The battle of Borodino is the culmination of the novel “War and Peace. The battle of Borodino is the culmination of the novel "War and Peace Prove that the battle of Borodino is the climax episode

Description of the Battle of Borodino occupies twenty chapters of the third volume of War and Peace. This is the center of the novel, its climax, a decisive moment in the life of the whole country and many of the heroes of the work. Here the paths of the main actors: Pierre meets Dolokhov, Prince Andrei - Anatole, here each character is revealed in a new way, and here for the first time the enormous force that won the war manifests itself - the people, men in white shirts.

The picture of the Battle of Borodino in the novel is given through the perception of a civilian, Pierre Bezukhov, the most seemingly unsuitable hero for this purpose, who does not understand anything in military affairs, but perceives everything that happens with the heart and soul of a patriot. The feelings that took possession of Pierre in the first days of the war will be the beginning of his moral rebirth, but Pierre does not yet know about it. “The worse the state of affairs was, and especially his affairs, the more pleasant it was for Pierre ...” For the first time, he felt himself not a lonely, useless owner of enormous wealth, but part of a single multitude of people. Having decided to go from Moscow to the place of the battle, Pierre experienced “a pleasant feeling of consciousness that everything that makes up the happiness of people, the convenience of life, wealth, even life itself, is nonsense, which is pleasant to discard in comparison with something ...”

This feeling is naturally born in an honest person when the common misfortune of his people hangs over him. Pierre does not know that Natasha, Prince Andrei in the burning Smolensk and in the Bald Mountains, as well as many thousands of people, will experience the same feeling. Not only curiosity prompted Pierre to go to Borodino, he strove to be among the people, where the fate of Russia was being decided.

On the morning of August 25, Pierre left Mozhaisk and approached the location of the Russian troops. Along the way, he met numerous carts with the wounded, and one old soldier asked: “Well, fellow countryman, will they put us here, or what? Ali to Moscow? In this question, not only hopelessness, it feels the same feeling that owns Pierre. And another soldier, who met Pierre, said with a sad smile: “Today, not just a soldier, but also seen peasants! The peasants and those are being driven away ... Today they don’t sort it out ... They want to pile on all the people, one word - Moscow. They want to make one end." If Tolstoy had shown the day before the Battle of Borodino through the eyes of Prince Andrei or Nikolai Rostov, we would not have been able to see these wounded, to hear their voices. Neither Prince Andrei nor Nikolai would have noticed all this, because they are professional soldiers, accustomed to the horrors of war. But for Pierre, all this is unusual, as an inexperienced spectator, he notices all the smallest details. And looking along with him, the reader begins to understand both him and those with whom he met near Mozhaisk: “the conveniences of life, wealth, even life itself, is nonsense that is pleasant to put aside in comparison with something ...”

And at the same time, all these people, each of whom may be killed or maimed tomorrow - they all live today, without thinking about what awaits them tomorrow, look with surprise at Pierre's white hat and green coat, laugh and wink at the wounded. The name of the field and the village next to it has not yet gone down in history: the officer addressed by Pierre still confuses him: “Burdino or what?” But on the faces of all the people met by Pierre, “an expression of consciousness of the solemnity of the coming minute” is noticeable, and this consciousness is so serious that during the prayer service even the presence of Kutuzov with his retinue did not attract attention: “the militia and soldiers, without looking at him, continued to pray.”

“In a long frock coat on a huge body thickness, with a stooped back, with an open white head and with a leaky, white eye on a swollen face,” this is how we see Kutuzov before the battle of Borodino. Kneeling before the icon, he then “tried for a long time and could not get up from heaviness and weakness.” This senile heaviness and weakness, physical weakness, emphasized by the author, enhances the impression of spiritual power emanating from him. He kneels before the icon, like all people, like the soldiers he will send tomorrow into battle. And just like them, he feels the solemnity of the present moment.

But Tolstoy recalls that there are other people who think otherwise: "For tomorrow, great awards must be given out and new people put forward." The first among these "catchers of awards and nominations" is Boris Drubetskoy, in a long frock coat and with a whip over his shoulder, like Kutuzov. With a light, free smile, at first, confidentially lowering his voice, he scolds Pierre's left flank and condemns Kutuzov, and then, noticing Mikhail Illarionovich approaching, he praises both his left flank and the commander in chief himself. Thanks to his talent to please everyone, he "managed to stay at the main apartment" when Kutuzov kicked out many like him. And at that moment, he managed to find words that might be pleasing to Kutuzov, and says them to Pierre, hoping that the commander-in-chief will hear them: “The militia - they put on clean, white shirts directly to prepare for death. What heroism, count! Boris calculated correctly: Kutuzov heard these words, remembered them - and along with them Drubetskoy.

The meeting between Pierre and Dolokhov is not accidental either. It is impossible to believe that Dolokhov, a reveler and a bully, can apologize to anyone, but he does it: “I am very glad to meet you here, Count,” he told him loudly and not embarrassed by the presence of strangers, with special determination and solemnity. - On the eve of the day on which God knows which of us is destined to remain alive, I am glad to have the opportunity to tell you that I regret the misunderstandings that have been between us, and would like you not to have anything against me. Please forgive me."

Pierre himself could not explain why he went to the Borodino field. He only knew that it was impossible to remain in Moscow. He wanted to see with his own eyes that incomprehensible and majestic thing that was to happen in his fate and the fate of Russia, and also to see Prince Andrei, who was able to explain everything that was happening to him. Only Pierre could believe him, only he expected important words from him at this decisive moment in his life. And they met. Prince Andrei behaves coldly towards Pierre, almost hostile. Bezukhov, with his very appearance, reminds him of his former life, and most importantly, of Natasha, and Prince Andrei wants to forget about her as soon as possible. But, after talking, Prince Andrei did what Pierre expected from him - he skillfully explained the state of affairs in the army. Like all soldiers and most officers, he considers the removal of Barclay from business and the appointment of Kutuzov as commander-in-chief as the greatest blessing: “While Russia was healthy, a stranger could serve her, and there was a wonderful minister, but as soon as she was in danger, she needed her own, dear Human".

Kutuzov for Prince Andrei, as for all soldiers, is a man who understands that the success of the war depends on "the feeling that is in me, in him," he pointed to Timokhin, "in every soldier." This conversation was important not only for Pierre, but also for Prince Andrei. Expressing his thoughts, he himself clearly understood and fully realized how sorry he was for his life and his friendship with Pierre. But Prince Andrei is the son of his father, and his feelings will not manifest themselves in any way. He almost forcibly pushed Pierre away from him, but, saying goodbye, "quickly approached Pierre, hugged him and kissed him ..."

August 26 - the day of the battle of Borodino - through the eyes of Pierre we see a beautiful sight: the bright sun breaking through the fog, flashes of shots, "lightning of morning light" on the bayonets of the troops ... Pierre, like a child, wanted to be where these smokes were, these brilliant bayonets and cannons, this movement, these sounds. For a long time he did not understand anything: having arrived at the Raevsky battery, “I never thought that this ... was the most important place in the battle,” did not notice the wounded and killed. In Pierre's view, war should be a solemn event, but for Tolstoy it is hard and bloody work. Together with Pierre, the reader is convinced that the writer is right, watching with horror the course of the battle.

Everyone in the battle occupied his own niche, performed honestly or not very much his duty. Kutuzov understands this very well, almost does not interfere in the course of the battle, trusting the Russian people, for whom this battle is not a conceited game, but a decisive milestone in their life and death. Pierre, by the will of fate, ended up on the "Raevsky battery", where decisive events took place, as historians later write. But even without them, Bezukhov "it seemed that this place (precisely because he was on it) was one of the most significant places of the battle." The blind eyes of a civilian do not see the whole scale of events, but only what is happening around. And here, as in a drop of water, all the drama of the battle was reflected, its incredible intensity, rhythm, tension from what was happening. The battery changes hands several times. Pierre fails to remain a contemplative, he actively participates in protecting the battery, but does everything on a whim, out of a sense of self-preservation. Bezukhov is scared of what is happening, he naively thinks that “... now they (the French) will leave it, now they will be horrified by what they have done! But the sun, veiled in smoke, was still high, and in front, and especially to the left of Semyonovsky, something was seething in the smoke, and the rumble of shots, shooting and cannonade not only did not weaken, but intensified to the point of desperation, like a man who, overstrained , screaming with all his might.

Tolstoy sought to show the war through the eyes of its participants, contemporaries, but sometimes looked at it from the point of view of a historian. So, he drew attention to poor organization, successful and unsuccessful plans that collapsed due to the mistakes of military leaders. Showing military operations from this side, Tolstoy pursued another goal. At the beginning of the third volume, he says that war is "an event contrary to human reason and all human nature." There was no justification for the last war at all, because the emperors waged it. In the same war, there was truth: when the enemy comes to your land, you are obliged to defend yourself, which was what the Russian army did. But be that as it may, the war still remained a dirty, bloody affair, which Pierre understood at Raevsky's battery.

The episode when Prince Andrei was wounded cannot leave the reader indifferent. But the most annoying thing is that his death is meaningless. He did not rush forward with a banner, as at Austerlitz, he was not on the battery, as at Shengraben, he only walked across the field, counting steps and listening to the noise of shells. And at that moment he was overtaken by the enemy core. The adjutant standing next to Prince Andrei lay down and shouted to him: “Lie down!” Bolkonsky stood and thought that he did not want to die, and "at the same time he remembered that they were looking at him." Prince Andrew could not do otherwise. He, with his sense of honor, with his noble prowess, could not lie down. In any situation, there are people who cannot run, cannot be silent and hide from danger. Such people usually die, but in the memory of others they remain heroes.

The prince was mortally wounded; was bleeding, Russian troops stood on occupied lines. Napoleon was horrified, he had not seen anything like it yet: “two hundred guns are aimed at the Russians, but ... the Russians are still standing ...” He dared to write that the battlefield was “magnificent”, but he was covered with the bodies of thousands, hundreds thousands of dead and wounded, but this no longer interested Napoleon. The main thing is that his vanity is not satisfied: he did not win a crushing and bright victory. Napoleon at that time was “yellow, swollen, heavy, with cloudy eyes, a red nose and a hoarse voice ... he was sitting on a folding chair, involuntarily listening to the sounds of firing ... He was waiting with painful anguish for the end of the cause, which he considered himself the cause of, but which he could not stop.

Here Tolstoy for the first time shows it as natural. On the eve of the battle, he took care of his dress for a long time and with pleasure, then he received a courtier who had arrived from Paris and played a small performance in front of a portrait of his son. For Tolstoy, Napoleon is the embodiment of vanity, the very one that he hates in Prince Vasily and Anna Pavlovna. A real person, according to the writer, should not care about the impression that he makes, but should calmly surrender to the will of events. This is how he portrays the Russian commander. “Kutuzov was sitting, his gray head bowed and his heavy body lowered, on a bench covered with a carpet, in the very place where Pierre had seen him in the morning. He did not make any orders, but only agreed or did not agree to what was offered to him. He doesn't fuss, trusting people to take the initiative where it's needed. He understands the meaninglessness of his orders: everything will be as it will be, he does not interfere with people with petty care, but believes in the high spirit of the Russian army.

The great humanist L.N. Tolstoy truthfully, accurately documented the events of August 26, 1812, giving his own interpretation of the most important historical event. The author denies the decisive role of personality in history. It was not Napoleon and Kutuzov who led the battle, it went on as it should have, how the thousands of people participating in it from both sides were able to “turn” it. An excellent battle painter, Tolstoy managed to show the tragedy of the war for all participants, regardless of nationality. The truth was on the side of the Russians, but they killed people, died themselves for the sake of the vanity of one "little man." Speaking of this, Tolstoy, as it were, "warns" humanity against wars, against senseless hostility and bloodshed.

Test based on the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Choose the correct answer from the given options.

1. When does the action of the novel "War and Peace" begin?

A) January 1812

b) in April 1801

c) in May 1807

d) in July 1805

2. As determined by L.N. Tolstoy genre of the work "War and Peace"?

A) historical chronicle

b) novel

c) chronicle

d) epic

3. In historical writings, Napoleon is often contrasted

Alexander I. Who is opposed to Napoleon in the novel "War and Peace"?

a) Alexander I

b) M.I. Kutuzov

c) A. Bolkonsky

D) Nicholas I

4. How long does the action of the novel last (in general)?

A) 10 years

b) 25 years old

c) about 7 years

d) 15 years old

5. In com L.N. Tolstoy sees the decisive force of history?

A) king

b) commanders

c) aristocracy

d) people

6. What event begins the novel "War and Peace"?

A) descriptions of the meeting between father and son Bolkonsky

b) descriptions of the Shengraben battle

c) descriptions of name days in the Rostovs' house

d) descriptions of the evening by A.P. Scherer

7. Age of Natasha Rostova at the beginning of the novel?

a) 10 years

b) 13 years old

c) 16 years old

d) 18 years old

8. How many children did the Count and Countess Rostovs have?

a) 3

b) 4

at 5

d) 6

9. Determine the climax of the 1st volume of the novel "War and Peace".

a) name day in the Rostovs' house

b) the story with Telyanin

c) meeting of emperors in Tilsit

d) Battle of Austerlitz

10. Why is Prince Andrei going to serve in the army (Volume 1)?

a) this is how he understands officer duty

b) wants to move up the corporate ladder

c) striving for fame

d) dreams of defending the homeland

11. What attracted Pierre Bezukhov to Freemasonry?

A) fascination with mysticism

b) the opportunity to renounce an unhappy marriage

c) the idea of ​​unity and brotherhood of people

d) connections with influential people

12. After the Battle of Shengraben, “Prince Andrei was sad and hard,” because

A ) his bold behavior during the battle was not noticed by Bagration

b) more soldiers and officers died in the battle than expected

c) after visiting the battery of captain Tushin, they began to destroy it perfect performances about a feat

d) he failed to prove himself in battle and become famous

13. What event secondarily prompted Prince Andrei to leave the public service?

A) service fees

b) death of wife

c) Speransky's discontent

D) love for Natasha

14. Why was the marriage of Prince Andrei and Natasha Rostova upset?

A) because of the secret relationship between Natasha and Boris Drubetskoy

b) because of the refusal of the old prince Bolkonsky to bless this marriage

c) because of Natasha's fleeting infatuation with Anatole Kuragin

d) because of the refusal of the count and countess Rostovs to marry their daughter to a widower

15. What was the name of the village of Prince Andrei, which was separated by his father?

A) Bald mountains

b) Otradnoe

c) Bogucharovo

d) Maryino

16. On what occasion does Count Ilya Andreevich Rostov arrange a dinner at the English Club?

a) victory in the battle of Borodino

b) Natasha's name day

c) the arrival of the emperor in Moscow

d) the victory of Prince Bagration in the Battle of Shengraben

17. How much did Nikolai Rostov lose to Dolokhov?

a) 31,000 rubles

b) 40,000 rubles

c) 43,000 rubles

d) 45,000 rubles

18. Through whose eyes does the reader see the Battle of Borodino?

a) Nikolai Rostov

b) Pierre Bezukhov

c) Andrei Bolkonsky

d) Anatole Kuragin

19. Tikhon Shcherbaty is a symbol of:

A) humility

b) popular anger

c) aristocracy

d) careerism

20. Complete the phrase L.N. Tolstoy: "There is no and cannot be greatness where there is none...".

A) striving for fame

b) simplicity, goodness and truth

c) great deeds

d) pride

Option 1

In a low room, lit by a single candle, sat the princess and someone else.

with her in a black dress. Pierre remembered that the princess always had companions.

Who and what they are, these companions, Pierre did not know and did not remember. “This is one

of companions, he thought, glancing at the lady in the black dress.

The princess quickly stood up to meet him and held out her hand.

Yes,” she said, peering into his changed face after

he kissed her hand - that's how we meet. They Lately

often talked about you, ”she said, transferring her eyes from Pierre to

companion with a shyness that struck Pierre for a moment.

I was so glad to hear about your salvation. It was the only

joyful news that we received from a long time ago. - Again again

more restlessly the princess looked round at her companion and wanted to say something; But

Pierre interrupted her.

You can imagine that I knew nothing about him,” he said.

I thought he was dead. Everything that I learned, I learned from others, through third

hands. I only know that he ended up with the Rostovs ... What a fate!

Pierre spoke quickly, animatedly. He looked once at the face of his companion,

saw attentively the affectionately curious look directed at him, and, as

this often happens during a conversation, for some reason he felt that this

companion in a black dress - a sweet, kind, glorious creature who does not

interfere with his intimate conversation with Princess Mary.

But when he said the last words about the Rostovs, the confusion on his face

Princess Mary expressed herself even more strongly. She again ran her eyes from her face

Pierre on the face of a lady in a black dress and said:

Don't you know?

Pierre glanced once more at the pale, thin, with black eyes and a strange

mouth, companion's face. Something native, long forgotten and more than cute

looked at him from those attentive eyes.

But no, it can't be, he thought. - This is strict, thin and pale,

old face? It can't be her. It's just a memory of that." But in

this time Princess Marya said: "______". And a face with attentive eyes, with

with difficulty, with effort, as a rusty door opens, - she smiled, and from this

suddenly smelled of the open door and doused Pierre with that long-forgotten happiness,

about which, especially now, he did not think. Smelled, embraced and swallowed

all of it.

What name should be in place of the pass? _____________________________

What is the description of a person's appearance in a work of art called?

_________________________________________________________

In the last paragraph, find a comparison.__________________________________

Which trope is used in the last sentence of the passage? ________________

Write down 1 example of an epithet with a defined word. ______________________

Verification work on the epic novel "War and Peace"

Option 2

In practical matters, _______1) suddenly now felt that he had a center of gravity that had not been there before. Previously, every money question, especially requests for money, to which he, as a very rich man, was very often subjected, led him into hopeless unrest and bewilderment. "To give or not to give?" he asked himself. “I have, and he needs. But others need it even more. Who needs more? Or maybe both are deceivers? And from all these assumptions, he had not previously found any way out and gave to everyone as long as there was something to give. In exactly the same perplexity he was before at every question concerning his condition, when one said that it was necessary to do this, and the other - otherwise.

Now, to his surprise, he found that in all these questions there were no more doubts and perplexities. Now a judge appeared in him, according to some laws unknown to him, deciding what was necessary and what was not necessary to do.

He was just as indifferent to money matters as before; but now he certainly knew what he must do and what he must not do. The first application of this new judge was for him the request of a captured French colonel who came to him, told a lot about his exploits and at the end declared almost a demand that ________1) give him four thousand francs to send to his wife and children. _______ 1) refused him without the slightest effort and effort, later marveling at how simple and easy it was that which had previously seemed insoluble difficult. At the same time, immediately refusing the colonel, he decided that it was necessary to use a trick in order to force the Italian officer to take money, which he apparently needed, when leaving Orel. ...

His chief manager came to Orel, and with him ______1) made a general account of his changing incomes. ___________2) cost ______1), according to the chief manager, about two million.

What name should replace the gap 1)? ___________________________

What event should be indicated at the place of the pass 2)? __________________

What is the name of an object used in a work of art that characterizes the hero, or a portrait feature that distinguishes him from others?

What portrait feature distinguishes this hero at the beginning of the work?

__________________________________________________________________

What changes have occurred in the appearance of the hero and in connection with what? _________

__________________________________________________________________

What technique underlies the construction of this passage? __________________

A lesson in improving knowledge, skills and abilities. Topic: Battle of Borodino as the culmination of Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. Through the analysis of episodes, students come to understand the basic principle of describing the war in Tolstoy's work, and independently conclude why the Battle of Borodino is the culmination in the artistic development of the action in the novel. At the end of the lesson, a pedagogical situation is created for thinking about the moral qualities of a person.

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Lesson topic: The battle of Borodino as the culmination of L. N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace"

Goals: to give an idea of ​​the battle of Borodino as a climax in the development of the action of the novel; by means of questions to determine the basic principle of Tolstoy's description of the war; analyzing episodes of a work of art, supplement, generalize students' knowledge on the topic; continue work on the formation of analytical and speech skills; create a pedagogical situation for reflection on the moral qualities of a person.

Equipment: presentation (PowerPoint) with the inclusion of questions and tasks, illustrations, quotes, film clips from the film "War and Peace" directed by Sergei Bondarchuk; handout (fragments of text with tasks).

Lesson type: a lesson in improving knowledge, skills and abilities.

Form of study: organization research work in microgroups, participation in dialogue, discussions.

During the classes

  1. Introduction by the teacher. (Presentation, slide number 1.)

The task of today's lesson is to consider the scene of the Battle of Borodino as the culmination of the novel "War and Peace" and understand the philosophy of history of L. N. Tolstoy.

Pay attention to the epigraph to the lesson: “For a work to be good, you must love the main, main idea in it. In "War and Peace" I loved the "thought of the people" as a result of the war of 1812. Tolstoy's favorite thought, "the thought of the people", is realized when creating scenes of the Battle of Borodino.

Student activities: Students write down the topic of the lesson and the epigraph in a notebook.

2. Teacher . Pay attention to the title of the novel.Recall what an antithesis is?

Why does Tolstoy put the antithesis of “war” and “peace” in the title of the novel?

Sample responses from students.Antithesis is an opposition that creates the effect of a sharp contrast. The world of human life is presented in Tolstoy's epic novel in a complex interweaving and interaction of pictures of war and peace, creation and destruction, harmony and disharmony in various manifestations. According to Tolstoy, human life consists of the struggle of these two principles.

3. Teacher. Let's do a little research.What associations do the words “peace” and “war” evoke in you?

Student activities: work in small groups.Students choose association words.One of the representatives of the group writes down the options proposed by the students on the board.

Teacher. Look at the written words and make a conclusion: what meaning does Tolstoy put into the concept of "peace" and "war"?

Sample student responses:A. Peace - humanity, humanity, kindness, man, life.

B. War - blood, death, pain, suffering.

These concepts in Tolstoy are ambiguous. War is not only a battle, military actions, but also destructive actions of people in peacetime, falsehood, self-interest, careerism.

The world is love and mutual understanding, the desire to find the truth.

4. Teacher. Thus, the concepts of "peace" and "war" acquire a philosophical sound in Tolstoy's novel. human personality is revealed by Tolstoy through the philosophical concepts of "peace" and "war". We see Tolstoy's heroes not only in peaceful scenes, but also in episodes describing military operations.

5. Teacher. What military scenes, besides the Battle of Borodino, does Tolstoy depict in War and Peace?

Student responses:Shengraben and Austerlitz battles.

6. Teacher. How is the war of 1805-1807 depicted?

Sample responses from students.The soldiers do not understand the goals of the war, Kutuzov treats it negatively, the general state of confusion. Kutuzov is trying to keep the army from fighting. War is imposed.

7. Teacher. You have a piece of text on your tables.(See Appendix #1, episode #1.) This

a dialogue between Prince Andrei and Pierre shortly before the prince's departure for the war of 1805. Read and answer the questions:

  • What feelings does the upcoming war in Pierre evoke?
  • What is the reason for the departure of Prince Andrei to the war?

Student actions:. Sample Answers. War for Pierre is evil, because it is against his idol. The purpose of the war for Pierre is incomprehensible.

Book. Andrei leaves for the war, because he is tired of the usual secular life, burdened by the usual life, experiencing a spiritual crisis.

8. Teacher. Read carefully the thoughts of Prince Andrei on the eve of the battle of Austerlitz.(See Appendix #1, episode #2.)

  • What feelings does Prince Andrei experience on the eve of hostilities? Name words that indicate these feelings.
  • What does Bolkonsky dream about before the battle?

Student actions:expressive reading aloud of this fragment. Sample responses from students.Irritation, excitement, anxiety from the upcoming battle. He dreams that, finally, the moment will come that will bring him glory.

9. Teacher . The opportunity to accomplish the feat presented itself to the book. Andrew at the Battle of Austerlitz. But after the injury, there is a rethinking of spiritual values. Book. Andrei realized that the most important value in a person is life. Everything else is a lie, a lie.What is the main feature of the depiction of war in the novel? Write down the answer in a notebook.

Student actions:listen to the teacher, discuss the issue and make notes in a notebook.Sample responses from students.Tolstoy consciously shows the war not in a romantic-heroic way, "with flying banners"; it focuses on blood, suffering and death.

10. (Presentation, slide number 2.) Teacher. Cultural reference.Before we turn to the conversation about the Battle of Borodino, it is necessary to make a correspondence tour of the historical places of St. Petersburg and Moscow, where there are monuments to the Patriotic War of 1812.

Comment from one of the students.In Moscow, in gratitude to God for the salvation of Russia from the Napoleonic invasion, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was erected. The temple was built according to the project of the architect Konstantin Ton with the people's money.

The original building took nearly 44 years to complete; consecrated May 26, 1883. On December 5, 1931, the temple building was destroyed to the ground by an explosion. The temple was restored in the 1990s, the upper temple was consecrated on August 19, 2000.

11. (Presentation, slide number 3.) Comment from one of the students.The Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg was built in 1801-1811 according to the project and under the guidance of the outstanding architect A. N. Voronikhin. In the first months of its existence, the cathedral became a monument of Russian military glory: it housed the trophies of the Patriotic War of 1812. In 1813, the great Russian commander Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov was buried here.

12. (Presentation, slide number 4.) Comment from one of the students.On December 25, 1837, on the 25th anniversary of the expulsion of the Napoleonic conquerors from Russia and the victorious end of the Patriotic War of 1812, the grand opening of the monuments to Kutuzov and Barclay de Tolly took place, accompanied by an artillery salute and a military parade. (Sculptor B.I. Orlovsky, architect V.P. Stasov.)

13. (Presentation, slide number 5.) Comment from one of the students.Attention should also be paid to two historical facts. Before the battle, there was a custom: they served a prayer service to the miraculous icon. This custom was also carried out before the Battle of Borodino: the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God was with the Russian troops.Tolstoy mentions in the novel that in order to strengthen the spirit of the soldiers, the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God is carried through the camp. She was taken for the army, as it was believed that she was an assistant in military affairs.

14. (Presentation, slide number 6.) Comment from one of the students.In the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. famous military leaders were awarded the Order of Kutuzov

15. Teacher. The correspondence tour has come to an end, and we are returning to the pages of Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. The theme of the war will receive a new solution in the depiction of the events of 1812. Let us turn to the episode of the Battle of Borodino.

Before you is the internal monologue of Prince Andrei, his reflections on the upcoming battle.(See Appendix #1, episode #3.)Read and answer the questions:(Presentation, slide number 7.)

  1. What feelings does Andrei Bolkonsky feel on the eve of the Battle of Borodino?
  2. What is Prince Andrew thinking about?
  3. Remember what Prince Andrei thought on the eve of the Battle of Austerlitz. How has it changed inner world hero before the Battle of Borodino?

Student actions:Before each student there is a sheet with an episode and questions. There is a discussion in the microgroup, then answers are heard, students write conclusions in a notebook.

Sample answers.On the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Prince Andrei reflects on the meaning of life. He feels agitated and irritated. Life seemed to him a magic lantern. Now Prince Andrei does not dream of glory, he is afraid of death, but he understands that death for the Fatherland is a holy cause.

16. Teacher. Before the Battle of Borodino, important meetings and conversations take place for many heroes. We will turn to the episode in which Prince Andrei and Pierre Bezukhov meet. Let's read their dialogue.(See Appendix #1, episode #4.)

Questions: (Presentation, slide number 8.)

  1. Why is Prince Andrei meeting Pierre so coldly and hostile?
  2. What question tormented Pierre before meeting with Prince Andrei?
  3. What did Pierre understand after talking with Andrei Bolkonsky?
  4. What main idea to understand the war expresses Prince Andrew?
  5. Why do the thoughts of Prince Andrei seem strange at first glance?
  6. Why was the conversation with Pierre important for Prince Andrei?

Student actions:Each student has a piece of paper in front of them. Discussion in a microgroup, then answers are heard, the main points are written in a notebook.

Sample answers.

1. Prince Andrei is cold, almost hostile towards Pierre. Pierre involuntarily reminds him of his former life, of Natasha, by his very appearance, and Prince Andrei now does not want to remember this. Everything he says sounds almost vicious, like his father's words have been lately.

23. But, after talking, Prince Andrei involuntarily does what Pierre expected from him, explains the state of affairs in the army. Pierre understood the hidden warmth of patriotism that was in all those people with whom he had met lately. This explains why people calmly and seemingly carelessly prepared for death. But while people are alive, they think about life. This is what makes them strong morally.

4. Prince Andrei expresses the main idea for understanding the war: we are not talking about an abstract living space, but about the land in which our ancestors lie, on which children and relatives live. Soldiers go to battle for this land. And under these conditions, one cannot "neither feel sorry for oneself" nor "be generous with the enemy."

5. Tolstoy puts into the mouth of Prince Andrei strange at first glance thoughts: “I would not take prisoners ... The French have ruined my house and are going to ruin Moscow, insulted and insult me ​​every second. They are my enemies, they are all criminals according to my concepts. And so does Timokhin and the whole army. They must be executed." Prince Andrei not only justifies cruelty, but also calls for reprisals against the enemy. And this is he, who until recently condemned the horrors of war. But this is all fair. Prince Andrei explains his words: “War is war, not a toy,” such a war that no one wants to repeat it after it.

6. But for Prince Andrei, the conversation with Pierre was also important. As is often the case, by expressing your thoughts to another person, you understand more clearly what you thought about in solitude. Bolkonsky talked not only about his life, but also about the lives of all the people close to him, whose fate should be decided after the Battle of Borodino.

17. (Presentation, slide number 9.) Teacher.In the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy's words are heard that war should not go according to the rules of swordsmanship.

“... It is good for the people who, in a moment of trial, without asking how others acted according to the rules in such cases, with simplicity and ease pick up the first club that comes across and nail it until the feeling of insult and revenge in their soul is replaced contempt and pity."

"War is the most disgusting thing in life."

  • What kind of war does Tolstoy recognize and justify?

Student actions:the teacher listens, then individually work with the quote and answer the question. After the discussion, the conclusion is written in a notebook.

Sample answers.

Tolstoy recognizes and justifies the defensive and liberation war, the war for the life of fathers and children. War is “the most disgusting thing in life,” says Tolstoy through the mouth of Prince Andrei. But when they want to kill you, deprive you of your freedom, you and your land, then take a club and smash the enemy. Condemning the horrors of war, Tolstoy calls not to lay down arms when war cannot be avoided.

Two armies came together: Russian and French. The outcome of the battle is still unknown.Who is leading the battle?

Students response. The battle is led by Kutuzov and Napoleon.

Teacher. Here is a description of Kutuzov and Napoleon, which Tolstoy gives.(Presentation, slide number 10).

Student actions.One of the students expressively reads the quotes.

Teacher. How do two great commanders behave in the Battle of Borodino?

Student actions.There are verbal responses.Sample Answer. Kutuzov has a secret knowledge: the battle is won by the one on whose side moral truth is. He is confident in victory, all his orders support and strengthen the spirit of the troops.

Napoleon needs war for prestige and personal glory. His orders are senseless and cruel.

Teacher. (See Presentation, slide No. 11, 12.)Pay attention to the image of Kutuzov and Napoleon created by director Sergei Bondarchuk in the film "War and Peace".What are the main character traits of the two commanders emphasized by the director?

Student actions.After watching episodesverbal responses.

Sample answers.The director portrays Kutuzov without embellishment, repeatedly emphasizing his senile decrepitude and sentimentality. Yes, in important point general battle, we see the commander at dinner, with fried chicken on a plate.Kutuzov is sure of victory. He leads the spirit of the army, inspires people with faith in victory.

Unusual cynicism emanates from the image of Napoleon. And this shows the main features of the French commander: vanity, narcissism, confidence in his own rightness and infallibility. Ambition makes him cruel and insensitive to the suffering of people. The director emphasizes Napoleon's indestructible desire to look great all the time, his frank thirst for fame. He "could not renounce his deeds, praised by half the world, and therefore had to renounce truth, goodness and everything human."

19. Teacher . Let's sum up the first result. You have a piece of text on your tables. These are the reflections of Kutuzov and Napoleon on the eve of the Battle of Borodino.(See Appendix #1, episode #5.)Read and answer the questions provided.

1. What human qualities are hidden, at first glance, in Kutuzov?

2. What qualities does Napoleon embody?

3. What does Tolstoy accuse Napoleon of?

4. What knowledge distinguishes Kutuzov from Napoleon.

Questions are duplicated on the screen. (See Presentation, slide #13.)

Student actions.Independentreading chunk data.

Sample responses from students.

The warmth of patriotism inherent in the entire Russian army is hidden in Kutuzov. It is about this characteristic feature And Andrei Bolkonsky spoke to Pierre. Kutuzov majestically surrenders to the will of events. He doesn't care about the impression he makes on other people.

2. Napoleon embodies vanity, he cares about the impression he makes on others.

3. Tolstoy accuses Napoleon of the lack of humanity in him, he does not understand beauty, goodness, or truth. It is all lies and deceit.

4. Kutuzov, unlike Napoleon, knows that the fate of the battle is not decided by the order of the commander-in-chief, but by the spirit of the army, about which Prince Andrei tells Pierre. Kutuzov seeks not to exalt himself, not to dictate his will to history. His image embodies the "thought of the people." In Napoleon there is no sincerity, warmth in relation to people. Napoleon plays the role of a doctor who only interferes with his medicines.

20. Teacher. The battle of Borodino is shown through the eyes of not only Kutuzov and Napoleon. This is a public event. Most of the scenes before and during the fight are shown through the eyes of Pierre Bezukhov.Consider why it was Pierre Tolstoy who entrusted the depiction of the Battle of Borodino?

Sample responses from students.Tolstoy consciouslyshows the battle of Borodino through the eyes of Pierre, since Pierre, who understands nothing about military affairs, perceives the war from a psychological point of view. Therefore, he closely monitors the mood of the participants in the battle. According to Tolstoy, it is the mood that determines victory. This is not a tactical victory, but a moral victory for the Russians.

21. Teacher. (See Presentation, slide #14.)Together with Pierre we see the panorama of the Battle of Borodino. Watch an episode from the movie "War and Peace" and pay attention to the role of the landscape in the description of the battle.

Student actions.Watching an episode.

Teacher. (See Appendix #1, episode #6.)For Tolstoy, nature is the highest court over human deeds. Let's turn to the text of the novel. Read the passage of text and answer the following questions:

  1. What landscape image runs through the entire description of the battle?
  2. What role does the landscape play at the end of the episode?
  3. How do you understand the words of Tolstoy: "... the moral victory was won by the Russians near Borodino"?

Questions are duplicated on the screen. (See Presentation, slide #15.)

Student actions.Two students read a piece of text aloud.Discussion in microgroups of questions, writing down the main provisions in a notebook. Students read their thoughts aloud.

Sample answers.A wonderful landscape image of the sun illuminating the battle runs through the entire description of the battle: the morning sun dissipating the fog mixed with the smoke of the shots; the sun in the middle of the battle; the sun beats with oblique rays right in the face of Napoleon, and at the end of the battle the clouds covered the sun, it began to rain on the dead, wounded, frightened and exhausted people. Tolstoy's image of the sun accompanies the sounds of shots and smoke.

The landscape at the end of the episode plays the role of a peacemaker, persuading people to come to their senses, to be horrified by what they have done. Nature plays a pacifying role, the feeling of unnaturalness, the horror of what is happening is enhanced by the impression of the contrast of war and nature.

The Russians won a moral victory, because in every soldier there was that strength, that hidden warmth of patriotism, that truth that helped people fight.

22. Teacher. (See Presentation, slide #16.)Pay attention to the words of academician D.S. Likhachev: “Tolstoy has a strong consciousness that truth always triumphs over force, for moral truth is stronger than any brute force.”

What moral truth do you think Likhachev is talking about?

Student actions:verbal responses.

Sample answers.Likhachev says that the right is winning. And the victory of the one who is right is not always external, but always moral. The Russians won not only an external victory, but also a moral victory over the enemy, since the truth is on the side of the Russians.

23. Teacher. Our conversation about the significance of the scenes dedicated to the Battle of Borodino has come to an end. We traced the principle of Tolstoy's depiction of war, examined episodes related to Tolstoy's understanding of the philosophy of history. The following questions need to be answered:

  • Why can we call the battle of Borodino the culmination of the novel "War and Peace"?
  • Determine the basic principle of depicting war in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace".

Student actions:After the discussion, oral responses are given.

Sample answers.We have the right to call the Battle of Borodino the culminating moment in the development of the action. First, during the war, the battle of Borodino was a turning point, after which the French offensive bogged down. Secondly, the Battle of Borodino is the culminating moment in the artistic development of the action in the novel, since it is the point of intersection of the fates of all the heroes of the novel. Almost all the main characters participate or are present in the battle, the fate of all other heroes of the novel, related to the participants in the battle family or spiritually, depends on how their fate develops.

Depicting the war of 1812, Tolstoy emphasizes the bloodiness of the war, his heroes say that the war is the most terrible and senseless thing. But when depicting the war of 1812, Tolstoy points to the historical necessity of the war. Tolstoy inspires an aversion to war. War for Tolstoy is a meaningless and inhuman thing. "People, come to your senses" is the main idea of ​​the writer. Tolstoy consciously shows the war not in a romantic-heroic way, "with flying banners"; it focuses on blood, suffering and death.

24. Teacher. (See Presentation, slide number 17.) Homework.At home, you are invited to answer the following questions:

1 . P why does Tolstoy consider the Battle of Borodino a moral victory for the Russians?

2. How did this affect the image of the battle?(write your answer in your notebook).


Slides captions:

The battle of Borodino as the culmination of Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" In order for a work to be good, one must love the main, basic idea in it. In "War and Peace" I loved the "thought of the people" as a result of the war of 1812. L. N. Tolstoy

In Moscow, in gratitude to God for the salvation of Russia from the Napoleonic invasion, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was erected. The temple was built according to the project of the architect Konstantin Ton with the people's money.

The Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg was built in 1801-1811 according to the project and under the guidance of the outstanding architect A. N. Voronikhin. In the first months of its existence, the cathedral became a monument of Russian military glory: it housed the trophies of the Patriotic War of 1812. In 1813, the great Russian commander Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov was buried here.

On December 25, 1837, on the 25th anniversary of the expulsion of the Napoleonic conquerors from Russia and the victorious end of the Patriotic War of 1812, the grand opening of the monuments to Kutuzov and Barclay de Tolly took place. The monuments were erected in front of the Kazan Cathedral.

Smolensk icon of the Mother of God Helper in military affairs

In the Great Patriotic War 1941 - 1945. military leaders were awarded the Order of Kutuzov

What feelings does Andrei Bolkonsky feel on the eve of the Battle of Borodino? What is Prince Andrew thinking about? Remember what Prince Andrei thought on the eve of the Battle of Austerlitz. How did the inner world of the hero change before the Battle of Borodino?

Questions: Why does Prince Andrei meet Pierre so coldly and hostilely? What question tormented Pierre before meeting with Prince Andrei? What did Pierre understand after talking with Andrei Bolkonsky? What is the main idea for understanding the war expressed by Prince Andrew? Why do the thoughts of Prince Andrei seem strange at first glance? Why was the conversation with Pierre important for Prince Andrei?

“... It is good for the people who, in a moment of trial, without asking how others acted according to the rules in such cases, with simplicity and ease pick up the first club that comes across and nail it until the feeling of insult and revenge in their soul is replaced contempt and pity." "War is the most disgusting thing in life." LN Tolstoy What kind of war does Tolstoy recognize and justify?

“Kutuzov was sitting, his gray head bowed and his heavy body lowered, on a bench covered with a carpet, in the very place where Pierre had seen him in the morning. He did not make any orders, but only agreed or disagreed with what was offered to him. But he knew that the fate of the battle was decided not by the orders of the commander-in-chief, not by the place on which the troops stood, not by the number of guns and killed people, but by that elusive force called the spirit of the army. "On this day terrible view the battlefield defeated that spiritual strength in which Napoleon believed his merit and greatness. “He could not renounce his actions, praised by half the world, and therefore had to renounce truth and goodness and everything human ... He imagined that by his will there was a war with Russia, and the horror of what had happened did not strike his soul.”

1. What human qualities are hidden, at first glance, in Kutuzov? 2. What qualities does Napoleon embody? 3. What does Tolstoy accuse Napoleon of? 4. What knowledge distinguishes Kutuzov from Napoleon.

What landscape image runs through the entire description of the battle? What role does the landscape play at the end of the episode? How do you understand the words of Tolstoy: "... the moral victory was won by the Russians near Borodino"?

In Tolstoy there is a strong consciousness that truth always triumphs over force, for moral truth is stronger than any brute force. DS Likhachev Why can we call the battle of Borodino the culmination of the novel "War and Peace"? Determine the basic principle of depicting war in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace".

Why does Tolstoy consider the Battle of Borodino a moral victory for the Russians? How did this affect the image of the battle?


Report

Genre features of the novel "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy

Iva Zyuzina

III course, f.s. 4636

Russian philology

The novel "War and Peace" is a work of great volume. It covers 16 years (from 1805 to 1821) of the life of Russia and more than five hundred different heroes. Among them are real characters of the historical events described, fictional heroes and many people whom Tolstoy does not even give names, for example, "the general who ordered", "the officer who did not arrive." Thus, the writer wanted to show that the movement of history occurs not under the influence of any specific individuals, but thanks to all the participants in the events. In order to combine such huge material into one work, the author created a genre that had not been used before by any of the writers, which he called the epic novel. This is one of the few works in the world literature of the 19th century, to which the name of the epic novel is rightfully proposed. Events of a large historical scale, common life, and not private life, form the basis of its content, the historical process is revealed in it, an unusually wide coverage of Russian life in all its layers has been achieved, and as a result, the number of actors, in particular characters from the people's environment, is so large.

The novel describes real historical events: Austerlitz, Shengraben, Borodino battles, the conclusion of the Tilsit peace, the capture of Smolensk, the surrender of Moscow, the partisan war and others in which real historical figures manifest themselves. Historical events in the novel also play a compositional role. Since the battle of Borodino largely determined the outcome of the war of 1812, 20 chapters are devoted to its description, it is the climax of the novel. The work contains pictures of the battle, which are replaced by the image of the world as the complete opposite of war, peace, as the existence of a community of many and many people, as well as nature, that is, everything that surrounds a person in space and time. Disputes, misunderstanding, hidden and open conflicts, fear, hostility, love... All this is real, alive, sincere, like the heroes of a literary work themselves.

The breadth of coverage of the Russian nation in the work is striking: noble estates, aristocratic metropolitan salons, village holidays and diplomatic receptions, the greatest battles and pictures of peaceful life, emperors, peasants, dignitaries, landowners, merchants, soldiers, generals. We meet more than 500 characters on the pages of the novel. All of them, especially the goodies, are in constant search. Tolstoy's favorite heroes are not perfect, but they strive for perfection, they seek the meaning of life, calmness for them is tantamount to spiritual death. But the path to truth and truth is difficult and thorny. The characters created by Tolstoy reflect the moral and philosophical research of the author of the novel himself. The novel tells about the events taking place at three stages of the struggle between Russia and Bonapartist France. The 1st volume describes the events of 1805, when Russia, in alliance with Austria, waged war on its territory against France. In the 2nd volume of 1806-1807, when Russian troops were in Prussia. The 3rd and 4th volumes are devoted to a broad depiction of the Patriotic War of 1812, which Russia waged on its native land. The epilogue takes place in 1820.

The most complex artistic, historical and philosophical fabric of the novel is woven from everyday life and historical paintings, from the depiction of epoch-making events in the life of the people and the culminating moments in the life of individuals - great and unknown, real and fictional; from the speech of the narrator and passionate monologues of the author himself, who, as it were, came to the fore and removed his heroes, stopped the action of the novel in order to talk with the reader about something of the utmost importance, to sharply challenge the generally accepted point of view of professional historians, to substantiate his principles.

The very first and common theme of any epic is war and peace. The title is in the highest degree consistent with the "spirit of the epic", which, as recognized by all, is filled with Tolstoy's book. What the theme and main event of the book tells about is war and peace, and in the composition the main division is carried out into chapters into “peaceful” and “military”, replacing each other. At the same time, the meaning of the title seems to be doubled - namely, the meaning of the second concept: the world. Here it is no longer so unambiguous and simple - the question arises in what sense the word "world" is given, because the text of the book provides a basis for this. After all, this word is not only in the title, but also penetrates the entire text of the novel, covers a wide range of content and forms a whole network of meanings. The "world" in the text of Tolstoy's novel is essentially untranslatable. This is not only that “peace” that is the opposite of war, a sign of silence, peace and harmony, but also “peace”, which is in the sense of the cosmic meaning - “the whole world” or “all people”.

In the “world”, the author gives the specific meaning of worldly life, all the boundlessness of connections in human life with its diversity of relationships, opinions, events, comprehensible or not goals, in which it is necessary to navigate and make decisions. This life "in the world", which is the image of the "disorder of the free world", is opposed to another meaning of "world" in Tolstoy's novel. In the context of the novel, another meaning of "world" is the antipode of the word "earth", which already approaches the meaning of the word "heaven" and reassembles with the concepts of God, faith and death. The world is not just a general connection of human life, which more than once appeared to the characters in Tolstoy's books as chaos, a game of chance, but it is also a special expedient connection, a harmonious whole, the "kingdom of truth." Within the boundaries of the original text, this difference is also conveyed by the different spelling of a specific word - “peace” and “peace”, where the concept of “peace” appears in places where it is clearly opposed to war, and “peace” is used in the meaning of “the whole world / all people”.

There are many attempts to study the main composition of the novel, fundamentally different in their approach. At first, the researchers saw their task in finding the main stages in the development of the action in the novel, as they should be according to generally accepted concepts of composition - a tie, a climax, a denouement. Of the author's works on this topic, T.L Motyleva can be noted, who clarifies in her research that despite the lack of a plot in the generally accepted sense of the word - the initial event that would determine the further development of the action, there is a brewing conflict from the first pages of the work that underlies the epic. Namely: the contradiction and the brewing war between the Russian state and the Napoleonic army. The main spring of the action is the concrete deepening and development of this storyline, the Battle of Borodino can be considered the climax of the story, and the denouement is the expulsion of Napoleon from Russia. In this case, the place of the denouement itself is rather unusual - since the action of the novel does not stop after it. This traditional view of the composition of the novel, according to other researchers, is too general scheme, which does not cover completeness and logic storylines novel, just as it does not subjugate many of the processes of life depicted in the book.

Another attempt to interpret the composition of the novel can be noted in the works of B. Bursov, who decides to move away from the traditional theoretical and literary scheme. He adheres to the theory of separate compositional centers of "War and Peace", which are the most significant moments of the historical event in it, but taken separately. In the first volume, such a center, according to Bursov, is the battle of Austerlitz, and in the third - Borodino. What does the significance of the Battle of Borodino is considered here, not only as the compositional center of the third volume, but of the entire work as a whole.

A completely different principle of considering the features of the composition of the novel is derived in the monograph by A. Saburov. The episode of the Battle of Borodino is recognized as the culmination of the work, but the leading role in this development is occupied by its so-called “external structure” of the self. This development examines the correlation in the novel of the factual side and fiction, war and peace, the author's reasoning and the narrative part, the scenic and descriptive elements. As a result, this work examines the features of the genre composition of the novel separately from the specific views of the writer on life, from the features of his world outlook. A method that was not accepted by the other part of the researchers, who focused in their developments on the moral and philosophical ideas of the author and Riva. the development was accepted. defines the features of the genre composition of the novel separately from the specific views of the writer on life, a specific novel (V. Selinov, S. Leushev).

Of course, without taking into account the philosophical basis of the novel, it is impossible to understand the methods of its construction. Here everything is determined by the writer's desire to artistically substantiate his view of people, life, and society. The author's fiction occupies no less place in the novel than reliable material in terms of significance, and also contains many philosophical premises in understanding not only military operations, but also in the everyday civil and everyday life of people. Particular attention is paid to the role of the masses in history, the ethical ideas of the best and thinking people from the advanced families of the nobility, the material and career motives of the ruling class, the problems of love, marriage and family.

Fiction in the novel also expands from the intentions of the writer, in addition to the historical event, to show in its entirety the life of people who are not always directly connected with the ongoing war. According to the writer himself, reflected in the draft version of the preface, he distinguishes his task from the task of the historian: “The historian and the artist, describing the historical epoch, have two completely different subjects. How wrong would a historian be if he tries to represent a historical person in all its integrity, in all the complexity of its relationship to all aspects of life, and thereby involuntarily misses and obscures its main task - to point out the participation of a person in historical event, so the artist will not do his job, understanding the face in the same way as a historian, always presenting him in a historical sense ”(13.57). Precisely these words of the author himself show that he considers it his duty to touch on all aspects of life and, of course, to illuminate them from a philosophical point of view. The writer set the task of creating an epic, i.e. as it seems to him, a complete picture of the life of society at the beginning of the century with all kinds of life and customs of serf Russia. This intention mainly explains the exceptional completeness of the description of everyday phenomena of life - the birth and death of a person, the experiences of lovers, hunting, card games, duels, illness, disobedience of peasants to a mistress, experiences of a soldier's mother, poisoning of a lover, religious feelings of a person - in a word, everything that then a man lived. Throughout the reading of the entire novel, you can see how the writer tries to fully cover the life of the era, describe the life of mankind at a certain historical stage, show the sequence of events and how exactly people lived then.

The author assigns two equal halves a place in the novel to both military operations and events of civil life. In this regard, the alternation of military and everyday scenes is given in approximately the same parts, it is in balance with respect to the whole volume of the novel. Interrupting the descriptions of hostilities, the narrative describes the development of almost all lines of the family chronicle - the life of the Kuragins, Bolkonskys, Bezukhovs, Rostovs. In the work on the first half of the novel, the description of all families takes place as a rule - for example, after the Battle of Shengraben, in connection with the development of the plot, the Kuragins, Pierre Bezukhov and the Bolkonskys are shown. No events of the Rostovs' family life are mentioned here, but the author mentions them, observing the accepted order of keeping them in the field of view of the narrative.

In the author's mind, the two halves of the novel - military-historical and civil - correspond to the meaning of the title - "War and Peace" and serve as its clarification, i.e. peace here is again conceived not only as a state opposite to war, but also as the everyday civil, non-military life of people. In comparing one and the other, however, there are also semantic shades that speak of the impact of war on the world, people, their views, feelings and behavior.

The connection of the family chronicle with the events of the people's war is the main core of the development of the action in the novel. In a skillful interweaving of two-sided action, the author traces the private destinies of people with vital observation, finding out how people of different positions, views and characters withstood the great test and behaved, what influence a crucial historical moment had on them.

In accordance with this, the novel begins by showing the world, and then moves on to pictures of the war. Thus, the reader gets acquainted with the main characters before they become participants in the war. And this already affects the very perception of the description of the war as a phenomenon - this is no longer just a war, but a war with the participation of familiar faces who have their own lives, thoughts and aspirations.

Need urgent help with a test based on the novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" and received the best answer

Answer from GALINA[guru]
3) the era of Alexander I 2) from the description of the evening by A.P. Sherer A3 Which of the following works was not written by L.N. Tolstoy? "Resurrection" "Sevastopol stories" "Youth" A4 What general idea, according to L. N. Tolstoy, is subject to the whole action of the novel "War and Peace"? “family thoughts” “people's thoughts” A5 What battle helped Andrei Bolkonsky come to the conclusion that one should live differently? Austerlitz A6 Which of the listed heroes of L. N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is not true patriot Russia? 3) Anatole Kuragin A7 Which of the heroes of L. N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" belongs to this characteristic: "... He was short, a very handsome young man with certain dry features ... with a tired, bored look"? 2) To Andrei Bolkonsky A8 To the melody of what song did the heroine of Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" - Natasha Rostova - dance in her uncle's house after the hunt? “Along the pavement street…” A9 Name the climax of the novel. Patriotic War 1812 A10. What position does the author take in the novel? a person who deeply experiences and comments on the events described Part 2 (B) B1 Name the estate in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", which the old prince Nikolai Bolkonsky gave to his son Andrei Bolkonsky during his lifetime. Bogucharovo B2 What attracted Andrei Bolkonsky to Natasha? her spontaneity, simplicity, spirituality of the heart B3 L. N. Tolstoy divided the heroes into "favorites" and "unloved". Who is not Tolstoy's "favorite" hero Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova B4 There are heroes in the novel who have reached the pinnacle of moral and spiritual development. Name them. Bolkonsky reached top level personality development.