A soldier is a defender of his Fatherland. Honor and dignity of a warrior of the Russian Armed Forces Lesson 23 (1) Topic: “A serviceman is a patriot, with honor and dignity bearing the title of Defender of the Fatherland.” Lesson type. Lesson-lecture. Lesson questions. 1. A sense of patriotism is the most important

Yagodinsky Victor

And the smoke of the fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us

Title: Buy the book “And the smoke of the fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us”: feed_id: 5296 pattern_id: 2266 book_

Victor YAGODINSKY

And the smoke of the fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us...

Homesickness. A long-debunked problem.

I don't care at all...

And all the same, everything is one.

But if a bush stands up on the road, especially rowan...

M. Tsvetaeva

Great feeling of the Motherland! A source of strength and inspiration. Unquenchable ardor of the soul. Joy and suffering. The courage and courage of those who defend the Fatherland, their home and their parents, their kingdom... This is native language, native culture, history... Grief and melancholy of those who left their native places... .

But in this vast topic I would like to highlight one small issue, one side of love for one’s native places. Why are people drawn to their native places like a bird? Why does a person return to his father's house? Why is he looking for fellow countrymen in a foreign land? There can be many answers, of course. I'll risk touching on the topic of memory...

A whirlwind of questions arose in me after a small plane of a local airline made an emergency landing in a field somewhere in the Kurgan region. I walked out, concerned about an unforeseen flight delay, and suddenly... I turned into a child. No, not right away. Perhaps, at first I smelled some painfully familiar steppe wind. Warm, wormwood and full of childhood. For some reason I found myself next to a horse, on a haystack. The horse is big, and the haystack is huge. It’s both creepy and joyful, and the tart taste of herbs tickles the nostrils, giving a special taste to new sensations.

Already sobered up by the first blow of smells, lying in the spiky grass, I firmly believed that I had been in childhood, about which I did not remember anything for a long time (or maybe I did not know?). The steppe was stirred by the wind, touched the deep layers of memory, and from there, as from the muddy depths of a steppe lake, bubbles of memories began to rise and burst. Then I checked them with maternity hospitals and friends. Yes, without error, everything was accurate. I accidentally found myself near the village where I was born...

My interest in this phenomenon was revived for the second time after a conversation with a Spaniard, who was taken to the USSR as a baby in 1937.

I asked him how he felt when he first visited his homeland, Spain? And he answered: the smell! More precisely, the smell. One is from the sea wind, and the other is soapy, from a marble public washing trough that stood in the depths of the Spanish courtyard.

Well, what else? I traveled to Spain in a Zhiguli car across Europe. The radio is on almost all the time. Other people's voices, music. But then, in the Pyrenees, on some turn of the mountain road, unfamiliar music suddenly became familiar, and he, like a boy on his mother’s breast, choked on tears of joy. And after that there was native Spanish music, there were songs familiar from childhood, but this feeling was never repeated.

What is this, a simple coincidence of our intimate (and very subjective) sensations?

But now I’m reading Marcel Proust: “In Search of Lost Time”: “I ate my aunt’s cookies, and my memory restored pictures of my childhood.” Hermann Hesse describes such feelings in more detail, who in his life story devotes quite a lot of space to this phenomenon: “My birth took place in the early evening on a warm July day, and the temperature of that hour is the same one that I loved and unconsciously sought all my life and the absence of which I perceived as deprivation. I have never been able to live in cold countries, and all the voluntarily undertaken wanderings of my life are directed to the south...” But still, most of the evidence is in favor of smells.

Sometimes these testimonies are firmly connected with a complex sense of beauty and closeness of native places. I. S. Turgenev: “I love these alleys, I love the delicate gray-green color and the subtle smell of the air under the arches...” And here is the famous oak planted by Ivan Sergeevich as a child in a clearing behind the old Lutovinovo house: “My beloved the oak had already become a young oak. Yesterday in the middle of the day I sat in its shade on a bench. The grass all around was so cheerful; there was a golden light on everything, strong and soft...” - Turgenev was constantly drawn to Spasskoe, from everywhere - from Moscow and Petersburg, Paris and Rome, Berlin and London, he returned again and again to where he spent most of his childhood, where he comprehended the soul of his people, absorbed their speech: “The air of the homeland has something inexplicable in it. ..” “When you are in Spassky, bow for me to the house, the garden, my young oak tree, bow to the homeland,” he bequeaths.

And A. Kuprin - “even flowers at home smell differently. Their aroma is strong, more spicy than the aroma of flowers abroad.” M. Prishvin and other writers have a lot of evidence of the connection between the feeling of homeland and nature. But what stands out - in its clarity and definiteness - is A. K. Tolstoy’s letter to his future wife Sofya Andreevna dated August 22, 1851: “I just returned from the forest, where I searched and found a lot of mushrooms. We once talked about the influence of smells , and to what extent they can remind you of what has been forgotten for many years. It seems to me that forest smells most of all have this property... Now, smelling the saffron milk cap, I saw before me, as if in lightning, my whole childhood in everyone. details until the age of seven."

For us, this evidence is especially important, since it is known that A.K. Tolstoy suffered from asthma. That is, he had a pronounced tendency to allergic reactions. Isn’t this where you get such a clear vision of the whole picture of childhood from just the smell of saffron milk?

Let us agree that all further discussions on this matter concern the purely biological side of the supposed connection between the feeling of one’s native places and their natural environment. A person may have another, second, homeland, which he loves no less than the place of his birth. For people of our time, the determining factor in the feeling of homeland is, of course, the psycho-emotional background that was formed in accordance with social conditions life and education.

But still:

You don't remember a big country,

Which you have traveled and known,

Do you remember such a Motherland,

How you saw her as a child.

K. Simonov

So here it is. If we talk about the biochemistry of nostalgia, if we think that antigenic effects such as allergic reactions are to blame for its formation, then everything is explained quite harmoniously.

The essence of the matter is that the very first meeting of the body, for example, with the influenza virus (and in humans during epidemic years this usually occurs in infancy) produces such a strong immunological effect that the cells that form the antibodies “remember” for life the pattern of the mosaic of the antigenic shell of the virus that first infected the child. Subsequently, when encountering other influenza viruses, the body, along with new antibodies, continues to produce antibodies to the “example strain” of the virus.

A person carries antibodies in his blood all his life not only to viruses and bacteria, but also to any biological and chemical substances that can cause an immunological reaction. Such reactions may be allergic in nature if their occurrence is based on the introduction into the body of a foreign protein or even inorganic substances with allergenic properties.

What is an allergy? This term comes from two Greek words: "alloe" - other, and "ergon" - do. Literal translation: “I do it differently.” In modern immunology, an allergy means altered, most often hypersensitivity to any substance. This is where “allergen” comes from, meaning a substance that can cause an allergic reaction.

Science knows at least five sources of “foreign” molecules. We have already mentioned microorganisms. The second source is food (here it is, that same auntie’s gingerbread that made me remember my childhood). The third is plant pollen (this is the most common allergen). The fourth is various chemicals (industrial hazards, household chemicals, for example, washing powder, hair dye and mascara). The fifth belongs to the organism itself. This may be an embryo - a fetus that has antigens not only of the mother, but also of the father (probably, you have heard about the Rh factor in the blood of the father and mother, the immunological differences of which lead to severe illness in the fetus). These are the cells that have become “foreign” - “monsters” that appear as a result of genetic abnormalities or aging.

We are interested in the connections between antigenic influences and human memory. And although the concept of “immunological memory” has long existed, meaning the preservation of alertness to substances that have ever been in the body and caused a corresponding allergic reaction or immune processes, no one has yet spoken about the connection of this memory with our memory in its usual understanding .

But in vain. Immune reactions are based on very subtle and sensitive processes of recognizing “self” and “foreign” on the basis of long-term immunological memory. The body responds to some repeated encounters with an allergen with a very violent (anaphylactic) reaction (remember your friends with bronchial asthma or hypersensitivity to pollen, etc.).

It is possible that exactly this mechanism worked in the case of A.K. Tolstoy, when, sniffing a saffron milk cap, he instantly remembered his childhood. But why did I remember? What is the connection between odor-allergen, brain memory and immunological memory?

Firstly, the connection between odors and chemicals is obvious. They can be recognized by our sense of smell and special receptors. The main arena in which immune reactions unfold is the bone marrow, hematopoietic, and more precisely, lymphoid tissue. Main characters at the same time - the cells of this tissue, primarily lymphocytes and macrophages. The latter have a huge set of chemical groups and receptors that ensure the interaction of macrophages with antigens and other biologically active substances, including enzymes. These cells also produce signaling substances - monokines, with the help of which they exchange information with other cells, including nerve cells (which are strongly affected by microbial toxins - remember headaches and other nervous reactions during infection).

Allergy is just a special case of the answer immune system to repeated contact with the antigen, and substances that provide odors serve only as part of the chemical irritants that can cause allergies. The number of variants of receptors, lymphocytes, which play a major role in immunity, is so large that any antigen always finds in the body a type of lymphoid cells with the corresponding receptors. The resulting reaction between the antigen and the receptors causes a violent reaction in the reproduction of the “needed” cell variants.

Immune complexes formed during allergies have the ability to damage certain types of body cells that represent “warehouses” of highly active (and even toxic - in large doses) substances. These include, for example, histamine and acetylcholine, a mediator of nerve impulse transmission. An increase in the concentration of such neurostimulants in the blood and tissues (especially the brain) causes a kind of shock state, which reinforces the association of cerebral and immunological memory.

So the chain is closed: memory - biological reactions - external influences. Since this hypothesis is being discussed for the first time (in any case, we have not found direct indications of the connection between nostalgia and the immune system either in the scientific or popular literature), some assumptions can be forgiven.

Assumption one: nostalgia -. the longing for familiar native places really exists.

Assumption two: if so, then nostalgia must be based on real processes associated with memory.

Assumption three: the material basis for the memory of native places should be characteristic of a given area natural conditions, affecting the child’s body with the help of various stimuli and transmitted by visual, auditory, tactile and other sensations.

The last assumption: among these influences, the leading role is played by odors, some of which have Chemical substance, which has an immunological (allergic) effect, as a result of which the associative connection between childhood memories and an antigenic strike (or simply smell, sound, or other accompanying, quite strong sensations) is consolidated.

Let's turn again to fiction. After all, no one else, except writers - neither doctors, nor psychologists, nor even philosophers - has dealt with the problem of "nostalgia - its material foundations." The hero of Hermann Hesse's novel The Glass Bead Game, Joseph Knecht, recalls: “I was about fourteen years old at the time, and it happened in early spring... One afternoon, a friend called me to go with him to cut elderberry branches... It must have been a particularly good day or it was somehow especially good in my soul, for this day was imprinted in my memory, representing a small, but an important event. The snow had already melted, the fields were wet, along the streams and ditches here and there greenery was already making its way... the air was filled with all sorts of smells, the smell of life itself, full of contradictions: it smelled of damp earth, rotten leaves and young shoots... We approached the bushes elderberry, strewn with tiny buds, the leaves had not yet hatched, and when I cut the branch, a bitter-sweet pungent smell suddenly hit my nose. It seemed to have absorbed, merged into itself and many times intensified all the other smells of spring. I was stunned, I smelled a knife, a hand, a branch... We didn’t say a word, but my friend looked at the branch for a long time and thoughtfully and brought it to his nose several times: therefore, this smell told him something. Each genuine event that gives rise to our experiences has its own magic, and in this case my experience was that, as we walked through the chomping meadows, when I inhaled the smells of damp earth and sticky buds, the coming spring fell upon me and filled me with happiness , and now it has concentrated, acquired the power of magic in the fortissimo scent of elderberry, becoming a sensual symbol. Even if... my experiences ended there, I could never forget the smell of elderberry...

But here something else was added. Around the same time, I saw my music teacher have an old music book with songs by Franz Schubert... Once, while waiting for the lesson to start, I leafed through it, and in response to my request, the teacher allowed me to borrow the notes for a few days... And so, either during our trip for elderberry, or the next, I suddenly came across Schubert’s “Spring Hopes”. The very first chords of the accompaniment stunned me with the joy of recognition: they seemed to smell like the smell of a cut elderberry branch, as proudly sweet, as strong and all-conquering as early spring itself! From this hour on, the association for me is early weight - the smell of elderberry - a Schubert chord - it is a constant and absolutely reliable value; as soon as I strike this chord, I immediately and certainly hear the tart smell of elderberry, and both of these mean early spring for me. In this private association I found something wonderful, which I would not give up for any amount of money."

The reader understands that we could not eliminate a single word from this long quotation, since it seems to sum up the first part of the conversation. Let us comment only on some of its places.

Firstly, we note that all this happened to the boy at the transitional age of fourteen years, during the period of hormonal changes in the body and, moreover, in the spring, that is, in that season when many psychophysiological processes and feelings become aggravated. Secondly, the “feeling of elderberry” was not individual - Knecht’s comrade also felt it. This feeling brought together all the sensations of the jubilation of nature, the awakening of the earth, the beginning of spring. And it is possible that the whole complex of reactions of the body was at work here simultaneously: to the warmth of the air and dampness, the appearance of the first greenery and blue sky. The smell became only their sensual symbol.

Finally, and most importantly, the smell of elderberry was associated with a random childhood event: exposure to the music of Schubert. It was at that moment that she made an indelible impression on him and became the second, reinforcing symbol of spring, joy, and hope. (By the way, in N.V. Gogol’s “Old World Landowners” the music was replaced by the creaking of doors: “... if I happen to sometimes hear the creaking of doors here, then suddenly I will smell the village... dinner already on the table, May on a dark night, looking out from the garden... like a nightingale, drenching the garden, the building and the distant river with its peals... and God, what a long string of memories it brings back to me!") Smells and smell played a huge role in the lives of our ancestors. They are of enormous importance even now in the lives of animals. Their behavior from birth to death is every minute connected with the perception of odors, which carry enormous information from environment, excite instincts and actually determine the nature of actions. Ethologists, specialists in animal behavior, believe that the sense of smell preceded all other senses, capable of sensing at a distance the presence of food, enemies, and individuals of the opposite sex.

In relation to humans, the problem of “smell and behavior” has practically not been studied, although it must be assumed that not only perfumery requests can determine searches in this direction. According to modern theories In the olfactory mechanism, there are elementary primary odors (of which there are seven). Pleasant and unpleasant odors have different effects on the human body, for example, the former expand, and the latter constrict, blood vessels, that is, they can directly affect well-being. An expert on this problem, Soviet biologist S.A. Korytin, believes that odors, unlike sounds and visual images, affect not only the senses, but also the entire body, since odorous particles are inhaled with air into the lungs and can enter the bloodstream. In any case, they settle on receptor cells and enter into appropriate reactions, similar in nature to immune reactions.

In animals, smells serve as a compass; animals navigate by them and determine kinship in relationships with others and find children. Finally, odors serve as a certain guarantor of order: the social life of animals would be impossible without strict regulations and a hierarchy of the distribution of odors throughout the territory and among fellow tribesmen. We have already said that the smell is a sign of the quality of food and serves to attract individuals of the opposite sex.

It would seem that everything is clear. But it's time to give the floor to your opponent. Despite the attractiveness of the immunochemical hypothesis of the nostalgia mechanism, biochemistry and memory specialist G. M. Elbakidze objected to me, it is still unlikely that an immune response would arise in such a short time - almost immediately after the “presentation” of the smell. There is a possible explanation here.

It is known that in many animals the baby mistakes any object moving in front of it (and especially a feeding person) for its mother. It is possible that something similar happens in our case: children, along with the smell, are “imprinted” for the rest of their lives with a complex sense of their native places. But their recollection does not follow a logical mechanism, which requires a lot of time, but in a different way - a reflexive one, as a result of which the entire picture of the past associated with the smell is instantly organized, including the “primordial” picture of childhood.

In many animal species, the sense of smell is still one of the main means of communication. Smells are probably more important for humans than hitherto assumed.

It has been shown, for example, that infants early age They can recognize the mother by smell, and parents can distinguish their children in the same way. Apparently, smell and smell are much more complex phenomena and influence our lives to a greater extent than we believed until recently. In any case, in many ways, smell is our most mysterious sense. Although smell helps to recall an event, it is almost impossible to remember the smell itself, just as we mentally recall an image or sound. The reason why smell serves memory so well is because the mechanism of smell is closely connected to the part of the brain that controls memory and emotions, although we do not know exactly how this connection works and works. There is also no complete clarity in understanding how we sense and how a person manages to distinguish such a variety of odors. There are many hypotheses, but none of them has yet been able to explain all the experimental facts (see “Science and Life” No. 1, 1978 and No. 3, 1984).

Smell and taste are called chemical senses because their receptors respond to molecular signals. Although in humans and most animals taste and smell, having developed from a common chemical sense, have become independent, they remain interconnected. In the case of some substances, we think we smell them, but in fact it is the taste. On the other hand, what we call the taste of a substance is often actually its smell.

On the mucous membrane, molecules are captured by hair-like processes - the cilia of olfactory cells. Nerve impulses arise in the cells and are transmitted to the temporal lobe of the brain. The brain deciphers them and tells us what exactly we are smelling.

Substances have an odor only if they are volatile, that is, they easily pass from a solid or liquid phase to a gaseous state. However, the strength of the smell is not determined by volatility alone: ​​some less volatile substances, such as those found in pepper, smell stronger than more volatile substances, such as alcohol.

Upper respiratory tract disease and allergy attacks can block the nasal passages or dull the sense of smell. But there is also a chronic loss of smell, the so-called anosmia (about 15 million people in the United States suffer from it), which can lead to malnutrition, since food without smell is not enjoyable.

Despite the shortcomings of our olfactory system, the human nose is generally better at detecting the presence of odor than a scientific instrument. And yet, instruments are sometimes necessary to accurately determine odor compositions. Gas chromatographs and mass spectrographs are usually used to analyze their components. Using the first, odor components are isolated, and using the second device, they are evaluated. chemical structure substances. For example, manufacturers of perfumes and fragrant food additives, in order to reproduce, say, the aroma of fresh strawberries, use a chromatograph to split it into hundreds of components. An experienced odor taster then sniffs the inert gas containing these components as they emerge from the chromatograph in turn and identifies the three or four main ones that are most noticeable to humans. These substances can then be synthesized and mixed in appropriate proportions to produce a natural aroma.

Even ancient oriental medicine used odors for diagnosis. Doctors often relied on their own sense of smell, lacking sophisticated equipment and chemical tests to make a diagnosis. In particular, they noted, for example, that the smell emitted by a typhus patient is similar to the aroma of freshly baked black bread, and from patients with scrofula (a form of tuberculosis) the smell of sour beer emanates. Today, doctors are rediscovering the value of odor diagnostics, but at a different level - in an experiment with odor catalogs - pieces of paper soaked in various compounds, the smell of which is characteristic of a particular disease. The smell of the leaves is compared with the smell of the patient. In some foreign medical centers, the patient is placed in a chamber through which a stream of air is passed, which is then analyzed by instruments at the exit. The possibilities of using such a device for diagnosing a number of diseases, especially metabolic disorders, are being studied. However, we have digressed from the main topic. And it’s time to sum it up. Let it be poetic.

The youth khan did not want to return to his brother’s call to his native steppes, but when the messenger handed him a bunch of steppe grass, he immediately set off, saying that “death in his native land is miles better than glory in a foreign land.”

It is not for nothing that plants and herbs are associated with ideas about one’s native land. Remember Maykovsky's "Emshan":

A bunch of dry steppe grass,

It even smells dry,

And at once the steppes above me

Resurrects all the charm...

But that was in the past, the reader will rightly note.

In our age of continuous urbanization, most children, already from the threshold of the maternity hospital, are forced to smell not meadow, but mainly city smells. And apparently, a certain standard, a “flavor” of one’s city or even street, has already been developed.

In any case, when residents of one city were selectively asked to sniff the air in the morning, it turned out that the results of their reports coincided with laboratory data on changes in the purity of the atmosphere in different microdistricts.

I think that this is something more than another poetic variation of the famous Derzhavin thought: Good news about our side is dear to us; Fatherland and smoke is sweet and pleasant to us. (better known now in Chatsky’s free retelling: “...And the smoke of the Fatherland...”).

The feeling of the Motherland is, of course, a broader concept than just the memory of native places. But without the smells of childhood, the feeling of the Motherland will still be incomplete. It was probably not without reason that when cosmonauts L. Kizim, O. Atkov and V. Solovyov, who had just returned from the longest 237-day orbital flight, were asked what the most acute feeling they experienced upon returning to Earth, they unanimously answered: “Smells.” !"