Biography and episodes of life Fyodor Tyutchev. When born and died Fedor Tyutchev, memorable places and dates important events his life. poet quotes, Photo and video.

Years of life of Fedor Tyutchev:

born November 23, 1803, died July 15, 1873

Epitaph

“And he shone like a son of nature,
Playing with eyes and mind
It shone like the waters in summer,
How the moon shines over the hill!
From a poem by Nikolai Rubtsov dedicated to Tyutchev

Biography

He made a brilliant state career, which did not prevent him from becoming one of the greatest Russian poets of the 19th century and a master of the lyrical landscape. The biography of Fyodor Tyutchev is a biography of a man who served his country faithfully, and he also sincerely and talentedly served his other calling - poetry.

Tyutchev's father was a lieutenant of the guard, his mother came from an old noble family Tolstykh. Little Fyodor gave a good education at home - by the age of 13 he was fluent in Latin and ancient Greek. The boy was destined for a good future - studying at Moscow University, and then public service. A young and capable young man quickly moved up the career ladder - soon after graduation he was sent to Munich as part of the Russian diplomatic mission. In parallel with the service, Tyutchev was engaged in literary work. He began to write poetry as a child, and by the age of 20 his works began to differ in originality - Tyutchev managed to combine the traditions of Russian ode and European romanticism. During his service abroad, Tyutchev received the rank of chamberlain, then state councilor, and, finally, was appointed senior secretary of the embassy in Turin. A break in work had to be done because of the personal tragedy of Tyutchev - his wife died, whose health was severely undermined by the shipwreck in which she fell with her children, heading to her husband. The loss of his wife, his faithful friend and the mother of his children, was a shock to the poet. For some time he lived abroad, after which he returned to Russia, where he resumed his service in the Foreign Ministry. A few years before his death, Tyutchev was promoted to Privy Councilor, which was considered a very high government post - he received this position due to his diplomacy and wisdom.

The last years of his life, Tyutchev wrote a lot, creating big number poems on political and love themes. Six months before his death, Tyutchev was partially paralyzed, which led to severe headaches. Soon he was seized by a strong blow that paralyzed the entire left half of the body. A few months later, Tyutchev died, the cause of Tyutchev's death was the consequences of a stroke he had suffered. Tyutchev's funeral took place on July 18, 1873, Tyutchev's grave is located in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent.

Tyutchev's favorite women are Eleanor Bothmer, Ernestine Pfeffel and Elena Denisyeva (from left to right)

life line

November 23, 1803 Date of birth of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev.
1817 Visiting the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University as a free student.
1818 Enrollment in Moscow University.
1819 Member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.
1821 Graduation from the university, service in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs.
1826 Marriage to Eleanor Peterson.
April 21, 1829 Birth of Anna's daughter.
1834 Birth of Daria's daughter.
1835 Birth of daughter Catherine.
1837 Work as the senior secretary of the embassy in Turin.
1838 Death of Tyutchev's wife.
1839 Care with public service, moving abroad, marrying Ernestine Pfeffel.
1840 Birth of daughter Mary.
1841 Birth of a son Dmitry.
1844 Return to Russia.
1845 Return to service in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
1846 Birth of son Ivan.
1848 Obtaining the position of senior censor.
1851 The birth of Elena's daughter from a relationship with Elena Denisyeva, Tyutchev's mistress.
1854 The publication of Tyutchev's first book.
1858 Taking office as Chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee.
1860 The birth of a son, Fedor, from a relationship with Denisyeva.
1864 The birth of a son, Nikolai, from a relationship with Denisyeva, the death of Elena Denisyeva.
1865 Death of daughter Elena and son Nikolai.
1870 Death of son Dmitry.
July 15, 1873 Date of Tyutchev's death.
July 18, 1873 Tyutchev's funeral.

Memorable places

1. Ovstug estate, where Tyutchev was born and where Tyutchev's museum-reserve is located today.
2. Manor Muranovo, Tyutchev's family estate, where today the Tyutchev Museum is located.
3. Moscow State University them. M. Lomonosov, who graduated from Tyutchev.
4. Tyutchev's house, where he lived in 1805-1810. in Moscow (estate of Count F. A. Osterman).
5. Tyutchev's house in Moscow, where he lived in 1810-1821.
6. Tyutchev's house in Munich, where he lived in 1822-1828.
7. Tyutchev's house in Munich, where he lived in 1842-1844.
8. Monument to Tyutchev in Bryansk.
9. Monument to Tyutchev in Munich in the "Garden of Poets".
10. Novodevichy Cemetery, where Tyutchev is buried.

Episodes of life

According to eyewitnesses, sitting at the coffin of the deceased first wife, Tyutchev turned gray overnight. But, evil tongues said, he turned gray not from grief, but from the fact that he repented before his wife of his love betrayal. A year after the death of his first wife, Tyutchev married his mistress, with whom he had a relationship last years his first marriage. But this relationship was not the last for the poet. So, his romance with Elena Denisyeva lasted several years, until her death. Denisyeva gave birth to the poet three children, two of whom died a few years before the death of Tyutchev, which also became a severe tragedy for him.

And yet Tyutchev could hardly be called a cruel traitor - he equally loved both his wife and his mistress, and could not imagine life without each of them. To his wife, whom he considered a saint, already during his relationship with Denisyeva, Tyutchev once wrote: “How much dignity and seriousness in your love - and how petty and how pathetic I feel compared to you! .. The farther, the more i fall into own opinion and when everyone sees me as I see myself, my business will be over.

Tyutchev outlived his mistress by nine years, and his second wife outlived her husband by more than twenty. It is Ernestine Pfeffel that society today should be indebted for having Tyutchev's legacy. Tyutchev never took himself seriously as a writer, poetry was for him a way of sublimating his personal experiences, and journalistic articles were the result of his reflections on the fate of Russia. After Tyutchev's death, his wife collected and rewrote all of her husband's poems and articles, even those dedicated to Denisyeva, thereby preserving them.

Covenant

"Thought spoken is a lie."

Documentary film from the series "Geniuses and Villains" in memory of Tyutchev

condolences

“Tyutchev was a representative of a true and refined culture: a type, and at that time rare in its value, but does not exist today. In him, in his culture, lived a deep heredity - next to the Slavic - Latin, German heredity. Tyutchev is, of course, the most cultured of all our poets. Even in Pushkin I feel it less than in Tyutchev.”
Prince Sergei Volkonsky, theatrical figure, director, critic

“We have less one more smart, characteristic, original person. Loss sensitive on our fateful solitude! Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev died at the age of 70, in Tsarskoye Selo, on July 15, after several blows that had befallen him in recent times. Who in St. Petersburg and Moscow, in the highest and educated circles, did not know Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev?
Mikhail Pogodin, historian, collector

“Dear, smart, smart as day Fedor Ivanovich, forgive me - farewell!”
Ivan Turgenev, Russian writer

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born in 1803 on his father's estate, in the Bryansk district of the Oryol province. His father was a noble landowner. Tyutchev received a good home education, and the teaching of subjects was carried out on French, which was owned by F.I. since childhood. Among his teachers, a teacher of Russian literature was Raich, a writer, translator of "Furious Orlando" by Ariosto. Raich aroused in the young Tyutchev an interest in literature, and partly under the influence of his teacher, Tyutchev began to make his first literary attempts. His first attempt was a translation of a letter from Horace, published in 1817.

Portrait of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (1803 - 1873). Artist S. Alexandrovsky, 1876

In 1822, after graduating from the university, Tyutchev was enrolled in the College of Foreign Affairs and lived abroad for twenty-two years, only occasionally visiting Russia. He spent most of his time in Munich, where he met Heine and Schelling, with whom he later corresponded. He married a Bavarian aristocrat and began to consider Munich his home. Tyutchev wrote a lot; the fact that he rarely appeared in print was explained by indifference to his poetic work, but in reality, I think, the reason was his extraordinary vulnerability, sensitivity to editorial and any other criticism. However, in 1836, one of his friends, who was allowed to get acquainted with his muse, persuaded him to send a selection of his poems to Pushkin for placement in a magazine. Contemporary. From 1836 to 1838 forty poems, which today everyone who loves Russian poetry knows by heart, appeared in the magazine signed F. T. They did not attract the attention of critics, and Tyutchev stopped publishing.

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev. video film

In the meantime, he was widowed and married a second time, again to a Bavarian German woman. He was transferred to work in Turin. He did not like it there, he missed Munich. Being a chargé d'affaires, he left Turin and the Sardinian kingdom without permission, for which breach of discipline he was dismissed from the diplomatic service. He settled in Munich, but in 1844 he returned to Russia, where he later received a position in the censorship. His political articles and notes, written in the revolutionary year of 1848, attracted the attention of the authorities. He began to play a political role as a staunch conservative and pan-Slavist. At the same time, he became a very prominent figure in the drawing rooms of St. Petersburg and gained a reputation as the most intelligent and brilliant interlocutor in all of Russia.

In 1854, finally, a book of his poems appeared, and he became a famous poet. At the same time, his relationship with Denisyeva, the governess of his daughter, began. Their love was mutual, deep and passionate - and a source of torment for both. The reputation of the young girl was ruined, Tyutchev's reputation was seriously tarnished, family well-being was overshadowed. When Denisyeva died in 1865, Tyutchev was overcome by despondency and despair. The amazing tact and patience of his wife only increased his suffering, causing a deep sense of guilt. But he continued to live a social and political life. His lean, withered figure continued to appear in the ballrooms, his wit continued to captivate society, and in politics he became unusually cocky and turned into one of the pillars of unbending political nationalism. Most of his political poetry was written in the last decade of his life. He died in 1873; he was shattered by a blow, he was paralyzed, and only his brain was unaffected.

1. Fedor Tyutchev in Germany
2. last years of life
3. Interesting Facts

For many years, Fyodor Tyutchev was a diplomat and worked abroad, and wrote poetry in his spare time. His works were almost never published in Russia. Glory came to the poet after publications in the Sovremennik magazine, where Nikolai Nekrasov called him "Russian paramount poetic talent."

Childhood and university: "he studied unusually well"

Unknown artist. Portrait of Ekaterina Tyutcheva - mother of Fyodor Tyutchev (detail). Late 18th – early 19th century. Image: ftutchev.ru

Unknown artist. Portrait of Fyodor Tyutchev. 1805–1806 Image: ftutchev.ru

Fedor Kinel. Portrait of Ivan Tyutchev - father of Fyodor Tyutchev. 1801. Image: ftutchev.ru

Fedor Tyutchev was born on December 5, 1803 in the Ovstug family estate of the Oryol province (now the Bryansk region). He came from an old Russian noble family, which had been known since the 14th century. The poet's father Ivan Tyutchev served in the Kremlin, in the last years of his life he led the "Expedition of the Kremlin building" - state organization, which monitored the state of historical monuments. The mother of Fyodor Tyutchev Ekaterina Tolstaya was described by publicist Ivan Aksakov as "a woman of wonderful mind".

The Tyutchevs lived very friendly. His family friend Mikhail Pogodin wrote: “Looking at the Tyutchevs, I thought about family happiness. If everyone lived as simply as they do". Parents tried to give their children a good education at home: they taught Russian and French, music. The childhood of the future poet, his brother and sister passed in the Ovstug family estate.

“When you talk about Ovstuga, charming, fragrant, blooming, serene and radiant, - oh, what attacks of homesickness take possession of me”

Fyodor Tyutchev, from a letter to his wife Ernestine Pfeffel

In winter, the Tyutchevs often left for Moscow - the family had a mansion there. Literary critic Vadim Kozhinov wrote: “There is evidence that the Tyutchevs lived in Moscow according to the everyday canons inherent in it - they lived openly, widely, hospitably. The whole family indulged in the rituals of holidays, christenings, weddings, name days.. In 1812, due to the Patriotic War, they had to change their usual way of life and move to Yaroslavl for a while. After the end of hostilities, the Tyutchevs returned: their house was one of the few that survived the fire.

In the same 1812, Fyodor Tyutchev was hired by a home teacher - Semyon Raich. He was a connoisseur of ancient Greek, Latin, Italian. With his help, the future poet studied ancient literature and "by the thirteenth year he was already translating the odes of Horace with remarkable success". It was Raich that Fyodor Tyutchev dedicated one of his first poems, including the message “On the stone of fatal life” (“S. E. Raich”):

The mind is quick and sharp, the eye is faithful,
Imagination is fast...
And argued in life only once -
At the disputation of the master.

The future poet not only read a lot, he was interested in art and history. Among his favorite books were collections by Gavriil Derzhavin, Vasily Zhukovsky and Mikhail Lomonosov, The History of the Russian State by Nikolai Karamzin. From 1816 he was a volunteer at Moscow University and attended lectures.

“The child was extremely kind-hearted, meek, affectionate disposition, alien to any coarse inclinations; all the properties and manifestations of his childish nature were brightened up by some especially subtle, elegant spirituality. Thanks to his amazing abilities, he studied unusually successfully. But even then it was impossible not to notice that the teaching was not a labor for him, but, as it were, a satisfaction of the natural need for knowledge.

Ivan Aksakov, "Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev. Biographical sketch»

Semyon Raich gave one of Tyutchev's first works to his mentor, Alexei Merzlyakov, a professor at Moscow University. Merzlyakov decided to read the ode "For the New Year 1816" at a meeting of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature in February 1818. Soon Tyutchev - he was then 14 years old - was accepted into the organization. The poet's first poems began to appear in the journal Proceedings of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

In 1819, Tyutchev passed the exams in history, geography, and foreign languages, among which were Latin, French and German, and became a student at the Faculty of Literary Sciences of Moscow University. At the university, he closely communicated with the historian Mikhail Pogodin, the poet Dmitry Venevitinov, the writers Vladimir Odoevsky and Andrei Muravyov. In 1821, Tyutchev dedicated the poem "Spring greeting to the poets" to his comrades.

Fedor Tyutchev in Germany

Unknown artist. Portrait of Fyodor Tyutchev. Late 1810s. Moscow. Image: ftutchev.ru

Autographs of poems by Fyodor Tyutchev: "Silentium!" (left); “Winter is angry for a reason…” (on the right); “What are you howling about, night wind? ..” (below). Photo: ftutchev.ru

A. Zebens. Portrait of Countess Amalia von Lerchenfeld. 1865. Image: ftutchev.ru

Fedor Tyutchev graduated from Moscow University at the end of 1821 - a year ahead of schedule. To do this, he received special permission from the Minister public education Prince Alexander Golitsyn. A year later, Tyutchev moved to St. Petersburg. There the poet became an employee of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs. In the capital, he lived in the house of his relative, Count Osterman-Tolstoy, a general, a hero of the Patriotic War. It was he who recommended sending Tyutchev on a diplomatic mission to Munich. Later, the poet wrote to his parents: “A strange thing is the fate of man. It was necessary for my fate to arm itself with the surviving Osterman's hand in order to throw me so far from you!.

Tyutchev lived in the Kingdom of Bavaria for more than twenty years - he finally returned to Russia only in 1844. In Germany, he met the philosopher Friedrich Schelling, the poets Johann Goethe and Heinrich Heine. The poet translated the works of German philosophers and writers, including Friedrich Schiller's Song of Joy, attended literary evenings, corresponded with foreign scholars, and wrote journalistic articles in French.

“Tyutchev's connections with the culture of the West are sometimes portrayed one-sidedly - they are reduced to only German connections. In fact, other European authors were also of considerable importance for Tyutchev: he mastered the poetry of Byron, turned to Shakespeare more than once, knew French romanticism, French realistic novel, French historical science. Munich and Bavaria, and then for a while Turin and Italy were instructive for Tyutchev not only in themselves - they "pushed" him into Europe, from these cities he was clearly visible to the political and cultural life of other European capitals "

Fedor Tyutchev did not leave and literary creativity. In the second half of the 1820s, he wrote about seventy poems, among which " spring thunderstorm”, “How the ocean embraces the globe of the earth ...”, “Silentium!” and others. During these years, the poet created philosophical, landscape and love lyrics. Later, Valery Bryusov wrote about his work at this time: “Tyutchev learned almost nothing from his Russian predecessors. In his early poems there is the influence of Zhukovsky and, in part, Derzhavin; later Tyutchev took something from Pushkin. But on the whole, his verse is extremely independent, original..

Already in 1823, a few months after moving to Munich, Tyutchev composed for Amalia von Lerchenfeld, with whom he was in love, the poem "Your sweet look, full of innocent passion ...". Two years later, the poet almost became a duel because of her. To avoid scandal, he had to return to Russia for six months. Later, Tyutchev dedicated the poems “I remember the golden time” and “I met you, and all the past” to his beloved. Immediately after returning, Tyutchev married Eleanor Peterson, the widow of Russian diplomat Alexander Peterson, from whom she had four children. The poet wrote to his parents: “I want you who love me to know that no person has ever loved another as she loved me ... there was not a single day in her life when, for the sake of my well-being, she would not agree, without a moment's hesitation, to die for me". They later had three daughters.

In 1829, Tyutchev's teacher Semyon Raich began publishing the magazine Galatea in Moscow. He invited the poet to publish. Tyutchev agreed, and his poems were printed in almost every issue. After the closure of Galatea in 1830, Tyutchev was invited to collaborate with Mikhail Maksimovich's almanac Dennitsa. In this edition, the works "Calmage", "Spring Waters", "The Last Cataclysm" were published.

“Tyutchev, as already mentioned, was in no hurry to become a poet; becoming a poet, he again was in no hurry to publish poetry. It is known that he submitted poems to Moscow magazines and almanacs only thanks to the persistent requests of Raich, the Kireevsky brothers, and Pogodin. In very rare cases - and then only in the last years of his life - the poet's poems got into print on his personal initiative.

Vadim Kozhinov, "Tyutchev" (from the series "Life of Remarkable People")

"Poems sent from Germany": Fedor Tyutchev and the Sovremennik magazine

Sergei Rodionov. Portrait of Fyodor Tyutchev in the park. Photo reproduction by Tatyana Shepeleva. Image: book-hall.ru

Unknown artist. Portrait of Alexander Pushkin. Image: book-briefly.ru

Grigory Myasoedov. Portrait of Peter Vyazemsky. 1899. Tula Regional Art Museum, Tula

Tyutchev was very demanding about his work - he rewrote and reworked finished works many times, and destroyed some of them. He recalled: “Ah, writing is a terrible evil, it is, as it were, the second fall of the poor mind…”. His poems, even published, were little known in the early 1830s. And Tyutchev's career was not successful - he received a small salary and did not live well.

In 1835, the poet's friend Ivan Gagarin returned from a diplomatic mission to St. Petersburg and learned that Tyutchev was almost unknown in Russia. Gagarin persuaded the poet to send him a notebook with the last poems and took several unpublished works from Raich. And then he showed all the collected manuscripts to Peter Vyazemsky and Vasily Zhukovsky.

“... The other day I give Vyazemsky some poems, carefully disassembled and rewritten by me; a few days later I casually drop in on him around midnight and find him alone with Zhukovsky reading your poems and completely carried away by the poetic feeling that your poems breathe. I was in admiration, delighted, and every word, every remark, especially Zhukovsky, convinced me more and more that he correctly understood all the shades and all the charm of this simple and deep thought.

Diplomat Ivan Gagarin, from correspondence with Fyodor Tyutchev

Vyazemsky and Zhukovsky handed over the works to Alexander Pushkin. He read them and in 1836 published them in Sovremennik under the heading "Poems sent from Germany". Pushkin was careful about the publication - the censor Krylov wanted to remove several stanzas from the poem "Not what you think, nature ...". But the poet achieved publication with dots in place of the missing stanzas. So the readers of the magazine could understand: in the magazine the poem is incomplete and reduced by the decision of censorship.

“I was told by eyewitnesses how delighted Pushkin was when he first saw a collection of his [Tyutchev’s] handwritten poems ... He rushed about with them for a whole week”

Yuri Samarin, publicist, philosopher

Tyutchev's poems were published in three books of Sovremennik, including in 1837, after Pushkin's death. Despite this, critics almost did not react to them. At the same time, Ivan Gagarin, who wanted to publish a book of Tyutchev's works, returned to serve in Germany. Literary critic Naum Berkovsky wrote: “Tyutchev still did not enter then in a genuine way into literature”.

In May 1837, the poet again came to Russia for several months. Here he composed the poem "January 29, 1837" about the death of Pushkin:

Peace, peace be with you, O shadow of the poet,
The world is bright to your ashes! ..
In spite of human vanity
Great and holy was thy lot!
You were the living organ of the gods,
But with blood in their veins... sultry blood.

“I made up my mind to leave the diplomatic field”: recent years in Europe

Unknown artist. Portrait of Eleonora Tyutcheva - the first wife of Fyodor Tyutchev. 1830s Image: mirtesen.ru

Egor Botman. Portrait of Alexander Benckendorff. Copy of a portrait of Franz Kruger. Image: ftutchev.ru

Friedrich Durk. Portrait of Ernestine Dernberg - the second wife of Fyodor Tyutchev. 1840. Munich, Germany. Image: ftutchev.ru

In 1838, Fyodor Tyutchev was sent on a diplomatic mission to Turin. Eleanor Peterson and the children sailed to him on a steamboat. When they were near the German city of Lübeck, the ship caught fire. Tyutchev's wife and his children were not hurt, but, of course, they were very scared. Eleanor Peterson's health deteriorated after the disaster. In August 1838, after a serious illness, she died. However, a few months later Tyutchev married again. Ernestine Dernberg became his wife. The poet met her back in 1833 and since then maintained a relationship, wrote several love poems, including “I love your eyes, my friend ...” and “Memories of March 20, 1836 !!!”. In the marriage of Tyutchev and Dernberg, five children were born.

In 1839, Fyodor Tyutchev filed a petition to leave the service. He remained in Europe until 1844. In 1843 he met Alexander Benckendorff, head of the Third Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery. Benckendorff was in charge of the detective and was the chief of the gendarmes. Tyutchev showed him his philosophical works - reflections on the fate of Russia and the West, and Benckendorff handed them over to Emperor Nicholas I. Tyutchev wrote to his parents: “He [Benckendorff] assured me that my thoughts were received quite favorably, and there is reason to hope that they will be given a move”. Nicholas I read the poet's works and supported his ideas. Tyutchev wanted to change the attitude of Europeans towards Russia and was going to publish articles on politics in well-known German and French magazines. The emperor promised to support the poet and invited him to Petersburg for an audience. September 20, 1844 Tyutchev returned to Russia. However, three days later, Benckendorff, who patronized the poet, died. As Ivan Kozhinov wrote: “The death of Benckendorff, obviously, interrupted the implementation of the entire Tyutchev “project”.

Return to Russia: "bewitching storyteller" and publicist

Fedor Tyutchev. 1848–1849 Saint Petersburg. Photo: ftutchev.ru

Autographs of Fedor Tyutchev's draft materials for the treatise "Russia and the West" and "Fragment". Photo: ftutchev.ru

Fedor Tyutchev. 1860–1861 Photo: Sergey Levitsky / ftutchev.ru

In 1845, a few months after returning to St. Petersburg, Fedor Tyutchev again became an employee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. For several years - until 1849 - he stopped writing poetry. During these years, the poet attended secular salons, balls. The Petersburg nobility remembered him as a good storyteller who understood politics and philosophy.

“A lot of my life happened to talk and listen to famous storytellers, but none of them made such a charming impression on me as Tyutchev. Witty, tender, sharp, kind words, like pearls, rolled carelessly from his lips.<...>When he began to speak, to tell, everyone instantly fell silent, and in the whole room only Tyutchev's voice was heard.<...>The main charm of Tyutchev<...>was that<...>there was nothing prepared, learned, invented"

Writer Vladimir Sologub, "Memoirs"

In 1848, Tyutchev was appointed senior censor at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This position did not bring the poet a lot of money, and the work seemed to him boring and monotonous. Every day, Tyutchev had to search the press for articles on foreign policy. He wrote to his parents: “If I weren’t so poor, with what pleasure would I throw in their faces the maintenance they pay me, and openly break with this crowd of cretins ... What a brat, great God! ..”. During these years, he wrote and published articles in French, including "Russia and the Revolution", "Russia and Germany", "The Papacy and the Roman Question". The poet conceived a large-scale historical treatise "Russia and the West", in which he planned to present his thoughts on foreign policy. The work remained unfinished, although Tyutchev worked on it for several years.

“By the end of the 40s, Tyutchev began to preach the political and spiritual isolation of Russia from Europe. According to his treatises, Russia is a great patriarchal empire, a pillar of order, a confessor of Christian impersonality and humility. The Christian idea got along well with Tyutchev's aggressive pathos, with calls for the expansion of territories, for the capture of Constantinople, which, according to his theory, was supposed to be the center of a state uniting Slavic peoples under the rule of the Russian Tsar

Naum Berkovsky, "On Russian Literature"

Love lyrics and Slavophilism

Nikolay Nekrasov. Photo: Sergey Levitsky / interesnyefakty.org

Elena Deniseva. Late 1850s. Photo: ftutchev.ru

Alexander Gorchakov. Photo: valdvor.ru

In 1850, the poet Nikolai Nekrasov in his article called Tyutchev "Russian paramount poetic talent". Soon after, his old works began to appear in magazines, and Tyutchev himself began to write poetry again and publish them. In the early 1850s, “Like a pillar of smoke brightens in the sky!”, “Tears of people, oh tears of people”, “Oh, how deadly we love” and other works were published. At the same time, Ivan Turgenev and Nikolai Nekrasov prepared for publication his first collection, which was published in 1854. A large circulation for that time - three thousand copies - was sold out in a short time.

At this time, the poet wrote philosophical and love lyrical poems, which were combined into the so-called "denisevsky" cycle: he devoted most of it to his beloved Elena Denisyeva. The poet met her back in the late 1840s, where he came to visit his daughters Daria and Catherine. Denisyeva studied with them. For almost fifteen years - until the death of Denisyeva in 1864 - Tyutchev maintained relations with both his legal wife and her. Deniseva wrote: “I have nothing to hide and there is no need to hide from anyone: I am more than anything his wife than his ex-wives, and no one in the world has ever loved and appreciated him as much as I love and appreciate him”. She bore Tyutchev three children.

A prominent representative of the golden age of Russian poetry, Fyodor Tyutchev skillfully concluded his thoughts, desires and feelings in the rhythm of iambic tetrameter, allowing readers to feel the complexity and inconsistency of the reality around them. To this day, the whole world reads the poems of the poet.

Childhood and youth

The future poet was born on November 23, 1803 in the village of Ovstug, Bryansk district, Oryol province. Fedor is the middle child in the family. In addition to him, Ivan Nikolaevich and his wife Ekaterina Lvovna had two more children: the eldest son, Nikolai (1801–1870) and the youngest daughter, Daria (1806–1879).

The writer grew up in a calm, benevolent atmosphere. From his mother, he inherited a fine mental organization, lyricism and a developed imagination. In fact, high level spirituality was possessed by the entire old noble patriarchal family of the Tyutchevs.

At the age of 4, Nikolai Afanasyevich Khlopov (1770–1826), a peasant who redeemed himself from serfdom and voluntarily entered the service of a noble couple, was assigned to Fedor.

A literate, pious man not only earned the respect of the gentlemen, but also became a friend and comrade for the future publicist. Khlopov witnessed the awakening of Tyutchev's literary genius. It happened in 1809, when Fyodor was barely six years old: while walking in a grove near the village cemetery, he stumbled upon a dead turtledove. The impressionable boy gave the bird a funeral and composed an epitaph in verse in her honor.

In the winter of 1810, the head of the family realized his wife's cherished dream by buying a spacious mansion in Moscow. The Tyutchevs went there during the winter cold. Seven-year-old Fyodor really liked his cozy bright room, where no one bothered him from morning to night to read poetry by Dmitriev and Derzhavin.

In 1812, the peaceful order of the Moscow nobility was violated by Patriotic War. Like many members of the intelligentsia, the Tyutchevs immediately left the capital and went to Yaroslavl. The family remained there until the end of hostilities.

Upon returning to Moscow, Ivan Nikolaevich and Ekaterina Lvovna decided to hire a teacher who could not only teach their children the basics of grammar, arithmetic and geography, but also instill in the restless children a love for foreign languages. Under the strict guidance of the poet and translator Semyon Egorovich Raich, Fedor studied the exact sciences and got acquainted with the masterpieces of world literature, showing a genuine interest in ancient poetry.

In 1817, the future publicist, as a volunteer, attended lectures by the eminent literary critic Alexei Fedorovich Merzlyakov. The professor noticed his outstanding talent and on February 22, 1818, at a meeting of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, he read Tyutchev's ode "For the New Year 1816". On March 30 of the same year, the fourteen-year-old poet was awarded the title of member of the Society, and a year later his poem "Horace's Message to the Maecenas" appeared in print.

In the autumn of 1819, a promising young man was enrolled at Moscow University at the Faculty of Literature. There he became friends with the young Vladimir Odoevsky, Stepan Shevyrev and Mikhail Pogodin. Tyutchev University graduated three years ahead of schedule and graduated from educational institution with a PhD.

On February 5, 1822, his father brought Fedor to St. Petersburg, and already on February 24, the eighteen-year-old Tyutchev was enrolled in the Foreign Affairs Board with the rank of provincial secretary. In the northern capital, he lived in the house of his relative, Count Osterman-Tolstoy, who subsequently procured him the position of a freelance attaché of the Russian diplomatic mission in Bavaria.

Literature

In the capital of Bavaria, Tyutchev not only studied romantic poetry and German philosophy, but also translated works into Russian and. Fedor Ivanovich published his own poems in the Russian magazine Galatea and the almanac Northern Lyre.

In the first decade of his life in Munich (from 1820 to 1830), Tyutchev wrote his most famous poems: “Spring Thunderstorm” (1828), “Silentium!” (1830), “How the ocean embraces the globe of the earth ...” (1830), “Fountain” (1836), “Winter is not angry for nothing ...” (1836), “Not what you think, nature ... "(1836)," What are you howling about, night wind? .. "(1836).

Fame came to the poet in 1836, when 16 of his works were published in the Sovremennik magazine under the heading "Poems sent from Germany". In 1841, Tyutchev met Vaclav Ganka, a figure in the Czech national revival, who had a great influence on the poet. After this acquaintance, the ideas of Slavophilism were vividly reflected in the journalism and political lyrics of Fyodor Ivanovich.

Since 1848, Fedor Ivanovich was in the position of senior censor. The absence of poetic publications did not prevent him from becoming a prominent figure in the St. Petersburg literary society. So, Nekrasov spoke enthusiastically about the work of Fyodor Ivanovich and put him on a par with the best contemporary poets, and Fet used Tyutchev's works as evidence of the existence of "philosophical poetry".

In 1854, the writer published his first collection, which included both old poems of the 1820–1830s and new creations of the writer. The poetry of the 1850s was dedicated to Tyutchev's young lover, Elena Denisyeva.

In 1864, Fyodor Ivanovich's muse died. The publicist very painfully experienced this loss. Salvation he found in creativity. Poems of the "Denisiev cycle" ("All day she lay in oblivion ...", "There is also in my suffering stagnation ...", "On the eve of the anniversary of August 4, 1865", "Oh, this South, oh, this Nice! ..”, “There is in the original autumn ...”) - top love lyrics poet.

After the Crimean War, Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov became the new Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia. The representative of the political elite respected Tyutchev for his perspicacious mind. Friendship with the chancellor allowed Fyodor Ivanovich to influence foreign policy Russia.

The Slavophil views of Fyodor Ivanovich continued to strengthen. True, after the defeat in Crimean War in the quatrain "Russia cannot be understood with the mind ..." (1866), Tyutchev began to call on the people not for political, but for spiritual unification.

Personal life

People who do not know Tyutchev's biography, having briefly familiarized themselves with his life and work, will consider that the Russian poet was windy in nature, and they will be absolutely right in their conclusion. In the literary salons of that time, legends were made about the amorous adventures of a publicist.

The first love of the writer was the illegitimate daughter of the Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm III - Amalia Lerchenfeld. The beauty of the girl was admired by both, and, and Count Benckendorff. She was 14 years old when she met Tyutchev and became very interested in him. Mutual sympathy was not enough.

The young man, living on the money of his parents, could not satisfy all the requests of a demanding young lady. Amalia preferred material prosperity to love and in 1825 she married Baron Krüdner. The news of Lerchenfeld's wedding shocked Fedor so much that the envoy Vorontsov-Dashkov, in order to avoid a duel, sent the unfortunate gentleman on vacation.

And although Tyutchev submitted to fate, the soul of the lyricist throughout his life was languishing from an unquenchable thirst for love. For a short period of time, his first wife Eleanor managed to put out the fire raging inside the poet.

The family grew, daughters were born one after another: Anna, Daria, Ekaterina. Money was sorely lacking. With all his mind and insight, Tyutchev was devoid of rationality and coldness, which is why promotion went by leaps and bounds. Fyodor Ivanovich was a burden family life. He preferred noisy companies of friends and secular affairs with ladies from high society to the society of children and his wife.

In 1833, Tyutchev was introduced to the wayward Baroness Ernestine von Pfeffel at a ball. The entire literary beau monde spoke about their romance. During another quarrel, the wife, exhausted by jealousy, in a fit of desperation, grabbed a dagger and stabbed herself in the chest area. Fortunately, the wound was not fatal.

Despite the scandal that broke out in the press and the general censure from the public, the writer failed to part with his mistress, and only the death of his legal wife put everything in its place. 10 months after the death of Eleanor, the poet legalized his relationship with Ernestina.

Fate played a cruel joke with the Baroness: the woman who destroyed the family, for 14 years, shared her lawful husband with a young mistress, Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva.

Death

In the mid-60s and early 70s, Tyutchev reasonably began to lose ground: in 1864, the writer’s beloved, Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva, died, two years later, the creator’s mother, Ekaterina Lvovna, died, in 1870, the writer’s beloved brother Nikolai and his son Dmitry, and three years later the daughter of a publicist Maria went to another world.

The string of deaths had a negative impact on the health of the poet. After the first stroke of paralysis (January 1, 1873), Fyodor Ivanovich almost did not get out of bed, after the second he lived for several weeks in excruciating suffering and died on July 27, 1873. The coffin with the body of the lyricist was transported from Tsarskoye Selo to the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent in St. Petersburg.

The literary heritage of the legend of the golden age of Russian poetry has been preserved in collections of poems. Among other things, in 2003, based on the book by Vadim Kozhinov, “The Prophet in His Fatherland, Fyodor Tyutchev,” the series “Love and Truth of Fyodor Tyutchev” was filmed. The film was directed by the daughter. She is familiar to the Russian audience by her role in the film Solaris.

Bibliography

• "The Skald's Harp" (1834);
• "Spring Thunderstorm" (1828);
• "Day and Night" (1839);
• “How unexpected and bright ...” (1865);
• "Answer to the address" (1865);
• "Italian villa" (1837);
• "I knew her back then" (1861);
• "Morning in the mountains" (1830);
• "Fires" (1868);
• “Look how the grove is turning green ...” (1857);
• "Madness" (1829);
• "Sleep on the Sea" (1830);
• "Calm" (1829);
• Encyclica (1864);
• "Rome at night" (1850);
• “The feast is over, the choirs are silent ...” (1850).

TYUTCHEV, FYODOR IVANOVICH(1803–1873), Russian poet. Born on November 23 (December 5), 1803 in the Ovstug estate of the Bryansk district of the Oryol province. in an old noble family. Tyutchev's childhood was spent in the Ovstug estate, in Moscow and the Troitskoye estate near Moscow. A patriarchal landlord life reigned in the family. Tyutchev, who showed an early ability to learn, received a good education at home. His teacher was the poet and translator S.E. Raich (1792–1855), who introduced Tyutchev to the works of antiquity and classical Italian literature. At the age of 12, the future poet, under the guidance of his mentor, translated Horace and wrote odes in imitation of him. For an ode For the new year 1816 in 1818 he was awarded the title of an employee of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. In the "Proceedings" of the Society in 1819, his first publication took place - a free transcription Messages Horace to Maecenas.

In 1819 Tyutchev entered the verbal department of Moscow University. During his studies, he became close to M. Pogodin, S. Shevyrev, V. Odoevsky. At this time, his Slavophile views began to take shape. As a student, Tyutchev also wrote poetry. In 1821 he graduated from the university and received a seat at the College of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg, in 1822 he was appointed supernumerary officer of the Russian diplomatic mission in Munich.

In Munich, Tyutchev, as a diplomat, aristocrat and writer, found himself at the center of the cultural life of one of largest cities Europe. He studied romantic poetry and German philosophy, became close to F. Schelling, became friends with G. Heine. He translated into Russian poems by G. Heine (the first Russian poet), F. Schiller, J. Goethe and other German poets. Tyutchev published his own poems in the Russian magazine Galatea and the almanac Northern Lyre.

In the 1820s–1830s, Tyutchev's masterpieces of philosophical lyrics were written Silentium! (1830), Not what you think, nature ... (1836), What are you howling about, night wind?.. (1836) and others. In poems about nature, the main feature of Tyutchev's creativity on this topic was obvious: the unity of the image of nature and thoughts about it, the philosophical and symbolic meaning of the landscape, humanization, spirituality of nature.

In 1836, in Pushkin's journal Sovremennik, on the recommendation of P. Vyazemsky and V. Zhukovsky, it was published signed by F.T. a selection of 24 poems by Tyutchev called Poems sent from Germany. This publication became a milestone in his literary life, brought him fame. Tyutchev responded to the death of Pushkin with prophetic lines: “Well, as your first love, / the heart will not forget Russia” ( January 29th, 1837).

In 1826, Tyutchev married E. Peterson, then had an affair with A. Lerhenfeld (several poems are dedicated to her, including the famous romance “I met you - and all the past ...” (1870). The romance with E. Dernberg turned out to be so scandalous that Tyutchev was transferred from Munich to Turin. Tyutchev had a hard time with the death of his wife (1838), but soon remarried - to Dernberg, having voluntarily left for a wedding in Switzerland. For this, he was dismissed from the diplomatic service and deprived of the title of chamberlain.

For several years Tyutchev remained in Germany, in 1844 he returned to Russia. From 1843 he published articles in the pan-Slavic direction. Russia and Germany, Russia and Revolution, The Papacy and the Roman Question, worked on a book Russia and the West. He wrote about the need for an Eastern European Union led by Russia and that it was the confrontation between Russia and the Revolution that would determine the fate of mankind. He believed that the Russian kingdom should stretch "from the Nile to the Neva, from the Elbe to China."

Tyutchev's political views were approved by Emperor Nicholas I. The title of chamberlain was returned to the author, in 1848 he received a position at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg, in 1858 he was appointed chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee. In St. Petersburg, Tyutchev immediately became a prominent figure in public life. Contemporaries noted his brilliant mind, humor, talent as an interlocutor. His epigrams, witticisms and aphorisms were on everyone's lips. The rise of Tyutchev's poetic creativity also belongs to this time. In 1850, the Sovremennik magazine reproduced a selection of Tyutchev's poems, once published by Pushkin, and published an article by N. Nekrasov, in which he ranked these poems among the brilliant phenomena of Russian poetry, put Tyutchev on a par with Pushkin and Lermontov. In 1854, 92 Tyutchev's poems were published in the supplement to Sovremennik, and then, on the initiative of I. Turgenev, his first poetry collection was published. Tyutchev's fame was confirmed by many of his contemporaries - Turgenev, A. Fet, A. Druzhinin, S. Aksakov, A. Grigoriev and others. L. Tolstoy called Tyutchev "one of those unfortunate people who are immeasurably higher than the crowd among which they live, and therefore always alone."

Tyutchev's poetry was defined by researchers as philosophical lyrics, in which, according to Turgenev, the thought "never appears naked and abstract to the reader, but always merges with the image taken from the world of the soul or nature, penetrates it, and itself penetrates it inseparably and inseparably." This feature of his lyrics was fully reflected in the verses Vision (1829), As the ocean surrounds the globe... (1830), Day and night(1839) and others.

Slavophile views of F. Tyutchev continued to strengthen, although after the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War, he began to see the task of the Slavs not in political, but in spiritual unification. The poet expressed the essence of his understanding of Russia in a poem You can't understand Russia with your mind...(1866). Despite these views, Tyutchev's lifestyle was exclusively European: he revolved in society, reacted vividly to political events, did not love village life, did not give of great importance Orthodox rites.

Like all his life, in his mature years Tyutchev was full of passions. In 1850, being a married man and the father of a family, he fell in love with 24-year-old E. Denisyeva, almost the same age as his daughters. An open relationship between them, during which Tyutchev did not leave his family, lasted 14 years, they had three children. Society took this as a scandal, Denisyeva was denied by her father, she was no longer accepted in the world. All this led Denisyev to a severe nervous breakdown, and in 1864 she died of tuberculosis. The shock of the death of a beloved woman led Tyutchev to create the "Denisiev cycle" - the pinnacle of his love lyrics. It contains poems Oh, how deadly we love... (1851), I knew the eyes - oh, these eyes!.. (1852), last love (1851–1854), There is also in my suffering stagnation ... (1865), On the eve of the anniversary, August 4, 1865(1865); accessible to man - earthly happiness. In the "Denisiev cycle" love appears as a "fatal merger and fatal duel" of two hearts.

After the death of Denisyeva, in which he blamed himself, Tyutchev went to his family abroad. He spent a year in Geneva and Nice, and upon his return (1865) to Russia, he had to endure the death of two children from Denisyev, then his mother. These tragedies were followed by the death of another son, only brother, daughter. The horror of approaching death was expressed in a poem Brother, who has accompanied me for so many years...(1870). In the lines of this poem, the poet foresaw his "fatal turn".