 22 arquebuses. "Eagle" was not the first sailing warship built in Russia, but it was the one that carried the state flag, therefore, as is customary, it was the best of the best and for this it was called the First Ship of Russia - That is, the number one ship - the Leading Ship. Straight sails with the image of a double-headed eagle were installed on the foremast and main mast of the Eagle galliot, and on the mizzen mast - a scythe. Lines from the decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich on this ship: “The ship, which was made at the Dedinovo shipyard, should be given the nickname “Eagle”. Put an eagle on the bow and stern and sew eagles on the banners.”

It was on the royal ships that the standard with two eagles was adopted. The rest of the fleet was simply our cross.

Shipyards in Dedinovo.

When the “Eagle” was ready, double-headed carved eagles covered with gold leaf were attached to its stern and bow. The view was gorgeous, but due to the abundance of carved decorations and gold, the ship turned out to be very heavy.

Specifications three-masted sailing ship "Eagle"

Tonnage - 250 tons
Length - 24.5 m
Width - 6.5 m
Draft - 1.5 m
Crew - 58 people (23 sailors and 35 archers)
Armament - 22 arquebuses (cannons) 18 × 6-lb. and 4 × 3-lb

These heraldic symbols of royal power, now carefully preserved in the Naval Museum in St. Petersburg, initially confirmed that this was the lead ship of the Great Empire. Over time, after the division of the Great Empire, eagles entered the coat of arms Russian Empire and became a traditional decoration for all military Russian ships that time.

"St. Peter" is the first Russian warship to fly the Russian flag in foreign waters. Built in Holland in 1693 by order of Peter 1 and in the same year arrived in Arkhangelsk, the only Russian port at that time. This small sailing ship had one mast with straight and oblique sails and was armed with 12 cannons. Shverts (balancers) were hung along the sides for greater stability in rough seas. In 1693, Peter 1 went out on a yacht to inspect the coast of the White Sea. He was on board twice more: during a trip to the Solovetsky Monastery, and later, commanding foreign merchant ships to the White Sea with the entire squadron of Russian warships. In subsequent years, the yacht "St. Peter" was converted into a merchant ship.

Sloop "Mirny"

"PEACEFUL", sailing sloop of war, ship of the 1st Russian Antarctic round the world expedition 1819-1821, who discovered Antarctica. At the Olonetsky shipyard in Lodeynoye Pole near St. Petersburg in 1818, the auxiliary ship “Ladoga” was built for the fleet. In an effort to speed up the departure of a high-latitude expedition to Antarctica, they decided not to build a new ship, but to use the Ladoga. When the ship was included in the navy, it was given a new name, Mirny, and reconstruction immediately began. The work was supervised by the commander of the Mirny M.P. Lazarev. By attaching studs to the sloop, they lengthened the stern part, placed a knyavdiged on the stem, and additionally sheathed the hull with inch boards, firmly securing them with copper nails. The hull was carefully caulked, and the underwater part was covered with copper sheets to prevent it from becoming overgrown with algae. Additional fastenings were installed inside the hull in case of exposure to ice floes, and the pine steering wheel was replaced with an oak one. The previously supplied standing rigging, shrouds, stays and other rigging made from low-grade hemp were replaced with stronger ones used on naval ships.

The Mirny sloop was a three-masted, double-decker ship armed with 20 cannons: six 12-pounders (120 mm caliber) and fourteen 3-pounders (76 mm caliber). The crew consisted of 72 people.

Dimensions of the sloop "Mirny" according to drawing no. 21, stored in the Central State Archives of the Navy in Leningrad, are as follows: length - 120 feet (36.6 m), width - 30 feet (9.15 m). draft - 15 feet (4.6 m). These dimensions increased slightly after the vessel was rebuilt, and the same applies to the displacement of the Mirny.

The first Russian battleship "Poltava"

"Poltava" is the first battleship built in St. Petersburg. Laid down on December 15, 1709 at the Main Admiralty in St. Petersburg, launched on June 15, 1712. The construction of "Poltava", named after the outstanding victory of Russian troops over the Swedes near Poltava on June 27, 1709, was led by Peter I.

Length - 34.6, width - 11.7, draft 4.6 meters, was armed with 54 guns of 18, 12 and 6 pound calibers. After entering service, this ship participated in all campaigns of the Russian Baltic naval fleet during the years Northern War, and in May 1713, covering the actions of the galley fleet to capture Helsingfors, it was the flagship of Peter 1. After 1732, this ship, which fell into disrepair for further maritime service, was removed from the lists.

Battleship "Pobedonosets"

The desire of the Russian state to conduct an active foreign policy in the mid-18th century required revival Russian fleet, which fell into decline after the death of Peter I. “A significant strengthening of Russia is unthinkable without the actions of the Russian Navy” - these words of Catherine II were brilliantly confirmed by history. In the second half of the 18th century, Russia waged a fierce struggle for access to the Black and Mediterranean Seas, and also strengthened its position in the Baltic Sea. Therefore, the numerical composition of the fleet during this period of its development was mainly determined by two factors: the threat from Turkey in the south and Sweden in the Baltic. Legislatively, the quantitative and qualitative composition of the fleet was determined by the Staff Regulations, developed by the Admiralty Board and approved by the head of state.

After the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi peace treaty with Turkey on July 10, 1774, there was no longer a need to further increase the size of the fleet, since “the number of floating ships exceeded that assigned for a large military complement.” Therefore, from 1775, the intensity of construction of battleships in Russia began to fall and soon stopped altogether. Only in 1779 did the completion of the ships on the stocks begin. The break in the construction of the fleet was used by Russian shipbuilders and sailors to further improve ship architecture and improve the combat and seaworthiness of warships.

In 1766, tests were carried out on the ships "ISIDOR" (74 gun rank) and "INGERMANLAND" (66 gun rank), armed with new proportions of rigging, sails, masts, topmasts and yards. The author of the new proportions was Vice Admiral S. K. Greig. Based on the results of the above tests, the Admiralty Board decided: “... from now on, the ships will be armed in the same way as the ships “ISIDOR” and “INGERMANLAND” were armed.”

Thus, the intermediate regulations of 1777 were adopted, which, taking into account the artillery staff of 1805, formed the basis of the second Ship Regulations of 1806, which continued the traditions of the Russian shipbuilding school.

In 1779, Russia resumed the construction of battleships with the aim of replacing “those that had fallen into disrepair due to their disrepair.” Over the next four years, 8 battleships and 6 frigates were built. Among them was the ship of the 66th gun rank "VICONICTOR", laid down on June 9, 1778 and launched on September 16, 1780. Built according to drawings and under the direct supervision of one of the most talented Russian shipbuilders, A. Katasonov, the ship had the following dimensions: length along the lower deck - 160 feet; width along the midship frame - 44.6 feet; interior depth is 19 feet. The armament consisted of twenty-six 30-pounder, twenty-six 12-pounder and fourteen 6-pounder guns.

The ship made its first long voyage to the Mediterranean Sea under the command of captain-brigadier A. Spiridonov as part of the squadron of Vice Admiral V. Chichagov in 1782. Having spent over 7 months at sea, the ship returned to Kronstadt, having earned high praise from Admiral Chichagov not only for its actions during the voyage, but also for its high seaworthiness: “... as for the fortress, in the underwater part all ships are solid, and in surface, on the contrary, all are weak, except for the ship “Pobedonosets”.

It was one of the few long-lived Russian ships. During her 27-year service to the Fatherland, the ship’s biography included many glorious deeds, including participation in the naval battle off Vyborg on June 22, 1790, where with her intense artillery fire on Swedish ships she greatly contributed to the defeat of the enemy squadron. In 1893 the ship was re-tempered and received appearance, different from the design one. The ship was dismantled in 1807 and removed from the lists of the fleet.

Ship "Fortress"

“Fortress” is the first Russian warship to sail into the Black Sea and visit Constantinople.

Built in Panshin, near the mouth of the Don. Length - 37.8, width - 7.3 meters, crew - 106 people, armament - 46 guns.

In the summer of 1699, the “Fortress”, under the command of Captain Pamburg, delivered an embassy mission to Constantinople, headed by Duma Councilor Em. Ukraintsev. The appearance of a Russian warship near the walls of the Turkish capital, and the entire Russian squadron near Kerch, forced Turkish Sultan reconsider your attitude towards Russia. A peace treaty was concluded between Turkey and Russia. This voyage of the “Fortress” is also notable for the fact that Russian sailors for the first time made hydrographic measurements of the Kerch Strait and Balaklava Bay, and also drew up the first plans of the Crimean coast.

During the stay in Constantinople, many Turkish and foreign experts visited the “Fortress” and highly appreciated Russian shipbuilding. In June of the following year, 1700, the ship “Fortress” with 170 Russian prisoners returned from Turkey to Azov.

Galley "Principium"

The galley was built at the beginning of 1696 in Voronezh according to the Dutch model; on April 2 of the same year, along with two other ships of the same type, it was launched. Length - 38, width - 6 meters, height from keel to deck - about 4 m. It was driven by 34 pairs of oars. The crew size is up to 170 people. It was armed with 6 guns. According to the “Principium” type, with only some modifications, another 22 ships were built to participate in the Azov campaign of Peter 1. On May 3, 1696, the “Principium” under the command of Peter 1 at the head of a detachment of eight ships left Voronezh and after a 12-day voyage under arrived in Cherkessk with sails. During this transition, Peter 1 wrote the so-called “Decree on Galleys” on board, which was a prototype of the “Naval Regulations”, which stipulated day and night signals, as well as instructions in case of battle.

On May 27, this ship entered the Sea of Azov for the first time as part of the fleet, and in June it participated in the blockade from the sea of the Turkish fortress of Azov, besieged by Russian troops, which ended with the surrender of its garrison.

At the end of the fighting near Azov, the galley was disarmed and placed on the Don near the fortress, where it was subsequently dismantled for firewood due to its disrepair. In documents of that time it was more often found under the names “His Highness” and “Kumondera”.

Sloop "Diana"

Pvc 3-masted sloop of war, which sailed in 1807 - 1813. long-distance voyage under the command of the famous Russian navigator V. M. Golovnin. Rebuilt from a transport vehicle for transporting timber in 1806 by shipwrights I.V. Kurepanov and A.I. Melekhov. In 1807 he moved to Kamchatka along the route Kronstadt - Cape Horn - Cape of Good Hope. In Simon's Town (South Africa) in 1808, due to the outbreak of the Anglo-Russian war, the sloop was captured by the British, but in 1809 the crew managed to take it out of the bay and escape. “Diana” continued her journey and, having rounded Tasmania from the south, arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in May 1809. She cruised from Kamchatka to Russian America, delivering cargo for Russian settlements. An inventory of the Kuril Islands was made from aboard the Diana. After the capture of the sloop commander Golovnin by the Japanese in 1811, senior officer P. I. Ricord took command. In November 1813, the Diana made its last voyage, after which it served as a warehouse on the sandbank in the Peter and Paul Harbor. The strait between the islands of Keta and Simushir (Kuril Islands) is named after the sloop.

Displacement 300 tons, length 27.7 m. Armament: 14 6-pound guns, 4 8-pound carronades, 4 3-pound falconets.

Galiot "Eagle"

Russian navigation has a centuries-old past, recognized throughout the world. The English naval writer F. Jane began his book “The Imperial Russian Navy: Its Past, Present and Future” with the words: “The Russian fleet, the beginning of which, although usually attributed to a comparatively late institution founded by Peter the Great, actually has great rights to antiquity, than the British fleet. Centuries before Alfred built British ships, Russian ships fought desperate naval battles; and a thousand years ago they, the Russians, were the first sailors of that time...”

The subject of this article will be the ship that is traditionally considered the beginning of the Russian fleet, this is the double-deck sailing ship "Eagle". So, let’s delve into the history of the Russian State so that we can understand some aspects of the development of the Russian fleet more clearly...

In the first half of the 16th century. Moscow State begins the struggle for the return of his ancestral lands in the west, stubbornly making his way to the seas (let me remind you, they were lost even before the Grand Duchies were united and Moscow became the capital). In 1572-1577. the troops of Ivan IV (the Terrible) managed to liberate from oppression Livonian Order Russian lands in the Baltic states - but, alas, not for long. At the same time, Russia, having completely defeated the Mongols and annexed the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian khanates, the Nogai Horde and the lands of the Bashkirs, took possession of the Volga river route with access to the Caspian Sea.

The Muscovites, cut off from the Baltic shores, begin to create their own merchant fleet on the Volga. In 1636 in Nizhny Novgorod The first Russian naval ship “Frederik” was built with a length of 36.5 m, a width of 12 m and an interior depth of 2.1 m. The European-style ship had a flat bottom, a three-masted sail rig and 24 large galley oars. There were about 80 people on board the ship during its first voyage. To protect against attack, several cannons were installed on the ship. The ship "Frederick" sailed with an embassy to Persia, and the appearance of such an unusual ship for the Caspian waters greatly amazed eyewitnesses. Unfortunately, the "Frederick"'s life was short-lived: during a storm, it suffered an accident and was thrown ashore in the Derbent area.

In May 1667, on the 19th, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich issued a decree that said: “For parcels from Astrakhan to the Khvalynskoe (Caspian) Sea, ships are to be made in the Kolomna district in the village of Dedinovo and that ship business is to be in charge of the order of the Novgorod Chet boyar Ordin “Nashchokin, and Duma clerks Dokhturov, Golosov and Yuryev...”

In two years, the sailing ship "Eagle", a yacht, two sloops and a boat were built here. Kolomna residents took a direct part in their construction, and Kolomna rope craftsmen equipped the ships.

In subsequent years, the shipyard in Dedinovo continued to operate. Here famous barges were built - Kolomenkas with a length of 15 - 20 sazhens, and a width of 2 - 4 sazhens (a sazhen is a Russian measure of length equal to 2.134 meters), on which merchants transported from 7 to 12 thousand pounds of cargo... But let us dwell in more detail on the sailing ship " Eagle".

In 1668, Russian master shipbuilders built the first large combat sailing ship on the Oka River - the Eagle galliot. In length (24.5 m) it was only slightly larger than a “gull” or plow, but twice as wide (6.5 m). It sat much deeper in the water (draft 1.5 m), and the sides were high. Crew - 22 sailors and 35 archers (“ship soldiers”). This double-decker ship carried three masts and was armed with 22 arquebuses (six-pound cannons). Unlike the Frederick, this ship did not have rowing oars and was the first purely sailing warship built in Russia. Straight sails were installed on the foremast and main mast of the Eagle, and oblique sails on the mizzen mast. In addition to the Eagle, small military vessels were also built at the same time. Here are the lines from the decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich on this ship: “The ship, which was made in the village of Dedinovo, should be given the nickname “Eagle.” Put an eagle on the bow and stern and sew eagles on the banners.” When the “Eagle” was ready, wooden carved double-headed eagles, painted gold, were attached to its stern and bow. These heraldic symbols of royal power were a kind of confirmation of the name of the ship, and then became a traditional decoration of all military ships.

“Ordin-Nashchokin, worried, waved his hand, and the bell ringers rang all the bells of the Dedinovo belfry. "Eagle" started moving and slid along the slipway. The ceremonial chime was drowned out by volleys of fireworks. A minute or two later, the first Russian warship rocked on the blue surface of the Oka creek.”

Unfortunately, there are no heroic battles in the history of this ship. After sailing for some time along the Volga and Caspian Sea, the “Eagle” was captured in the city of Astrakhan by the Cossacks of Stenka Razin. This happened in the summer of 1669, after the Eagle, a yacht, an armed plow and two accompanying boats arrived in Astrakhan. He was not burned in Astrakhan along with the rest of the southern flotilla, as was previously supposed. The rebels, fearing that Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich would use the warship against them in the future, in the spring of 1670 drove it into the Kutum Channel, where it stood for many years until it fell into disrepair. But nevertheless, she forever entered the history of Russia as the first military sailing ship.

In the first half of the 16th century. The Moscow state begins the struggle for the return of its ancestral lands in the west, stubbornly making its way to the seas (let me remind you, they were lost even before the Grand Duchies were united and Moscow became the capital). In 1572-1577. The troops of Ivan IV (the Terrible) managed to liberate the Russian lands in the Baltic states from the yoke of the Livonian Order - but, alas, not for long. At the same time, Russia, having completely defeated the Mongols and annexed the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian khanates, the Nogai Horde and the lands of the Bashkirs, took possession of the Volga river route with access to the Caspian Sea.

The Muscovites, cut off from the Baltic shores, begin to create their own merchant fleet on the Volga. In 1636, the first Russian sea ship “Frederik” was built in Nizhny Novgorod with a length of 36.5 m, a width of 12 m and an interior depth of 2.1 m. The European-style ship had a flat bottom, a three-masted sail rig and 24 large galley oars. There were about 80 people on board the ship during its first voyage. To protect against attack, several cannons were installed on the ship. The ship "Frederick" sailed with an embassy to Persia, and the appearance of such an unusual ship for the Caspian waters greatly amazed eyewitnesses. Unfortunately, the "Frederick"'s life was short-lived: during a storm, it suffered an accident and was thrown ashore in the Derbent area.

In May 1667, on the 19th, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich issued a decree that said: “For parcels from Astrakhan to the Khvalynskoe (Caspian) Sea, ships are to be made in the Kolomna district in the village of Dedinovo and that ship business is to be in charge of the order of the Novgorod Chet boyar Ordin -Nashchokin, and Duma clerks Dokhturov, Golosov and Yuryev...”

In two years, the sailing ship "Eagle", a yacht, two sloops and a boat were built here. Kolomna residents took a direct part in their construction, and Kolomna rope craftsmen equipped the ships.

In subsequent years, the shipyard in Dedinovo continued to operate. Here famous barges were built - Kolomenkas with a length of 15-20 sazhens and a width of 2-4 sazhens (sazhen is a Russian measure of length equal to 2.134 meters), on which merchants transported from 7 to 12 thousand pounds of cargo... But let’s dwell in more detail on the sailing ship "Eagle" .

In 1668, Russian shipbuilders built the first large combat sailing ship on the Oka River - the Eagle galliot. In length (24.5 m) it was only slightly larger than a “gull” or plow, but twice as wide (6.5 m). It sat much deeper in the water (draft 1.5 m), and the sides were high. Crew - 22 sailors and 35 archers (“ship soldiers”). This double-decker ship carried three masts and was armed with 22 arquebuses (six-pound cannons). Unlike the Frederick, this ship did not have rowing oars and was the first purely sailing warship built in Russia. Straight sails were installed on the foremast and mainmast of the Eagle, and oblique sails were installed on the mizzen mast. In addition to the Eagle, small military vessels were also built at the same time. Here are the lines from the decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich on this ship: “The ship, which was made in the village of Dedinovo, should be given the nickname “Eagle.” Put an eagle on the bow and stern and sew eagles on the banners.” When the “Eagle” was ready, wooden carved double-headed eagles, painted gold, were attached to its stern and bow. These heraldic symbols of royal power were a kind of confirmation of the name of the ship, and then became a traditional decoration of all military ships.

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