Everyone knows how mysterious and difficult our Russian language is to learn. It "has" a huge number of parts of speech and their various forms. Brief and full participles are of particular complexity. Features Let's look at these verb forms in more detail.
Peculiarities
Linguists have not yet decided what place in morphology to give participles. The authors of textbooks on the Russian language have completely different attitudes to this issue. Some argue that it is only a form of the verb, which expresses not only the action, but also its attribute. Others say that it is quite independent and refer it to parts of speech. But one thing is known: short and full participles are simply indispensable for our speech. Without them, we will endlessly use the word "which". For example:
A singing person is a person who sings.
A sick child is a child who is sick.
The work done is the work that has been done.
Having various dependent words with it, the sacrament is part of the sacramental turnover that adorns our speech.
For example: The wind blowing from the sea refreshed my face.
Full form
One of the features of this part of speech is the ability to form forms. More than adjectives, it is not subject to any part of speech.
The full and short forms of participles differ both grammatically and syntactically. How not to confuse them? The full form is called passive participles, which usually answer the question "what". They are called passive because in their meaning they imply an action performed by someone.
It is impossible to form short ones from it.
Example: Acquired - acquired, resolved - resolved.
Short and full perform different syntactic functions. This is because they have different purposes. The full form, answering the question "what", is a definition. This is its main similarity with the adjective.
Therefore, the participle, which is part of the turnover, is usually called a separate definition.
Don't forget about punctuation marks. If which includes only full forms, stands after the word being defined, then in this case commas must be placed on both sides.
The forest, shrouded in haze, is very beautiful.
If the turn comes after the main word, then in this situation commas are not put in any case: Job done on time was approved.
short form
As we managed to find out, short and full participles are in many ways similar, but they play different roles in sentences.
This form is formed by cutting off the endings from the full one and adding other endings: carried out - carried out(removed -th and part of the suffix, adding -a).
Consider the proposal: The trip was paid for. The short form of the full participle "paid" is no longer a characteristic of the attribute by action. Now she herself shows the process, being part of the predicate. Thus, the short form plays the role of the main member of the sentence.
The main feature is that short and full participles can change by gender. Written - written, laid - laid, lost - lost.
It's not that hard to tell them apart. A correctly asked question for the sacrament will help to easily distinguish the short form from the full one.
Schoolchildren and students of linguistic specialties should be able to determine the type of each part of speech. Communion is no exception. To avoid mistakes, use our tips. A simple algorithm will help you quickly determine right kind.
It is important to know that the participle consists of elements of several parts of speech - a verb and an adjective. It comes from a verb, but answers questions from an adjective. For example, take the verb "read". The sacrament in this case will answer the questions: “what?”, “what does he do?”, “what did he do?” etc. - "reading". There are several ways to determine the main types of participles: standard, by word form and by suffix. In order not to get confused, we will analyze each of them separately. At the end, we will take a closer look at other types of this part of speech (perfect and imperfect). Standard way. The main types of participles are passive (SP) and real (DP). An object can do anything, but an action can also happen to itself. DP will answer the question - "what did you do?", "what is you doing?", passive - "what is being done?". Examples:- DP: decisive - a person who solves a problem;
- SP: solvable - the problem is solved by a person.
- DP of the present tense - ush, yusch, ash, box (going, influencing, building, trembling);
- DP past tense - wsh, sh (who wrote, came, came in);
- SP of the present tense - eat, om, im (studied, movable, carried);
- Joint venture of the past tense - n, t (employed, educated).
- Perfect form: read - a person who has read a book;
- Imperfect form: reading - a person who read a book.
To quickly remember the rules, create a table with ways to determine the participle. Find own examples and put them in the table. Then it will be much easier for you to navigate. In addition, while writing down the rules, there is a good memorization. Later, you will learn to determine the correct kind of participle automatically.
Verbs have a special participle form. For example: working, working (from the verb to work); building, building (from the verb to build). A participle is a form of a verb that has the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.
Like an adjective, a participle denotes a sign of an object. But unlike the adjective, the participle denotes such a sign of an object that indicates the action or state of the object; working man, i.e. the person who works; sleeping baby, i.e. the child who sleeps.
The participle has a number of features of the verb: 1) the participle is present and past tense: working- present tense worked- past tense; 2) the sacrament can be perfect and imperfect: worked- imperfect species, worked- perfect view; 3) the sacrament can be recurrent; washable; 4) the participle requires the same case as other verb forms: reading (what?) a book; compare: read a book, read a book, read a book (but reading a book).
On the other hand, the participle has a number of features of an adjective: 1) the participle changes by gender and number, like an adjective: working, working, working, working (compare: mighty, mighty, mighty, mighty); 2) the participle is declined like an adjective: working, working, working and so on.
In a sentence, the main role of the participle is the same as that of the adjective: it usually serves as a secondary member of the sentence (definition).
Real and passive participles.
Real participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs. Passive participles are formed only from transitive ones.
A real participle is a participle showing a sign of an object that itself produces or performed an action: a student who draws a painter (or a painter) of a picture.
A passive participle is a participle showing a sign of an object that is being acted upon by another person or object: a picture drawn (or painted) by a student.
Perfect and imperfect participles.
Active and passive participles retain the form of the verb from which they are formed: read-reader, read, read(imperfect view); read - read, read(perfect view). At the same time, participles of both present and past tenses are formed from imperfective verbs. And from perfective verbs, only past participles are formed.
Formation of real participles of the present and past tense.
I. The real participles of the present tense are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffixes -usch-(-yush-) for verbs of the 1st conjugation, -ash- (-yash-) for verbs of the 2nd conjugation.
1) Carrying - carrying 2) Holding-at-holding
Work-yut-working Vid-yat - seeing Bor-yut-sya - struggling Build-yat-sya - under construction
II. Real past participles are formed from the stem indefinite form using the suffix -vsh- if the stem ends in a vowel, and the suffix -sh- if the stem ends in a consonant: read - read, see - seen, carry - carried.
The real present and past participles of reflexive verbs retain the particle -Xia: fighting-fighting; fight - fought.
The case and generic endings of participles are the same as those of adjectives.
Note. Communion on shchy (powerful, lying) infiltrated literary language from Old Church Slavonic. In the Old Russian language, these participles corresponded to participles in -chiy (mighty, recumbent), which later turned into ordinary adjectives, i.e. with. have lost their time value. Therefore, in Russian there are such pairs: standing-standing, current - fluid, piercing - prickly. The first word of each pair is of Old Slavonic origin, the second is Russian.
The formation of passive participles of the present and past tense.
Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.
I. Passive present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffix -em- for many verbs of the 1st conjugation and the suffix -im- for verbs of the 2nd conjugation: kita-yut, read-em-th; see, view-im-th.
Note. From some verbs of the 1st conjugation, passive participles of the present tense are formed using the suffix -om: Ved-ut, Ved-om-th; attracted-ut, attracted-ohm-th. These sacraments are bookish in nature.
II. Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb:
a) using the suffix -nn-, if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in -а(-я), -е: read-be-read; sow-th - sown; see-th- seen.
b) With the help of the suffix -enn- (-enn-), if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in a consonant or in and (moreover, the suffix -i- is omitted): carried away - carried away; baked - baked; paint-th - painted; illuminate - illuminated; convince - convinced; glorify-th- glorified.
At the same time, the verbs of the 2nd conjugation have alternations of sounds (s-sh, s-zh, t - h - u, d-zh-zhd, v-vl, etc.).
c) From some verbs, passive past participles are formed using the suffix -t- we-th - washed; vi-t - twisted; mya-th - crumpled; touch - touched; tere-th- grated; lock up - locked; mo-mo-th - ground; koloty - chipped.
Notes. 1. The verbs of group c) include verbs of the 1st conjugation, if the stem of the indefinite form ends in and, s, u, oh, and also i(a), alternating with n or m: vi-t - twisted, we-t - washed, throne-t-touched, prick-t - chipped, mt-t (mn-y) - crumpled, compress (compress-u, compress-u ) is compressed.
2. For verbs whose stem of the indefinite form ends in -ere-, the final e of the stem is omitted: tere-t - grated.
Short form of passive participles.
Passive participles have two forms - full and short: read - read; open - open.
The full form of participles in a sentence is usually a definition. The short form of passive participles is not declined and serves as a predicate in a sentence.
Compare: 1. Noisy forest entangled in fog. - The forest is shrouded in mist. (The word shrouded is a definition, and the word shrouded is a predicate.) 2. The children approached open door. -The door is open. (The word open is a definition, and the word open is a predicate.)
Passive participles of the short form are formed using the suffix -i- or less often -t-.
Unlike full participles, short participles have one n: read book - book read, painted floors - painted floors.
Declension of participles.
Full participles have the same case endings as adjectives.
The past participles are also declined: fought, fought, fought and so on.
Transition of participles into nouns and adjectives.
The participle can be used in the sense of an ordinary noun or adjective. For example, in sentences: 1. The working people of the USSR joyfully meet the May Day holiday, 2. Students are preparing for spring tests - the words of students and workers have the meaning of nouns.
The participle, which turns into an adjective, loses the meaning of time and denotes permanent property subject. Passive past participles are especially often used in adjectives. For example: baked bread, loaded barge. Such participles do not carry explanatory words. Passive participles without prefixes, which have turned into adjectives, are written with one n. For example, a wounded beast (compare: a beast wounded by a bullet); baked bread (compare; well-baked bread).
Passive participles with prefixes are always written in two n (-НН-): frozen, reinforced, red-hot, chosen, educated. Participles with the suffix -ovanny, even if they have turned into adjectives, are also written with two organized team, skilled worker.
Particle spelling Not with sacraments.
Particle Not with participles in full form is written separately if the participle has an explanatory word with it.
Particle Not with participles it is written together if the participle does not have explanatory words with it.
Winding led to the garden uncleared track.
On uncut the meadow was full of flowers..
unfinished a glass of milk was on the table. Winding led to the garden, not cleared by anyone track.
In the meadow, more not mown by collective farmers, dazzled flowers.
Not drunk by a child a glass of milk was on the table.
With participle in short form negation Not written separately: Job Not finished. Required materials more Not collected.
Notes. 1. With explanatory words denoting the degree (extremely, absolutely, absolutely, very, extremely, extremely etc.), not with participle is written together, for example: a completely unresolved issue, an extremely rash act.
2. If it is not part of amplifying negations - far from, far from, not at all and others standing before the sacrament, then the negation is not written separately, for example: far from a thoughtful decision, not at all a settled issue.
What is the past participle and how to understand it?
The Russian language is a bunch of rules that you need not just to know, but to understand in order to write correctly and speak beautifully. The topic of communion is one of the important topics, having learned which you can learn a laconic, but expressive speech.
Compare the sentences with a sluggish and participial turnover: The first option is more concise, beautiful and poetic than the second sentence.
It is known from the school course that the participle is not at all a simple form of the verb because it has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. From verb this part of speech has a form and tense, and from adjective- gender, number, case and full/short form. Communion is also divided into real and passive.
For example:
Going a boy is a real sacrament, because it is he who does this action - he goes!
chirping grasshopper - the insect itself performs an action - a chirp.
Dress, wearable girl is a passive participle, because it is not the dress that produces the action, but the girl: it is she who wears the dress.
washed up Tanya's dishes sparkled with brilliance and cleanliness. The action is produced, not by dishes, but by Tanya.
What are the main conditions for spelling suffixes in participles in the present tense does not seem to be difficult: you just need to remember which suffix refers to a particular conjugation.
How is it formed past participle?
It is formed using the stem of the verb of any tense and suffixes that help it:
Goes - id yi ii, sings - singing, plays - playing - this is the present tense; loved - love vsh ii, wanted - wanted, dreamed - dreamed, feed - fed - this is the past. There are specific suffixes for the real and passive tense:
Actual past participle.
Formed from verb stems using suffixes: -vsh-, -sh-. The type and transitivity do not matter.
The suffix depends on the ending of the stem of the verb:
- If it ends in a vowel, then - vsh-. risovA t - rice vsh ii, to build - built, to look - looked.
- And if it's a consonant, then -sh-. Wez ti - ve h neck.
- If past participle is formed from the verb in -t, then the suffix -vsh- will be written after the vowel that is before -t.
For example: m sbe- m s drooling, laughter Abe- laughter A vis, vis ebe- vis evsh uy.
On the example of the table, you can consider education in detail real participle past tense depending on the verbs.
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Real participle |
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Thus, real past participles not at all difficult to understand.
To easily check the transitivity of the participle, you can put a question from the word, if you can ask a question of the indirect case from it, then this is an intransitive verb. For example:
Watch (what?) a film, print (what?) an essay;
Run (where?) along the road. Here the question is "what?" does not work, so this is an intransitive verb and participle, respectively.
There should be no problems with the appearance: if the action in the process is not. view, if it has already happened - owls. view.
Passive participle in the past tense.
They are formed from transitive verb the corresponding time. The species does not particularly matter, but from the verbs of nes. there are not many kinds of attachments.
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What base does the verb end with? |
From a verb from owls / nonsov. view |
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At, -yat, -et. |
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Ot, -nut + monosyllabic ch. |
According to the table, only one important question now arises: when suffixes of passive past participles are written with one n, and when with two?
Here it is important to remember a few simple rules:
One -H verbs will have imperfect form if they:
- Dont Have dependent word, prefix, -ova-/ -eva-; For example: fried, boiled, smoked.
- short participles; For example: the children are fed, the partnership is formed, the matter is settled.
Two - HH have full passive past participles formed by verbs perfect look with presence:
- dependent words. For example: sturgeon fried in oil. Peas boiled in broth.
- -ova-/-yova-. For example: a child spoiled by his mother. A prince bewitched by her bewitching gaze.
They have the same syntactic function as adjectives, i.e. in the offer are most often definition.
Past participle can also have a reflexive suffix -sya. For example: a hidden cockroach, a split nut, fallen sand, a laughing beauty, a frightened fly.
But always in the Russian language there are exceptions, which may not be the same for everyone. Words such as “seek”, “love” and “take” are not capable of forming passive participles: they absolutely cannot do it. There is another feature of verbs ending in -sti: they can turn into a passive past participle.
For example:
- Weave. The mittens woven by the grandmother look just like store-bought ones.
- Steal. We could not find the slippers stolen by the cat for a long time.
- Gain: Sharik's newly acquired bone pleased him for a long time, because of which he wagged his tail for a long time.
- Find: When the teacher found the cheat sheets found, Vasya realized that he needed to come up with a better way to cheat, but the more he cheated, the more he had to know.
Summing up, it is important to remember the main thing: past participle suffixes- this is vsh, sh for real participles, and nn, t, enn for passive ones. Having memorized them and the rules for using one and doubled questions with past participles, there will be no.
In Russian lessons, we all studied the sacrament. However, linguists still do not have a common opinion about what a participle is. Some consider it a special form of the verb, others define the participle as an independent part of speech. Let's try to figure out what the sacrament is: the Russian language and its answers.
Participle definition
Conventionally, a participle is called a special form of the verb, which denotes a sign of an object or object by action, and answers the questions: which ?, which ?, which ?, which ?. In addition, the participle combines the features of both a verb and an adjective.
Participle and adjective
Participles have a lot in common with adjectives. Participles decline - agree with the noun in gender, number, case. initial form participles have the same characteristics - masculine, singular, nominative. For example, reflective, coloring, flying. Participles, like adjectives, have a short form.
Brief Communion
What is a short participle is another question that linguists ask when arguing that it is an adjective or a special part of speech. One way or another, the modern Russian language distinguishes two forms of participle - short and full. A short participle answers the questions: what is done?, what is done?, what is done?, what is done?.
For example, spilled - spilled, lost - lost. In a sentence, short participles are always a predicate: "the shop has been closed for several hours."
Short participles are formed from the full form by adding a zero ending, as well as the endings "a", "o" and "s". For example, built - built; beveled - bevelled.
Participle and verb
The participle has common morphological properties with verbs - reflexivity, transitivity, aspect and time. Moreover, unlike the verb, the participle does not have the forms of the future tense. But the forms of the present tense are only participles, which are formed from verbs of an imperfect form. For example, sit - sitting.
The most difficult moments are connected with the question of what the past participle is, namely with their formation. You must remember the following rules:
- The real past participles are formed from the infinitive with the addition of the suffixes "vsh" or "sh", as well as the endings of adjectives. For example, hide - hidden; endure - endured.
- Passive past participles are formed from the infinitive with the addition of the suffixes "nn", "enn" and "t", as well as adjective endings. For example, do - done; contribute - contributed; shod - shod.
Participle in a sentence
In a sentence, participles are a definition, less often a part of a compound nominal predicate. Participles with dependent words: nouns, adverbs or adjectives - form participle turnover. In a sentence, he, as a rule, is separated by commas: “a dog that ran along the road”
There are two types of participles: active and passive.
What is a passive participle
Passive participles denote a sign that is present in an object after the impact of another object or object. For example, a problem solved by a student is a problem that a student solved; lost fight by a boxer - a fight that a boxer lost.
What is a real sacrament
Real participles denote a sign that is created by the actions of the object or object itself. For example, a suffering man is a man who suffers; a running horse is a horse that runs.
It is worth remembering that the participle can be translated into an adjective or a verb with dependent words. For example, a lying boy is a boy who was lying; a tried friend is a true friend. Sometimes a short adjective can be formed from participles: a bewitching smile - a bewitching smile.
What is communion in church
The word "communion" can mean not only part of speech, but also the church rite of communion or the Eucharist.
During this rite, the believer must taste wine and bread, which symbolizes the flesh and blood of Jesus Christ. Communion or communion is carried out to enter into close contact with God, which gives a blessing.
At different times they took communion a different number of times. In the Middle Ages, Christians observed the Eucharist every day, and since the 19th century, this rite has been performed twice in a lifetime - after birth and before death.