The material you need to know for the successful completion of the practical part of task 12 of the USE 2019 in the Russian language. It will help students to repeat, consolidate and generalize the acquired knowledge.
We (not) even had a place to lay out our documents on a table littered with books.
It was quiet, (not) hot and boring, as happens on gray cloudy days.
He walked without looking at the road.
(Not) earnest, breaking bark filled the garden.
The girl was (not) prettier than the others.
- Identify the sentence in which NOT is written SEPARATELY with the word? Open the brackets and write out this word.
Rain poured down on us in an (un)dominable stream.
Our attention was attracted by a (not) tall, slender larch.
The rain continued, but (not) heavy, as in the morning, but weak, drizzling.
In silence, good should be done, but (not) what to talk about it.
(Not) looking at the rain, the children walked all day.
- Identify the sentence in which NOT is written SEPARATELY with the word? Open the brackets and write out this word.
I was attracted by (un)explored corners of the earth.
An (un)long break for lunch was announced.
The case is (not) completed.
It turned out that there was (not) anyone to entrust such a difficult task.
The (un)visible cat disappeared into the briar bushes.
- Identify the sentence in which NOT is written SEPARATELY with the word? Open the brackets and write out this word.
(Not) perplexed, he looked at his interlocutor.
The (un)surmountable desire to see his relatives made Shirokov immediately set off on the return journey.
The reasons for the migration of birds from these areas are not yet (not) understood.
The (not) bright light of lanterns made its way through the thick fog.
The house is (not) immaculate, but very comfortable.
- Identify the sentence in which NOT is written SEPARATELY with the word? Open the brackets and write out this word.
The hero, (not) seeing slavery, tries to change the relationship between people.
An (un)understandable rule is hard to remember.
You can still see the remains of (not) melted snow.
This was (not) the first case of theft in the house.
The (un)educated person needs help.
There was (not) anything at home, and we went to the store.
Is your cat not a bit (not) afraid of me?
Everything was as before, but in the garden there were (not) old, but new swings: they were hidden by lilac bushes.
The brother ran away, again (not) washing the dirty dishes after him.
Everything was going very well until (not) this stupid incident with lost money happened.
- Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY? Open the brackets and write out this word.
Expect a perfect score (not) because I made spelling mistakes.
These tendencies are characteristic (not) only for Russia: these phenomena are observed all over the world.
The game of bugs originated (not) on the Internet, but on the Internet it became popular and spread.
The churchyard was devastated in Time of Troubles and more (not) resumed.
- Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY? Open the brackets and write out this word.
People who have (not) been to the tropics cannot imagine winter rain.
The birds are driven south (not) by the coming cold, but by the lack of food.
As a child, Chekhov was (not) exhausted for inventions.
Andrei entered the still (not) plastered room.
A feature that was (not) visible to others seemed noticeable to me.
- Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY? Open the brackets and write out this word.
Sluchevsky's poems are (not) forgotten.
In the story "Duel" (not) only the main characters evaluate each other.
Choose (not) tall dahlias.
The general talked about the terrible scene, (without) feeling the slightest embarrassment.
After the forest hike, the scar remained completely (not) noticeable.
- Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY? Open the brackets and write out this word.
The director (not) ceases to amaze with his work.
The (not) measured depths of the ocean still hold secrets.
Reports are (not) signed.
The last paragraph remained (not) learned.
But (not) to whom should I go and tell the secret.
Right answers!
- despite (deep)
- not strong (but weak)
- not completed (cf.)
- not studied (cr. Pt.)
- not first (num.)
- nothing (neg. local)
- indignantly (without NOT not used.)
- inexhaustible (without NOT not usable)
- low (= short)
- unlearned (adj.)
Explanatory dictation
Mild, But picky; Not Today, ATomorrow; impassable forests, indecision, dislike, neitherWithhow Not comparable, incomparable beauty, Not enough, Not look, Not looking, Not count, Not counting, nothing, Not on What, nowhere, NotOhow, ugly deed, at all Not Beautiful deed, Not Always, Not every, unread book, unread me book, Not under force, Not above how work, nothing, nothing, no one, Not behind whom, Not glad, Not was, Not it's a pity, Not could, Not must, Not Expensive, Acheap, at all Not Expensive, inexpensive costume, door Not locked up.
Determine which word in each row is “extra”.
- (Not) luck, (not) health, (not) politeness, (not) gray hair.
- (Not) friendly, (not) serious, (not) trusting, (not) unsteady,
- (Not) dependent, (not) submissive, (not) useless, (not) obnoxious.
- (Not) touchy, (not) ryakha, (not) weather, (not) nastya.
- (Not) rage, (not) will, (not) greet, (not) confess.
Right answers!
- fidget
- unshakable
- nondescript
- bad weather
- not confess
Task 12 of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language consolidates the skills of the correct spelling of vowels in the personal endings of verbs and in participle suffixes. Sometimes in the task there are suffixes of past tense verbs (vowels before -l-) and suffixes of participles.
To do this job well, it is important to know the relevant rules.
Verb Conjugation Rule.
1. What is verb conjugation and where is it used
Conjugation is the change of verbs in persons and numbers.
There are two conjugations of verbs in Russian - I (first) and II (second).
Participles do not have conjugations, but for the purpose of choosing a vowel in a suffix, the rule about verb conjugation applies to participles.
The verb conjugation rule is necessary in two cases:
1) for correct spelling unstressed personal endings of present and future tense verbs;
2) for the correct spelling of the suffixes of the present participles (active and passive).
For verbs and participles past time, the conjugation rule cannot be applied!
2. Table "Verbs II and I conjugations"
Exception verbs are those verbs that we learn by heart.
These are 4 verbs in -at, 7 verbs in -et, as well as verbs shave, lay, build.
3. Personal endings of verbs of II conjugation
As we can see, in verbs of II conjugation, a vowel is written at the end AND.
A or I.
At or YU.
This line will be the same as the verbs of the I conjugation! The spelling is the same for both conjugations.
4. Personal endings of verbs of I conjugation
As we can see, in verbs of the first conjugation, a vowel is written at the end E (sometimes - Yo).
In the 3rd person plural (after the pronoun "they") - the vowel At or YU.
In the 1st person singular (after the pronoun "I") - a vowel At or YU.
This line will be the same as the verbs of the second conjugation! The spelling is the same for both conjugations.
5. Important nuances of applying the conjugation rule
1. The verb conjugation rule is necessary for correct spelling unstressed personal endings of present and future tense verbs.
If the end of the verb is stressed, then we write what we hear. The conjugation rule should not be applied! Otherwise there will be confusion.
Let..sh.
2. A prefix can occur in verbs You-. She is always a hit. To select a vowel in the personal ending of the verb, you must discard it.
The verb "flies" has a stressed ending. We write what we hear. The conjugation rule does not need to be applied.
The verb "sprOs..t" has an unstressed ending, the conjugation rule must be applied.
3. Prefixes and suffix -sya do not affect conjugation!
Watch - II conjugation.
View - II conjugation.
Look - II conjugation.
Look - II conjugation.
Hold - II conjugation.
Hold on - II conjugation.
It is important to be able to see the “middle” (to find a familiar verb “hidden” after the prefix and before the suffix).
4. It is necessary to distinguish between similar verbs. Their conjugations may differ. Accordingly, the vowels in personal endings will be different.
Drive - II conjugation.
Drive - I conjugation.
Hear - II conjugation
Listen - I conjugation.
To sting - II conjugation.
Sorry - I conjugation.
Grind (flour, nonsense) - I conjugation (I grind, we grind, you grind, you grind, he grinds, they grind).
Chalk (ceiling with chalk) - II conjugation (I grind, we grind, you grind, you grind, he grinds, they grind) - personal percussion endings. The conjugation rule does not apply!
Pray (for mercy) - II conjugation (I pray, we pray, you pray, you pray, he prays, they pray).
5. Need to know by heart how to write the indefinite form of the following verbs.
Se I t, re I t, ve I th,
Ta I th, la I blah, blah I th.
Lele I th, then I th.
Ka I hope I tsya.
cough I th.
And chu I th, cha I dark I tsya.
In all these verbs indefinite form before the end -th the vowel is written I" (and not "e" and not "and"). These are verbs of I conjugation!
6. Very important for writing a vowel in a personal ending verbs correctly choose n.f. verb! Do not confuse infinitives that are similar in letters, but different in meaning (for example, grind - grind). Do not confuse similar perfective and imperfective verbs (for example, drive - drive).
7. How to determine the conjugation of the verb and choose a vowel at the end of the verb?
We act according to the Algorithm for choosing a vowel at the end of a verb.
It is necessary to determine the conjugation of the verb "stroy..sh".
1. We ask a question. This is necessary in order to choose the right n.f. verb.
What d do you want? strict..sh.
2. We put the verb in an indefinite form.
What d eat? strict it.
On -it.
4. Remember the exceptions.
5. Determine the conjugation.
6. Choose a vowel and insert it into the personal ending of the verb.
Verbs of II conjugation in the personal ending must have a vowel " And» (excluding 3rd person plural, that is, after the pronoun "they").
Insert the vowel And».
Answer: stro And sh.
8. Dependence of participle suffixes on verb conjugation
1) If the real participle of the present tense is formed from the verb I of the conjugation, then the participle will have a suffix -usch- or -yusch-.
How easy is it to remember? In the verb I conjugation in the form of the 3rd person plural person(after the pronoun "they") the same vowels occur (endings -y T , -Yu T).
2) If the real participle of the present tense is formed from the verb of the II conjugation, then the participle will have a suffix -ash- or -box-.
How easy is it to remember? In the verb II of conjugation in the form of the 3rd person of the plural person (after the pronoun "they"), the same vowels occur (endings - A T, - I T).
Build (II conjugation) - stro I t - stro I shchy.
3) If the passive participle of the present tense is formed from the verb of the I conjugation, then the participle will have a suffix - eat- or - ohm-.
4) If the passive past participle is formed from the verb of conjugation I, then the participle will have a suffix - them-.
Drive (II conjugation) - rut And my.
Exception: remember the spelling of the participle " movable»!
9. How to apply the verb conjugation rule to the participle and choose a vowel in the participle suffix?
We act according to the Algorithm for choosing a vowel in the present participle suffix.
It is necessary to correctly write the suffix of the real participle of the present tense "stroy..shchy".
1. We recall that real participles of the present tense have suffixes -usch-, -yusch-, -ash-, -yashch-.
2. We select the verb from which the participle is formed.
What d eat? strict it.
3. We look at what the n.f. ends with. verb.
On -it.
4. Remember the exceptions.
There is no verb "build" in the exceptions.
5. Determine the conjugation.
Verbs in -it belong to the II conjugation.
So, "to build" is a verb of the II conjugation.
6. We recall the rule that if the real participle of the present tense is formed from the verb of the II conjugation, then the participle will have a suffix - ash- or - crate-.
Choose a vowel and insert it into the participle suffix.
Answer: stro I shchy.
As we can see, points 2-5 of this Algorithm completely coincided with points 2-5 of the previously given Algorithm for choosing a vowel in the personal ending of a verb.
Let's pay attention!
It is necessary to remember and not confuse the spelling of the following words, which are often found in task 12 of the exam.
honored- spelled with a vowel e
honored- spelled with a vowel e
worthy- spelled with a vowel And
The rule about the indefinite form of the verb and how it applies to verbs, participles and participles.
A single rule about the indefinite form of the verb is as follows.
Before the suffix -l- of past tense verbs,
before suffixes -in-, -lice- perfect participles,
before the suffix -vsh- real past participles,
before one and two H in the passive participles of the past tense (short and full), the same vowel is written as in the indefinite form of the verb.
For clarity, we divide this rule into four components.
1. Before the suffix -l- of past tense verbs, the same vowel is written as in the indefinite form of the verb.
Let's pay attention! This vowel is an independent suffix. For example, in the verb "saw" two suffixes - the suffix " e" and suffix " l».
Examples of applying the vowel spelling rule.
1) Str..l.
N.f. – stro And th.
Vowel And will pass from n.f. verb to past tense verb: stro And l.
2) Cle..li.
N.f. – glue And th.
Vowel And will pass from n.f. verb to past tense verb: kle And whether.
3) (Wind) ve..l.
N.f. – ve I th.
Vowel I will pass from n.f. verb to past tense verb: ve I l.
2. The same vowel is written before the suffixes -in-, -lice- of the perfective participles as in the indefinite form of the verb.
Examples.
1) Build..in.
N.f. verb - build And th.
Vowel And will pass from n.f. verb in the perfect gerund: construct And V.
2) Close..in.
N.f. verb - close And th.
Vowel And will pass from n.f. verb in the perfect gerund: zakle And V.
3) Is..in.
N.f. verb - is it I th.
Vowel I will pass from n.f. verb into a perfect gerund: is it I V.
3. Before the suffix -vsh- of the real participles of the past tense, the same vowel is written as in the indefinite form of the verb.
Examples.
1) Structural..
N.f. verb - stro And th.
Vowel And will pass from n.f. verb into the real past participle: stro And former.
2) Glued..
N.f. verb - kle And th.
Vowel And will pass from n.f. verb into the real participle of the past tense: kle And left.
3) Ve..vshy.
N.f. verb - ve I th.
Vowel I will pass from n.f. verb into the real past participle: ve I former.
4. Before one and two H in passive past participles (short and full), the same vowel is written as in the indefinite form of the verb.
Exception: before one and two H in the passive participles of the past tense there is no vowel “and”! The vowel "i" changes to "e".
Examples.
1) Built..ny.
N.f. verb - build And th.
Before one and two H in the passive participles of the past tense, there is no vowel “and”, therefore, instead of “and”, you must insert “e”: built.
2) sealed..ny.
N.f. verb - close And th.
Before one and two N in the passive participles of the past tense there is no vowel “and”, therefore, instead of “and”, you must insert “e”: e ny.
3) Unless..nnaya (dream).
N.f. verb - is it I th.
Vowel I will pass from n.f. verb in passive participle past tense: I naya.
And the Algorithm for completing Task 12 of the Unified State Examination will help to use the rules in practice.
The wording of task 12 USE
Indicate the answer options in which the same letter is missing in both words of the same row. Write down the answer numbers.
1) stro..l, vykach..noe (wheel)
2) lele..sh, (he) catches up..t
3) coughed .. clinging, clinging (pencil)
4) hung..nny (candy), (grain) chal..tsya
5) floor..sh, hold..sh
Algorithm for completing task 12 USE
a) Work with verbs.
1. Find verbs in the task. It is advisable to write them out as a draft.
2. Determine the time of each of the verbs on the questions.
3. If the verb has a present or future tense, then stress should be placed in this verb.
If the end of the verb is stressed, then we write what we hear. The conjugation rule should not be applied! Otherwise there will be confusion.
Let..sh. We hear the vowel "and" under stress. We insert it. We will not apply the conjugation rule.
4. If the verb has a present or future time and at the same time there is a prefix You-, then it must be discarded.
Departure ..t - flies, (he) demand ..t - (he) demand ..t.
The verb "flies" has a stressed ending. We write what we hear. The conjugation rule does not need to be applied.
The verb "sprOs..t" has an unstressed ending, the conjugation rule must be applied.
5. Apply to verbs present and future tense rule about conjugation (with the exception of verbs with stressed personal endings, see paragraphs 4 and 5 of the Algorithm). Insert a vowel.
6. To verbs past time to apply the rule about the indefinite form of the verb. Insert a vowel.
b) Work with participles.
1. Find the sacraments. It is advisable to write them out as a draft.
2. Determine the time of each participle by suffixes.
3. If communion is on time the present, then you need to apply the rule about conjugation of the verb. Insert a vowel.
4. If communion is on time past, then you need to apply the rule about the indefinite form of the verb. Insert a vowel.
C) Work with adjectives.
1. Find the perfect participles. They answer the question what by doing?
It is advisable to write out participles on a draft.
2. Apply the rule about the indefinite form of the verb. Insert a vowel.
D) Check in which lines we inserted the same vowel. Enter the numbers of these lines in the USE answer sheet.
Let's return to our task.
We will act according to the algorithm.
A) Let's work with verbs.
1. Find and write out the verbs.
Stro..l, lele..sh, (he) catches up..t, (grain) melts..tsya, half..sh, hold..sh.
2. Determine the tense of each of the verbs by questions.
What did you do? stro..l - past tense.
What are you doing? lele .. sh - present tense.
What will he do? catch up..t - future time.
What does the grain do? mel..tsya - present tense.
What are you doing? pol..sh - present tense.
What will you do? hold .. sh - future time.
3. Let's put the stresses in the verbs of the present and future tense.
lele..sh
(he) catch up..t
(grain)
Pol..sh
hold..sh
In these verbs, the endings are unstressed, so the rule about verb conjugation must be applied to all these words.
4. In the verbs specified in paragraph 3 of the Algorithm, there is no prefix you-. Other prefixes do not need to be discarded!
5. Let us apply the conjugation rule to the verbs specified in clause 3 of the Algorithm. Let's put in the vowels.
Cherish - from the verb "cherish" I conjugation, choose the vowel "e".
(He) catch up And t - from the verb "catch up" of II conjugation, so we choose the vowel "and".
(grain) chalk e tsya - from the verb "grind" (and not "grind"!) I conjugation, choose the vowel "e".
Floor e sh - from the verb "weed" I conjugation, choose the vowel "e".
Hold And sh - from the verb "keep" II conjugation, so we choose the vowel "and".
6. The verb "stro..l" - the past tense. Let's apply the rule about the indefinite form of the verb to it. Let's put in a vowel.
Stroh And l - from the verb "stro And t". The vowel "and" is retained in the past tense verb.
B) Let's work with participles.
1. Find and write out the sacraments.
Pumped out (wheel), coughed up, glued (pencil), hung up (candy).
2. Determine the time of each participle by suffixes.
Rolled out (wheel) - suffix -enn- or -nn-. This is the passive past participle.
Coughed .. coughing - suffix -vsh-. This is the actual past participle.
Kle..schey (pencil) - suffix -usch-, or -yushch-, or -ashch-, or -shch-. This is an actual present participle.
Curtained .. (sweets) - suffix -enn- or -nn-. This is the passive past participle.
3. To the participle of the present tense (“kle..shchy (pencil)”), we apply the rule on conjugation of the verb. Let's put in a vowel.
Cle I drawing pencil - from the verb "glue" of the second conjugation. The participle must have the suffix "box".
4. The rule about the indefinite form of the verb applies to past participles. Let's put in the vowels.
vykach e nee (wheel) - from the verb "roll out And t”, and not “pump out” (we roll the wheel, roll it out, but, on the contrary, we pump out the water). "And" changes to "e", according to the rule about the indefinite form of the verb.
Coughed up I who coughed - from the verb "coughed I tsya".
Zavesh e these sweets - from the verb "veils And t ”, and not“ hang up ”(since we are talking about weight). "And" changes to "e", according to the rule about the indefinite form of the verb.
C) Let's work with adverbs.
There were no adverbs in our task. So let's move on to point D).
D) Let's check in which lines we inserted the same vowel. Let's put the numbers of these lines in the answer sheet.
In our example, these are lines 3 and 4.
Let's put them in the answer sheet:
34.
Task number 13 tests the ability of graduates to correctly use the particles "not" and "neither". Students are asked to write down a word that satisfies a certain condition: for example, one with which “not” is written together. This is a quest for which you can get one primary score, causes difficulties for many, so we advise you to familiarize yourself with the theory below.
Theory for assignment No. 13 USE in the Russian language
| Consolidated spelling | With all the words not used without "not" | To hate, it is impossible, really, adversity, ignorant, unkind, rainy, indignation |
| With words that you can find a synonym for without "not" | False (=false), enemy (=enemy), easy (=easy), | |
| With opposition expressed by the union "but" | The city is small but beautiful. | |
| With adverbs of measure and degree: absolutely, more than, very, extremely, extremely, so much, very, completely, almost, too, completely, extremely | A very difficult task, completely unadapted, too insecure | |
| With short adjectives, if full ones are also written together with “not” | low (low) | |
| With verbal adjectives with suffixes "eat / im" | Indefatigable, inexhaustible, indefatigable, indestructible | |
| With indefinite and negative pronouns without prepositions | Nothing, nobody, something | |
| With verbs with the prefix "nedo" and gerunds formed from them | Not getting enough sleep, not doing enough; sleepless, unfinished | |
| WITH full participles without dependent words | undissolved, undissolved | |
| With adverbs ending in "o / e", which can be synonymized without "not", and negative adverbs | Unwise (=stupid), ugly (=scary); once, nowhere | |
| In union "despite the fact that" | ||
| In the particle "really" | ||
| In the prepositions "despite / despite" | ||
| Separate spelling | With opposition expressed by the union "a" | Not long, but short; not smart but stupid |
| With relative and possessive adjectives | The chain is not gold, the coat is not mom's | |
| With short adjectives, if full ones are also written separately from “not” | The book is not interesting, the road is not long | |
| In the presence of words that reinforce negation - with negative adverbs and pronouns | Not known to anyone, not loved by anyone, not at all beautiful | |
| In the presence of explanatory words: far, not at all, not at all | Not at all expensive, not at all interesting | |
| With adjectives denoting taste and color, as well as with adjectives in the comparative degree | Not red, not sweet; not tastier, not hot | |
| In questions with logical underlining of negation | Is this my book? Is this a new house? | |
| With short adjectives that do not have a full form | Shouldn't, don't have to, don't intend, not right, not visible, not ready, disagree, not inclined | |
| With numerals | Not two, not the eighteenth | |
| With indefinite and negative pronouns, when "not" is separated from next word pretext | No one, nothing, nothing | |
| With verbs with the prefix "to" and a negation in front of it, denoting an action not completed, and with all other verbs | Don't listen to the opera, don't finish the book; did not run, did not participate | |
| With gerunds that can be used without "not" | Don't think, don't read | |
| With full participles in the presence of dependent words | Not delivered on time, not coming to the meeting | |
| With short participles | The letter was not written, the parcel was not sent | |
| With adverbs ending in "o / e", with the oppositional union "a" | Not fun, but sad; not smart but stupid | |
| In the presence of explanatory words: far from, not at all, not at all, not at all | Not at all beautiful, not at all interesting, far from funny | |
| With adverbs that do not end in "o / e"; with hyphenated adverbs | Not always; not our way, not comradely | |
| with coordinating conjunctions | Not that, not that | |
| With particles, except "really" | Not only | |
| With non-derivative prepositions | Not from, not under |
Is written together in phrases like: nobody else, nothing else
Nobody else could do it; nothing else mattered to me.
Is written apart when used for:
- amplification of negation in sentences without a subject
There was not a soul around.
- strengthening the affirmative meaning after the words who, what, how, where
Wherever I go, I meet friends everywhere.
- amplification of denial expressed by "no / no"
The sky is clear.
- set expressions: neither alive nor dead, neither more nor less, neither more nor less, neither hearing nor spirit, neither here nor there, neither one nor the other, neither light nor dawn, etc.
Task execution algorithm
- Read the assignment carefully.
- We analyze each sentence, opening brackets in accordance with the rules of spelling of the Russian language.
- Write down the correct answer.
Analysis of typical options for task No. 13 USE in the Russian language
The twelfth task of the 2018 demo
- The son's (INAUDIBLE) answer aroused suspicion, and the father was forced to ask a few more questions.
- Vasilisa returned home, (NOT) SUCCESSFUL to do the most important thing: she did not learn anything about the fate of Andrei.
- Former students, in shabby overcoats, with (NOT) HEALED wounds, returned to their families.
- In the story of I.S. Turgenev's "Unfortunate" hero speaks of the impression that the sonata made on him, which he had previously (NOT) HEARD.
- (UN) REALIZING their destiny, the heroes of the plays by A.P. Chekhov often live their life meaninglessly.
Task execution algorithm
- Read the assignment carefully.
- The son's vague answer aroused suspicion, and the father was forced to ask a few more questions. - NOT spelled together, since the word can be replaced by a synonym without NOT - vague answer.
- Vasilisa returned home, NOT SUCCESSFUL to do the most important thing: she did not learn anything about the fate of Andrei. - We DO NOT write separately, since NOT with gerunds is written separately.
- Former students, in shabby overcoats, with wounds that have NOT yet healed, were returning to their families. - We do not write separately, since it refers to the sacrament with the dependent word STILL.
- In the story of I.S. Turgenev's "Unfortunate" hero speaks of the impression that the sonata made on him, which he had NOT HEARD before. - NOT with verbs is written separately.
- NOT REALIZING their purpose, the heroes of the plays by A.P. Chekhov often live their life meaninglessly. - NOT with gerunds is written separately.
- Write down the correct answer: indistinct.
The first version of the task
Task execution algorithm:
- Read the assignment carefully.
- We analyze each sentence, opening brackets in accordance with the rules of spelling of the Russian language:
- He is younger, but you can’t say that: he is no longer lower than his older brother.- In the first case, NOT with the verb is written separately, in the second - NOT with comparative degree adjectives are written separately.
- This is by no means a fictional story. - NOT written separately if there is an explanatory word by no means.
- It was difficult to get the cat out of the tree: she did not react to “kiss-kiss.” NOT with verbs is written separately.
- Your participation in the Olympiad is optional, although I would advise you to try your hand.- NOT with adverbs in O / E is written together if you can find a synonym for them without NOT: voluntarily.
- Europe came out of the First World War crippled not only physically, but also morally.- It is NOT written separately, as it is part of the union NOT ONLY, BUT AND.
- Write down the correct answer: not necessary.
The second version of the task
Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.
- We had no one to turn to for help.
- It was (not) more than a joke.
- The dream of Rudolf Diesel was (not) ice, which was manufactured by the company, and the flame - he dreamed of improving the internal combustion engine designed by August Otto.
- I love young potatoes: they (not) need to be peeled.
- In this theory, (not) strong minds found everything they wanted: a lot of criticism of the foundations, which seemed convincing to them.
Task execution algorithm:
- Read the assignment carefully.
- We analyze each sentence, opening brackets in accordance with the rules of spelling of the Russian language:
- We had no one to turn to for help. NOT with indefinite and negative pronouns is written separately if there is a preposition between them.
- It was nothing more than a joke.- NOT is written separately in the expression NO MORE THAN.
- The dream of Rudolf Diesel was not ice, which the company was engaged in, but flame - he dreamed of improving the internal combustion engine designed by August Otto.- NOT written separately, since the sentence has an opposition with the union A.
- I love young potatoes: they don't need to be peeled.- NOT spelled separately with O/E adverbs.
- In this theory, fragile minds found everything they wanted: a lot of criticism of the foundations, which seemed convincing to them.- NOT spelled together with participles without dependent words.
- Write down the correct answer: fragile.
The lesson discusses the solution of the 12th task of the USE in informatics, including the tasks of 2019
12 topic - "Network addresses" - is characterized as tasks basic level complexity, execution time - about 2 minutes, maximum score - 1
Internet Addressing
The address of a document on the Internet (from English - URL - Uniform Resource Locator) consists of the following parts:
- data transfer protocol; May be:
- http(for Web pages) or
- ftp(for file transfer)
- there is also a secure protocol https;
- separator characters :// , separating the name of the protocol from the rest of the address;
- website domain name (or IP address);
- may also be present: the directory on the server where the file is located;
- file name.
Directories on the server are separated by a forward slash " / »
- network service protocol name - defines the server type HTTP(Hypertext Transfer Protocol);
- separator in the form of a colon character and two characters Slash;
- fully qualified domain name of the server;
- search path for a web document on a computer;
- web server name;
- top level domain "org";
- national domain name "ru";
- catalog main on the computer;
- catalog news in the catalog main;
- search target - file main_news.html.
Network addresses
Physical adress or MAC address- a unique address "sewn in" at the factory - a 48-bit network card code (in hexadecimal system):
00-17-E1-41-AD-73
IP address– computer address (32-bit number), consisting of: network number + computer number on the network (host address):
15.30.47.48
Subnet mask:
- needed to determine which computers are on the same subnet;
255.255.255.0 -> FF.FF.FF.0
1…10…0
The part of the IP address that corresponds to mask bits equal to one refers to the network address, and the part corresponding to mask bits equal to zero refers to the numerical address of the computer
Calculating a network number from an IP address and a netmask
In the subnet mask high bits allocated in the computer's IP address for network number, have a value of 1 (255); low bits allocated in the computer's IP address for computer addresses on the subnet, matter 0
.
* Image taken from presentation by K. Polyakov
Number of computers on the network
The number of network computers is determined by the mask: the least significant bits of the mask - zeros - are reserved in the computer's IP address for the address of the computer on the subnet.
If mask:
The number of computers on the network:
2 7 = 128 addresses
Of these, 2 are special: network address and broadcast address
128 - 2 = 126 addresses
Solving tasks 12 USE in Informatics
IP-address and domain name of the site: building rules
12_7: The solution of task 12 (Polyakov K., option 17):
Four pieces of paper were found at the crime scene. The investigation found that fragments of one IP address were recorded on them. The forensics labeled these fragments as A, B, C, and D. Retrieve the IP address. In your response, provide a sequence of letters representing the fragments, in the order corresponding to the IP address.
✍ Solution:
- Let's remember the rules of construction.
- Exclude fragments that cannot match the beginning of the IP address: this is a fragment B(dot cannot start with an IP address).
- Eliminate fragments that cannot match the end of the IP address: this is a fragment IN(the absence of a dot at the beginning, and, at the same time, in the remaining fragments there are no such fragments where there would be a dot (***.) at the end).
- Fragment A must be either in last place, or after it must be only B(because it should be followed by a dot).
- Fragment B can only be at the end, since the fragment following it will increase the number to a value greater than 255 , which cannot be in an IP address (for example, 322 ).
- Let's go through the remaining options and find the desired IP address:
Answer: VGAB
12_8: The solution of task 12 (Polyakov K., option 7):
On server school.edu file is located rating.net, accessed via the protocol http. Fragments of the address of this file are encoded with letters a, b, c… g(see table). Write down the sequence of these letters that encodes the address of the specified file on the Internet.
| a | .edu |
| b | school |
| c | .net |
| d | / |
| e | rating |
| f | http |
| g | :// |
✍ Solution:
Answer: fgbadec
Determining the network address by IP address and netmask
12_3: The solution of task 12 (Polyakov K., option 25):
In TCP/IP networking terminology, a netmask is a binary number that indicates how much of a host's IP address is a network address and how much is a host address on that network. The network address is obtained by applying a bitwise conjunction to the given host address and its mask.
By the specified host IP address and mask determine the network address:
IP address: 145.92.137.88 Mask: 255.255.240.0
When writing the answer, select the four elements of the IP address from the numbers given in the table and write down the corresponding letters without dots in the correct order.
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
| 0 | 145 | 255 | 137 | 128 | 240 | 88 | 92 |
✍ Solution:
- To solve the task, you need to remember that the network IP address as well as the network mask are stored in 4 bytes written with a dot. That is, each of the individual IP address and netmask numbers is stored in 8-bit binary form. To get the network address, you need to perform a bitwise conjunction of these numbers.
- Since the number 255 in binary representation is 8 units, then with a bitwise conjunction with any number, the result will be the same number. Thus, there is no need to take into account those bytes of the IP address that correspond to the number 255 in the netmask. Therefore, the first two numbers of the IP address will remain the same ( 145.92 ).
- It remains to consider the numbers 137 And 88 IP Dares and 240 masks. Number 0 in the mask matches eight zeros in binary representation, that is, a bitwise conjunction with any number will turn this number into 0 .
- Let's convert both numbers of the ip-address and netmask to the binary system and write the IP-address and the mask under each other to perform a bitwise conjunction:
Result: BHEA
We offer you to watch a detailed video analysis:
Netmask definition
12_1: USE in Informatics 2017 task 12 FIPI option 1 (Krylov S.S., Churkina T.E.):
In TCP/IP networking terminology, a netmask is a binary number that determines which part of a host's IP address refers to the network address and which part refers to the address of the host itself on that network. Usually, the mask is written according to the same rules as the IP address - in the form of four bytes, with each byte written as a decimal number. In this case, in the mask, first (in the highest digits) there are ones, and then from a certain digit - zeros. The network address is obtained by applying a bitwise conjunction to the given host IP address and mask.
For example, if the host IP address is 211.132.255.41 and the mask is 255.255.201.0, then the network address is 211.132.201.0
For host with IP address 200.15.70.23 network address is 200.15.64.0 . What is equal to least possible meaning of the third byte of the mask from the left? Write your answer as a decimal number.
✍ Solution:
- The third byte from the left corresponds to the number 70 in the IP address and 64 — in the network address.
- The network address is the result of the bitwise conjunction of the mask and the IP address in binary:
Result: 192
A step-by-step solution to this 12 task of the exam in computer science is available in the video lesson:
12_2: 12 task. Demo version of the exam 2018 informatics:
In TCP/IP networking terminology, a netmask is a binary number that determines which part of a host's IP address refers to the network address and which part refers to the address of the host itself on that network. Usually, the mask is written according to the same rules as the IP address - in four bytes, with each byte written as a decimal number. At the same time, in the mask, first (in the highest digits) there are ones, and then from a certain digit - zeros.
The network address is obtained by applying a bitwise conjunction to the given host IP address and mask.
For example, if the host IP address is 231.32.255.131 and the mask is 255.255.240.0, then the network address is 231.32.240.0.
For host with IP address 57.179.208.27 network address is 57.179.192.0 . What is greatest possible number units in the ranks of the mask?
✍ Solution:
- Since the network address is obtained by applying a bitwise conjunction to the given host IP address and mask, we get:
Result: 19
Detailed solution for task 12 USE demos 2018 look at the video:
12_9: The solution to task 12 (from the site of K. Polyakov, option 139):
Two hosts on different subnets have IP addresses 132.46.175.26
And 132.46.170.130
. Masked on both subnets the same number of units. Specify least possible number of units in the masks of these subnets.
✍ Solution:
- The subnet mask is first followed by 1 bits that correspond to the subnet address in the computer's IP address. Since the subnet addresses of the two computers from the condition of the problem are different, but the number of ones in their masks is the same, it is necessary to determine the first bit on the left in the IP addresses of the computers, which will be different for them. This bit will refer to the subnet address, and the remaining bits to the right of it may already refer to the computer address.
- Thus, we find the first different bit on the left:
Answer: 22
✍ Solution:
- Single bits of the mask (equal to one) determine the subnet address, since the subnet address is the result of the bitwise conjunction (logical multiplication) of the mask bits with the IP address.
- The rest of the mask (starting from the first zero) defines the computer number.
- Since in binary representation the number 255 is eight units 11111111 ), then the bitwise conjunction with any number returns the same number (1 ∧ 0 = 0; 1 ∧ 1 = 1). Thus, those bytes in the mask that are equal to numbers 255 , we will not consider, because they define the subnet address.
- Let's start with a byte equal to 128 . It corresponds to a byte 189 IP addresses. Let's translate these numbers into the binary number system:
Result: 61
For a detailed solution of this task, see the video:
Number of computer addresses
12_5: The solution of task 12 (Polyakov K., option 41):
In the terminology of TCP / IP networks, a subnet mask is a 32-bit binary number that determines exactly which bits of the computer's IP address are common to the entire subnet - these bits of the mask contain 1. Masks are usually written as four decimal numbers- according to the same rules as IP addresses.
A mask is used for some subnet 255.255.255.192 . How many different computer addresses theoretically allows this mask if two addresses (network address and broadcast) do not use?
✍ Solution:
- Single bits of the mask (equal to one) determine the subnet address, the rest of the mask (starting from the first zero) determines the computer number. That is, there are as many options for the computer address as can be obtained from zero bits in the mask.
- In our case, we will not consider the first three bytes of the mask on the left, because number 255 in binary representation, these are eight units ( 11111111 ).
- Consider the last byte of the mask, which is 192 . Let's convert the number to binary number system:
Result: 62
Watch the video of the task below:
Task 12 USE in Russian
Spelling NOT and NOR
A brief theory for the successful completion of task 12 from the Unified State Examination in the Russian language.
DO NOT spell:
1) When the word without NOT is not used,
2) With nouns, if NOT gives it a new, opposite meaning,
3) With full and short adjectives and with adverbs in -o (-e), if NOT used to express the opposite meaning,
4) With full participles, in which there are no explanatory words: unfinished work (but,work not completed on time
),
5) With pronouns not separated from NOT by a preposition,
6) In the verbal prefix under-, denoting non-compliance with the norm.
NOT written separately:
1) With verbs and their adverbial forms,
2) In the short form of participles and in full, when the participle has explanatory words or there is / implies opposition,
3) In nouns, adjectives, adverbs, when there is or is implied opposition,
4) With amplifying adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions,
5) With all words written with a hyphen.
NI is spelled together:
1) In pronouns, if NI is not separated by a preposition,
2) In adverbsnever, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all
and in the particlesomeday
.
In other cases, NI is written together.
Test options for task 12 from the Unified State Examination in Russian:
Try to solve them yourself and compare with the answers at the end of the page
Example 1:
There was a time when man was (not) the master of nature, but its obedient slave.
The required book was (not) found.
The river was (not) wide and shallow.
The introductory word is grammatically (un)related to other words in the sentence.
They (not) believed him.
Example 2:
Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.
I didn’t want to think about the (un)fulfilled promise yesterday.
The birds are driven south by (not) the onset of cold, but the lack of food.
The keys are still (not) found.
The sun, still (not) hidden by clouds, illuminates a gloomy cloud.
Somewhere here, a few steps away, the (un)forgettable trills of a nightingale were heard, and silence.
Example 3:
Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.
At all (not) ancient, but very modern hat!
We have reached the goal, but our path is (not) finished.
Young trees withered on the vine, (not) reaching for the light.
There was a piercing, (un)touched silence.
The gates were (not) locked, and the door to the house was wide open.
Example 4:
Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.
There was nothing strange in his words.
I was upset by the (un)polite remark of a friend.
The rains charged for a long time, and I was (un)prepared for the wet weather and got wet to the skin.
This is a (not) invented, but actually happening story.
Not at all offended.
Example 5:
Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.
M. Vrubel created a fabulously symbolic image of girlish beauty, freshness (not) fading over the years, mystery and majesty.
The Don at the crossing point is far (not) wide, only about forty meters.
According to Bazarov, the role of society is more important than the influence of an individual: "Fix society, and there will be (no) diseases."
Somewhere here, a few steps away, the (un)forgettable trills of a nightingale were heard, and the silence was filled with wondrous sounds.
Bunin draws in the story a (not) definite personality, but an established social type.
Example 6:
Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.
The exploits of our great-grandfathers are (not) forgotten by us.
Longboats loaded with watermelons with (not) high sides stretch along the Volga.
All alone, he stood for a minute, (not) daring to move on.
The child was very small in stature, therefore (did not) reach the shelf with books.
Chekhov wrote about nothing (un)remarkable people.
Example 7:
Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.
That heart will (not) learn to love, which is tired of hating.
A (not) high arc appeared in the east, interrupted only in one place.
(Not) be a bystander, the incident at the hotel would have been able to hide.
(Not) looking at the cook, Anna Pavlovna gave him many orders and again fixed her eyes on the road.
A man was waiting in Kirsanov's office, (not) wishing to give his name.
Answers:
narrow
unforgettable
untouched
impolite
unforgettable
low
low