An earthquake is shocks and vibrations earth's surface due to sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or upper mantle.

The main characteristics of an earthquake are:

· depth

· magnitude

intensity of vibrations of the earth's surface

Depending on the depth of the source, earthquakes are divided into normal (h less than 70 km), intermediate (h from 70 to 300 km) and deep-focus (h more than 300 km)

Magnitude characterizes total energy earthquake and is the decimal logarithm of the maximum amplitude of soil displacement in micrometers, measured from a seismogram at a certain distance from the epicenter.

The intensity of vibrations of the earth's surface is determined on the Richter scale by instruments, by seismologists from 1 to 12 points, or on the MSK-64 scale, based on the sensations of people and used where there are no instruments.

Depending on the intensity of vibrations, earthquakes are characterized as follows, points:

very weak -1-2

· weak – 3

· moderate-4

Quite strong-5

· strong-6

· very strong-7

· destructive-8

· devastating-9

· destructive-10

· catastrophic-11

· highly catastrophic-12

Soil vibrations that occur during an earthquake excite vibrations of buildings and structures, causing inertial forces in them, which lead to destruction.

Earthquakes over 5 points are considered dangerous, over 7 points are considered destructive. During earthquakes with an intensity of 8.0 or higher, explosions and fires may occur due to damage to, for example, heating systems, smelting furnaces, electrical wiring, etc. All elements of the life support system (electricity, heat, water, gas supply, transport, communications, etc.) are practically paralyzed for a long time, and the operation of economic facilities is disrupted or stopped.

The most complex natural emergencies occur during earthquakes. The number of victims and the scale of destruction depend on its intensity. The destruction of buildings can be complete, strong, medium and weak. Due to massive destruction and debris in settlements x, at industrial enterprises, in hospitals and clinics, in schools and universities, shops, theaters, cinemas and other institutions, many people die. It is necessary to remove the victims from the rubble, provide emergency medical care and hospitalize them.

The emergency zone is determined by the number of settlements affected by the earthquake.

Thus, during an earthquake, a situation develops that most fully corresponds to the definition of an emergency: mass casualties and deaths of people and farm animals, disturbance normal conditions life and activities of people, huge material damage, large areas of distribution, attraction large quantity forces and means to carry out rescue operations.

Methods of protection

Before the earthquake:

I.At home

· It is necessary to have a battery radio, a flashlight and a first aid kit in the house. Everyone should know where they are. Keep batteries handy

· It is necessary to know the rules of first aid

· It is also necessary to know the location of main gas and water taps and electrical safety plugs. Ensure that all conscious members of your family know how to turn off the gas, water and electricity

· Do not place heavy objects on high shelves

· Securely secure heavy equipment to the floor and secure heavy furniture to walls

· Develop a plan for gathering family after an earthquake in case everyone ends up in different areas of the house.

II.At school

Encourage your school and teachers to discuss earthquake safety in class.

III. At work

Find out if your business or facility has an emergency plan. Do you bear any responsibility in the event of an emergency? Are there any special actions you must take?

During an earthquake:

· Keep calm. If you are indoors, stay indoors; if it's on the street, stay on the street

· If you are indoors, stand against the wall closest to the center of the building or stand in a doorway. Stay away from windows and entrance doors

· If you are outside, move to an open space. Stay away from overhanging wires and anything that could fall

· Do not use candles, matches or other open flames

· If you are driving in a car, stop, but do not get out until the shaking stops

At work:

· Get ​​under a desk or other sturdy furniture. Stay away from windows

· In a high-rise building, find protection under sturdy furniture or stand next to a support column.

· Leave the building if you are told to do so. Use the stairs rather than the elevator

At school:

Climb under desks that are located away from windows. If you are in the yard, stay away from the building. If you are riding a school bus, remain seated until the driver stops the bus.

After the earthquake:

· Examine yourself and the people around you to see if there are any wounded. Provide first aid if necessary

· Check the water supply, gas, electricity. If there is damage, disconnect the corresponding line. Check for gas leaks only by smell. If you notice her, open all windows and doors, leave the premises immediately and notify the authorities.

· Turn on the radio and listen for emergency instructions. Do not occupy the phone - it will be needed to send priority messages

· Do not flush the toilet until the sewer system has been inspected.

· Wear shoes to protect your feet from broken glass and other debris.

· Be careful when approaching chimneys

At school or at work:

Follow the emergency plan or instructions from authorized persons

Protective measures are reflected in action plans for the prevention and elimination of natural and man-made emergencies.

Such plans are developed at the territorial level, i.e. in the subject of the Russian Federation, at the local level (in cities and regions) and in organizations.

Plans are approved by the heads of administrations at the appropriate level and, after approval, become binding documents.

Short-term forecast data is the basis for taking emergency measures: warning and evacuation of the population, partial or complete.

Earthquake alert is the most important factor reducing human losses.

Existing legislation in the field of protection from emergencies (Federal Law No. 68) by Article No. 11 “On the powers of executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government bodies” entrusts the executive authorities and local self-government bodies with ensuring timely notification and informing the population about the threat or occurrence of emergency situations (including earthquakes).

As is known, such notification of the population of our region is carried out using the centralized warning system P-160 located at the control point of the State Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of the region. In 2005-2007, it is planned to transfer the warning system to the new generation P-166 equipment. (from a memo on the progress of implementing the decisions of a joint meeting with the Minister of Emergency Situations on the issue “On measures to ensure the safety of the population and territories of the region in conditions of increased seismic activity”).

The Russian Federation has adopted a unified procedure for warning the population about dangers, which provides for:

Transmitting a sound signal "Attention everyone!" via radio and television channels and subsequent transmission of voice information about the threat of an earthquake.

Voice information contains information about danger and recommendations for actions of the population.

In the conditions of an earthquake, speech information can contain information about the strength, time, epicenter of the earthquake and recommendations for the actions of the population.

In order to protect the population, GOST R22.3.03-94 provides for a number of measures to be carried out both at the stage of danger and in conditions of immediate danger. Most effective way, in the event of an earthquake, the population is evacuated (if there is a reliable forecast).

In the conditions of an earthquake, evacuation has a number of features. (Guide to the evacuation of the population in natural and man-made emergencies. All-Russian Research Institute of Civil Defense and Emergency Situations, Moscow. 1996).

In areas affected by an earthquake, in the event of a disruption of basic life support systems, the population is evacuated if necessary.

In this case, the evacuation may be local or regional in nature. The decision to evacuate the population is made by the head of the administration of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or local self-government unit. Warning and informing the population about the procedure for carrying out evacuation measures in the event of failure of stationary elements of territorial warning systems and technical means is carried out using vehicles equipped with loud-speaking devices, as well as pre-made signs, banners and other visual information.

In the event of an earthquake, evacuation is carried out on a production-territorial principle with the deployment of prefabricated evacuation points in the affected areas. City squares, stadiums and other safe places are used as SES and places of temporary accommodation of the population.

The evacuated population is located in safe areas until further notice, depending on the situation. The homeless population can be temporarily housed in tents, huts, prefabricated huts, and railway wagons. The decision to re-evacuate the population to their places of permanent residence is made by the heads of the administrative authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government bodies after the threat of new strong shocks and a thorough analysis of the situation at the VET and in the life support systems of the city has passed.

Elimination of the consequences of earthquakes is, according to Federal Law No. 68 “On the Protection of the Population...” emergency rescue and other urgent work (ASDNR), aimed at saving lives and preserving people’s health, reducing damage to the environment and material losses, as well as localization of emergency zones, cessation of the action of hazardous factors characteristic of them.

Since the nature of events during earthquakes is such that significant masses of people immediately find themselves in conditions of immediate threat to life and health, conducting ASDNR is of particular importance.

The time factor becomes decisive for the success of such work. Using the example of the Spitak earthquake (1988): of all those recovered on the first day, 31.5% were alive, and on the second day only 17.8%.

For organizing rescue operations, the structure of losses is of practical interest. The percentage of victims varies widely - from 2.5 to 63.4%, while sanitary losses are greater than irrecoverable ones (ratio 3: 1).

In case of mass sanitary losses, 20% of the victims need 1st medical assistance, the condition of 20% is noted as extremely severe, 20% require anti-shock therapy, and 40% require outpatient treatment.

A characteristic feature of the consequences of earthquakes is the formation of rubble, i.e. chaotic accumulation of building materials and structures, debris of technological equipment, sanitary equipment, furniture, household utensils, stones, under which there may be victims requiring immediate assistance.

Statistics show that within 3 hours after the start of an earthquake, 90% of the victims can be saved, after 6 hours this number is reduced to 50%, and after several days there is practically no one left to provide assistance.

Therefore, all forces involved in eliminating the consequences of earthquakes should be aimed at promptly carrying out search and rescue operations and providing medical assistance to victims. If such assistance is not provided, the death toll grows very quickly.

No less important, and sometimes decisive, in earthquake conditions are medical protection measures, which are carried out at all stages of the ASDNR and include the provision of first medical, first aid and specialized care to victims, as well as anti-epidemic measures.

The latter, in conditions of destroyed life support systems for the population, acquire special significance.

Financing of measures to protect the population from the consequences of earthquakes is carried out in accordance with Federal Law No. 68

"On the protection of the population and territory from natural and man-made emergencies." The law establishes the procedure for financing targeted programs. Financing of emergency response measures (including earthquakes) is carried out in accordance with the law from the funds of organizations located in emergency zones, funds from federal executive authorities, relevant budgets, insurance funds and other sources.

In the absence or insufficiency of these funds, funds from the reserve fund of the Government of the Russian Federation may be allocated in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Training of the population on actions in case of an earthquake is organized and carried out in accordance with the requirements Federal Law"On the protection of the population and territories from emergencies" No. 68-FZ and Government Decree of September 4, 2003. No. 547 "On training the population in the field of protection from natural and man-made emergencies." The powers of the OIV and local self-government bodies include training the population in the field of defense. Such training is carried out in organizations, including educational institutions, as well as at the place of residence within existing programs training of various categories of the population approved by the Minister of Emergency Situations.

Knowledge and skillful application officials executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government bodies of a complex of measures to protect the population will reduce the severity of the consequences in the conditions of possible earthquakes in the region.

earthquake magnitude protection population

General information about earthquakes

Earthquakes are strong underground tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface, resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures of the earth's crust or upper mantle and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. They arise most often as a result of tectonic phenomena; landslide, volcanic, meteorite and man-made earthquakes are also known.

Over the course of a year, over 100 thousand earthquakes occur on Earth. However, most tremors are not felt by people, but are only recorded by seismographs. Up to 10 earthquakes annually reach destructive force, and isolated ones become catastrophic. On average, according to statistics, every year in the world at least 10 thousand people die from earthquakes, and the number of victims of some of the most destructive earthquakes can reach hundreds of thousands. For example, the earthquake in Hebei province in China in 1976 killed several hundred thousand inhabitants.

The damage caused by an earthquake is measured not only in the number of human casualties. During catastrophic earthquakes, changes in the relief of the earth's surface occur, cracks form, artificial structures and buildings can collapse, soil liquefaction occurs, lakes form, tsunamis, mountain landslides and rockfalls, landslides, mudflows and avalanches occur.

In Russia, earthquake-prone areas are the North Caucasus, Kamchatka, Kurile Islands and about. Sakhalin, where the city of Neftegorsk was destroyed by an earthquake in 1996. Of the 3,000 residents of the city, 2,159 people died then. IN last years Seismic activity intensified in Transbaikalia and the Irkutsk region, where tremors with a force of up to 7 points were observed.

The damaging factors of an earthquake are primarily the mechanical effects of vibrations of the earth's surface and cracks. However, it should be noted that during earthquakes, ground movement itself is very rarely the cause of human casualties. There is only one known case of death of a person who fell into a crack formed in the ground during the earthquake in 1943 in Japan, which claimed 5,400 lives. The main causes of accidents and deaths are secondary earthquake factors: destruction, flooding, falling broken glass, falling broken electrical wires, explosions and fires associated with gas leakage from damaged pipes, as well as uncontrolled actions of people caused by fear and panic. Some secondary earthquake factors themselves constitute emergency situations, these include avalanches, landslides, landslides, soil liquefaction, tsunamis, etc.

The main criteria that determine the nature of an earthquake are the depth of the source, the duration of ground shaking, seismic energy and the intensity of seismic tremors.

Hearth depth(hypocenter) of most earthquakes does not exceed 20-30 km, but for some of them the hypocenter can be located at a depth of 300-700 km. The area of ​​the earth's surface located above the hypocenter is called the epicenter. This is where the greatest destruction is concentrated. The area around the epicenter is called epicentral zone.

Duration of ground shaking during an earthquake usually ranges from several to 40-50 seconds, and only the most destructive earthquakes can last up to 1-1.5 minutes.

Under seismic energy refers to the energy emitted from the hypocenter of an earthquake in the form of seismic waves. Most of the released energy is spent on breaking and crushing rocks and generating heat. Part of the energy is radiated from the source of the earthquake (hypocenter) in all directions in the form of seismic waves, which propagate in the ground and, reaching its surface, generate the ground movement we feel (soil vibrations) and cause damage to buildings and structures. In this case, three types of seismic waves propagate simultaneously: longitudinal and transverse volumetric and surface. The speed of their propagation depends on the properties of the soil and can be: for longitudinal waves - 3-8 km/s, transverse - 2-5 km/s and surface waves - up to 1.4 km/s. Difference in driving speed various types seismic waves, and consequently, during their arrival at a certain point remote from the source of the earthquake, leads to the occurrence of a series of tremors and ground vibrations during an earthquake.

Seismic energy is estimated by Richter scale, as a unit of measurement in which a special quantity is used - magnitude. Magnitude - It is a seismogram-derived measure of ground displacement. Richter defined it as the decimal logarithm, expressed in microns, of the maximum amplitude of the shock recording made by a standard torsional seismograph at a distance of 100 km from the epicenter. In practice, ground vibrations are recorded by seismographs at stationary seismic stations located at different distances from the epicenter, and then the data is reduced to the magnitude that could be obtained in the 100-kilometer epicentral zone.

Thus, the Richter scale provides an estimate of the seismic energy output at the epicenter of an earthquake, and therefore any earthquake corresponds to a single magnitude. The Richter scale is mathematical, so it has no upper limit, but the strongest recorded earthquakes had a magnitude of no more than 8.9. Since the Richter scale is logarithmic, an increase in the shock force by one magnitude leads to an increase in the amplitude of ground vibrations by 10 times, and the force of the shock increases by 35-48 times.

The intensity of seismic tremors characterizes the degree of damage caused by an earthquake. Seismic energy is only one of the components of intensity, since the volume of destruction and the number of victims also depend on the distance of a given point from the hypocenter of the earthquake and a number of other factors, such as the quality of buildings, soil properties, population density, etc.

To determine the intensity of earthquake shocks not only at the epicenter, but also at surface points remote from it, it is used 12-point Mercalli scale.

As the table shows. 5.1.1, the Mercalli scale is based on people's subjective feelings and visible physical effects. Each point corresponds to certain sensations and observed effects, and with strong shocks - destruction. On this scale, earthquakes up to 6 points are considered weak, 6-7 points - strong, 8-9 points - destructive and 10-12 points - catastrophic.

The nature of the earthquake's impact on environment determined by its seismic energy and intensity (see Table 5.1.1).

The relationship between seismic energy and earthquake intensity is shown in Table. 5.1.2.

Thus, the Richter scale gives an accurate (up to tenths of a magnitude) characteristic of the seismic energy output, but only for the epicentral region. However, it cannot be used for

Table 5.1.1

Brief description of the possible intensity of earthquakes on the 12-point Mercalli scale (MSK)

	Brief characteristics of the earthquake
	Marked only by seismic instruments
	Sensed by individuals who are at complete peace
	Feels like vibration from a passing truck in buildings
	Felt by the majority. Vibrations of hanging objects, rattling of dishes and glass
	General shaking of buildings. Awakening the Sleepers. Moving furniture. Cracks in glass and plaster
	Uncertain gait of people. Glass breaks. Cracks in fragile buildings
	It's hard to stay on your feet. Collapse of tiles and cornices. Damage to fragile buildings. Waves in ponds
	Signs of panic. Collapse of factory chimneys and displacement of monuments. Complete destruction of fragile and damage to medium-strength houses
	General panic. Destruction of medium-strength houses. Damage to high-strength houses. Difficult to drive
	Destruction of most brick, frame and wood houses. Bridges are collapsing. Landslides and collapses from mountain slopes. Splashing of water onto the banks of reservoirs. The rails are bent
	Complete destruction of most brick, frame and wood houses. There are very large cracks in the ground. Failure of underground pipelines
	Displacement of large masses rocks. Relief change. Changes in river flows, etc.

Note. The characteristics of earthquakes are given in abbreviation.

characteristics of tremors at a certain distance from the epicenter. Therefore, if it is necessary to characterize the degree of damage caused by an earthquake at distances of more than 100 km, a 12-point scale is used.

Structures built on weak, loose soils undergo maximum destruction during an earthquake. Particularly dangerous are water-saturated sands (loess), which liquefy under the influence of vibrations, which leads to subsidence of the soil, causing the destruction of buildings. Buildings are the most resilient

Table 5.1.2

Approximate relationship between the Richter scale and the 12-point scale

Magnitude

Note. Magnitude is usually denoted in Arabic numerals, and intensity in Roman numerals.

built on solid rock. In terms of design features, the most durable buildings are those that have a metal or reinforced concrete frame or are connected by rigid belts and beams, which gives them a certain flexibility, as well as those made of massive monoliths and blocks; Wooden houses stitched with nails and bolted also have good stability. Houses made of low-quality brick, with weak mortar and without reinforcing structures suffer the greatest damage.

The impact of an earthquake on the population depends on its magnitude and the nature of secondary factors and can result in injuries and burns of varying severity, poisoning by combustion products and household gas, and can also lead to death.

• In the CIS countries, the 12-point MSK scale (Medvedev, Spon-heuer, Karnik) is used, which is a modern modification of the Mercalli scale.

Lesson 5

PROTECTING THE POPULATION FROM THE CONSEQUENCES OF EARTHQUAKES

Subject: life safety.

Date: "____" _____________ 20___

Compiled by: life safety teacher Khamatgaleev E.R.

Target: consider basic measures to protect the population from the consequences of earthquakes.

Progress of lessons

Class organization.

Greetings. Checking the class roster.

State the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Updating knowledge.

What is an earthquake and what are the causes of it?

How is the intensity of an earthquake measured?

What is the magnitude of an earthquake and what does it characterize?

Checking homework.

Listening to several students' responses to homework(at the teacher's choice).

Working on new material.

Protecting the population from the consequences of earthquakes is one of the tasks of the Unified State System for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations (RSChS). RSChS includes a set of activities carried out by the authorities state power and local governments at all levels.

Depending on the situation, the following measures can be taken: earthquake forecast; identification of the most earthquake-prone areas; development of ways to increase the stability of buildings and structures from the effects of seismic waves; warning the population; training the population in the rules of safe behavior in earthquake-prone areas; organization of emergency rescue operations.

There is a certain system for monitoring the state and development of various natural, man-made processes and phenomena. Such a system constitutes general concept“monitoring and forecasting of emergency situations.” Undermonitoring is understood as a system of constant monitoring of phenomena and processes occurring in nature and the technosphere in order to anticipate growing threats to humans and their environment.Forecasting emergency situations is a proactive reflection of the likelihood of the occurrence and development of an emergency situation based on an analysis of the causes of its occurrence, its source in the past and present.

Earthquake forecast

To predict an earthquake means to determine with great accuracy its location (focus), time of occurrence and magnitude (energy released as a result of the rupture).

However, predicting the location and time of an earthquake with absolute accuracy is very difficult. Determining where a fault will occur in the earth's crust and what energy will be released is a task with many unknowns. Changes in the earth's crust and the accumulation of stresses associated with its deformation occur slowly, over hundreds of years. To predict strong earthquakes, knowledge about certain patterns occurring in the earth's crust is used. It has been established that the strength of the rocks that make up the earth's crust is not the same. Therefore, a large rupture in the earth's crust, and therefore a large earthquake, is always preceded by a series of small ruptures and small earthquakes.

By conducting continuous observations of the location and time of occurrence of small earthquakes, it is possible to predict a large earthquake with a certain accuracy. For this purpose, a network of seismic stations has been deployed across Russia. The largest number of these stations operate in the regions of the North Caucasus, in the Kuril-Kamchatka, Altai-Sayan and Baikal zones.

Based on the results of an analysis of the frequency and strength of earthquakes, special maps of seismically hazardous areas are drawn up - seismic zoning maps, on which areas of maximum earthquake intensity are identified and the main zones of possible earthquake occurrence are recorded.

Particular attention is paid to predicting earthquakes with an intensity of 7 points or more in order to take measures in advance to reduce their consequences.

The forecast of the time of occurrence of a strong earthquake can be long-term, medium-term and short-term.

When compiling long-term forecast take into account the cyclical nature of seismic phenomena. It has been established that strong earthquakes recur in the same area with some regularity. For example, in Kamchatka, magnitude 9 earthquakes with a magnitude of 7.5-8 units occur on average every 150-200 years. Knowing this periodicity, we can expect a strong earthquake to occur here at a certain period of time.

To more accurately predict the time and location of an earthquake, medium-term forecast. The medium-term forecast is based on identifying changes in the properties of rocks in the area of ​​a possible earthquake. Analysis of statistics shows that when a situation close to the formation of a large rupture occurs in the earth’s crust, deviations appear in the magnetic and gravitational fields of the Earth, and the composition of groundwater changes. Typically, such precursors appear several years or months before a dangerous seismic shock.

However, the medium-term forecast does not make it possible to accurately determine the time of the earthquake in order to take prompt measures to protect the population. For this there is short-term forecast. To obtain a reliable short-term forecast of three earthquake parameters (location, time and magnitude), it is necessary to take into account the results of long-term and medium-term forecasts.

Russian scientists have developed a number of methods that ensure the identification of earthquake precursors and the preparation, with a certain accuracy, of earthquake forecasts, their consequences and the procedure for responding to a given natural disaster.

It should also be noted that a fairly accurate means of short-term earthquake forecasting can be the behavior of domestic animals when an earthquake approaches. Jacek Palkiewicz's book "Surviving in the City" gives examples of animal behavior before an earthquake. Dogs begin to show anxiety in the period from 2 hours to 2 days before the earthquake; chickens – from 1 to 3 days; pigs, horses, bulls, sheep - from several hours to 1 day.

Therefore, with a known medium-term forecast about the possibility of an earthquake occurring in a certain area, monitoring the behavior of animals will allow us to know in time about its approach.

Taking into account forecasts of possible earthquake areas, requirements for the construction of buildings and structures and the rational placement of objects in seismically hazardous areas are determined, excluding the location of particularly dangerous industries, industrial and civil construction in them.

In some cases, RSChS authorities organize special work to improve the seismic resistance of buildings. To do this, they strengthen the floors of houses with wooden or steel beams, strengthen the walls in the corners, and check the water supply, electricity, heating and gas supply systems.

Public notification

The most important condition for the timely adoption of measures to protect the population in the event of the threat of an earthquake is its warning. This problem is solved by the RSChS warning system, which ensures timely delivery to control bodies, RSChS forces and the population of signals and information about the danger of an earthquake and the implementation of protective measures. To do this, the signal “Attention everyone!” is given. (the sound of sirens) and speech information transmitted via radio and television.

Public education

Particular attention in organizing the protection of the population from the consequences of earthquakes is given to teaching the population the rules of behavior in the event of the threat of an earthquake, during an earthquake and after it. All these issues are studied in the school life safety course.

Organization of emergency rescue operations

To provide assistance to people in trouble, to localize and eliminate various natural and man-made emergencies, the need arose to create special emergency rescue services and units.

The basis for the creation and activities of such services and formations on the territory of Russia were determined Federal Law “On Emergency Rescue Services and the Status of Rescuers”(1995). The law stipulated that emergency rescue work – These are actions to save people, material and cultural values, protect the natural environment in emergency zones, localize emergency situations and suppress or reduce to the minimum possible level the impact of their characteristic hazardous factors.

Emergency rescue services perform work related to the direct rescue of people or the elimination of a possible threat to their life. The most common types of such work are: extracting victims from collapsed buildings and underground structures; extinguishing fires and evacuating victims from affected areas.

The organization of emergency rescue operations after an earthquake can be considered using the example of their implementation in Neftegorsk on Sakhalin Island in May-June 1995. The work was conventionally carried out in three stages. The first stage was when rescuers from local residents, who were on the spot the fastest, took over the rescue. emergency. The second stage was when the arriving forces of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and other ministries and departments joined in rescuing people. The third stage is the transfer of control of emergency rescue operations from the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations to the local administration.

As a result of rescue operations in Neftegorsk, 2,247 people were rescued from the rubble, 406 of them alive.

An analysis of the experience of organizing and conducting emergency rescue operations in Neftegorsk led to the conclusion that in the conditions of a devastating earthquake, the first and second stages of work acquire special significance, since at this time it is possible to save the survivors. The third stage, longer and more planned, just like the second, was characterized by complex organizational work. But its directions have changed: prevention and life support for the affected population.

Work on the studied material.

Questions and tasks:

What activities does the organization of protecting the population from the consequences of earthquakes include?

What features of natural phenomena occurring in the earth's crust are taken into account when developing earthquake forecasts?

What forecasts exist to determine the time of a possible earthquake?

How do pets react to an approaching earthquake?

Lesson summary.

Teacher. Draw a conclusion from the lesson.

Students. Protecting the population from the consequences of earthquakes includes earthquake forecasting, warning the population, training the population, and organizing emergency rescue operations.

End of lesson.

Homework. In your safety diary, write down the main measures taken to protect the population from the consequences of earthquakes. Make a safety plan before and during an earthquake.

Giving and commenting on ratings.

DISCIPLINE: “Life Safety”

TOPIC No. 8: PROTECTION OF POPULATIONS AND TERRITORIES

IN EARTHQUAKES AND FLOODS

Kemerovo

Issues covered in the lecture:

1. Characteristics of earthquakes.

2. Types of floods.

3. Protection against earthquakes and floods.

CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTHQUAKES

Earthquakes- These are tremors, impacts and vibrations of the earth's surface caused by natural processes occurring in the earth's crust.

On globe Every year more than 100 earthquakes occur, leading to various types of destruction. In terms of their destructive consequences, earthquakes have no equal among natural Disasters. Earthquakes rank 1st in terms of death toll and economic damage.

In parts of the world earthquakes in 1980-1985. were distributed as follows: Asia - 31, America - 14, Europe - 7, Australia and Oceania - 2. Scientists around the world are working to reduce the consequences of this terrible disaster, primarily through early warning of the population (especially big fools) about the imminent earthquake. However, this does not save from numerous victims.

Causes of earthquakes

The surface of the earth's crust is divided into several huge parts called tectonic plates. There are several of them: North American, Eurasian, African, Pacific, Atlantic, South American. Tectonic plates are in continuous motion, the speed of which is no more than a few centimeters per year. According to the theory of tectonic plates, earthquakes are the result of the collision of these plates and are accompanied by changes in the Earth's surface in the form of folds, cracks, etc., which can be very long (up to several thousand kilometers).

Areas located near tectonic plate boundaries are most susceptible to earthquakes. This is primarily California, Japan, Greece, Türkiye. Fortunately for humanity, the main part of the cleavage lines of the earth's crust runs through the seas and oceans. The giant plates, one might say, rub against each other. friend at the bottom of the ocean, and therefore the lion's share of earthquakes on Earth (90%), even strong ones, go unnoticed by humans.

Characteristics of earthquakes

The source of damage during an earthquake is the territory within which massive destruction and damage to buildings occurred, accompanied by injury and death of people, animals, and plants.

All earthquakes are usually characterized by three parameters:

Depth of the hearth;

Magnitude (characterizes the total energy of the earthquake);

The intensity of energy on the surface of the earth. Let's take a closer look at the parameters of the earthquake.

Hearth depth. Depending on the depth of the source, earthquakes are divided into normal(focus depth 0-70 km), intermediate (70-300 km) and deep-focus (300-700 km). Earthquakes with a depth of 5-300 km are considered dangerous, and the most dangerous are earthquakes with a depth of 1-100 km.

Magnitude. One of the main characteristics of an earthquake is its energy. Seismic wave energy (or magnitude) can range from a few megawatts per hour to hundreds of thousands of millions of kilowatts per hour (or 10 20 kWh). For convenience, the logarithm is used to denote the energy of earthquakes, for example: log 10 = 1; log 10 2 = 2; lg 10 3 = 3; lg 10 4 = 4, etc.

The American scientist C. Richter in 1935 proposed to characterize the energy of an earthquake as a standard to take the energy at which, at a distance of 100 km from the epicenter, the seismograph needle deviates by 1 micron. Thus, the energy of an earthquake is defined as the decimal logarithm of the ratio of the amplitude of seismic waves measured at any distance from the epicenter to the standard.

A change in this ratio by 10 units corresponds to a change in the value on the scale by 1 point (increasing it by 1 means a tenfold increase in the amplitude of vibrations in the soil and an increase in earthquake energy by 30 times). For example, the amplitude of an earthquake is 300,000, the standard is 10. The energy on the Richter scale (Richter scale from 0 to 9) will be (300,000/10) = log 30,000 = 4.48. Observations carried out between 1900 and 1950 showed that the highest score on this scale was recorded in Colombia in 1906 - 8.6 points.

Energy intensity at the surface. In a number European countries Along with the Richter scale, the twelve-point MSK scale is used (named after the first letters of the last names of its authors: Medvedev, Sponhever, Karnik), which characterizes the strength of earthquakes in accordance with its consequences. This scale has been used since 1964.

In the USA, the modified Mercali scale is used, which is generally similar to the MSC scale.

The twelve-point scale has a number of advantages over the Richter scale, which characterizes only the energy of an earthquake, but does not take into account its features. For example, if the epicenter of an earthquake is located deep underground, then with high energy, destruction even near the epicenter may be insignificant, and vice versa, if the epicenter is located close to the surface, then with average energy the earthquake can be destructive.

TYPES OF FLOOD

Flood is the flooding of a significant part of the land as a result of rising water above normal levels.

The source of damage during a flood is the territory within which flooding of the area, damage and destruction of buildings and other objects occurred, accompanied by damage and loss of life.

Secondary effects of floods- this is the loss of strength of structures, the transfer of spilled harmful substances and their contamination of the area, the complication of the sanitary and epidemiological situation, waterlogging of the area, landslides, landslides, etc.

Low (small) Floods occur on lowland rivers every 5-10 years. When they occur, agricultural lands located in floodplains are flooded.

High floods are accompanied by significant flooding of territories and cover large areas of river valleys. Cause the need for partial evacuation. Repeat once every 20-25 years.

Outstanding floods cover entire river basins, paralyzing economic activity over large areas. They require mass evacuation. Repeat once every 50-100 years.

Catastrophic floods inundate large areas within one or more river systems. They completely paralyze people's economic activities and cause huge material losses. Repeat once every 100-200 years.

Types of floods

High water- a periodically repeated rather long rise in water levels in rivers, usually caused by spring melting of snow on the plains or rainfall. Floods low-lying areas.

A flood can become catastrophic if the infiltration properties of the soil have significantly decreased due to its oversaturation with moisture in the fall and deep freezing in the harsh winter. Spring rains can also lead to increased flooding, when its peak coincides with the peak of the flood. This is what led to an unprecedented flood in the upper Volga basin in 1908. Due to an extremely friendly spring, the snow, the water reserves of which exceeded the norm by 170-220%, melted in a very short time. The situation was aggravated by the fact that at the end of April there were heavy rains. As a result, tens of thousands of hectares of crops were flooded, and 50 thousand people were left homeless.

In 1997, the spring flood on the rivers of the Arkhangelsk region (Onega, Vychegda) was exceptionally high. A particularly strong flood, the likes of which has not been observed here for 70 years, occurred in the Onega River basin. In four districts of the region, 53 settlements with a population of 17,186 people found themselves in a flood zone with an area of ​​1,220 km2. 1,973 residents were displaced, bridges, roads, communication lines and power lines were damaged, and 259 thousand hectares of agricultural land were flooded.

Flood- an intense, relatively short-term rise in the water level in the river, caused by heavy rains, downpours, and sometimes rapid melting of snow during thaws. Unlike floods, floods can occur several times a year. A particular threat is posed by the so-called flash floods associated with short-term but very intense downpours, which also occur in winter due to thaws.

Congestion– accumulation of ice floes during the spring ice drift in narrowings and bends of the river bed, restricting the flow and causing a rise in the water level in the place of ice accumulation and above it.

The congestion occurs due to the non-simultaneous opening of large rivers flowing from south to north. The exposed southern sections of the river are dammed in their flow by the accumulation of ice in the northern regions, which often causes a significant increase in the water level.

Zazhor- accumulation of loose ice during freeze-up (at the beginning of winter) in narrowings and bends of the river bed, causing water to rise in some areas above it.

Wind surge is a rise in water level caused by the impact of wind on the water surface, which occurs at the mouths of large rivers, as well as on the windward shore of large lakes, reservoirs and seas.

Floods are characterized by the main parameters of the river’s water regime – level And consumption water, as well as volume floods.

Water level counted from post zero or from ordinary. Post zero is the height of the water plane in the river above the conventional horizontal comparison surface. When organizing a post, this plane is chosen so that it is 0.3-0.5 m below the lowest possible level.

Ordinary is the average water level in rivers over many years of observations. Fluctuations in water level are measured above and below zero in meters and centimeters using the installation of foot rods.

Footstock- This is a graded rod installed at river gauge posts to monitor the water level. The excess of the water surface in the river above the sea surface is determined by adding the water level at the post with the “0” mark of the post on an ordinary basis and gives the value of the absolute level mark in meters. In Russia, the calculation of absolute land heights is based on the average level Gulf of Finland Baltic Sea near Kronstadt (EU - Baltic Height System).

Water consumption is the amount of water (water flow) flowing through the end of a river per second. It is expressed in cubic meters per second [m 3 /s].

Flood Volume measured in millions cubic meters and is determined by multiplying the sum of the average daily water flow for a flood (flood) by a coefficient of 0.0864 (one millionth of the number of seconds in a day).

PROTECTION AGAINST EARTHQUAKES AND FLOODS

Earthquake protection

Earthquake protective measures include ongoing measures based on seismic zoning: restriction of land use (especially when locating new buildings); strengthening of structures and earthquake-resistant construction; dismantling insufficiently earthquake-resistant structures, the strengthening of which is not economically feasible; restrictions on the placement of dangerous or easily damaged objects inside buildings; preparation of activities based on the forecast of the moment of the earthquake; determining possible damage to specific objects, developing scenarios for necessary actions, preparing their financing, creating material reserves, training the population and rescue personnel, conducting training exercises, etc.

Numerous casualties during an earthquake occur when buildings are destroyed, when walls and ceilings collapse, bricks, chimneys, moldings, balconies, and lighting installations fall. Glass flying from upper floors, broken electrical wires on the roadways, and simply heavy objects in rooms are dangerous. As a rule, earthquakes are accompanied by fires caused by gas leaks from damaged pipes and shorted power lines. All this is aggravated by the lack of water, as water lines break. Uncontrolled actions of people in panic are also dangerous. You can reduce the number of injuries and the number of deaths if you think through the rules of behavior in extreme situations in advance. For example, it is necessary to accurately determine the sequence of actions during an earthquake in the most ordinary conditions - at home, at work, in public places, on the street. This will help you to act calmly and rationally in emergency situations. In order to reduce the risk during an earthquake, you need to follow certain rules of behavior.

At home you should:

Do not panic and remain calm, encourage those present;

Take cover under strong tables, near main walls or columns, because the main danger may come from falling internal walls, ceilings, chandeliers;

Immediately extinguish any source of fire;

Wake up and dress children, help take them and older people to a safe place:

Use the telephone only in exceptional cases to call for help, convey a message to law enforcement agencies, firefighters, civil defense,

Constantly listen to information on the radio;

Open doors in order to provide yourself with an exit if necessary;

Do not go out on balconies;

Do not use the elevator;

Don't use matches because Maybe there is a danger of gas leakage;

As soon as the first series of tremors ends, leave the house, but before leaving it (if it is still intact), close the water taps, turn off the gas and electricity;

Remove essential items and valuables;

Leave your home with your back against the wall, especially if you have to go down the stairs;

Close the door of the house;

Avoid narrow and crowded streets.

On the street you should:

Head to free spaces away from buildings, power grids and other objects;

Carefully monitor cornices or walls that may fall, stay away from towers and reservoirs;

Move away from the disaster zone, if this is not possible - take shelter under the portico of the entrance to the entrance;

Keep an eye out for dangerous objects that may be on the ground (live wires, glass, broken boards, etc.);

Do not go close to the fire;

Do not take shelter near dams, river valleys, on sea beaches and lake shores - you may be covered by waves from underwater shocks;

Provide for yourself drinking water;

Follow instructions from local authorities only;

Participate in immediate assistance to others.

While in the car, you should:

Do not allow passengers to panic;

Do not stop under bridges, overpasses, or power lines;

When parking your car, do not block the road for other vehicles;

If possible, it is better not to use a car, but to travel on foot;

The best decision, if made in time, is to leave the city.

In a public place The main danger is the crowd, which, succumbing to panic, runs without clearing the road. Once in a crowd, you should:

Try to choose a safe exit that has not yet been noticed by the crowd;

Try not to fall, otherwise there is a risk of being trampled, without having the slightest opportunity to rise;

Cross your arms over your stomach to avoid breaking your chest;

Try not to get between the crowd and the obstacle.

At school and others educational institutions:

It is necessary to follow the plan developed by the civil defense authorities;

You need to keep the situation under control to be able to help others and keep children safe. An adult’s confidence and mastery of the situation helps children follow his instructions without panicking;

Training conducted with children in advance allows them to act more correctly and calmly;

Children should know in advance where to find shelter: if the teacher is hiding under the desk, the little ones should use their desks for this purpose; every step of an adult must be repeated by all children;

Every student must be taught to be responsible for his own things: in this way his attention is diverted from main problem, and this makes it easier to suppress fear during evacuation;

The teacher must have a complete list of students present and must check for children upon leaving;

Care must be taken to hand over the children to their parents or to centers specially designed for their collection.

On the train or subway:

Be prepared that there may be a power outage as soon as the aftershock occurs; the carriage will plunge into darkness, but despite this you should not panic;

Underground stations are a safe place in the event of an earthquake: metal structures allow them to withstand shocks well.

Upon returning home you must:

See if the building has received serious damage;

Do not use matches or an electrical switch, as there is a risk of gas leakage;

Do not use the telephone to avoid overloading the line.

If you are buried under rubble, you need to:

Breathe deeply, don’t let fear overcome you and don’t lose heart, try to survive at any cost;

Assess the situation and determine what is positive about it;

Remember that a person is able to withstand thirst and especially hunger for a fairly long period of time if he does not waste energy;

Believe that help will definitely come;

Look in your pockets or nearby for objects that could help provide light or sound signals (any object that can be banged on pipes or walls to attract attention);

Adapt to the situation, look around and look for a way out;

If there is not enough air, do not light candles that consume oxygen;

Discard sad thoughts and focus on what is most important;

If the only way out is a narrow hole, try to squeeze through it. To do this, you need to relax your muscles and gradually squeeze through, pressing your elbows to your sides and moving your legs forward, like a turtle.

What is the conclusion from all that has been said? You need to prepare for earthquakes, know your actions and hone their implementation in training.

Flood protection

A prerequisite for organizing protection from damaging factors and the consequences of floods is their prediction. For forecasting, a hydrological forecast is used - a scientifically based prediction of the development, nature and scale of floods. The forecast indicates approximately the time of onset of any element of the expected regime, for example, the opening or freezing of a river, the expected maximum flood, the possible duration of standing high levels water, the likelihood of ice congestion, etc. Forecasts are divided into short-term - up to 10-12 days - and long-term - up to 2-3 months or more. They can be local(for certain sections of rivers and reservoirs) or territorial, containing information generalized for a large area about the expected size and timing of the phenomenon. Many years of experience have shown that material damage from floods is significantly reduced if there is a forecast, a well-established information and warning service, and a highly organized and trained population.

Property damage from flood is assessed by the number of units of destroyed, damaged and out of order objects and items, as well as in monetary terms.

Important flood protection measures are:

Construction of special flood-regulating reservoirs, which are used to redistribute the maximum flow of their useful volumes;

Construction of enclosing dams (shafts);

Carrying out channel straightening works;

Plowing land across slopes and planting forest shelter belts in river basins;

Terracing of slopes, preservation of tree and shrub vegetation.

Prompt preventive measures include:

Warning the population about the threat of flooding;

Early evacuation of the population, farm animals, material and cultural assets from potentially flooded areas;

Partial restriction or cessation of the functioning of enterprises, organizations, institutions located in areas of possible flooding, protection of material assets.

LITERATURE

1. Life safety: Textbook for universities / S.V. Belov, A.V. Ilnitskaya, A.F. Kozyakov and others; Under general ed. S.V. Belova. – M.: Higher. school, 2015. – 616 p.

2. Life safety: textbook / V. Yu. Mikryukov. – M.: FORUM, 2016. – 464 p.