Writing in third person is easy, it just takes a little practice. Its use in academic, that is, educational or scientific texts, means the rejection of the pronouns "I" or "you", as a rule, in order to achieve a more objective and formal style. IN fiction the third person can take the form of various points of view - the point of view of an omniscient author, a limited third-person narrative (one or more focal characters), or an objective third-person narrative. Choose for yourself which of them you will lead your story with.

Steps

Third person academic writing

Use a third person for any academic texts. Describing research results and scientific evidence write in third person. So your text will be more objective. For academic or professional purposes, this objectivity is important so that what you write comes across as unbiased and therefore more credible.

Use the correct pronouns. In the third person, people are referred to as "from the side." Use nouns, proper nouns, or third person pronouns.

• Third person pronouns include: he, she, it, they and their forms in all cases - his, her, them, him, her, them, them, and so on.
• People's names are also suitable for third person narration.
• Example: " Orlov thinks otherwise. According to his studies, earlier statements on this topic are incorrect.

1. Avoid first person pronouns. The first person suggests the author's personal point of view, which means that such a presentation looks subjective and based on opinion, and not on facts. In an academic essay, the first person should be avoided (unless otherwise provided by the task - say, state your opinion or results your work).

   Avoid second person pronouns. Through them, you address the reader directly, as if you know him personally, and your style of writing becomes too familiar. The second person should never be used in scientific papers.

   Talk about the subject in general terms. Sometimes the author needs to make a reference to the subject without naming it specifically. In other words, he needs to mention a person in general, and not some already well-known person. In this case, the temptation to write "you" usually arises. However, in this case it would be appropriate to use a generalized noun or a pronoun - indefinite, definitive or negative.

2. Avoid redundant "he or she" constructions. Sometimes modern authors write "he or she" instead of "he" even though the subject is originally referred to in the masculine gender.

   • This use of pronouns is dictated by political correctness and is the norm, for example, in English language, but in Russian it usually only makes the phrase redundant. After the noun "scientist", "doctor", "child", "man" you can and should write "he".
   • Incorrect: “The witness wanted to give anonymous testimony. He or she afraid to get hurt if him or her name will be known.
   • Correct: “The witness wanted to testify anonymously. He afraid of being hurt if his name were to be known.”

   The point of view of the omniscient author

   1. Move the focus from one character to another. When you write fiction from the point of view of an omniscient author, the narrative jumps from one character to another rather than following the thoughts, actions, and words of one character. The author knows everything about each of them and about the world in which they live. He himself decides which thoughts, feelings or actions to reveal to the reader, and which to hide from him.

      • Suppose there are four main actors a: William, Bob, Erica and Samantha. At different points in the narrative, the writer should depict the actions and thoughts of each of them, and he can do this within one chapter or paragraph.
      • Example: “William thought Erica was lying, but he wanted to believe she had a good reason. Samantha was also sure that Erica was lying, besides, she was tormented by jealousy, since Tony dared to think well of another girl.
      • Writers of omniscient narratives should avoid sudden jumps - do not change the views of the character within the same chapter. This does not violate the canons of the genre, but is a sign of narrative looseness.

   2. Disclose any information you wish. From the point of view of the omniscient author, the story is not limited to experiences and inner world the only character. Along with thoughts and feelings, the writer can reveal to the reader the past or future of the characters directly in the course of the story. Moreover, he can express own opinion, evaluate events from a moral standpoint, describe cities, nature or animals separately from the scenes with the characters.

      • In a certain sense, the author who writes from this point of view is something like a "god" in his work. The writer can observe the actions of any character at any moment, and, unlike a human observer, he not only sees external manifestations, but is also able to look into the inner world.
      • Know when to hide information from the reader. Although the author can say whatever he wants to say, the work can benefit from a bit of understatement, when some things are revealed gradually. For example, if one of the characters is shrouded in an aura of mystery, it would be wise to keep the reader out of his feelings until his true motives are revealed.

   3. Avoid using first and second person pronouns. First person pronouns - "I", "we" and their forms - can only appear in dialogue. The same applies to the second person - "you" and "you".

      • Do not use the first and second person in the narrative and descriptive part of the text.
      • Correct: “Bob said to Erica, ‘I think that’s pretty scary. What do you think?""
      • Incorrect: “I thought it was pretty scary, and Erica and Bob agreed. And what do you think?"

   Limited Third Person Narrative (one character)

   1. Choose a character from whose point of view you will tell the story. With limited third-person narration, the author has full access to the actions, thoughts, feelings, and views of a single character. He can write directly from the point of view of the thoughts and reactions of this character, or step aside for a more objective story.

      • The thoughts and feelings of the rest of the characters remain unknown to the narrator throughout the text. Having chosen a limited narrative, he can no longer freely switch between different characters.
      • When the narration is in the first person, the narrator acts as the main character, while in the narration from the third person everything is exactly the opposite - here the author moves away from what he writes. In this case, the narrator may reveal some details that he would not reveal if the narration was conducted in the first person.

   2. Describe the actions and thoughts of the character "from the side." Although the writer focuses on one character, he must consider him separately from himself: the personalities of the narrator and the hero do not merge! Even if the author relentlessly follows his thoughts, feelings and internal monologues, the story must be told in the third person.

      • In other words, first person pronouns ("I", "me", "my", "we", "our", etc.) can only be used in dialogue. The narrator sees the thoughts and feelings of the protagonist, but the hero does not become the narrator.
      • That's right: "Tiffany felt terrible after a fight with her boyfriend."
      • Correct: "Tiffany thought, 'I feel terrible after our fight with him.'"
      • Incorrect: "I felt terrible after the fight with my boyfriend."

   3. Show the actions and words of other characters, not their thoughts and feelings. The author knows only the thoughts and feelings of the protagonist, from whose position the story is being told. However, he can describe other characters as the hero sees them. The Storyteller can do everything that his character can; he just cannot know what is going on in the minds of the other characters.

      • The writer may speculate or speculate about other characters' thoughts, but only from the protagonist's point of view.
      • That's right: "Tiffany felt terrible, but, seeing the expression on Karl's face, she understood that he was no better - if not worse."
      • Incorrect: “Tiffany felt terrible. However, she did not know that Karl was even worse.

   4. Do not disclose information that the hero does not own. Although the narrator may take a step back and describe the setting or other characters, he should not talk about anything that the character does not see or know. Don't jump from one character to another within the same scene. The actions of other characters can only become known if they occur in the presence of the hero (or he learns about them from someone else).

      • Correct: “From the window, Tiffany saw Carl walk up to the house and ring the bell.”
      • Incorrect: "As soon as Tiffany left the room, Carl breathed a sigh of relief."

   Limited third-person narrative (multiple focal characters)

   1. Switch from one character to another. Limited narrative from the point of view of several characters, called focal, means that the author tells the story from the point of view of several characters in turn. Use each one's vision and thoughts to reveal important information and help advance the story.

      • Limit the number of focal characters. You should not write from the point of view of many characters, so as not to confuse the reader and not overload the work. Each focal character's unique vision should play a part in the story. Ask yourself what contribution each of them has to the development of the plot.
      • For example, in a romantic story with two main characters - Kevin and Felicia - the author can give the reader an opportunity to understand what is going on in the soul of both of them, describing events alternately from two points of view.
      • One character can be given more attention than another, but each focal character must get their fair share at some point in the story's development.

We will learn how to use personal pronouns correctly. Let's find out their meanings. We will learn how to correctly determine the case endings of personal pronouns.

My sister and I went to the Christmas tree. She was very smart and festive.

(It is not clear who was dressed up, a girl or a Christmas tree)

How to write. My sister and I went to the Christmas tree. The Christmas tree was very elegant, festive.

And here's another one: the Clown gave balloons to the guys. They were round, elongated and long.

(The guys were elongated and long).

How to write. The clown gave balloons to the children. The balls were round, elongated and long.

We are confused by the pronoun.

Pronoun- this is an independent non-significant part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them.

The grammatical features of pronouns are different and depend on which part of speech the pronoun acts as a substitute in the text.

Pronoun ranks by meaning

There are 9 categories of pronouns by meaning:

1. Personal : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate the participants in the dialogue (I, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects (he, she, it, they).

2. returnable : myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of a person or object called the subject, a person or object called the word himself (He will not offend himself. Hopes did not justify themselves).

3. Possessive : mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object (This is my briefcase. Its size is very convenient).

4. pointing : this, that, such, such, so much, this (obsolete), this (obsolete). These pronouns indicate a sign or quantity of objects.

5. Determinants : himself, most, all, everyone, each, any, other, different, everyone (outdated), all (outdated). Definitive pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.

6. Interrogative : who, what, which, which, whose, how much. Interrogative pronouns serve as special question words and indicate persons, objects, signs and quantity.

7. relative : the same as interrogative ones, in the function of connecting parts of a complex sentence (union words).

8. Negative : nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute.

9. indefinite : someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns by the prefix something or suffixes something, -or, -something.

Ranks of pronouns

Personal pronouns have a morphological feature faces :

1st person: I, we;

2nd person: you, you;

3rd person: he, she, it, they.

Personal pronouns have a morphological feature numbers . Personal pronouns are singular (I, you, he, she, it) and plural (we, you, they) numbers.

All personal pronouns have a constant gender.

Pronouns I and you generic: I, you came - I, you came.

The pronoun he is masculine: he came.

The pronoun she is feminine: she came.

The pronoun is neuter: it came-o.

Plural pronouns we, you, they are not characterized by gender. We can talk about the animation of personal pronouns, since their C. p. coincides with R. p. (I don’t have you - I see you).

All personal pronouns change according to cases , i.e. inclined. In indirect cases with a preposition, n is added to pronouns of the 3rd person: from him, to them, from her. The addition does not occur with derivative prepositions during, thanks to, according to, contrary to, etc.: thanks to her, according to him.

Say the correct pronoun THEM!

Their clothes

Boy - I learned.

Girl - I learned.

Personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person do not change by gender.

Rice. 4.

You, Petya, have learned your lesson, and you, Masha?

“Yes!” Masha said, “I learned!” “Me too,” said Petya.

Rice. 5.

Boys, have you learned your lessons?

Girls, are you going to school?

We will answer to ourselves both boys and girls.

Let's correct the sentence, indicating the person, number, case, if possible, the gender of pronouns.

1. Once a comrade approached (I) during a break.

Approached (to whom?) To me - this is the pronoun of the 1st person singular of the dative case.

2. Give (you) a monkey?

To give (to whom?) to you is the pronoun of the 2nd person singular of the dative case.

3. (She) is called Yashka.

Her name is (who?) - this is the pronoun of the 3rd person singular feminine of the genitive case.

4. Dad is angry at (we) with Yashka.

Angry (at whom?) at us is the pronoun of the 1st person plural of the accusative case.

5. Let her live with (you) for now.

Will live (with whom?) With you - this is the pronoun of the 2nd person singular of the genitive case.

6. With (she) having fun.

(With whom?) with her is the pronoun of the 3rd person singular feminine of the dative case.

7. So (I) got a monkey.

(Who?) for me is the pronoun of the 1st person singular of the accusative case.

1. Kalenchuk M.L., Churakova N.A., Baikova T.A. Russian language 4: Academic book / Textbook.

2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O. Russian language 4: Ballas.

3. Lomakovich S.V., Timchenko L.I. Russian language 4: VITA_PRESS.

3. Russian language in the CIS countries ().

1. Read Tsvetaeva's verse. Find pronouns in the text, determine their category.

I will win you back from all lands, from all skies, Because the forest is my cradle, and the grave is the forest, Because I stand on the ground with only one foot, Because I will sing about you like no other.

I will win you back from all the others - from that one, You will be no one's fiancé, I will be no one's wife, And in the last dispute I will take you - shut up!

2. Read. Write off. Underline personal pronouns. In brackets, write case questions to them.

The third part of the Earth is occupied by dry land. The rest is water! A variety of marine animals live in it. Among them are tiny ones, like a pinhead, and large ones, such as whales. Sharks live in the oceans. They are also different. There are dwarf sharks. And there are giant sharks. They weigh up to 20 tons.

3. Write down the sentences by inserting the missing pronoun in the correct form.

1) The pianist's concert ... liked it. His game made a wonderful impression on ....

2) I called … all evening yesterday, but … was constantly busy.

3) I have been studying with Volodya since the first year. I know very well ... and for a long time

I'm friends with...

4) I have a younger sister. In the evening I go for ... to kindergarten.

4.* Write a dialogue on any topic using as many personal pronouns as possible in different case forms.

Face we can define the verb in the forms of the imperative and indicative mood. In the imperative mood, the verb always has the form second faces, that is, consistent with the pronouns you or you: you cut, eat, fold; you wipe, send, sing.

In the indicative mood, they change in persons and numbers, that is, they conjugate, verbs in the forms of the present and future tenses. In the past tense of the verb no face, but you can determine the genus: swam, swam, swam.

In the present and future tenses of the indicative mood, the person of the verb is determined by personal endings:

I write we write I will write we will write

you are writing you are writing you are going to write you are going to write

he writes they write he will write they will write

The person of the verb, in contrast to the gender of the verb, can be determined by the pronoun and by questions to the verbs.

The pronouns I - WE - what do I do belong to 1 person? or what do we do?

The pronouns YOU - YOU - what are you doing belong to the 2nd person? or what are you doing?

The 3rd person includes the pronouns HE - SHE - IT - THEY - what does it do? or what do they do?

Substituting a pronoun for a verb instead of a noun, we find out the face of the verb. What is the pronoun, such is the person of the verb.

But the person in verbs is determined only in the present and future tense, it is impossible to determine in the past.

Mom is coming - she is coming - what is she doing? - 3 person.

The tree will fall - it will fall - what does it do? 3 person.

In the indicative mood, it is not difficult to determine the person of the verb, for this you just need to ask the appropriate question. For example, let's take the same verb Define In the present tense, it will be conjugated by persons. What am I doing? - I define, He does what? - Defines. What are you doing? - You define. The main thing to remember is that the pronouns I-We refer to 1 person, You-You - to the second, and He-They-It-She - to the third.

The person of the verb can only be determined in the future or present tense, because in the past we get I what did I do? - Determined, what did you do? - Determined. That is, in the past tense, we can only get the gender: What did she do? - Determined.

Well, in the imperative mood, we only have Define and Define for the pronouns You and You.

The face of the verb in Russian This is a grammatical category of verbs that determines the relation of the ongoing action to the participants in speech.

Simply put, the person of the verb indicates the one who performs the action.

For that, to determine the person of the verb, we highlight the personal ending of the verb and ask questions:

• What do I do? What will I do? What are we doing? What will we do? These questions are answered by 1st person verbs.
• 2nd person verbs will answer: What are you doing? What will you do? What you are doing? What will you do?
• and 3rd person verbs: What does it do? What will he do? What are they doing? What will they do?

That is, the verbs of the 1st person are I, we.

Second person you, you.

The third person is he, she, they, it.

The person of the verb is determined by personal endings. Moreover, this can be done only in the present and future voices of the indicative verb. As for imperative mood, then the verb will be in the second person.

Verbs in the indicative mood that will relate/relate

• to the 1st person will have / have the following endings: -uy-, -ayu-, -yayu-, -im-, -em-.
• to the 2nd person with the endings: -esh-, -eat-, -ete-, -ite-.
• to 3 - to him we will assign verbs with such endings: -it-, -et-, -yut-, -ut-, -at- and -yat-.

I sing, play, wash, swim, drink, dance, etc. - the first person;

You drink, play, wash, swim, dance, etc. - the second person;

Drinking, playing, washing, dancing and so on - a third person.

If you want to determine the person of the verb, then for this you need to pay attention to the ending of the verb and ask him a question. Each person of the verb has its own question. Here is a table that shows which questions apply to which person:



In order to carry out the determination of the person of the verb, you simply need to simply substitute a suitable pronoun and, accordingly, ask a question from it to your verb. It is on this basis that the person will be determined.



Here is a more detailed breakdown with examples:



To determine to which person this or that verb belongs, it is enough to look at its ending, ask the appropriate question and determine the conjugation.

• For example, the 1st person has an ending: -u, -u,
• But the second person - eat (and in the second conjugation - you eat),
• In the third person it will be -et and -it.
• and then you have to look plural.

How to determine the person of the verb at the end:



The person of verbs can be determined either by the endings of the verbs, or you can try to choose a pronoun for them.

So, 1 person - I, we. Example: I read, we read.

2nd person - you, you. Example: you read, you read.

3rd person - she, he, it, they. Example: he reads, she reads, it reads, they read.

The face of verbs can only be determined for verbs in the indicative and imperative moods.

You need to look either at the end of the verb, or at the accompanying noun - in some cases, the second option will be the simplest and fastest. In the first case, you will need the following table:



One has only to understand this issue a little, then the face will be determined already intuitively (yes, this is aerobatics for a schoolboy).

At the same time, it must be remembered that the infinitive, as well as verbs in the past tense, will not be able to determine the face, you can not even suffer.

The Russian language has a lot of grammatical categories. These include the category of person, the category of tense and mood of verbs, the category of gender, etc. The study of categories and their grammatical expressions together gives objective knowledge about the morphology of the language.

Category of a person in Russian

There are 3 persons in Russian - the first, second and third. Its forms express the relation of the action to the speaker. To correctly determine the 1st, 2nd, 3rd person in Russian, you need to know the main pronouns that express its semantics. Let's turn to the table.

So, we have 3 persons in Russian. The table above shows which pronouns to focus on when determining a person.

The 1st person shows the attitude towards the action of the speaker or speakers. Speakers are participants in an action or conversation.

The 2nd person form expresses the relation of the action to the interlocutor or interlocutors. They are also part of the conversation.

Forms of the 3rd person have a dual nature. They can express, firstly, the relation of the action to the person (people) who are not participating in the conversation. At the same time, they are indirect participants in the action. Secondly, the forms of the 3rd person in Russian express the relation of an action to an object or something inanimate.

Not all pronouns can be identified by a person. As you know, pronouns are divided into several categories: personal, reflexive (it is one - itself), possessive, interrogative-relative, negative, demonstrative and attributive. Only personal pronouns have the category of person, and they are all listed in the table above. It should be remembered that for personal pronouns, the category of a person is one of the most important, and most importantly, invariable categories.

Person category of verbs

Verbs have a pronounced category of person in Russian. It is difficult for many foreigners studying Russian to readjust, because when people change, verb endings automatically change. It is also worth noting that not all forms of verbs have faces in Russian. So, for example, in the forms of the past tense, the person cannot be determined. Let's take the verb "read" as an example. Let's try to determine his face: "I" read, "you" read, "he" read. It is clearly seen that when people change, the verb itself does not change. His face can only be determined in context. Compare: "I read a book." - "Paul was reading a book."

The same phenomenon is observed in the plural forms: "we" read, "you" read, "they" read. Similarly, a face can only be contextual.

An interesting phenomenon is observed in the forms of the present tense. In the 3rd person, the category of gender is erased from the verbs of the future tense. Compare: "She is painting a picture" and "He is painting a picture." If you take the verb "writes" without context, it becomes incomprehensible whether a male or female performs this action.

1st person verbs

Endings of Russian verbs are mainly indicated by endings. Verbs of the first person singular (in the present and future tenses) have endings -U or -YU. For example: write, read, call, shout. Verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugation have the same endings in the 1st person, so when writing 1st person verbs, people do less spelling mistakes.

2nd person verbs

The 2nd person in Russian verbs has its own characteristics. They are associated with verb endings. As you know, the endings in verbs depend on the conjugation. So, verbs of the 1st conjugation have an ending -EAT in the singular and -ETE in plural. For example, eat, go. Verbs of the 2nd conjugation have the ending -ISH in the singular and -ITU in the plural. For example, call, shout. 2nd person verbs can be recognized either in a specific context or by a special ending.

3rd person verbs

As mentioned above, the 3rd person in Russian is determined by the pronouns "he", "she", "it", "they". 3rd person verbs have their own paradigm of endings. For verbs of the 1st conjugation, these are the endings -ET in the singular and -UT in the plural (he, she, it reads, they read). For verbs of the 2nd conjugation - endings -IT And -AT (YAT) in the plural - he, she, it calls, they call.

If you know the inflections that define faces in Russian for verbs, then there will be no problems with the formation of new forms. It is also worth noting that knowing the category of a person helps when writing words. Verb endings are one of the most difficult spellings in school curriculum. Knowing the faces will help you navigate the choice of ending.

Conclusion