Discovery of the periodic table by Dmitri Mendeleev chemical elements in March 1869 was a real breakthrough in chemistry. The Russian scientist managed to systematize knowledge about chemical elements and present them in the form of a table, which schoolchildren still study in chemistry classes now. The periodic table became the foundation for the rapid development of this complex and interesting science, and the history of its discovery is shrouded in legends and myths. For all those who are fond of science, it will be interesting to know the truth about how Mendeleev discovered the table of periodic elements.
The history of the periodic table: how it all began
Attempts to classify and systematize known chemical elements were made long before Dmitri Mendeleev. Their systems of elements were proposed by such famous scientists as Debereiner, Newlands, Meyer and others. However, due to the lack of data on the chemical elements and their correct atomic masses, the proposed systems were not entirely reliable.
The history of the discovery of the periodic table begins in 1869, when a Russian scientist at a meeting of the Russian Chemical Society told his colleagues about his discovery. In the table proposed by the scientist, the chemical elements were arranged depending on their properties, provided by the value of their molecular weight.
An interesting feature of the periodic table was also the presence of empty cells, which in the future were filled with discovered chemical elements predicted by the scientist (germanium, gallium, scandium). After the discovery of the periodic table, additions and amendments were made to it many times. Together with the Scottish chemist William Ramsay, Mendeleev added a group of inert gases (zero group) to the table.
IN further history Mendeleev's periodic table was directly related to discoveries in another science - physics. Work on the table of periodic elements is still ongoing, with modern scientists adding new chemical elements as they are discovered. The importance of the periodic system of Dmitri Mendeleev is difficult to overestimate, because thanks to it:
- Knowledge about the properties of already discovered chemical elements was systematized;
- It became possible to predict the discovery of new chemical elements;
- Such branches of physics as the physics of the atom and the physics of the nucleus began to develop;
There are many options for depicting chemical elements according to the periodic law, but the most famous and common option is the periodic table familiar to everyone.
Myths and facts about the creation of the periodic table
The most common misconception in the history of the discovery of the periodic table is that the scientist saw it in a dream. In fact, Dmitri Mendeleev himself refuted this myth and stated that he had been thinking about the periodic law for many years. To systematize the chemical elements, he wrote each of them on a separate card and repeatedly combined them with each other, arranging them in rows depending on their similar properties.
The myth about the "prophetic" dream of a scientist can be explained by the fact that Mendeleev worked on the systematization of chemical elements for days on end, interrupted by a short sleep. However, only the hard work and natural talent of the scientist gave the long-awaited result and provided Dmitri Mendeleev with worldwide fame.
Many students at school, and sometimes at the university, are forced to memorize or at least roughly navigate the periodic table. To do this, a person must not only have a good memory, but also think logically, linking elements into individual groups and classes. Studying the table is easiest for those people who constantly keep their brain in good shape by taking trainings on BrainApps.
Periodic system chemical elements (periodic table)- classification of chemical elements, establishing the dependence of various properties of elements on the charge of the atomic nucleus. The system is a graphical expression of the periodic law established by the Russian chemist D. I. Mendeleev in 1869. Its original version was developed by D. I. Mendeleev in 1869-1871 and established the dependence of the properties of elements on their atomic weight (in modern terms, on atomic mass). In total, several hundred variants of the representation of the periodic system (analytical curves, tables, geometric shapes and so on.). In the modern version of the system, it is supposed to reduce the elements into a two-dimensional table, in which each column (group) determines the main physical and chemical properties, and the rows represent periods similar to each other to a certain extent.
Periodic system of chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev
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The discovery made by the Russian chemist Mendeleev played (by far) the most important role in the development of science, namely in the development of atomic and molecular science. This discovery made it possible to obtain the most understandable and easy-to-learn ideas about simple and complex chemical compounds. Only thanks to the table we have those concepts about the elements that we use in modern world. In the 20th century, the predictive role of the periodic system in assessing chemical properties, transuranium elements, shown by the creator of the table.
Developed in the 19th century, Mendeleev's periodic table in the interests of the science of chemistry, gave a ready-made systematization of the types of atoms for the development of PHYSICS in the 20th century (physics of the atom and the nucleus of the atom). At the beginning of the twentieth century, physicists, through research, established that the serial number, (aka atomic), is also a measure electric charge the atomic nucleus of that element. And the number of the period (ie the horizontal row) determines the number of electron shells of the atom. It also turned out that the number of the vertical row of the table determines the quantum structure of the outer shell of the element (thus, the elements of the same row are due to the similarity of chemical properties).
The discovery of the Russian scientist, marked itself, new era in the history of world science, this discovery allowed not only to make a huge leap in chemistry, but was also invaluable for a number of other areas of science. The periodic table gave a coherent system of information about the elements, based on it, it became possible to draw scientific conclusions, and even foresee some discoveries.
Periodic table One of the features of the periodic table of the Mendeleev is that the group (column in the table) has more significant expressions of the periodic trend than for periods or blocks. Nowadays, the theory of quantum mechanics and atomic structure explains the group essence of elements by the fact that they have the same electronic configurations of valence shells, and as a result, elements that are within the same column have very similar (identical) features. electronic configuration, with similar chemical features. There is also a clear trend of a stable change in properties as the atomic mass increases. It should be noted that in some areas of the periodic table (for example, in blocks D and F), horizontal similarities are more noticeable than vertical ones.
The periodic table contains groups that are assigned serial numbers from 1 to 18 (from left to right), according to the international group naming system. In the old days, Roman numerals were used to identify groups. In America, the practice was to put after the Roman numeral, the letter "A" when the group is located in blocks S and P, or the letters "B" - for groups located in block D. The identifiers used at that time are the same as the last the number of modern pointers in our time (for example, the name IVB, corresponds to the elements of the 4th group in our time, and IVA is the 14th group of elements). In European countries of that time, a similar system was used, but here, the letter "A" referred to groups up to 10, and the letter "B" - after 10 inclusive. But groups 8,9,10 had the identifier VIII as one triple group. These group names ceased to exist after the new IUPAC notation system, which is still in use today, came into force in 1988.
Many groups have received non-systematic names of a traditional nature (for example, "alkaline earth metals", or "halogens", and other similar names). Groups 3 to 14 did not receive such names, due to the fact that they are less similar to each other and have less correspondence to vertical patterns, they are usually called either by number or by the name of the first element of the group (titanium, cobalt, etc.) .
Chemical elements belonging to the same group of the periodic table show certain trends in electronegativity, atomic radius and ionization energy. In one group, from top to bottom, the radius of the atom increases, as the energy levels are filled, the valence electrons of the element are removed from the nucleus, while the ionization energy decreases and the bonds in the atom weaken, which simplifies the removal of electrons. The electronegativity also decreases, this is a consequence of the fact that the distance between the nucleus and the valence electrons increases. But there are also exceptions to these patterns, for example, electronegativity increases, instead of decreasing, in group 11, from top to bottom. In the periodic table there is a line called "Period".
Among the groups, there are those in which the horizontal directions are more significant (unlike others in which the vertical directions are more important), such groups include the F block, in which the lanthanides and actinides form two important horizontal sequences.
The elements show certain patterns in terms of atomic radius, electronegativity, ionization energy, and electron affinity energy. Due to the fact that for each next element the number of charged particles increases, and electrons are attracted to the nucleus, the atomic radius decreases in the direction from left to right, along with this, the ionization energy increases, with an increase in the bond in the atom, the difficulty of removing an electron increases. Metals located on the left side of the table are characterized by a lower electron affinity energy indicator, and accordingly, on the right side, the electron affinity energy indicator, for non-metals, this indicator is higher (not counting noble gases).
Different areas of the periodic table of Mendeleev, depending on which shell of the atom the last electron is on, and in view of the significance of the electron shell, it is customary to describe it as blocks.
The S-block includes the first two groups of elements, (alkali and alkaline earth metals, hydrogen and helium).
The P-block includes the last six groups, from 13 to 18 (according to IUPAC, or according to the system adopted in America - from IIIA to VIIIA), this block also includes all metalloids.
Block - D, groups 3 to 12 (IUPAC, or IIIB to IIB in American), this block includes all transition metals.
Block - F, usually taken out of the periodic table, and includes lanthanides and actinides.
Anyone who went to school remembers that one of the required subjects to study was chemistry. She could like it, or she could not like it - it does not matter. And it is likely that much knowledge in this discipline has already been forgotten and is not applied in life. However, everyone probably remembers the table of chemical elements of D. I. Mendeleev. For many, it has remained a multi-colored table, where certain letters are inscribed in each square, denoting the names of chemical elements. But here we will not talk about chemistry as such, and describe hundreds of chemical reactions and processes, but we will talk about how the periodic table appeared in general - this story will be of interest to any person, and indeed to all those who want interesting and useful information .
A little background
Back in 1668, the outstanding Irish chemist, physicist and theologian Robert Boyle published a book in which many myths about alchemy were debunked, and in which he talked about the need to search for indecomposable chemical elements. The scientist also gave a list of them, consisting of only 15 elements, but allowed the idea that there may be more elements. This became the starting point not only in the search for new elements, but also in their systematization.
A hundred years later, the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier compiled a new list, which already included 35 elements. 23 of them were later found to be indecomposable. But the search for new elements continued by scientists around the world. And the main role in this process was played by the famous Russian chemist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev - he was the first to put forward the hypothesis that there could be a relationship between the atomic mass of elements and their location in the system.
Thanks to painstaking work and comparison of chemical elements, Mendeleev was able to discover a relationship between elements in which they can be one, and their properties are not something taken for granted, but are a periodically repeating phenomenon. As a result, in February 1869, Mendeleev formulated the first periodic law, and already in March, his report “The relationship of properties with the atomic weight of elements” was submitted to the Russian Chemical Society by the historian of chemistry N. A. Menshutkin. Then in the same year, Mendeleev's publication was published in the journal Zeitschrift fur Chemie in Germany, and in 1871 a new extensive publication of the scientist dedicated to his discovery was published by another German journal Annalen der Chemie.
Creating a Periodic Table
By 1869, the main idea had already been formed by Mendeleev, and in a fairly short time, but he could not formalize it into any sort of ordered system that clearly displays what was what, for a long time he could not. In one of the conversations with his colleague A. A. Inostrantsev, he even said that everything had already worked out in his head, but he could not bring everything to the table. After that, according to Mendeleev's biographers, he began painstaking work on his table, which lasted three days without a break for sleep. All sorts of ways to organize the elements in a table were sorted out, and the work was complicated by the fact that at that time science did not yet know about all the chemical elements. But, despite this, the table was still created, and the elements were systematized.
Legend of Mendeleev's dream
Many have heard the story that D. I. Mendeleev dreamed of his table. This version was actively distributed by the aforementioned colleague of Mendeleev, A. A. Inostrantsev, as a funny story with which he entertained his students. He said that Dmitry Ivanovich went to bed and in a dream he clearly saw his table, in which all the chemical elements were arranged in the right order. After that, the students even joked that 40° vodka was discovered in the same way. But there were still real prerequisites for the sleep story: as already mentioned, Mendeleev worked on the table without sleep and rest, and Inostrantsev once found him tired and exhausted. In the afternoon, Mendeleev decided to take a break, and some time later, he woke up abruptly, immediately took a piece of paper and depicted a ready-made table on it. But the scientist himself refuted this whole story with a dream, saying: “I’ve been thinking about it for maybe twenty years, and you think: I was sitting and suddenly ... it’s ready.” So the legend of the dream may be very attractive, but the creation of the table was only possible through hard work.
Further work
In the period from 1869 to 1871, Mendeleev developed the ideas of periodicity, to which the scientific community was inclined. And one of the important stages of this process was the understanding that any element in the system should be located based on the totality of its properties in comparison with the properties of other elements. Based on this, and also based on the results of research in the change of glass-forming oxides, the chemist managed to amend the values of the atomic masses of some elements, among which were uranium, indium, beryllium and others.
Of course, Mendeleev wanted to fill the empty cells that remained in the table as soon as possible, and in 1870 he predicted that chemical elements unknown to science would soon be discovered, atomic masses and whose properties he was able to calculate. The first of these were gallium (discovered in 1875), scandium (discovered in 1879) and germanium (discovered in 1885). Then the forecasts continued to be realized, and eight more new elements were discovered, among them: polonium (1898), rhenium (1925), technetium (1937), francium (1939) and astatine (1942-1943). By the way, in 1900, D. I. Mendeleev and the Scottish chemist William Ramsay came to the conclusion that the elements of the zero group should also be included in the table - until 1962 they were called inert, and after - noble gases.
Organization of the periodic system
The chemical elements in the table of D. I. Mendeleev are arranged in rows, in accordance with the increase in their mass, and the length of the rows is chosen so that the elements in them have similar properties. For example, noble gases such as radon, xenon, krypton, argon, neon, and helium do not easily react with other elements, and also have low chemical activity, which is why they are located in the far right column. And the elements of the left column (potassium, sodium, lithium, etc.) react perfectly with other elements, and the reactions themselves are explosive. To put it simply, within each column, the elements have similar properties, varying from one column to the next. All elements up to No. 92 are found in nature, and with No. 93 artificial elements begin, which can only be created in the laboratory.
In its original version, the periodic system was understood only as a reflection of the order existing in nature, and there were no explanations why everything should be that way. And only when quantum mechanics appeared, the true meaning of the order of elements in the table became clear.
Creative Process Lessons
Speaking about what lessons of the creative process can be drawn from the entire history of the creation of the periodic table of D. I. Mendeleev, we can cite as an example the ideas of an English researcher in the field of creative thinking Graham Wallace and the French scientist Henri Poincaré. Let's take them briefly.
According to Poincaré (1908) and Graham Wallace (1926), there are four main stages in creative thinking:
- Preparation- the stage of formulating the main task and the first attempts to solve it;
- Incubation- the stage during which there is a temporary distraction from the process, but work on finding a solution to the problem is carried out at a subconscious level;
- insight- the stage at which the intuitive solution is found. Moreover, this solution can be found in a situation that is absolutely not relevant to the task;
- Examination- the stage of testing and implementation of the solution, at which the verification of this solution and its possible further development takes place.
As we can see, in the process of creating his table, Mendeleev intuitively followed these four stages. How effective this is can be judged by the results, i.e. because the table was created. And given that its creation was a huge step forward not only for chemical science, but for the whole of humanity, the above four stages can be applied both to the implementation of small projects and to the implementation of global plans. The main thing to remember is that not a single discovery, not a single solution to a problem can be found on its own, no matter how much we want to see them in a dream and no matter how much we sleep. In order to succeed, whether it is the creation of a table of chemical elements or the development of a new marketing plan, you need to have certain knowledge and skills, as well as skillfully use your potential and work hard.
We wish you success in your endeavors and successful implementation of your plans!
Ether in the periodic table
The world ether is the substance of ANY chemical element and, therefore, of ANY substance, it is the Absolute true matter as the Universal element-forming Essence.The world ether is the source and crown of the entire genuine Periodic Table, its beginning and end, the alpha and omega of the Periodic Table of Elements of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.
In ancient philosophy, ether (aithér-Greek), along with earth, water, air and fire, is one of the five elements of being (according to Aristotle) - the fifth essence (quinta essentia - Latin), understood as the finest all-penetrating matter. IN late XIX century in scientific circles, the hypothesis of the world ether (ME), which fills the entire world space, has become widely used. It was understood as a weightless and elastic fluid that permeates all bodies. The existence of the ether tried to explain many physical phenomena and properties.
Preface.
Mendeleev had two fundamental scientific discoveries:
1 - Discovery of the Periodic Law in the substance of chemistry,
2 - The discovery of the relationship between the substance of chemistry and the substance of Ether, namely: particles of Ether form molecules, nuclei, electrons, etc., but in chemical reactions do not participate.
Ether - particles of matter with a size of ~ 10-100 meters (in fact - the "first bricks" of matter).
Data. Ether was in the original periodic table. The cell for Ether was located in the zero group with inert gases and in the zero row as the main system-forming factor for the construction of the System of chemical elements. After the death of Mendeleev, the table was distorted, removing the Ether from it and canceling the zero group, thereby hiding the fundamental discovery of the conceptual meaning.
In modern Ether tables: 1 - not visible, 2 - and not guessed (due to the lack of a zero group).
Such deliberate forgery hinders the development of the progress of civilization.
Man-made disasters (eg Chernobyl and Fukushima) would have been excluded if adequate resources had been invested in the development of a genuine periodic table in a timely manner. Concealment of conceptual knowledge is going on at the global level for the "lowering" of civilization.
Result. In schools and universities they teach a cropped periodic table.
Assessment of the situation. The periodic table without Ether is the same as humanity without children - you can live, but there will be no development and no future.
Summary. If the enemies of humanity hide knowledge, then our task is to reveal this knowledge.
Conclusion. There are fewer elements in the old periodic table and more foresight than in the modern one.
Conclusion. A new level is possible only when the information state of the society changes.
Outcome. A return to the true periodic table is no longer a scientific issue, but a political one.
What was the main political meaning of Einstein's teachings? It consisted in any way blocking access to mankind to inexhaustible natural sources of energy, which were opened by the study of the properties of the world ether. In case of success on this path, the world financial oligarchy lost power in this world, especially in the light of the retrospective of those years: the Rockefellers made an unthinkable fortune that exceeded the budget of the United States on oil speculation, and the loss of the role of oil, which was occupied by "black gold" in this world - the role of the blood of the world economy - did not inspire them.
This did not inspire other oligarchs - coal and steel kings. So the financial tycoon Morgan immediately stopped funding the experiments of Nikola Tesla, when he came close to the wireless transmission of energy and the extraction of energy "out of nowhere" - from the world ether. After that, no one provided financial assistance to the owner of a huge number of technical solutions embodied in practice - solidarity among financial tycoons as thieves in law and a phenomenal sense of where the danger comes from. That is why against humanity and a sabotage was carried out called " Special Theory Relativity".
One of the first blows fell on Dmitri Mendeleev's table, in which the ether was the first number, it was reflections on the ether that gave rise to Mendeleev's brilliant insight - his periodic table of elements.
Chapter from the article: V.G. Rodionov. The place and role of the world ether in the true table of D.I. Mendeleev
6. Argumentum ad rem
What is now presented in schools and universities under the name "Periodic Table of Chemical Elements of D.I. Mendeleev, ”is an outright fake.
The last time, in an undistorted form, the real Periodic Table saw the light in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook "Fundamentals of Chemistry", VIII edition). And only after 96 years of oblivion, the real Periodic Table rises from the ashes for the first time thanks to the publication of a dissertation in the ZhRFM journal of the Russian Physical Society.
After the sudden death of D. I. Mendeleev and the death of his faithful scientific colleagues in the Russian Physical-Chemical Society, for the first time he raised his hand to the immortal creation of Mendeleev - the son of a friend and colleague of D. I. Mendeleev in the Society - Boris Nikolaevich Menshutkin. Of course, Menshutkin did not act alone - he only carried out the order. After all, the new paradigm of relativism required the rejection of the idea of the world ether; and therefore this requirement was elevated to the rank of dogma, and the work of D. I. Mendeleev was falsified.
The main distortion of the Table is the transfer of the "zero group" of the Table to its end, to the right, and the introduction of the so-called. "periods". We emphasize that such a (only at first glance - harmless) manipulation is logically explicable only as a conscious elimination of the main methodological link in Mendeleev's discovery: the periodic system of elements at its beginning, source, i.e. in the upper left corner of the Table, should have a zero group and a zero row, where the element “X” is located (according to Mendeleev - “Newtonium”), i.e. world broadcast.
Moreover, being the only backbone element of the entire Table of derived elements, this element "X" is the argument of the entire Periodic Table. The transfer of the zero group of the Table to its end destroys the very idea of \u200b\u200bthis fundamental principle of the entire system of elements according to Mendeleev.
To confirm the above, let's give the floor to D. I. Mendeleev himself.
“... If the analogues of argon do not give compounds at all, then it is obvious that it is impossible to include any of the groups of previously known elements, and for them a special group zero must be opened ... This position of argon analogues in the zero group is a strictly logical consequence of understanding the periodic law, and therefore (the placement in group VIII is clearly not correct) was accepted not only by me, but also by Braisner, Piccini and others ... Now, when it has become beyond the slightest doubt that there is a zero group in front of that I group, in which hydrogen should be placed, representatives of which have atomic weights less than those of the elements of group I, it seems to me impossible to deny the existence of elements lighter than hydrogen.
Of these, let us first pay attention to the element of the first row of the 1st group. Let's denote it by "y". He, obviously, will belong to the fundamental properties of argon gases ... "Koroniy", with a density of the order of 0.2 relative to hydrogen; and it cannot by any means be the world ether.
This element "y", however, is necessary in order to mentally get close to that most important, and therefore the most rapidly moving element "x", which, in my opinion, can be considered ether. I would like to call it "Newtonium" in honor of the immortal Newton... The problem of gravitation and the problem of all energy (!!! - V. Rodionov) cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances. A real understanding of the ether cannot be achieved by ignoring its chemistry and not considering it an elementary substance; elementary substances are now inconceivable without subjecting them to periodic law” (“An attempt at a chemical understanding of the world ether”, 1905, p. 27).
“These elements, in terms of their atomic weights, occupied an exact place between the halides and the alkali metals, as shown by Ramsay in 1900. From these elements it is necessary to form a special zero group, which was first recognized in 1900 by Herrere in Belgium. I consider it useful to add here that, judging directly by the inability to combine elements of the zero group, analogues of argon should be put before the elements of group 1 and, in the spirit of the periodic system, expect for them a lower atomic weight than for alkali metals.
This is how it turned out. And if so, then this circumstance, on the one hand, serves as a confirmation of the correctness of the periodic principles, and on the other hand, clearly shows the relationship of argon analogues to other previously known elements. As a result, it is possible to apply the principles being analyzed even more widely than before, and wait for elements of the zero row with atomic weights much lower than those of hydrogen.
Thus, it can be shown that in the first row, first before hydrogen, there is an element of the zero group with an atomic weight of 0.4 (perhaps this is Yong's coronium), and in the zero row, in the zero group, there is a limiting element with a negligibly small atomic weight, not capable of chemical interactions and possessing, as a result, an extremely fast own partial (gas) motion.
These properties, perhaps, should be attributed to the atoms of the all-penetrating (!!! - V. Rodionov) world ether. The thought of this is indicated by me in the preface to this edition and in a Russian journal article of 1902 ... ”(“ Fundamentals of Chemistry. VIII ed., 1906, p. 613 et seq.)
1 , , ,
From the comments:
For chemistry, the modern periodic table of elements is sufficient.
The role of the ether can be useful in nuclear reactions, but even this is too insignificant.
Accounting for the influence of the ether is closest in the phenomena of isotope decay. However, this accounting is extremely complex and the existence of regularities is not accepted by all scientists.
The simplest proof of the existence of an ether: The phenomenon of annihilation of a positron-electron pair and the emergence of this pair from vacuum, as well as the impossibility of catching an electron at rest. So is the electromagnetic field and the complete analogy between photons in vacuum and sound waves - phonons in crystals.
Ether is a differentiated matter, so to speak, atoms in a disassembled state, or more correctly, elementary particles from which future atoms are formed. Therefore, it has no place in the periodic table, since the logic of building this system does not imply including in its composition non-integral structures, which are the atoms themselves. Otherwise, it is possible to find a place for quarks, somewhere in the minus first period.
The ether itself has a more complex multi-level structure of manifestation in world existence than it knows about it modern science. As soon as she reveals the first secrets of this elusive ether, then new engines will be invented for all kinds of machines on absolutely new principles.
Indeed, Tesla was perhaps the only one who was close to unraveling the mystery of the so-called ether, but he was deliberately prevented from carrying out his plans. So, until today, that genius has not yet been born who will continue the work of the great inventor and tell us all what the mysterious ether really is and what pedestal it can be placed on.
Element 115 of the periodic table - moscovium - is a superheavy synthetic element with the symbol Mc and atomic number 115. It was first obtained in 2003 by a joint team of Russian and American scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. In December 2015, recognized as one of the four new elements by the Joint Working Group of International scientific organizations IUPAC/IUPAP. On November 28, 2016, it was officially named after the Moscow region where JINR is located.
Characteristic
Element 115 of the periodic table is extremely radioactive: its most stable known isotope, moscovium-290, has a half-life of just 0.8 seconds. Scientists classify moscovium as an intransition metal, similar in a number of characteristics to bismuth. IN periodic table belongs to the transactinide elements of the p-block of the 7th period and is placed in group 15 as the heaviest pnictogen (a nitrogen subgroup element), although it has not been confirmed that it behaves like a heavier bismuth homologue.
According to calculations, the element has some properties similar to lighter homologues: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. It shows several significant differences from them. To date, about 100 moscovium atoms have been synthesized, which have mass numbers from 287 to 290.
Physical properties
The valence electrons of element 115 of the periodic table muscovy are divided into three subshells: 7s (two electrons), 7p 1/2 (two electrons) and 7p 3/2 (one electron). The first two of them are relativistically stabilized and therefore behave like inert gases, while the latter are relativistically destabilized and can easily participate in chemical interactions. Thus, the primary ionization potential of moscovium should be about 5.58 eV. According to calculations, moscovium should be a dense metal due to its high atomic weight with a density of about 13.5 g/cm3.
Estimated design characteristics:
- Phase: solid.
- Melting point: 400°C (670°K, 750°F).
- Boiling point: 1100°C (1400°K, 2000°F).
- Specific heat of fusion: 5.90-5.98 kJ/mol.
- Specific heat of vaporization and condensation: 138 kJ/mol.
Chemical properties
The 115th element of the periodic table is the third in the 7p series of chemical elements and is the heaviest member of group 15 in the periodic table, located below bismuth. Chemical interaction of moscovium in aqueous solution due to the characteristics of Mc + and Mc 3+ ions. The former are presumably easily hydrolyzed and form ionic bonds with halogens, cyanides, and ammonia. Moscovium (I) hydroxide (McOH), carbonate (Mc 2 CO 3), oxalate (Mc 2 C 2 O 4) and fluoride (McF) must be soluble in water. The sulfide (Mc 2 S) must be insoluble. Chloride (McCl), bromide (McBr), iodide (McI) and thiocyanate (McSCN) are poorly soluble compounds.
Moscovium (III) fluoride (McF 3) and thiozonide (McS 3) are presumably insoluble in water (similar to the corresponding bismuth compounds). While chloride (III) (McCl 3), bromide (McBr 3) and iodide (McI 3) should be readily soluble and readily hydrolyzed to form oxohalides such as McOCl and McOBr (also similar to bismuth). Moscovium(I) and (III) oxides have similar oxidation states, and their relative stability is highly dependent on which elements they interact with.
Uncertainty
Due to the fact that the 115th element of the periodic table is synthesized by a few experimentally, its exact characteristics are problematic. Scientists have to focus on theoretical calculations and compare with more stable elements that are similar in properties.
In 2011, experiments were carried out to create isotopes of nihonium, flerovium and muscovy in reactions between "accelerators" (calcium-48) and "targets" (americium-243 and plutonium-244) to study their properties. However, the "targets" included impurities of lead and bismuth and, consequently, some isotopes of bismuth and polonium were obtained in nucleon transfer reactions, which complicated the experiment. Meanwhile, the data obtained will help scientists in the future to study in more detail the heavy homologues of bismuth and polonium, such as moscovium and livermorium.
Opening
The first successful synthesis of element 115 of the periodic table was the joint work of Russian and American scientists in August 2003 at JINR in Dubna. The team led by nuclear physicist Yuri Oganesyan, in addition to domestic specialists, included colleagues from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. On February 2, 2004, the researchers published information in the Physical Review that they bombarded americium-243 with calcium-48 ions at the U-400 cyclotron and obtained four atoms of a new substance (one 287 Mc nucleus and three 288 Mc nuclei). These atoms decay (decay) by emitting alpha particles to the element nihonium in about 100 milliseconds. Two heavier isotopes of moscovium, 289 Mc and 290 Mc, were discovered in 2009-2010.
Initially, IUPAC could not approve the discovery of the new element. Needed confirmation from other sources. Over the next few years, another evaluation of the later experiments was carried out, and once again the claim of the Dubna team for the discovery of the 115th element was put forward.
In August 2013, a team of researchers from the University of Lund and the Institute for Heavy Ions in Darmstadt (Germany) announced that they had repeated the 2004 experiment, confirming the results obtained in Dubna. Another confirmation was published by a team of scientists working at Berkeley in 2015. In December 2015, a joint working group IUPAC/IUPAP acknowledged the discovery of this element and gave priority to the discovery of the Russian-American team of researchers.
Name
Element 115 of the periodic table in 1979, according to the recommendation of IUPAC, it was decided to name "ununpentium" and designate it with the corresponding symbol UUP. Although the name has since been widely used for an undiscovered (but theoretically predicted) element, it has not caught on in the physics community. Most often, the substance was called that - element No. 115 or E115.
On December 30, 2015, the discovery of a new element was recognized International Union clean and applied chemistry. Under the new rules, discoverers have the right to propose their own name for a new substance. At first, it was supposed to name the 115th element of the periodic table "langevinium" in honor of the physicist Paul Langevin. Later, a team of scientists from Dubna, as an option, proposed the name "Muscovite" in honor of the Moscow region, where the discovery was made. In June 2016, IUPAC approved the initiative and on November 28, 2016 officially approved the name "moscovium".