Man is the only species on earth that is capable, in addition to satisfying the needs dictated by instincts, to carry out emotional, creative and mental activity. The uniqueness of people lies in the presence of vast, highly developed and complexly constructed areas of the brain, which have a generalized name neocortex. Therefore, in the study of man, as a species at the upper stage of evolution, the main directions are questions about the structure and functions of this part of the central nervous system.

General information

Neocortex (new cortex, isocortex or lat. neocortex) is a region of the cerebral cortex, occupying about 96% of the surface of the hemispheres and having a thickness of 1.5 - 4 mm, which are responsible for the perception of the world, motor skills, thinking and speech.

The neocortex is made up of three main types of neurons - pyramidal, stellate, and fusiform. The first, the most numerous group, which makes up about 70-80% of the total amount in the brain. The proportion of stellate neurons is at the level of 15-25%, and spindle-shaped - about 5%.

The structure of the neocortex is almost homogeneous and consists of 6 horizontal layers and vertical columns of the cortex. The layers of the new cortex have the following structure:

1. Molecular, consisting of fibers and a small number of small stellate neurons. The fibers form a tangential plexus.
2. Outer granular, formed by small neurons of various shapes, which are associated with the molecular layer over all areas. At the very end of the layer are small pyramidal cells.
3. External pyramidal, consisting of small, medium and large pyramidal neurons. The processes of these cells can be associated with both layer 1 and white matter.
4. Internal granular, which consists mainly of stellate cells. This layer is characterized by a non-dense arrangement of neurons in it.
5. Internal pyramidal, formed by medium and large pyramidal cells, the processes of which are connected with all other layers.
6. Polymorphic, which is based on spindle-shaped neurons connected by processes with the 5th layer and white matter.

In addition, the new cortex is divided into regions, which in turn are subdivided into Brodmann fields. The following areas are distinguished:

1. Occipital (17,18 and 19 fields).
2. Upper parietal (5 and 7).
3. Lower parietal (39 and 40).
4. Postcentral (1, 2, 3 and 43).
5. Precentral (4 and 6).
6. Frontal (5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 32, 44, 45, 46 and 47).
7. Temporal (20, 21, 22, 37, 41 and 42).
8. Limbic (23, 24, 25 and 31).
9. Islet (13 and 14).

Cortex columns are a group of neurons that are perpendicular to the cerebral cortex. Within a small column, all cells perform the same task. But a hypercolumn, consisting of 50-100 minicolumns, can have either one or many functions.

neocortex functions

The new cortex is responsible for the execution of higher nerve functions(thinking, speech, processing information from the senses, creativity, etc.). Clinical trials have shown that each area of ​​the cerebral cortex is responsible for strictly defined functions. For example, human speech is controlled by the left frontal gyrus. However, if any of the areas is damaged, the neighboring one can take over its function, although this requires a long period of time. Conventionally, there are three main groups of functions that the neocortex performs - sensory, motor and associative.

touch

This group includes a set of functions by which a person is able to perceive information from the senses.

Each feeling is analyzed by a separate area, but signals from others are also taken into account.

Signals from the skin are processed by the posterior central gyrus. Moreover, information from the lower extremities enters the upper part of the gyrus, from the body - to the middle, from the head and hands - to the lower. At the same time, only pain and temperature sensations are processed by the posterior central gyrus. The sense of touch is controlled by the upper parietal region.

Vision is controlled by the occipital region. Information is received in field 17, and in fields 18 and 19 it is processed, that is, color, size, shape and other parameters are analyzed.

Hearing is processed in the temporal region.

Charm and taste sensations are controlled by the hippocampal gyrus, which, unlike general structure The neocortex has only 3 horizontal layers.

It should be noted that in addition to the zones of direct reception of information from the senses, there are secondary ones next to them, in which the received images are compared with those stored in memory. With damage to these areas of the brain, a person completely loses the ability to recognize incoming data.

Motor

This group includes the functions of the new cortex, with the help of which any movement of the human limbs is carried out. Motor skills are controlled and controlled by the precentral region. The lower limbs depend on the upper parts of the central gyrus, and the upper limbs depend on the lower ones. In addition to the precentral, the frontal, occipital and upper parietal regions are involved in the movement. An important feature of the performance of motor functions is that they cannot be performed without constant connections with sensory areas.

Associative

This group of functions of the neocortex is responsible for such complex elements of consciousness as thinking, planning, emotional control, memory, empathy and many others.

Associative functions are performed by the frontal, temporal and parietal regions.

In these parts of the brain, a reaction is formed to the data coming from the sense organs and command signals are sent to the motor and sensory zones.

To receive and control, all sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex are surrounded by associative fields, in which the analysis of the received information takes place. But at the same time, it should be taken into account that the data coming into these fields are already initially processed in sensory and motor areas. For example, if there is a malfunction in the work of such a section in the visual area, a person sees and understands that there is an object, but cannot name it and, accordingly, make a decision about his further behavior.

In addition, the frontal lobe of the cortex is very tightly connected to the limbic system, which allows it to control and manage emotional messages and reflexes. This enables a person to take place as a person.

The performance of associative functions in the neocortex is possible due to the fact that the neurons of this part of the central nervous system are able to retain traces of excitation according to the principle feedback can persist for a long time (from several years to a lifetime). This ability is memory, with the help of which associative links of the received information are built.

The role of the neocortex in emotions and stereogenesis

Emotions in humans initially appear in the limbic system of the brain. But in this case, they are represented by primitive concepts, which, getting into the new cortex, are processed using the associative function. As a result, a person can operate with emotions at a higher level, which makes it possible to introduce such concepts as joy, sadness, love, anger, etc.

Also, the neocortex has the ability to dampen strong bursts of emotion in the limbic system by sending calming signals to areas of high neuronal arousal. This leads to the fact that in a person the dominant role in behavior is played by the mind, and not by instinctive reflexes.

Differences from the old bark

The old cortex (archicortex) is an earlier emerging area of ​​the cerebral cortex than the neocortex. But in the process of evolution, the new crust became more developed and extensive. In this regard, the archicortex ceased to play a dominant role and became one of the constituent parts.

If we compare the old one and according to the functions performed, then the first is assigned the role of fulfilling innate reflexes and motivation, and the second is the management of emotions and actions at a higher level.

In addition, the neocortex is much larger than old bark. So the first occupies about 96% of the total surface of the hemispheres, and the size of the second - no more than 3%. This ratio shows that the archicortex cannot perform higher nervous functions.

So, the area of ​​the cerebral cortex of one hemisphere of a person is about 800 - 2200 square meters. see, thickness - 1.5 × 5 mm. Most of the bark (2/3) lies deep in the furrows and is not visible from the outside. Thanks to this organization of the brain, in the process of evolution, it was possible to significantly increase the area of ​​the cortex with a limited volume of the skull. The total number of neurons in the cortex can reach 10-15 billion.

The cerebral cortex itself is heterogeneous, therefore, in accordance with phylogeny (by origin), the ancient cortex (paleocortex), the old cortex (archicortex), the intermediate (or middle) cortex (mesocortex) and the new cortex (neocortex) are distinguished.

ancient bark

Ancient bark, (or paleocortex)- this is the most simple structure of the cerebral cortex, which contains 2-3 layers of neurons. According to a number of well-known scientists such as H. Fenish, R. D. Sinelnikov and Ya. R. Sinelnikov, who indicate that the ancient cortex corresponds to the region of the brain that develops from the piriform lobe, and the components of the ancient cortex are the olfactory tubercle and the cortex surrounding it, including area of ​​the anterior perforated substance. The composition of the ancient cortex includes the following structural formations such as the prepiriform, periamygdala area of ​​the cortex, the diagonal cortex and the olfactory brain, including the olfactory bulbs, the olfactory tubercle, the septum pellucidum, the nuclei of the septum pellucidum and the fornix.

According to M. G. Prives and a number of some scientists, the olfactory brain is topographically divided into two sections, including a number of formations and convolutions.

1. peripheral section (or olfactory lobe) which includes formations lying on the basis of the brain:

olfactory bulb;

olfactory tract;

olfactory triangle (inside which is the olfactory tubercle, i.e., the top of the olfactory triangle);

internal and lateral olfactory gyrus;

internal and lateral olfactory strips (the fibers of the internal strip end in the subcausal field of the paraterminal gyrus, the transparent septum and in the anterior perforated substance, and the fibers of the lateral strip end in the parahippocampal gyrus);

anterior perforated space, or substance;

diagonal stripe, or Broca's strip.

2. the central department includes three convolutions:

parahippocampal gyrus (hippocampal gyrus, or seahorse gyrus);

dentate gyrus;

cingulate gyrus (including its anterior part - hook).

Old and intermediate bark

old bark (or archicortex)-- this cortex appears later than the ancient cortex and contains only three layers of neurons. It consists of the hippocampus (seahorse or ammon horn) with its base, dentate gyrus and cingulate gyrus. cerebral cortex neuron

Intermediate bark (or mesocortex)-- representing a five-layer fate of the cortex, separating the new cortex (neocortex), from the ancient cortex (paleocortex) and the old cortex (archicortex) and because of this, the middle cortex is divided into two zones:

• 1. peripaleocortical;
• 2. periarchiocortical.

According to V. M. Pokrovsky and G. A. Kuraev, the composition of the mesocortex includes the ostrave, as well as in the entorial region, the parahippocampal gyrus bordering on the old cortex and the pre-basement of the hippocampus.

According to R. D. Sinelnikov and Ya. R. Sinelnikov, the intermediate cortex includes such formations as the lower part of the insular lobe, the parahippocampal gyrus and the lower part of the limbic region of the cortex. But at the same time, it is necessary to understand that the limbic region is understood as part of the new cortex of the hemispheres big brain, which occupies the cingulate and parahippocampal gyrus. There is also an opinion that the intermediate cortex is an incompletely differentiated zone of the cortex of the island (or visceral cortex).

Due to the ambiguity of such an interpretation of the structures related to the ancient and old crust, it has translated into the expediency of using the combined concept as the archiopaleocortex.

The structures of the archiopaleocortex have multiple connections, both among themselves and with other brain formations.

New bark

New bark (or neocortex)- phylogenetically, that is, in its origin - this is the latest formation of the brain. Due to the later evolutionary emergence and rapid development of the new cerebral cortex in its organization of complex forms of higher nervous activity and its highest hierarchical level, which is vertically coordinated with the activities of the central nervous system making up the most features of this part of the brain. For many years, the features of the neocortex have attracted and continue to hold the attention of many researchers studying the physiology of the cerebral cortex. At present, the old ideas about the monopoly participation of the new cortex in the formation of complex forms of behavior, including conditioned reflexes, have been replaced by the idea of ​​it as the highest level of thalamocortical systems functioning in conjunction with the thalamus, limbic and other brain systems. The neocortex is involved in psychic experience outside world-- his perception and the creation of his images, which persist for a more or less long time.

A feature of the structure of the new cortex is the screen principle of its organization. The main thing in this principle - the organization of neural systems - is the geometric distribution of projections of higher receptor fields on a large surface of the neuronal field of the cortex. Also for the screen organization is the characteristic organization of cells and fibers that run perpendicular to the surface or parallel to it. This orientation of cortical neurons provides opportunities for combining neurons into groupings.

As for the cellular composition in the neocortex, it is very diverse, the size of neurons is approximately from 8–9 µm to 150 µm. The vast majority of cells belong to two types - pramid and stellate. There are also spindle-shaped neurons in the neocortex.

In order to better consider the features of the microscopic structure of the cerebral cortex, it is necessary to turn to architectonics. Under the microscopic structure, cytoarchitectonics (cellular structure) and myeloarchitectonics (fibrous structure of the cortex) are distinguished. The beginning of the study of the architectonics of the cerebral cortex refers to late XVIII century, when in 1782 Gennari first discovered the heterogeneity of the structure of the cortex in the occipital lobes of the hemispheres. In 1868, Meinert divided the diameter of the cerebral cortex into layers. In Russia, the first researcher of the cortex was V. A. Betz (1874), who discovered large pyramidal neurons in the 5th layer of the cortex in the region of the precentral gyrus, named after him. But, there is another division of the cerebral cortex - the so-called Brodmann field map. In 1903, the German anatomist, physiologist, psychologist and psychiatrist K. Brodman published a description of fifty-two cytoarchitectonic fields, which are sections of the cerebral cortex that differ in their cellular structure. Each such field differs in size, shape, location of nerve cells and nerve fibers, and, of course, different fields are associated with different functions of the brain. Based on the description of these fields, a map of 52 Brodman fields was compiled

Anatomy

The neocortex contains two main types of neurons: pyramidal neurons (~80% of neocortical neurons) and interneurons (~20% of neocortical neurons).

The structure of the neocortex is relatively homogeneous (hence the alternative name: "isocortex"). In humans, it has six horizontal layers of neurons that differ in the type and nature of connections. Vertically, neurons are combined into so-called cortex columns. In dolphins, the neocortex has 3 horizontal layers of neurons.

Principle of operation

A fundamentally new theory of the algorithms of the neocortex was developed in Menlo Park, California, USA (Silicon Valley), by Jeff Hawkins. The theory of hierarchical temporary memory has been implemented in software as a computer algorithm, which is available for use under a license from numenta.com.

• The same algorithm processes all the senses.
• The function of a neuron is based on memory over time, something like causal relationships that hierarchically develop into larger and larger objects from smaller ones.

see also

• ancient bark

Links

• W. Mountcastle "Organizing Principle of Brain Function: Elementary Module and Distributed System"
• Translation into Russian of the article "Hierarchical temporal memory" from Numenta.com

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "New bark" is in other dictionaries:

NEOCORTEX (NEW CORTEX)- Evolutionarily the newest and most complex of the nervous tissues. The frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes of the brain are made up of the neocortex... Dictionary in psychology

- (cortex hemispheria cerebri), pallium, or cloak, a layer of gray matter (1 5 mm) covering the cerebral hemispheres of mammals. This part of the brain, developed in the later stages of evolution, plays an extremely important role in ... ... Biological encyclopedic Dictionary

Bark: Wiktionary has an entry for "bark" In Biology: Bark is the outer part of a tree trunk. The bark of large p ... Wikipedia

cortex- brain: the cortex (cerebral cortex) is the upper layer of the cerebral hemispheres, consisting primarily of nerve cells with a vertical orientation (pyramidal cells), as well as of afferent (centripetal) and efferent bundles ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

A layer of gray matter 1 5 mm thick covering the cerebral hemispheres of mammals and humans. This part of the brain (See Brain), which developed in the later stages of the evolution of the animal world, plays exclusively ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The cerebrum (cortex cerebri, PNA, LNH; substantia corticalis, BNA, JNA; synonym: K. of the cerebral hemispheres, K. of the brain, mantle, cloak) is the surface layer of the cerebral hemispheres, formed by its gray matter; plays an important role in... Medical Encyclopedia

- (cortex cerebri) gray matter located on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres and consisting of nerve cells (neurons), neuroglia, interneuronal connections of the cortex, and blood vessels. K. b. m. contains central (cortical) sections ... ... Medical Encyclopedia

In this article, we will talk about the limbic system, the neocortex, their history of origin and main functions.

limbic system

The limbic system of the brain is a collection of complex neuroregulatory structures of the brain. This system is not limited to just a few functions - it performs a huge number of the most important tasks for a person. The purpose of the limbus is the regulation of higher mental functions and special processes of higher nervous activity, ranging from simple charm and wakefulness to cultural emotions, memory and sleep.

History of occurrence

The limbic system of the brain formed long before the neocortex began to form. This ancient hormonal-instinctive structure of the brain, which is responsible for the survival of the subject. For a long evolution, 3 main goals of the system for survival can be formed:

• Dominance - the manifestation of superiority in a variety of ways
• Food - subject's nutrition
• Reproduction - the transfer of one's genome to the next generation

Because a person has animal roots, a limbic system is present in the human brain. Initially, Homo sapiens had only affects that affect the physiological state of the body. Over time, communication was formed by the type of cry (vocalization). Individuals who knew how to convey their state with the help of emotions survived. Over time, an emotional perception of reality has been formed more and more. Such evolutionary stratification allowed people to unite into groups, groups into tribes, tribes into settlements, and the latter into entire peoples. The limbic system was first discovered by American researcher Paul McLean back in 1952.

System structure

Anatomically, the limbus includes areas of the paleocortex (ancient cortex), archicortex (old cortex), part of the neocortex (new cortex), and some structures of the subcortex (caudate nucleus, amygdala, globus pallidus). Titles listed various kinds crust denotes their formation at the indicated time of evolution.

Weight specialists in the field of neuroscience, they dealt with the question of which structures belong to the limbic system. The latter includes many structures:

In addition, the system is closely related to the reticular formation system (the structure responsible for brain activation and wakefulness). The scheme of the anatomy of the limbic complex rests on the gradual layering of one part on another. So, on top lies the cingulate gyrus, and then descending:

• corpus callosum;
• vault;
• mamillary body;
• amygdala;
• hippocampus.

A distinctive feature of the visceral brain is its rich connection with other structures, consisting of complex pathways and two-way connections. Such a branched system of branches forms a complex of vicious circles, which creates conditions for a long-term circulation of excitation in the limbus.

Functionality of the limbic system

The visceral brain actively receives and processes information from the outside world. What is the limbic system responsible for? Limbus- one of those structures that works in real time, allowing the body to effectively adapt to conditions external environment.

The human limbic system in the brain performs the following functions:

• Formation of emotions, feelings and experiences. Through the prism of emotions, a person subjectively evaluates objects and the phenomenon of the environment.
• Memory. This function is carried out by the hypocampus, located in the structure of the limbic system. Mnestic processes are provided by the processes of reverberation - a circular movement of excitation in the closed neural circuits of the sea horse.
• Selection and correction of a model of suitable behavior.
• Training, retraining, fear and aggression;
• Development of spatial skills.
• Defensive and foraging behavior.
• Expressiveness of speech.
• Acquisition and maintenance of various phobias.
• The work of the olfactory system.
• Reaction of caution, preparation for action.
• Regulation of sexual and social behavior. There is a concept emotional intelligence- The ability to recognize the emotions of others.

At expression of emotions a reaction occurs, which manifests itself in the form: changes blood pressure, skin temperature, respiratory rate, pupillary response, perspiration, hormonal response and much more.

Perhaps there is a question among women about how to turn on the limbic system in men. However answer simple: none. In all men, the limbus works to the full (with the exception of patients). This is justified by evolutionary processes, when a woman in almost all time periods of history was engaged in raising a child, which includes a deep emotional return, and, consequently, a deep development of the emotional brain. Unfortunately, men can no longer reach the level of development of a woman's limbus.

The development of the limbic system in infants largely depends on the type of upbringing and, in general, attitudes towards it. A stern look and a cold smile do not contribute to the development of the limbic complex, unlike a strong hug and a sincere smile.

Interaction with the neocortex

The neocortex and the limbic system are tightly connected by many pathways. Thanks to this unification, these two structures form one whole of the human mental sphere: they connect the mental component with the emotional one. The neocortex acts as a regulator of animal instincts: human thought usually goes through a series of cultural and moral inspections before taking any action spontaneously evoked by emotions. In addition to controlling emotions, the neocortex has an auxiliary effect. The feeling of hunger arises in the depths of the limbic system, and already the higher cortical centers that regulate behavior search for food.

The father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, did not bypass such brain structures in his time. The psychologist argued that every neurosis is formed under the yoke of the suppression of sexual and aggressive instincts. Of course, at the time of his work, there were no data on the limbus yet, but the great scientist guessed about such brain devices. So, the more cultural and moral layers (super ego - neocortex) an individual had, the more his primary animal instincts (Id - limbic system) are suppressed.

Violations and their consequences

Based on the fact that the limbic system is responsible for many functions, this very set can be susceptible to various damages. The limbus, like other structures of the brain, can be subject to injuries and other harmful factors, which include tumors with hemorrhages.

Syndromes of lesions of the limbic system are rich in number, the main ones are as follows:

Dementia- dementia. The development of diseases such as Alzheimer's and Pick's syndrome is associated with atrophy of the systems of the limbic complex, and especially in the localization of the hippocampus.

Epilepsy. Organic disorders hippocampus lead to the development of epilepsy.

pathological anxiety and phobias. Violation of the activity of the amygdala leads to a mediator imbalance, which, in turn, is accompanied by a disorder of emotions, including anxiety. A phobia is an irrational fear of a harmless object. In addition, an imbalance of neurotransmitters provokes depression and mania.

Autism. At its core, autism is a deep and serious maladjustment in society. The inability of the limbic system to recognize the emotions of other people leads to dire consequences.

Reticular formation(or mesh formation) is a non-specific formation of the limbic system responsible for the activation of consciousness. After deep sleep, people wake up thanks to the work of this structure. In case of damage human brain undergoes various disorders of consciousness shutdown, including absences and syncope.

neocortex

The neocortex is the part of the brain found in higher mammals. The rudiments of the neocortex are also observed in lower animals that suckle milk, but they do not reach high development. In humans, the isocortex is the lion's share of the common cerebral cortex, which has an average thickness of up to 4 millimeters. The area of ​​the neocortex reaches 220 thousand square meters. mm.

History of occurrence

At the moment, the neocortex is the highest stage of human evolution. Scientists managed to study the first manifestations of the new bark in representatives of reptiles. The last animals that do not have a new bark in the chain of development were birds. And only a developed person has.

Evolution is a complex and long process. Every kind of creature goes through a harsh evolutionary process. If an animal species could not adapt to a changing environment, the species would lose its existence. Why is a person was able to adapt and survive to this day?

Being in favorable living conditions (warm climate and protein food), the descendants of man (before the Neanderthals) had no choice but to eat and reproduce (thanks to the developed limbic system). Because of this, the mass of the brain, by the standards of the duration of evolution, gained a critical mass in a short period of time (several million years). By the way, the mass of the brain in those days was 20% more than that of a modern person.

However, all good things come to an end sooner or later. With climate change, the descendants had to change their place of residence, and with it, start looking for food. Having a huge brain, the descendants began to use it for searching for food, and then for social involvement, because. It turned out that by uniting in groups according to certain criteria of behavior, it was easier to survive. For example, in a group where everyone shared food with other members of the group, they were more likely to survive (Someone picked berries well, and someone hunted, etc.).

From that moment began separate evolution in the brain, separate from the evolution of the whole body. Since those times appearance man has not changed much, but the composition of the brain differs dramatically.

What does it consist of

The new cerebral cortex is an accumulation of nerve cells that form a complex. Anatomically, 4 types of cortex are divided, depending on its localization -, occipital,. Histologically, the cortex consists of six balls of cells:

• Molecular ball;
• external granular;
• pyramidal neurons;
• internal granular;
• ganglionic layer;
• multiform cells.

What functions does

The human neocortex is classified into three functional areas:

• touch. This zone is responsible for the highest processing of stimuli received from the external environment. So, ice becomes cold when information about the temperature enters the parietal region - there is no cold on the finger, but there is only an electrical impulse.
• association zone. This area of ​​the cortex is responsible for the information connection between the motor and sensory cortex.
• motor zone. All conscious movements are formed in this part of the brain.
  In addition to such functions, the neocortex provides higher mental activity: intellect, speech, memory and behavior.

Conclusion

Summing up, we can highlight the following:

• Due to two main, fundamentally different, structures of the brain, a person has a duality of consciousness. For every action, two different thoughts are formed in the brain:
  • "I want" - the limbic system ( instinctive behavior). The limbic system occupies 10% of the total mass of the brain, low energy consumption
  • “Need” – neocortex ( social behavior). Neocortex occupies up to 80% of the total brain mass, high energy consumption and limited metabolic rate

NEOCORTEX NEOCORTEX

(from neo... and lat. cortex- bark, shell), new bark, neo-pallium, osn. part of the cerebral cortex. N. carries out highest level coordination of the brain and the formation of complex forms of behavior. In the process of evolution, N. first appears in reptiles, in which it is small in size and relatively simple in structure (the so-called lateral cortex). N. receives a typical multilayer structure only in mammals, in which it consists of 6-7 layers of cells (pyramidal, stellate, fusiform) and is divided into lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and mediobasal. In turn, the lobes are subdivided into areas, subareas and fields that differ in their cellular structure and connections with the deep parts of the brain. Along with projection (vertical) fibers N.'s neurons form associative (horizontal) fibers, to-rye at mammals and especially at the person are collected in anatomically expressed bunches (eg, an occipital and frontal bunch) providing the simultaneous coordinated activity decomp. zones N. As a part of N. allocate naib, difficultly constructed associative bark, edges in the course of evolution experiences the greatest increase whereas primary sensory fields N. relatively decrease. (see. BARKETS OF THE BRAIN).

.(Source: "Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary." Chief editor M. S. Gilyarov; Editorial board: A. A. Babaev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin and others - 2nd ed., corrected . - M .: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.)

See what "NEOCORTEX" is in other dictionaries:

Neocortex ...

New cortex (synonyms: neocortex, isocortex) (lat. neocortex) new areas of the cerebral cortex, which in lower mammals are only outlined, and in humans they make up the main part of the cortex. The new bark is located in the upper layer of the hemispheres ... ... Wikipedia

neocortex- 3.1.15 neocortex: The new cerebral cortex, which ensures the implementation of intellectual mental activity by human thinking. 3.1.16 Source ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

- (neocortex; neo + lat. cortex bark) see Bark new ... Big Medical Dictionary

neocortex- at, h. Evolutionary novelty and complexity of nerve tissues, from which the frontal, temporal, skronevy and potilichny parts of the brain are formed ... Ukrainian glossy dictionary

NEOCORTEX (NEW CORTEX)- Evolutionarily the newest and most complex of the nervous tissues. The frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes of the brain are made up of the neocortex... Explanatory Dictionary of Psychology

Archi, paleo, neocortex... Spelling Dictionary

cortex- brain: the cortex (cerebral cortex) is the upper layer of the cerebral hemispheres, consisting primarily of nerve cells with a vertical orientation (pyramidal cells), as well as of afferent (centripetal) and efferent bundles ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

The term cortex refers to any outer layer of brain cells. The mammalian brain has three types of cortex: pear-shaped cortex (pyriform cortex), which has olfactory functions; the old bark (archicortex), which is the main part. Part… … Psychological Encyclopedia