In 2017, Rosobrnadzor deprived dozens of universities across the country of accreditation and licenses. In recent months, hundreds of students from MITRO, the First Moscow Law Institute, the Moscow Academy of Economics and Law and other universities have been left out of higher education, many before defending their diplomas. Students are worried about the future of their education, and for good reason. A university without accreditation does not have the right to issue state diplomas, because the presence of accreditation just means that the quality of education corresponds federal standards. Other privileges are also lost: students are no longer guaranteed a deferment from the army, the institution cannot use tax breaks or maternity capital when paying for education.

If accreditation is lost, the university must notify students within five working days and also post an announcement online. However, as a rule, management withholds information until the last minute, and for many students the news comes as a surprise.

Lack of accreditation does not deprive a university of the opportunity to educate students. In accordance with the Federal Law “On Licensing of Certain Types of Activities,” a university will close only if it loses its license. A university deprived of accreditation can issue its own diploma - a non-state standard, but such a “crust” has no value.

"This document is in modern conditions nobody needs. Both in professional organizations and firms, and in the civil service, a non-state diploma is not valued. With it, among other things, you cannot enroll in a master's program or get a second degree. higher education", explains Grigory Shabanov, vice-rector for educational work RosNOU.

How to transfer to another university

If a student does not want to remain a dropout, the only way out is to complete his studies elsewhere. The procedure for transferring from a university deprived of accreditation is regulated by the federal law"On education in Russian Federation" It sets out a special procedure that guarantees that students' rights are respected. By law, the university is obliged to ensure the transfer of students to other universities while maintaining the conditions of study. The student has the right to count on the same specialty, form and cost of training, course.

According to the general director of the legal bureau “Amelin and Kopystyrinsky” Alexander Amelin, the translation period does not depend on time school year.

“The student must write a transfer application addressed to the management of his university. For minors, such a statement is written by one of the parents or a legal representative. Within 5 days, the university is obliged to provide a list of educational institutions ready to accept students,” says the lawyer.

He adds that it is possible to change the specialty. Then in the application you need to write about your desire to transfer to another educational program.

If a student does not agree with the transfer, he can obtain a certificate and independently transfer to other universities. However, according to Grigory Shabanov, in this case not a single serious university will accept him. Therefore, the student needs to try to choose the best option from those organizations that the rector’s office offers him a choice. Once the student has chosen new university, it is worth contacting this organization and clarifying whether it really carries out the translation, and also once again discussing the conditions that will be preserved.

State certification at another university

Sometimes universities that have been deprived of accreditation do not inform students about this and proceed with graduation as if nothing had happened. In this case, in order to receive a state diploma, students have the right to undergo state final certification as an external student at an accredited university.

“The Russian New University provides the opportunity for students of other universities to pass the GIA, but only if they studied in the areas of training that we have. Otherwise, we would have to separately develop a huge package of methodological and regulatory documents for each profile. In addition, not all universities conscientiously comply with the legislation in the field of education, and we cannot take their students either,” says the vice-rector of RosNOU.

According to Shabanov, the duration of the procedure depends on how prepared the student is. All disciplines studied after the university was deprived of accreditation are subject to re-certification. This also applies to practice, so the university must find time to conduct consultations, recertify the person, schedule a defense time, provide time to prepare for the exam, and at the same time comply with all deadlines set by the Ministry of Education. As a rule, this takes from three to six months. The student receives a diploma from the university in which he passed the state final certification.

In what cases can you receive compensation?

I graduated from the Natalia Nesterova Moscow Academy of Education in 2007 with a degree in Jurisprudence (part-time). I have only positive reviews about the work of the teachers, all of them are professionals from serious universities - Moscow State University, Moscow State Law Academy, Russian State University of Social Sciences, Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, etc. I cannot say the same about some organizational aspects (for example, in our part-time department of the faculty, it happened that lectures and seminars were canceled due to poor organization - lack of premises, student non-attendance due to schedule changes without warning). Another problem is frivolous and arrogant students who constantly interfere educational process with his walking around the audience and chatting! Many teachers dealt with this by simply removing them from the classroom, but some were probably unable to fight and “released” this behavior of chatterboxes! But overall, the impression is positive. Those who wanted to study, studied! Those who didn’t want to “attend” the Academy or skipped it. There was a significant portion of students (about 30%) who, over the years of “visiting” the university, essentially learned nothing (they either stood at the entrance to the building and “scratched their tongues”, or, after sitting for 15 - 20 minutes at the lecture, went about their “own business” "). Such “dropouts” simply spent 4-5 years of their lives, most likely - “for a deferment from the army” or “for the sake of a crust” (I don’t know how many of them graduated, but Akemia most often went towards such “dropouts” - “helping "get a diploma, they even managed to "pass" state exams). However, the lectures were read very competently, the seminars were useful and interesting, and the exams were mostly passed fairly (well, some people got screwed). In general, the quality of education, provided there is a responsible attitude towards it, is quite decent here. If you are ready to try and really learn the material at reasonable tuition fees, then this is the place for you!
Regarding the “illiteracy of graduates” - yes, there are about 30% “dropouts”, but among the graduates of my graduation year and the three previous years there are many very smart guys, in particular, one of my classmates is now working as a prosecutor in one of the districts of the Moscow region, another is a deputy . the general director of a law firm, the third is the head of the Security Service of a trading company, the fourth is the head of the police department, a fellow student is the head of the personnel department in the company, another girl is a legal consultant. So - don't rush to conclusions! Those who wanted to learn really learned!
I don’t understand the confusion with the official website! I type “Natalia Nesterova’s Moscow Academy of Education” into the search engine and always come up with the Moscow Institute government controlled and rights. What is it - the university closed and the students were transferred to MIGUP? Has the merger happened?

One of the most promising investment projects of 2017 FCT Academy he fell short, that is, he stopped fulfilling his financial obligations to his partners. This happened on November 17th. It was on this day that the project organizers sent out notifications to all participants containing approximately the following:

• Our project is closing
• We are not to blame for anything, according to the rules of FCT Academy, you can lose money at any time and you bear full responsibility for their loss.
• We plan to reimburse deposits until breakeven.

According to information on the mmgp.ru forum, FCT Academy’s losses occurred for a very banal reason - the company’s traders invested most of the money in one of the cryptocurrencies, which, instead of the expected growth, fell. How true this is is not known, but it sounds quite plausible. The only thing that is not clear is: “why did traders invest so much money in just one cryptocurrency, if the basic rule of trading is to wisely distribute funds and not invest more than 1% of funds in one transaction.”

In general, FCT Academy has closed. Payments to breakeven, if they happen, will not happen soon. Although, if such payments do occur, then the reputation of the FCT Academy organizers will be at their best, which will help them open new projects in the future.

On the other hand, the reason that is being circulated on online forums may turn out to be false and the organizers of FCT Academy could simply collect investors’ money and move abroad. Although in this case it is not clear why they did it so early, because the hype was at the very beginning, the number of investors grew and in six months or a year the organizers could earn millions of dollars.

Let's summarize:

• FCT Academy has closed
• In the coming month we are waiting for clarification of the situation with payments to breakeven
  Any, even the most reliable and promising HYIP project can close at any time. Therefore, competent money and risk management are also required from us, as investors.
• You should not repeat the mistakes of FCT Academy traders, because they lost your money, and you lost yours!!!

Update from December 26, 2017

A month after the closure of the FCT Academy pyramid, payments to project participants to breakeven were still not made. That is, the organizers of the project, Ilvir Shafiko and Sergei Denezhny, are scammers, since when the company was closed, they de jure did not violate the agreement, but a month later they broke their own financial promises.

Actually, it became clear to everyone very quickly that Ilvir Shafiko and Sergei Denezhny are scammers, but 1 interesting fact: 3 months after the closure of FCT Academy, about 2,000 bitcoins or about 30 million dollars were withdrawn from the company’s bitcoin account. These funds are precisely the deposits of investors and they were stolen by Ilvir Shafiko and Sergei Denezhny. Actually, this saga with FCT Academy can be considered complete.

First, we will list the universities that have been deprived of their license and/or accreditation. Then we'll understand the concepts. And at the very end of the article we summarize everything in notes for schoolchildren and students.

Find out all the information about the university before submitting documents

Universities deprived of their license

The most serious problem of universities. Without a license they have no right to conduct educational activities. Studying at such an institution has no value.

List of universities without a license:

Licenses suspended:

The lists are constantly updated: some regain the right to teach students, others lose it. Be careful! Some unscrupulous universities do not inform about the revocation of the license and continue to accept documents.

If your license is revoked during the school year, you have the right to request a transfer to another institution with similar conditions training.

Universities deprived of accreditation

Only accredited institutions can issue state diplomas. Universities without accreditation can recruit students, conduct educational process. But you will receive a diploma of a standard format, which has no value in the labor market. Also, such institutions do not have the right to grant a deferment from the army.

List of universities that have recently lost their accreditation:

A year after the deprivation of accreditation, the university may try to return it.

A university may be deprived of accreditation completely or only in some areas. If status is lost during the academic year, you have the right to transfer to another educational institution under similar conditions of study. However, you can choose another specialty. To transfer you need to write an application.

Ineffective universities

Every year, the Ministry of Education and Science monitors the effectiveness of universities. When checking, the following is analyzed:

• educational activities (competitive points for the Unified State Exam and the Secondary VI);
• research activities (income from its conduct);
• financial and economic activities;
• percentage of employment of graduates during the first year after graduation;
• teaching staff salaries;
• number of referred students (for branches);
• additional indicators (presence of highly qualified teachers, titles, etc.).

If a university lags behind the norm in four or more indicators, it is considered ineffective. Such institutions have nine months to correct the situation. The weakest universities face reorganization or loss of license.

Here is a list of some ineffective universities based on monitoring results for 2017.

Ineffective universities:

This list may include not only little-known educational establishments, but also the country's top universities. This may be due, for example, to their narrow focus. In addition to the monitoring results, look at the university rating, find student reviews, and study the teaching staff.

Reorganized universities

Most often, the reorganization of universities is carried out with the aim of improving the quality of education. The weakest educational institutions are joined to the strong ones. This happens only by mutual consent of both parties.

The largest reorganization processes in recent years:

• RGGRU named after. S. Ordzhonikidze became structural unit RGUNG;
• MAMI and MSUP im. I. Fedorov merged into the Moscow Polytechnic University (MPU);
• GKA them. Maimonides joins MGUDT;
• appeared on the basis of MIIT Russian University transport.

In fact, the reorganization brings only positive changes for students and applicants. They will have the opportunity to get more quality education at a strong university. Students who were studying at the institution at the time of its merger, with their written consent, transfer to the new university.

Memo for applicants

Memo for students

Don't rush into choosing a university. Check several times to see if everything is ok. Then you won't have to waste your time. And remember that you can find a way out of any situation.

Feb. 21, 2013

08:56 pm - The death of the Platonic Academy in Athens and the completion of the Christianization of Greek philosophy

In 529, Emperor Justinian issued a law prohibiting pagans, among other things, from engaging in teaching activities - they had to either be baptized or be subject to confiscation of property and exile (Cod. Just. I. 5. 18. 4; I. 11. 10. 2). John Malala in his historical essay additionally reports that at the same time a decree was sent to Athens banning the teaching of philosophy: “To the consulate of the same Decius, the basileus sent a decree to Athens, ordering that no one should teach philosophy, interpret laws or set up a gambling den in any of the cities "(Chronography, book XVIII).

On this basis, 529 is traditionally considered the year of the closure of Plato's Academy in Athens and almost the end of all Greek philosophy. How justified is such a view? Indeed, about two years after Justinian's decree, at the end of 531 - beginning of 532, seven Athenian philosophers, led by Diadochos Damascius, head of the Academy, left Athens and went to Persia. They were attracted there by rumors that Khosrow (the future Anushirvan), who ascended the Persian throne in September 531, was the embodiment of the ideal of the philosopher king that Plato dreamed of. Agathius of Mirinea recounts this story in detail:

“...The Damascus Syrian, Simplicius the Cilician, Eulalius the Phrygian, Priscian the Lydian, Hermias and Diogenes the Phoenicians represented, in poetic language, the flower and pinnacle of all those engaged in philosophy in our time. They did not accept the prevailing Roman doctrine of divinity and believed that the Persian state was much better, being convinced of what was instilled in them by many, namely, that there the government was more just, such as Plato describes, when philosophy and kingdom are united into one whole that the subjects, without exception, are reasonable and honest, that there are no thieves or robbers there and do not suffer any other injustice, so that if someone left his valuable property in the most deserted place, then no one who happened in that place will take it place, but it will remain intact, if not guarded, for the one who left it when he returns. They were convinced of this as the truth. In addition, they were forbidden by law, as those who did not accept established beliefs, to remain safe at home. Therefore, they immediately gathered and went to strangers who lived according to completely different customs, in order to live there in the future. There they all soon saw that the leaders were too proud, excessively pompous, they felt disgusted with them and blamed them. Then they saw many thieves and robbers, some of whom were caught, others were hiding. All sorts of other lawlessness happened. The rich oppressed the poor. In their relations with each other [the Persians] were usually cruel and inhuman, and, what is most senseless of all, they did not abstain from adultery, although everyone is allowed to have as many wives as they like, and they actually have them. For all these reasons, the philosophers were unhappy and blamed themselves for the migration.
When they talked with the king, they were deceived in their hopes, having found a man who boasted of his knowledge of philosophy, but had not heard anything about the sublime. Their opinions did not coincide. He held other [views] that I have already mentioned. Unable to bear the fury of incestuous relations, they returned as quickly as possible, although he respected them and invited them to stay. They believed that it would be better for them to enter the Roman borders immediately, if this happened, and die, than [while remaining there] to receive the greatest honors. So, they all returned home, saying goodbye to the barbarian's hospitality. However, they also received benefits from being outside the fatherland and [in a matter] not short-term and small, but thanks to this, their entire subsequent life proceeded peacefully and in accordance with their desires. When at this time the Romans and Persians concluded a peace treaty between themselves, the terms of the peace included the provision that these people, upon returning to their own, should live in the future without any fear and so that they would not be forced to change their beliefs, accept any -or beliefs, except those that they themselves approve of. Khosrow stipulated that the peace would be valid only on this condition.”
About the reign of Justinian. II, 30-31

So, having become disillusioned with the Persians and their king, the Athenian Platonists returned to the Roman Empire by the end of 532. How did they develop further fate? There is no direct information about this in the sources, but educated guesses can be made about at least two of them.

The Greek Anthology contains several poems under the name of Diadochi Damaskia, including an epigram on the tombstone of a slave girl. At the beginning of the twentieth century. this tombstone was found near the city of Emesa in Syria. Fortunately, it turned out to be dated - 538. Damascus was born in Syria, in the vicinity of Damascus. It is reasonable to conclude that upon returning from his Persian trip in 532, being at an advanced age (about 80 years old), he decided to remain in his native land.

The most prominent of Damascus's students was Simplicius. After returning from Persia, he wrote an extensive series of commentaries on Aristotle (several thousand pages), which are among the most erudite ancient works on this topic. At the same time, he extensively quotes his sources from the originals, and not from the doxographic tradition, as has been customary for many centuries (for example, he mentions a copy of Parmenides’ poem that was in his possession). It follows from this that Simplicius had access to a philosophical library that was unique in its richness.

The presence of such libraries in the 6th century. can be assumed only in a very small number of places, the list of which is limited to Constantinople, Alexandria and Athens. There are no hints in the sources about the residence of Simplicius in Constantinople, and it is impossible to assume that an inveterate pagan decided to settle in the very center of the Christian authorities, to whose persecution he was subjected.

Alexandria is also excluded on the following grounds. In his writings, Simplicius fiercely disputes from the pagan positions of his younger contemporary, the Christian John Philoponus, who lived his entire life in Alexandria. Moreover, in his commentary on Aristotle’s essay “On Heaven,” he mentions that he never met Philoponus in person. Living in Alexandria and studying philosophy, Simplicius could not help but meet with Philoponus. Athens remains.

Evidence that after 532 the Platonic Academy in Athens resumed its work came to us in the writings of Olympiodorus, who headed the department of philosophy in Alexandria in the middle of the 6th century. In his commentary on Plato's dialogue Alcibiades, he states that Plato did not charge his students tuition fees, being a wealthy man, "which is why funds for the maintenance of the head of the school (diadochicus) are available to this day, despite the numerous seizures that occur" (In Alc. 141.1-3).

In the same commentary, Olympiodor mentions an incident that took place during the period when Hephaestus was the Augustal of Alexandria (i.e., in 546-551), and from his words it is clear that quite a lot of time has passed since this incident. On this basis, Olympiodorus's commentary on Alcibiades can hardly be attributed to a time earlier than 560, from which it follows that the Platonic Academy in Athens still existed and had its own financial resources. At the time of Proclus, the diadochika was 1000 gold solidi per year. It is known that under Justinian, rhetoricians and grammarians in Carthage received 70 solidi per year. From this it is clear that even taking into account the confiscations of the Academy there should have been enough funds to ensure at least a comfortable life for its head.

In none of his writings is Simplicius called a diadochos. Perhaps he did not formally bear this title, being a de facto diadochi and receiving the funds due to this position. The year of his death is unknown. The last of his works may have been written in the 560s, when he must have been about seventy years old. Thus, there is no reason to exclude that Olympiodorus’ remark refers specifically to Simplicius.

But what about Justinian’s decree of 529 banning pagans from teaching? It must be borne in mind that the adoption of most late Roman laws meant, as one historian put it, little more than that “the abuses they were intended to eliminate were known to the central government.” An excellent illustration of this thesis is the fate of the already mentioned Alexandrian philosopher Olympiodorus.

From him, 3 commentaries on Plato (on “Alcibiades”, “Gorgias” and “Phaedo”) and 2 commentaries on Aristotle (on “Categories” and “Meteorology”) have been preserved, which are student notes of his lectures. The latest dated of them, a commentary on Meteorology, is definitely dated to a time after 565. From these records it is clear that Olympiodorus was a pagan and made no secret of it.

For example, in his commentary on the Gorgias, after explaining the goddess Hera allegorically as air or the rational soul, Olympiodorus states: “In consequence of this you should not so superficially interpret the doctrines presented in the form of myth; in fact, we, for our part, also understand perfectly well that there is only one first cause, God, because many first causes are impossible” (In Gorg. 32.15-33.3). He goes on to defend the pagans against accusations of idolatry: “Do not think that philosophers pay divine worship to stones or idols. In fact, given that we live in a sensory world, as a result of which incorporeal and immaterial power is unattainable for us, idols were invented as a reminder to us of this type of existence, so that we, looking at these idols and worshiping them, would thereby be led to comprehension of incorporeal and immaterial forces” (In Gorg. 246.7-12).

Unlike Athens, the department of philosophy in Alexandria was state and its head received support from the city authorities. After Justinian's anti-pagan decree of 529, decrees against pagans were repeated in 545-546 and 562. And after all these decrees, in the mid-560s, the state department of philosophy in Alexandria was headed by an open pagan who allowed himself to freely defend his own views before his predominantly Christian audience! Against this background, the continued existence of the Platonic Academy in Athens in the 560s. looks totally possible.

Alexandria also provides an excellent example of how the Christianization of Greek philosophy was predominantly natural and not violent. Olympiodor's student and successor in the philosophy department was Aelius, who bore the honorary title of apoeparch. From him, prolegomena to the philosophy of Aristotle, a commentary on the “Categories”, a commentary on Porphyry’s “Introduction” and several smaller philosophical works have been preserved.

Elijah's successor was David, usually falsely identified with his namesake, an Armenian theologian who lived a century earlier. From David, referred to in the manuscripts as “the most God-loving and God-minded philosopher,” commentaries on Aristotle’s “Analytics” and Porphyry’s “Introduction” have been preserved.

Judging by the names and titles of Elijah and David, they were both already Christians. However, the records of their lectures indicate that they continued to teach in a completely traditional spirit, expressing ideas about the eternity of the world, divinity celestial bodies, unreasonable avenging spirits, long-lived nymphs, etc., characteristic of non-Christian Aristotelianism and Platonism.

It can be assumed that the same process of gradual natural Christianization took place in Athens, which is also evidenced, which will be discussed below. The consequence of this process should have been the complete Christianization of the Platonic Academy, if its existence had not been interrupted, this time finally, around 580 during the catastrophic defeat of Athens by the Slavs who invaded the empire:

Menander Protector:
...In the fourth year of the reign of Tiberius Constantine Caesar, it happened that in Thrace the people of the Slavs, about one hundred thousand, plundered Thrace and many other [regions]... Hellas was devastated by the Slavs and dangers loomed over it from all sides, one after another...
Story. Fr. 47, 48

John of Ephesus:
In the third year after the death of Tsar Justin and the reign of the victorious Tiberius, the deceitful Slavs emerged. And they quickly passed through all of Hellas, along the borders of Thessalonica and all of Thrace. They captured many cities and fortresses: they devastated, and burned, and captured, and began to rule the earth and live on it, ruling as if they were their own, without fear, for four years... As long as God is on their side, they , of course, they devastate, and burn, and plunder [everything] right up to the outer wall.
Church history. VI, 25

Historians contemporary to these events report nothing about the fate of Athens specifically, but their silence is compensated by the eloquent evidence of archeology:

Excavations at the Athenian Agora clearly demonstrate that at the end of the sixth century the peaceful course of urban life in Athens was disrupted. It is known, for example, that a number of buildings were burned at that time and abandoned temporarily or forever. Findings of coins, apparently hidden in a hurry or abandoned in a panic, make it possible to date events that would otherwise be very difficult to place in a specific historical context, although they are well attested by historical discoveries. Byzantine chroniclers report a Slavic invasion of Greece at the end of 578 or at the beginning of 579, as a result of which a large number of Slavs settled in Greece for several years or forever. There can be little doubt that some of the destruction in the Athenian Agora dating from the years immediately following the invasion was the work of the Slavs.
D.M. Metcalf. The Slavonic Threat to Greece circa 580: Some Evidence from Athens // Hesperia. Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Vol. XXI, No. 2. April-June 1962. P. 134

Excavation data indicate large-scale devastation of the Agora area at this time, most likely in the 80s of the sixth century. There can be little doubt that these destructions were associated with a particularly brutal invasion of the Slavic tribes. After a short time, at least some of the buildings were repaired and returned to use, as evidenced in several cases by dramatic rises in floor levels. But their inhabitants led a miserable existence in an environment of uncertainty and the constant threat of barbarian invasion... Coins and ceramics indicate the presence of a number of inhabitants until the second half of the seventh century. This was followed by a period of almost complete abandonment, lasting until the tenth century, when the area was converted into a residential area.
Homer A. Thompson. Athenian Twilight: A.D. 267-600 // The Journal of Roman Studies. Vol. XLIX, 1959. Parts I & II. P. 70

The threat [of a Slavic invasion], in fact, soon became a reality, and sometime between 580 and 585. the city suffered a general catastrophe. Medieval historians are generally indifferent to events in Athens (Theophanes does not mention them at all in the sixth and seventh centuries, and only indirectly in the fifth), including this disaster of the 580s, but the event left its own documentation in the form of charred ruins and coin hoards in different places, both north and south of the Acropolis. Like their Heruli predecessors, these enemies apparently did not attempt to occupy the city, but were content to leave behind a heap of ruins that lay more or less untouched until the early seventh century.
Although the entire Balkan Peninsula was subject to Slavic invasions in the late sixth and early seventh centuries, it is unlikely that Athens itself was occupied at any point during this period. They were in the hands of the Byzantines and were apparently considered a safe place in 662-663, when Constans II wintered in them, and although there is evidence of serious threats during the reign of Heraclius, there is absolutely no evidence of interruptions in habitation such as that experienced place in the 580s. The city was apparently in decline, but there is increasing evidence of a period of revival in the seventh century, which delayed the onset of the darkest times until the end of the century. The volume of coins of Phocas, Heraclius, Constans II and Constantine IV found in the Athenian Agora (1127 in total for the period 602-685) provides an impressive contrast to the paltry twenty-five coins recorded in the immediately preceding twenty years, when Athens was reeling from the aftermath of the Slavic invasion.
Alison Frantz. From Paganism to Christianity in the Temples of Athens // Dumbarton Oaks Papers. No. 19. 1965. P. 197-198

It was in the area of ​​the southern slope of the Acropolis, which, among others, was subjected to Slavic defeat, that it was located in the 5th-6th centuries. Platonov Academy. Its original building, located a mile north of the city walls of Athens, dates back to 86 BC. destroyed by Sulla. From about 400, the Academy was located in a house specially built for it by the Diadochus Plutarch. Its location is described by Marin in the Life of Proclus: “...This house, where he lived, and his parent Sirian, and his ancestor (as he put it) Plutarch, was located very conveniently next to the temple of Asclepius, glorified by Sophocles, and the temple of Dionysus , which is near the theater, in full view and in every possible proximity to the acropolis of Athena itself.” In the 1960s Greek archaeologists discovered the remains of a building matching this description. Among the finds was a bust of a philosopher - probably Proclus or one of the other diadochi.

Thus, the Athenian Platonic Academy, which managed to survive the persecution of the Christian imperial authorities, perished at the hands of the pagans. The fact that the level of philosophical education in Athens on the eve of its defeat by the Slavs continued to remain very high is evidenced by the example of the last philosopher born in this city - Stephen of Athens or Alexandria, who ended his career as head of the department of philosophy at the University of Constantinople.

The most early event from the biography of Stephen is mentioned in the “Ecclesiastical History” of Dionysius of Telmar and dates back to 581, when the Monophysite Patriarch of Antioch Peter arrived in Alexandria. The learned theologians accompanying him entered into a dispute there with the sophist Stephen, who had previously been a Monophysite, but then began to spread a teaching that contradicted their views and was expelled from the Monophysite church.

John Moschus (died 622) in The Spiritual Meadow (Paterikon Sinai) tells how he and his friend the sophist Sophronius during their first stay in Alexandria between 581 and 584. attended the lessons of the sophist and philosopher Stephen, which he gave in the annex to the Church of the Mother of God, called Dorothea, built by Eulogius (Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria in 581-608): “And my Lord Sophronius and Idokhova in the house of the philosopher Stephen, let us abide: smoothing Living, going to the Holy Mother of God, from the south, blessed are Pope Eulogius to the east of the great Tetrafol” (Homily 99).

From Stephen's philosophical works, commentaries on “On Interpretation” and the 3rd book of “On the Soul” by Aristotle and on “Introduction” by Porphyry have been preserved. He also owns commentaries on the “Prognosticon” and “Aphorisms” of Hippocrates and “Therapeutics to Glaucon” by Galen and several treatises on private medical topics. The fact that Stephen was engaged in mathematics and astronomy is evidenced by the introduction he wrote to Theon of Alexandria's small commentary on Ptolemy's Tables. A number of astrological and alchemical treatises are also attributed to him.

In the titles of a number of manuscripts, Stephen is called a native of Athens, which is also indirectly confirmed by his own writings. The approximate time of his birth is 550-555. In Athens, apparently, he received in the 560-570s. and my first education. It is difficult to say whether he found Simplicius alive, but, in any case, he was quite able to learn from his students. In 581 we find him already in Alexandria. It is unlikely that his move there had anything to do with the Slavic threat to Athens that arose in the late 570s.

The range of interests and some features of Stephen's writings indicate that in Alexandria he became close to the followers of John Philoponus. This explains why he, apparently born into a Christian Orthodox Athenian family, for some time joined Monophysitism in Alexandria. Having discovered logical inconsistencies in the teachings of the Monophysites, he entered into a dispute with them, was excommunicated from their church and returned to the Chalcedonites. Stephen's philosophical gift was noticed Orthodox Patriarch Alexandria by Eulogius, who provided him with a place to live and teach in an annex to the Church of the Virgin Mary, where his classes were attended, among others, by John Moschos and the sophist Sophronius.

In the introduction to Theon's commentary, Stephen refers to himself as "the great philosopher of Alexandria" and mentions his teaching of mathemata in Constantinople under the emperor Heraclius (610-641). The introduction is dated to the 9th year of the reign of Heraclius, i.e. September 618 - August 619. In his revision of Theon's work, written in Alexandria, Stephen adapted his data to the realities of Constantinople, using tables for the climate of Byzantium, using Julian months and describing a method for calculating the date of Easter.

The Armenian scientist Anania Shirakatsi (610-685) in his autobiography says that his teacher Tychicus came to Constantinople around 612-613, “where he met famous person, a teacher from Athens, the city of philosophers, who taught to the philosophers of that city." This Athenian philosopher was undoubtedly Stephen. Apparently, he was invited to Constantinople from Alexandria to head the department of philosophy in Imperial University, restored by Heraclius after the overthrow of the usurper Phocas in 610. These events are mentioned in the dialogue between Philosophy and History that opens The History of Theophylact Simocatta (c. 630):

“Philosophy: Long ago, my child, you died after the invasion of the royal palace by this Calydonian tyrant, bound in iron, this half-barbarian from the Cyclopean tribe, this dissolute centaur, clothed in the pure majesty of royal purple, for whom royal power was only an arena for drunkenness. I will keep silent about everything else, ashamed of both my modesty and my respectable listeners. I myself, my daughter, was then expelled from royal palace, and I was denied access to the borders of Attica when my lord Socrates was executed by this Thracian Anytus. Subsequently, the Heraclides saved me, returned my dominion to me, and cleansed the most holy house of the kings from this fiend. It was then that they settled me again in the monastery of the emperors. My voice sounded again in the palace, ancient and Attic speeches dedicated to the muses were heard again.”

One of the surviving philosophical works of Stephen, a commentary on the “Introduction” of Porphyry (its author was previously called Pseudo-Elius or Pseudo-David), is a traditional recording of lectures (praxeis) for the Alexandrian school of thought, made by ear (apo phones) by students already during his teaching in Constantinople. It is noteworthy that in his philosophical comments Stephen, like his Christian predecessors Aelius and David, without any refutation, expresses traditional philosophical ideas contrary to Christianity, including the eternity of the world (“according to Aristotle”), the fifth element (“as some say”), pre-existence human souls and the impassivity of intelligent celestial bodies.

From the story of Ananias Shirakatsi about his teacher Tychicus, who studied with Stephen, we can conclude that Stephen died during the lifetime of Emperor Heraclius (i.e., before 641) and Patriarch Sergius of Constantinople (i.e., before 638). Thus, he did not live to see the capture of Alexandria by the Arabs in 641, which put an end to the existence of its philosophical school.

In the history of Greek philosophy of late antiquity and early Middle Ages Stephen represents one of the most significant transitional figures. Born and received elementary education in Athens, having reached philosophical maturity and fame in Alexandria, he survived the death of the first philosophical school and did not live long to see the death of the second philosophical school. His move to Constantinople marked the final cessation of that city as the center of Greek learning, and his active and undoubtedly sincere participation in theological debates marked the final Christianization of Greek thought. Let us remember that the greatest Greek philosopher of the 7th century. Maximus the Confessor was born and educated in Constantinople and before his monastic tonsure in 630 he served as secretary to Emperor Heraclius, i.e. could hardly have avoided apprenticeship with Stephen.

During the 7th century. records of philosophical lectures (their last known example is Stephen's commentary on Porphyry's Introduction) are completely replaced as the main genre of Greek philosophical literature by the logical compendium or collection of philosophical definitions with examples. Here Stephen again turns out to be a connecting link, because a number of his logical formulations were included at the end of the seventh century in the anti-Monophysite collection “The Teaching of the Fathers on the Incarnation of the Word.” The most famous example of such a logical compendium is the Dialectics of John of Damascus, which is based, among other things, on the traditions of Alexandrian Aristotelianism, including Stephen's commentaries.

List of used literature:

Cameron, Alan. La Fin de l’Académie // Le Néoplatonisme. Paris, 1971

The Last Days of the Academy at Athens // Cameron, Alan. Literature and Society in the Early Byzantine World. Variorum Reprints. L., 1985

Thompson, Homer A. Athenian Twilight: A.D. 267-600 // The Journal of Roman Studies. Vol. XLIX, 1959. Parts I & II

Frantz, Alison. From Paganism to Christianity in the Temples of Athens // Dumbarton Oaks Papers. No. 19. 1965

Metcalf, D.M. The Slavonic Threat to Greece circa 580: Some Evidence from Athens // Hesperia. Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Vol. XXI, No. 2. April-June 1962

Westerink, L.G., Segonds, A.Ph., Trouillard, J. Prolégomènes à la philosophie de Platon. Paris, 1990

Wolska-Conus, W. Stéphanos d'Athènes et Stéphanos d'Alexandrie. Essai d’identification et de biographie // Revue des études byzantines. No. 47. 1989

Roueché, Mossman. Byzantine Philosophical Texts of the Seventh Century // Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik. 23. Band. 1974

Roueché, Mossman. A Middle Byzantine Handbook of Logic Terminology // Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik. 29. Band. 1980