Play an important role in acquiring new knowledge logical thinking, ways and techniques of concept formation, laws of logic. But experience cognitive activity indicates that ordinary logic in many cases turns out to be insufficient for solving scientific problems;, the production process new information cannot be reduced to either inductively or deductively deployed thinking. An important place in this process is occupied by intuition, which gives knowledge a new impulse and direction of movement.

The presence of such a human ability is recognized by many outstanding scientists of our time. Louis de Broglie, for example, noted that theories develop and often even change radically, which would not be possible if the foundations of science were purely rational. He became convinced, in his words, of the inevitable influence on Scientific research individual characteristics the thinking of a scientist, which is not only rational in nature. “With a more careful study of this issue,” writes Louis de Broglie, “it is easy to notice that it is precisely these elements that are important for the progress of science. I, in particular, mean such purely personal abilities, so different from person to person.” different people like imagination and intuition. Imagination, which allows us to immediately imagine part of the physical picture of the world in the form of a visual picture that reveals some of its details, intuition, which unexpectedly reveals to us in some kind of inner insight that has nothing to do with ponderous syllogism, the depths of reality, are possibilities organically inherent in the human mind; they played and play every day significant role in the creation of science" ("On the Paths of Science". M., 1962. pp. 293-294). "Thanks to these leaps, great conquests of the mind are carried out. That is why the human mind is able to ultimately prevail over all machines that calculate and classify better than him, but they can neither imagine nor foresee. “Thus (an amazing contradiction!), human science, essentially rational in its foundations and in its methods, can realize its most remarkable achievements - under-

draws Louis de Broglie, “only through dangerous sudden leaps of mind, when abilities appear, freed from the heavy shackles of strict reasoning” (Ibid. p. 295).

We will not dwell here on issues of imagination, attention, memory, intelligence, and some other human abilities (emotions, will, etc.); this is a subject for special discussion. Let's stick to intuition. Intuition, as a specific cognitive process that directly produces new knowledge, is as universal an ability, characteristic of all people (albeit to varying degrees), as feelings and abstract thinking.

Intuition lends itself to experimental study. Among the works devoted to the study of intuition through experiment, we can highlight the works of Ya. A. Ponomarev, Alton, C. Fakuoaru.

The prevalence and universality of intuition is confirmed by numerous observations of people in ordinary, everyday conditions; There are often cases when, in a non-standard situation that requires a quick decision in conditions of limited information, the subject makes a choice of his actions, as if “feeling” that he needs to do exactly this and nothing else.

Human culture knows many cases when a scientist, designer, artist or musician achieved something fundamentally new in their field, as if by “insight,” “by inspiration.”

Let's give a few facts.

In the history of music, there are often cases when a musical thought came to the composer at the most unexpected moment, say, in a dream. For example, Giuseppe Tartini once saw in a dream the devil playing a delightful melody on the violin. Waking up, Tartini immediately wrote it down and later used it to compose one of his most famous works - the violin sonata “Devil's Trills” (See: “Intuition and Scientific Creativity.” Analytical collection INION. M., 1981. P. 17).

A curious case happened to the inventor in the field of electrical and radio engineering Nikola Tesla (1856-1943). One day, while walking with a friend, a solution to a technical problem suddenly occurred to him. American psychologist J. Gowan reports; he walked towards the sunset and read poetry; at that time a thought, like a flash of lightning, illuminated him; The idea of ​​an alternating current electric motor came to him as a revelation. He stood in a trance, trying to explain his vision to his friend. The images that appeared before Tesla's mental gaze were clear and tangible,

like metal or stone. Rotating principle magnetic field became completely clear to him. Thus began a revolution in world electrical engineering. (See: “Intuition and Scientific Creativity”. M., 1981. P. 17).

The greatest achievements of theoretical science are also associated with the action of intuition.

An interesting view of A. Einstein on the work of a theoretical physicist and his judgments about his own work (See: Karmin A. S. “Scientific thinking and intuition: Einstein’s formulation of the problem” // “Scientific picture of the world. Logical-epistemological aspect”. Kyiv, 1983). He believed that there was no inductive method that could lead to the fundamental concepts of physics. A hypothesis may be "inspired" by empirical facts, but is not directly deducible from them - otherwise it would not be a hypothesis. A scientist can and should freely create various hypotheses to explain observed phenomena. The question of which of the put forward hypotheses should be accepted and which should be rejected is decided by empirical verification of the consequences arising from them. A. Einstein adhered to this attitude in his scientific activity. The initial provisions of his theory of relativity were not formulated as inductive generalizations of experimental data (although he took into account empirical facts when creating it), they were products of “invention”, “guess”, i.e. products of intuition. And Einstein told his former classmate Jacob Erath that the idea of ​​the relativity of simultaneity came to him as a result of a sudden intuitive guess. One morning he woke up and suddenly realized that events that happen simultaneously for one observer may not be simultaneous for another. As M. Wertheimer noted based on conversations with A. Einstein, he also came to the idea that the speed of light is the maximum speed of propagation of signals. From special and general theory relativity, through logical-mathematical deduction, consequences were obtained that were comparable with observational and experimental data and confirmed by these data. A. Einstein believed that a theory can be tested by experiment, but there is no way from experience to theory. At the same time, there is a path from sensory experience to theoretical concepts - this is the path of intuition, intuition (and not logic) connects them. “If you don’t sin against logic,” said A. Einstein, “then you can’t come to anything at all.” (Einstein A. "Collected scientific works". M., 1967. T. IV. P. 572). “The only true value is intuition”

(Quoted from: Klyaus E.M. “Albert Einstein” // Einstein A. “Physics and Reality”. M., 1965. P. 337).

Intuition in the sphere of philosophical knowledge is of no small importance. The idea of ​​Aristotle's syllogisms, the idea of ​​combining philosophy and mathematics of R. Descartes, the idea of ​​antinomies of I. Kant and many others are associated with intuition. (See, for example: Lapshin I.I. “Philosophy of invention and invention in philosophy.” Pg., 1922. T.P. (Section “Creative intuition of philosophers” and “Analysis of the given cases”).

B. Russell noted that sometimes his attempts to push through by force of will creative work turned out to be fruitless, and he became convinced of the need to patiently wait for the subconscious maturation of ideas, which was the result of intense reflection. “When I’m working on a book,” he wrote, “I see it in my dreams almost every night. I don’t know whether new ideas arise or old ones are revived, I often see entire pages and can read them in my dreams.” (Quoted from: “Intuition and Scientific Creativity.” P. 17).

The phenomenon of intuition is extremely broad and not always everything that is considered intuitive really deserves such a name. In thinking, for example, there are often inferences whose premises are not formulated explicitly; the result of such conclusions is unexpected, but not at all intuitive, as some scientists believe. There is no need to take for intuition that which belongs to the field of instincts, is characterized by automaticity of reactions in a similar environment and has physiological mechanisms in the subconscious or unconscious sphere of the subject. Sometimes they talk about “sensory intuition” as perception by the senses (“intuitive” premises of Euclid’s geometry, etc.). Although such a usage is possible, it is identical to the “sensory-sensitive” one. As a specific phenomenon of cognition, the concept of intuition has many meanings.

What we mean by intuition intellectual intuition (Latin intellectus - mind, human thinking ability), which allows one to penetrate into the essence of things.

And one more extremely important feature is characteristic of intuition - its immediacy. Direct knowledge (as opposed to indirect knowledge) is usually called knowledge that is not based on logical proof. Intuition is direct knowledge only in the sense that at the moment a new position is put forward, it does not follow with logical necessity from existing sensory experience and theoretical constructs (Kopnin P.V. “Epistemological and logical foundations science". P. 190). If we keep in mind,

that intuition relates to the intellect and is associated with the reflection of the essence of objects (i.e., if we distinguish it from the sensory-sensitive and instinctive), then we can take as its initial definition this: intuition is the ability to comprehend the truth by directly observing it without justification through evidence.(See: "Philosophical encyclopedic Dictionary". M., 1989. P. 221). All the above cases of manifestation of intuition (and their number can be significantly expanded) fully fit this definition.

But everything stated above demonstrates at least two more features characteristic of intuition: suddenness and unconsciousness. The solution to the problem in all the examples given (the search for a new concept, theme, idea, etc.) always came unexpectedly, by chance, and, it would seem, in conditions unsuitable for creativity, one way or another contrasting with the conditions of targeted scientific search.

Intuitive “seeing” occurs not only accidentally and suddenly, but also without explicit awareness of the ways and means leading to a given result.

Sometimes the result remains unconscious, and intuition itself, with such an outcome of its action, is destined only for the fate of a possibility that does not become reality. The individual may not retain (or have) any memories of the experienced act of intuition. One remarkable observation was made by the American mathematician Leonard Eugene Dixon. His mother and her sister, who were rivals in geometry at school, had spent a long and fruitless evening solving a problem. At night, the mother dreamed of this problem: and she began to solve it out loud in a loud and clear voice; her sister, hearing this, stood up and wrote it down. The next morning, she had the right decision in her hands, unknown to Dixon's mother. (See: Nalchadzhyan A. A. “Some psychological and philosophical problems intuitive knowledge (intuition in the process of scientific creativity). M., 1972). This example illustrates, among other things, the unconscious nature of the phenomenon called “mathematical dreams” and action on the unconscious level of the human psyche.

Thus, Human intuitive abilities are characterized by: 1) surprise solving the problem, 2) unawareness ways and means to solve it and 3) immediacy comprehension of truth at the essential level of objects.

These signs separate intuition from related mental and logical processes. But even within these limits we are dealing with quite diverse phenomena. For different people, in different

conditions, intuition can have varying degrees remoteness from consciousness, be specific in content, in the nature of the result, in the depth of penetration into the essence, in significance for the subject, etc.

Intuition is divided into several types, primarily depending on the specifics of the subject’s activity. The features of the forms of material practical activity and spiritual production also determine the features of the intuition of the steelmaker, agronomist, doctor, and experimental biologist. The following stand out types of intuition, as technical, scientific, everyday, medical, artistic, etc.

By the nature of novelty, intuition can be standardized and heuristic. The first of these is called intuition-reduction. An example is the medical intuition of S. P. Botkin. It is known that while the patient walked from the door to the chair (the length of the office was 7 meters), S. P. Botkin mentally made a preliminary diagnosis. Most of his intuitive diagnoses turned out to be correct. They may say that in this case, as in general when making any medical diagnosis, there is a subsumption of the particular (symptoms) under the general (nosological form of the disease); in this regard, intuition really appears as a reduction, and there seems to be no novelty in it. But another aspect of consideration, namely the formulation of a specific diagnosis for an often ambiguous set of symptoms, reveals the novelty of the problem being solved. Since such intuition still uses a certain “matrix”-scheme, it itself can be qualified as “standardized”.

Heuristic (creative) intuition differs significantly from standardized intuition: it is associated with the formation of fundamentally new knowledge, new epistemological images, sensory or conceptual. The same S.P. Botkin, speaking as a clinical scientist and developing the theory of medicine, more than once relied on such intuition in his scientific activities. She helped him, for example, in putting forward a hypothesis about the infectious nature of catarrhal jaundice (“Botkin’s disease”).

Heuristic intuition itself has its own subtypes. It is important for us to subdivide it according to its epistemological basis, i.e., according to the nature of the result. Of interest is the point of view according to which the essence of creative intuition lies in the peculiar interaction of visual images and abstract concepts, and heuristic intuition itself appears in two forms: eidetic and conceptual. Let's consider this issue in a little more detail. (Execution of the presentation

Someone said that intuition is just life experience processed by the subconscious and brought into consciousness. Sometimes this may be true, but there are cases when intuition (mine) takes on (in my eyes) a truly mystical character. Firstly, I have a very good sense of troubles affecting me and my loved ones, and I can often tell what exactly will happen and where exactly it will happen.

It all started when, in my first year of university, I suddenly began to feel the urge to go home during classes (nobody’s laughing, I’m serious). I served a sentence until the end, rushed home - and there the stove was overfed - there would have been a fire. Since then I have listened to my intuition (and when I don’t listen, I always regret it). The most striking example is when my intuition saved me and a friend’s life (at least health).

Spring, we walked down the street. I feel like I need to go to the other side and go there, I tell my friend about this. He tells me that spring has finally arrived and he wants to walk in the sun (the other side was in the shade). We walked, my anxiety grew stronger, I offered him two more times, he refused. When the feeling got really strong, I stopped. He too, see why I got up. At that moment, about two meters from us, right along the course of our movement, a melted block of ice fell from the roof. Its mass, judging by the impact, would have been enough to, if not kill us, then definitely send us to intensive care. The friend immediately, without a word, crossed to the other side.

There were many such cases (maybe slightly less serious). Intuition doesn’t always tell me (maybe I don’t always hear it), but if it gives a signal, I’m never wrong.

Secondly, I used to have a very good sense of who was calling whom on the phone. There was no need for any caller ID. Now the skill has somehow disappeared.

Another funny incident from life - definitely some kind of mysticism. I was walking the dog at night, and as luck would have it, I had also watched “Children of the Corn” before (I’m not impressionable in this regard - don’t think so, but it also left an imprint). It's three o'clock, just after four. It’s winter, not a soul on the street, absolute silence. In the sky dense layer clouds, and only in the middle do they turn into ripples, from where the pale moon can barely be seen. I also thought that the picture was like something out of a classic horror movie. Suddenly the wind begins to blow, not very much, but at the same time raising a light snowstorm and creating an unpleasant hiss. The dog stands up, freezes, looks to the side. I see that the hair on the back of her neck stands on end - a sign of her aggressiveness. She starts barking and growling, I look - and there is no one there at all, it’s empty. Here is my dog, of whom all the dogs in the area were afraid (no joke - there was a Caucasian Shepherd Dog, she perceived other dogs as wolves, with all that that implies), who herself was never afraid of anything (except for Masha and me, when angry), who really loved to walk (I had to drag her home by force), turns towards the house and begins to tear at the leash with all my strength so that I run after her so as not to fall. That's when I started to feel uneasy. He flew into the house, turned on the lights everywhere and drank tea for a long time...

Modern psychologists distinguish the following types of intuition (paths or channels of intuitive responses coming to us):

1. Bodily (or physical) intuition
People who have developed this type of intuition receive intuitive clues through actual physical sensations - pain or pleasure, apathy or a surge of strength. Such people are in touch with the sensations of their body and make conclusions about their potential success in a particular event based on how they feel.

2. Emotional intuition
Emotional intuition appeals to our feelings, and with the help of, for example, “inexplicable” anxiety, worry or fear, signals to us: “something is wrong here.”
From time immemorial, emotions (anger, fear) have served us to quickly classify the degree of danger of a developing situation (no time to think!), so this type of intuition does not give clear answers, but tries to warn us, with the help of a feeling of primitive fear, about a danger threatening our life or health .

3. Intellectual intuition
This type of intuition works somewhat slower than others. Intellectual intuition serves us as a source of new creative and scientific discoveries. Intellectual intuition, in turn, falls into the following subtypes (not much different): professional, scientific and creative.

4. Professional intuition
This type of intuitive subconscious cognition develops in people who have been engaged in a certain profession for a long time, for example medicine, politics, business, sports. It relies on the accumulation and holistic understanding of one’s own professional experience. Thus, the experience accumulated by the subconscious helps professionals make “non-standard” decisions in their field.
An example of professional intuition:

“The inventor of the sewing machine, Elias Hove, worked for a very long time on his first sewing device, which could make the work of seamstresses easier. Only one key element was missing. He was already in despair when he had a nightmare: Hove is on a desert island, and a crowd of cannibals is chasing him. And so, escaping from persecution Hove falls exhausted and the savages overtake him. They raise their spears over him, and then he clearly sees oblong holes in the tips of the savage spears...”
This is how the sewing machine needle appeared, and its design made the process of machine sewing possible.

5. Scientific intuition
This type of intuition manifests itself in scientists, especially in those moments when the process of cognition stalls. Such moments require from the scientist a tremendous effort of all the moral, intellectual and physical forces of the body.
One of the brightest and most interesting practical discoveries is the discovery by the German chemist Friedrich August Kekule of the main component of gasoline. He invented the formula for the benzene ring.

This discovery was preceded by years of hard work that did not bring results. But at some point, tired of thinking, Kekule dozed off and had a very vivid and colorful dream. He looked at the flames of the fireplace, and they formed chains of atoms. These chains turned into snakes that wriggled and attacked the chemist, but did not bite him. One of these snakes grabbed its tail and began to spin wildly. The picture of a snake grabbing itself by the tail and spinning amazed the scientist so much that he immediately woke up and began to write down all his thoughts regarding the formula of the gasoline molecule. In 1865, Kekule reported to the scientific community of chemists that the benzene ring consisted of six carbon atoms (which connected to each other like a snake biting its own tail). His discovery helped make a new breakthrough in theory aromatic hydrocarbons famous

Alexandra M. Butlerova.
Finally, we come to a type of intuition, which is considered the highest form of intuitive knowledge. It is usually attributed to artists, although it is often combined with scientific intuition.

Creative intuition is based on insight. A typical example creative intuition is the activity of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who, according to the recorded evidence of his contemporaries, heard his works in a ready-made, complete form, and did not compose musical fragments and transitions between them...

To summarize, we note that we can now turn our conscious attention to our individual channel of intuition, which is a priority for us when we make decisions.

Our World is very rich. You just need to feel it, see with the help of intuition the life you deserve.

*But how to determine what is most important for you, what you really want, why you came into this world? Watch yourself.

Is there really nothing in the world that you really like? And do you dream that later, when you have more free time, you will definitely do this? When - later? When will you no longer have the strength, health, and desire to disappear, dissolving in the everyday struggle with worries and problems, with yourself and your reluctance to do what your heart is not in? Or maybe, if thoughts of doing something seriously have already appeared, then the moment has come? Just think about these questions.

One of the most striking signs that intuition gives us in connection with our occupation is boredom. Take a closer look at yourself, listen: you started talking about how you would gladly start growing beautiful flowers. You buy books on floriculture. You give people tips that help them grow beautiful but difficult to care for plants. Do you think it won't generate income? Why not! Or maybe your biggest dream right now is to study foreign languages
, despite the fact that you don’t have time for it. All these are hints from intuition. In the modern information world, languages ​​can generate income, just like other knowledge and abilities.

The second rule of a person who strives for success is optimism. Optimistic thoughts about money and our future imbue us with powerful positive energy, which attracts success to us. These thoughts must take root in the soul, because no affirmations about welfare and success will not help you if deep down you continue to worry that nothing is working out because you are a failure in life.

But you don’t need to brush aside negative emotions, especially if they appear suddenly, unexpectedly: your intuition speaks to you through emotions! This is the most direct and accessible channel of communication with her. Negative emotions - fear, anxiety, etc. - warn of danger, warn against the wrong direction of movement. If you have decided to invest money in some profitable enterprise, but we felt

suddenly a vague anxiety, this, of course, is not a reason to abandon the plan.

But maybe you should take a closer look at where exactly you are investing your money in order to avoid or reduce possible losses? The path to business success John Rockefeller III, one

from representatives

dynasty of American millionaires, explained how to achieve success: “The path to success is determined by two simple principles. Find a business that interests you and that you are good at, and when you have found it, put all your soul into it without reserve, all your energy, ambition and natural abilities.”

Photo by @Svetlana Shmeleva

As someone successfully formulated, prayer is a conversation between a person and God, and intuition is a conversation between God and a person.

Why is intuition needed?

Intuition is often perceived by people as some kind of mystical force. If a person predicts subsequent events or the actions of others, he may be recognized as a clairvoyant, putting some secret magical meaning into this concept. Or maybe intuition is just a skill that can be developed?

If you translate the word “intuitio” (intuition) from Latin, you get a fairly simple and understandable word – “contemplation, close observation.” In general, the entire mystical touch disappears in this way.

However, in psychology there is no gender division - intuition in psychology is inherent in both men and women equally, the only question is that more often we ourselves choose to make decisions. Since men, as a rule, prefer to act rationally in everything, to control their consciousness, then the formation of intuitive decisions in men in this case does not occur. Men often don’t even ask themselves why intuition is needed. However, many psychologists, including Carl Gustav Jung, for example, believe that intuition is an integral part of personality, which helps a person determine his attitude towards the whole world and himself.

From childhood we are taught to prove, reason logically, and make arguments, so the intuitive approach begins to fade into the background. Although everyone knows stories about how scientists made great discoveries after seeing them in their dreams, composers wrote brilliant works that they thought they heard while half asleep. All this confirms that the truth that appears “out of nowhere” is sometimes the only true one. And it’s worth listening to yourself, even if it cannot be explained, without thinking about why intuition is needed.

Modern psychology distinguishes several types of intuition:

Bodily intuition

People with developed physical intuition rely on the clues they receive from the physical sensations of their body, from their well-being.

Here is an example from the life of a famous and successful entrepreneur on the Stock Exchange George Soros. In his book Soros on Soros, he describes his physical sensations in response to fluctuations in stock prices:

"I feel pain. I rely very heavily on animal instincts. When I was actively managing the Foundation, my back hurt. I interpreted the onset of acute pain as a signal that something was wrong with my affairs. The pain in my back told me what was wrong (low back for short-term investing, left shoulder for currency), but it encouraged me to do troubleshooting that I might not have done otherwise. This is certainly not the most scientific way to manage investments."

From the above excerpt it is clear that Soros does not at all rely on the scientific knowledge and terms, for example, “bullish trend”, “sideways trend” or “bearish trend”, which are filled with all kinds of textbooks on stock trading. On the contrary, Soros, as he puts it, completely trusts his instincts, which he includes intuition. Please note that according to Soros, intuition refers to instincts. And, as we know, all people are endowed with instincts from birth. This proves that all people have intuition.

Emotional intuition

Reliance on our feelings, emotions, unclear fears and irrational phobias. Emotional intuition does not answer questions, it simply gives a signal about the danger or safety of actions and situations.

Intellectual intuition

This is a real source of progress, creativity, scientific achievements, in a word, is the support of human civilization. Intellectual intuition can be professional, scientific or creative. Each of the subtypes of intuition is characterized by a process of long-term “maturing” of an intuitive solution, here approximate diagram creative process:

• — preparation, formulation of the problem and collection of information
• - maturation, gestation of a problem
• - epiphany
• — interpretation, logical processing of the task and fixation

a) Why does a professional need intuition - an example

Inventor of the sewing machine Elias Hove I worked for a very long time on my first sewing device, which could make the work of seamstresses easier. Only one key element was missing. He was already in despair when he had a nightmare: Hove on desert island, and a crowd of cannibals is chasing him. And so, fleeing persecution, Hove falls exhausted and the savages overtake him. They raise their spears over him, and then he clearly sees in the tips oblong holes... This is how the needle for sewing machines appeared.

b) Why does a scientist need intuition? example

One of the brightest and most interesting practical discoveries is the one discovered by the German chemist Friedrich August Kekule main component of gasoline. He invented the formula for the benzene ring.

This discovery was preceded by years of hard work that did not bring results. But at some point, tired of thinking, Kekule dozed off and had a very vivid and colorful dream. He looked at the flames of the fireplace, and they formed into chains of atoms. These chains turned into snakes that wriggled and attacked the chemist, but did not bite him. One of these snakes grabbed its tail and began to spin wildly. The picture of a snake grabbing itself by the tail and spinning amazed the scientist so much that he immediately woke up and began to write down all his thoughts regarding the formula of the gasoline molecule. In 1865, Kekule reported to the scientific community of chemists that the benzene ring consisted of six carbon atoms (which connected to each other like a snake biting its own tail). His discovery helped make a new breakthrough in the theory of aromatic hydrocarbons of the famous A.M. Butlerov.

c) An example of creative intuition

Creative intuition is based on insight. A typical example of creative intuition is music. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who, according to the recorded evidence of his contemporaries, heard his works already in a finished, complete form, and did not compose musical fragments and transitions between them.

To summarize, we note that now we know why intuition is needed and we can turn our conscious attention to our individual channel of intuition, which is a priority for us when we make decisions. In addition, we now understand that intuitive decisions can come to us both immediately (in the form of anxiety, for example) and over time (every fruit must ripen).

Exercises to develop intuition

Listen to your feelings and read the signs

Don't ask your intuition for direct answers to questions. Don't try to explain your every step to yourself. Stop asking yourself why intuition is needed and what to do with it. Listen not to the voice of reason, but to your vague sensations and signs of the body.

Relax and drown out the inner noise

The more thoughts in your head, the less room there is for intuition. Yoga, walks, hobbies and hobbies - do everything regularly to stop the noise of thoughts in your head, internal dialogues. Intuition will not come while you are tense or engaged in the thought process.

Loneliness is not a punishment, but a gift of fate

See loneliness as a blessing, not a punishment. Only in solitude can you free yourself from the burden of other people's opinions and be alone with your intuition.

Science has not proven that a person can develop intuition, but here it is worth believing your own eyes: brilliant scientists, artists, writers and composers were able to create their creations and discoveries with the help of natural abilities, life experience and intuition.

The brand of your cigarettes and other smokers. Or your drug and other drug addicts Why are smokers so loyal to their brand of cigarettes? Before we smoke, we lovingly stroke the pack. Yes, we love “our” cigarettes. Marketers have always been surprised by the hard-to-explain loyalty