What is Reconquista? Reconquista: causes and consequences. §22. Reconquista and the formation of centralized states in the Iberian Peninsula Reconquista and the formation of a centralized state in Spain

01.08.2020

At the beginning of the VIII century. almost the entire Iberian Peninsula - the homeland of the Spaniards and the Portuguese - was conquered by the Arabs (the Europeans called them Moors). The conquerors oppressed Christians, but at the same time familiarized them with the high achievements of Eastern culture.

The population of the peninsula soon revolted against the invaders. This liberation struggle, which was waged under the slogan of protecting Christianity from Islam, was called Reconquista ("Recapture"). Knights from many countries of Western Europe took part in the Reconquista, it was actively supported by the Catholic Church.

XI century. From the "General Chronicle of Spain" about the liberation of the city of Toledo from the Arabs (1085)

This (1085) year, King Alphonse gathered a large army ... and began the siege of the city. The Moors well fortified Toledo, which was surrounded by walls and well protected by the Tagus River. But a lot of people gathered in Toledo, and their supplies were exhausted, and the Moors had to surrender the city to King Alfonso ...

And the Moors turned to the king with a request that he leave them in the city and that they keep their houses ... and everything that they own. And King Al-fons allowed them to live in the city ... and ordered the Moors to pay the same taxes that the Moorish kings levied on them, and in addition announced to them that the main mosque could belong to the Moors for life.

This was the agreement concluded between King Al-fons and the Moors after the conquest of Toledo.

On the lands liberated from the Arabs, Christian states arose, which waged a common struggle against the conquerors. Among them, the most powerful were Castile, Aragon and Portugal. The Reconquista contributed to the formation of the Spanish and Portuguese peoples, the emergence of local spiritual and knightly orders.

By the middle of the 15th century. the Moors retained only Granada. To finally free the peninsula from them, the Pyrenean states had to join forces. In 1479, the heirs of the Castilian and Aragon thrones, Isabella and Ferdinand, married (they were called "Catholic kings"). Castile and Aragon formed a single state - Spanish kingdom . At the end of the 15th century. Spanish kings added the Emirate of Granada to their possessions. Thus, the reconquista ended, and the territory of Spain became a single state. Religious persecution of the Moors and Jews began, the Inquisition was created. Many Moors and Jews were forced to leave the country, which damaged its economic life. Material from the site

Back in the XII-XIII centuries. in the Pyrenean states, representative authorities arose - Cortes , more influential than the French States General or the English Parliament. They passed laws, forced the king to respect local customs, even made sure that he did not squander public funds. But with the emergence of the Spanish kingdom, the role of the Cortes in government began to diminish. Has intensified royalty, the importance of royal officials increased. The king had reliable support from the townspeople, because most of the Spanish cities belonged not to grandees, but to him.

Moors - the name of all the conquerors who came from North Africa to the Iberian Peninsula after the invasion of the Arabs.

Reconquista - the struggle for the liberation of Spain and Portugal from the Arabs.

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formation of the Spanish kingdom

When and how did Spain come under Arab rule? When did the Muslim rulers of Spain secede from the Arab Caliphate? What was the name of this state? Who were called emirs? 1.

Muslim Spain.

In the middle of the VIII century, the Arab possessions in Spain separated from the Caliphate and formed an emirate centered in Cordoba. Since the X century, the ruler of the Muslim possessions in Spain - Andalusia - bore the title of Caliph. Christians called the Arabs and Berbers who lived in Spain the Moors: after all, the conquerors came from the region to North Africa- Mauritania.

Powerful medieval walls of the Spanish city

Muslim Spain was a thriving part of Europe. The network of irrigation canals made it possible to increase grain and grape yields. Large flocks of sheep were raised on the plateau. Most of the Moors settled in cities, the number of which reached four hundred. Cordoba, the capital of Muslim possessions, one of the most beautiful cities in the world, had up to half a million inhabitants. Andalusia was famous for its fabrics, metal products, leather and glass. Possessing a large fleet, she actively traded with Africa, the Baghdad Caliphate, Italy, Byzantium.

At first, the Moors did not prevent the local population of Spain from practicing their religion. In Andalusia, descendants of the Basques and Romans, Visigoths, Arabs, Berbers, and Jews coexisted side by side. There were many Christians who converted to Islam, but there were also those who, having preserved the Christian faith, adopted the Arabic language, clothing, and some customs. The combination of many cultures - Arab, Latin, Gothic (Germanic), local Celtic, the influence of African Berbers and Jews gave a unique originality and beauty to the art of Spain. 2.

Reconquista. Immediately after the conquest of Spain by the Moors, the Reconquista began - the reverse conquest of the territory they had seized. The reconquista lasted for about eight centuries.

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The decisive battle with the Arabs in 1212. The borders of the Kingdom of Spain at the end of the 15th century. State borders in the middle of the 15th century. Reconquista in the Iberian Peninsula

1D ““ T Find on the map the kingdoms mentioned in the text.

Which states remained on the peninsula at the end

During the Reconquista, the Lord occupied new lands and received positions in the conquered territory. The peasants, participating in the wars with the Moors, acquired both land and personal freedom. The cities sought self-government and various rights. All participants in the wars with the Moors dreamed of capturing rich booty. In addition to the inhabitants of the peninsula, French and Italian knights from time to time participated in the Reconquista. Popes have repeatedly called Christians to the Crusades against Muslims in Spain.

During the Reconquista, in the center of the Iberian Peninsula, the vast kingdoms of Castile (translated as "Country of Castles") and Aragon were formed, and in the Iberian Mountains - Navarre. In the west of the peninsula, the kingdom of Portugal emerged from Castile.

From the middle of the XI to the middle of the XIII century, the greatest successes were achieved in the Reconquista. Small and weakened by civil strife, Muslim principalities became easy prey for Christian rulers. At the end of the 11th century, Christians occupied the city of Toledo, which became the capital of the Kingdom of Castile. Later, Aragon took possession of the large Muslim center of Zaragoza, and the Portuguese took Lisbon

From the treaty of King Jaime I of Aragon with the Emir of Valencia

(excerpt)

This is a truce agreement between two equal rulers. Its beginning corresponds to 621 AH.

The war between the parties ends, and its consequences are eliminated for the benefit of both communities - Muslim and Christian, the disasters caused by it and damage to the communities are eliminated. Covert and overt insults are prohibited. There is no room for confusion and complexity, nor for evil and cunning. There should only be guaranteed safety for everyone.

If one of the inhabitants of the kingdom of Aragon goes to the Muslims, then such an intention is permissible, and there is no sin in using it in the service and in showing good deeds towards him.

The route is open for merchants, usually arriving from the country of Aragon to Valencia by land and sea.

If any of the people of one of the communities moves to any fortress of another community, then this person must be completely safe, receive a guarantee of the safety of his life and property and could return to his homeland unharmed.

1. Try to date the document according to the Christian calendar. 2. Compare the text of the document with the text of the textbook: what new information about the Reconquista period is reported by the source? 3. What rules of relations between representatives of two different nations are expressed in this document? Can they be helpful and instructive today? and made it their capital. The reconquista did not take place gradually, but in leaps and bounds. It was slowed down by the enmity between the Christian sovereigns, it was hindered by the invasions of fanatical adherents of Islam from North Africa - the Berbers. The Berbers inflicted heavy defeats on Christians, but they also failed to unite the warring Muslim emirs. Christian pressure on the south was growing.

In 1212, the combined forces of Castile and other Christian states of the peninsula crushed the Moorish troops in the battle at the village of Las Navas de Tolosa. The forces of the Moors in Spain were finally undermined. They were left with only a rich area in the south - the Granada Emirate.

Royal Castle (seat of Ferdinand and Isabella) in Segovia 3.

Formation of the Spanish Kingdom. The states that emerged on the Iberian Peninsula were estate monarchies... At first, in Castile, the kings summoned only the highest secular and ecclesiastical nobility to a council. Later, representatives of townspeople and even peasant communities began to be invited to the meetings. So there was a meeting of representatives of the estates - the Cortes (from the word "court" - the royal court). The Cortes in Castile, like the States General in France, were divided into three chambers. Like estate meetings in other countries, they approved new taxes and participated in the enactment of laws. Estates also arose in other kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula. But the Castilian Cortes were the first parliament in Europe with the participation of peasants.

Ferdinand of Aragon

After the decisive successes of the Reconquista, a protracted internecine wars between Christian states. Only in 1479, under the rule of the married couple Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, the two states were united into a single Spanish kingdom. Navarre was divided between Aragon and France. Now is the time for the complete expulsion of the Moors from Spain.

Isabella of Castile. Statues in the royal castle in Segovia

In 1492, after a 10-year war, the troops of Ferdinand and Isabella took Granada. Two Christian kingdoms remained on the territory of the Iberian Peninsula - Spain and Portugal. 4.

Jewish life in Spain. Many Jews have lived in the Pyrenees since Roman times. One of the centers of Jewish culture of the Middle Ages arose in Muslim Spain. For a long time, the attitude towards Jews in Arab and then in Christian Spain was much better than in other countries. But from the end of the XIV century, when the Reconquista was drawing to a close, the persecution and persecution of both the Jews and the remaining Moors began. They were presented with a choice: baptism or death. Many were martyred for the sake of their faith, others chose to convert to Christianity, hoping to return to their faith in the future. Baptized Jews and Moors were not, however, recognized as equal with Christians. 5.

Inquisition in Spain. The reconquista was carried out under the slogan of the struggle of Christians against Islam. The Moors surrendered Granada on the condition that they and the Jews retain their property and faith, but these promises were not fulfilled. Immediately after the capture of Granada, the king and queen issued a decree to expel all Jews from the Spanish kingdom. 120 thousand people should have been three months leave the country. Leaving their homes and property, the exiles went to Muslim countries, to the Spanish colonies in America or the Netherlands. A significant part of traders and artisans left Spain, which turned out to be a heavy loss for the country.

Statue of Saint James from the Cathedral in Santiago (Spain)

Ferdinand and Isabella did not call themselves Catholic kings for nothing: they wanted to make Spain a purely Christian country.

The inquisition was engaged in the extermination of heretics in Spain. It was led by the fierce and merciless Thomas Torquemada, clothed with the title of Grand Inquisitor. For 10 years, while Torquemada was at the head of the Inquisition, thousands of people were burned at the stake, even more tortured and imprisoned. The execution of heretics in Spain was called auto-da-fe ("work of faith"). It was conducted as religious holiday: a bonfire was blazing in the city square with a large crowd of people. Sometimes dozens of innocent people were burned at the same time. There were textbooks on denouncing witches, sorcerers and heretics, and "demonology" was specially studied at Toledo University. And today the name of Torquemada and the words "Spanish Inquisition" are used to speak of extreme cruelty.

1. What strata of the population of the Iberian Peninsula participated in the Reconquista? For what purpose did they do it? 2. What Christian states arose on the Iberian Peninsula? 3. What hindered the Reconquista? How and when did it end? 4. When were the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal formed? 5. Why was the expulsion of the Moors and Jews from Spain a disaster for the country? 6. How did the Cortes of Spain differ from other organs of the estate monarchy known to you? Guess why this difference appears.

1. Why did the decisive successes of the Reconquista date back to the 11th-13th centuries, and its completion became possible only at the end of the 15th century? Give at least two reasons. 2. Specify in the dictionary the meaning of the concept of "religious war". Can the Reconquista be called a religious war? 3. Compare the Reconquista and the 11th-13th century Crusades to the Holy Land: what do they have in common and how do they differ? 4. The Catholic Church in Spain in the 15th century was the most powerful in Europe. Is this a coincidence? Give reasons for your answer. 5. How did the unification of Spain differ from the processes of unification in England and France? 6. Prepare a presentation on the topic "The influence of Muslim culture and way of life on the peoples of the Iberian Peninsula." Use additional literature and online resources. 44

1. Muslim Spain. In the middle of the VIII century, the Arab possessions in Spain separated from the Caliphate and formed an emirate centered in Cordoba. Since the X century, the ruler of the Muslim possessions in Spain - Andalusia - bore the title of Caliph. Christians called the Arabs and Berbers living in Spain the Moors: after all, the conquerors came from the region in North Africa - Mauritania.

Muslim Spain was a thriving part of Europe. The network of irrigation canals in the south of the peninsula has made it possible to increase the harvest of grain and grapes. Large flocks of sheep were raised on the plateau. Most of the Moors settled in cities, the number of which reached four hundred. Cordoba, one of the most beautiful cities in the world, had up to half a million inhabitants. Andalusia was famous for its silk and woolen fabrics, metal, leather and glass products. Possessing a large fleet, she actively traded with Africa, the Baghdad Caliphate, Italy, Byzantium.

At first, the Moors did not prevent the local population of Spain from practicing their religion. In Andalusia, the descendants of the Basques and other inhabitants of the former Roman province, the Visigoths, Arabs, Berbers, and Jews coexisted side by side. There were many Christians who converted to Islam, but there were also those who, having preserved the Christian faith, adopted the Arabic language, clothing, and some customs.

2. Reconquista. Immediately after the conquest of Spain by the Moors, the Reconquista began - the recapture of the occupied territory. The reconquista lasted for about eight centuries.

During the Reconquista, the Lord received new lands and positions in the conquered territory. The peasants, participating in wars, acquired not only land, but also personal freedom. Cities, re-founded or recaptured from the Moors, sought self-government and various rights. All participants in the wars with the Moors dreamed of capturing rich booty. In addition to the indigenous inhabitants of the peninsula, French and Italian knights from time to time participated in the Reconquista. Popes have repeatedly called Christians to Crusades against Muslims in Spain.

During the Reconquista in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, the kingdoms of Castile (translated as "Country of Castles"), Aragon were formed, and Navarre in the Iberian Mountains. In the west of the peninsula, the kingdom of Portugal emerged from Castile.

Around 1030, the Cordoba Caliphate split into dozens of independent principalities. From the middle of the XI to the middle of the XIII century, the greatest successes were achieved in the Reconquista. Weakened by internecine wars, Muslim principalities became easy prey for Christian rulers. At the end of the 11th century, Christians occupied the city of Toledo and soon transferred the capital of the Kingdom of Castile to it. Later, Aragon took possession of the large Muslim center of Zaragoza, and the Portuguese took Lisbon and made it their capital. The reconquista did not take place gradually, but as if in leaps and bounds. It was slowed down by the enmity between the Christian sovereigns, it was hindered by the invasions of fanatical adherents of Islam - the militant Berber tribes from North Africa. The Berbers inflicted heavy defeats on Christians, but they also failed to unite the warring Muslim emirs. Christian pressure on the south was growing.

In 1212, the combined forces of Castile and other Christian states of the peninsula crushed the Moorish troops in the battle of the village of Las Navas de Tolosa. The forces of the Moors in Spain were finally undermined. In the following decades, Castile occupied the largest Muslim principalities with centers in Cordoba, Seville and others. Aragon asserted his rule in the Balearic Islands, the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, and later in southern Italy. The Moors were left with only a rich area in the south - the Emirate of Granada.

3. The life of Jews in Spain. Many Jews have lived in the Pyrenees since Roman times. In Muslim Spain, one of the centers of Jewish culture of the Middle Ages arose. Jews were farmers, artisans, traders, and the most educated took part in governing the country: they carried out trade and diplomatic assignments, served as doctors, ambassadors, and were in charge of collecting taxes. But since the 12th century, after the invasions of fanatical Berbers, Jews began to be forced to convert to Islam. Many Jews, not wanting to give up the faith of their ancestors, fled north to the Christians.

For a long time, the attitude towards Jews in Christian Spain was much better than in other countries. But from the end of the XIV century, when the Reconquista was nearing completion, the persecution and persecution of Jews began. They were presented with a choice: baptism or death. Many were martyred for the sake of their faith, others chose to convert to Christianity, hoping to wait out the storm and return to their faith in the future. Baptized Jews were not recognized, however, as equal with Christians.

4. Formation of the Spanish Kingdom. The states that emerged on the Iberian Peninsula were estate monarchies. First, in Castile, the kings summoned the highest secular and ecclesiastical nobility to a council. Later, representatives of townspeople and even free peasants began to be invited to meetings. So there was a meeting of representatives of the estates - the Cortes (from the word "court" - the royal court). The Cortes in Castile, like the States General in France, were divided into three chambers. The Cortes approved new taxes and participated in the enactment of laws. Estates also arose in other kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula. But the Castilian Cortes were the first parliament in Europe with the participation of peasants.

After the decisive successes of the Reconquista, protracted internecine wars between the Christian states began. Only at the end of the 15th century did the last stage in the unification of the country begin. In 1479, under the rule of the married couple Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, the two states were united into a single Spanish kingdom. Navarre was divided between Aragon and France. Now is the time for the complete expulsion of the Moors from Spain.

In 1492, after a 10-year war, the troops of Ferdinand and Isabella took Granada. Two Christian kingdoms remained on the territory of the Iberian Peninsula - Spain and Portugal.

5. Introduction of the Inquisition in Spain. The reconquista was carried out under the slogan of the struggle of Christians against Islam. The Moors surrendered Granada on the condition that they and the Jews retain their property and faith. But these promises were not kept. Many Muslims and Jews had to move to North Africa. A significant part of traders and artisans left Spain, which turned out to be a heavy loss for the country.

Ferdinand and Isabella did not call themselves "Catholic kings" for nothing: they wanted to make Spain a purely Christian country. The Moors and Jews who remained in Spain, who were forced to be baptized, were constantly monitored: the church tried to catch them in deviating from the true faith, to accuse them of heresy and witchcraft.

To eradicate heretics in Spain, the Inquisition was established. It was headed by the fierce and merciless Thomas Torquemada, clothed with the title of "Grand Inquisitor." For 10 years, while Torquemada was at the head of the Inquisition, thousands of people were burned at the stake, even more tortured and imprisoned. The execution of heretics in Spain was called auto-da-fe ("work of faith"). It was held as a church holiday: a bonfire burned in the city square, with a large crowd of people, nobility and soldiers. Sometimes dozens of innocent people were burned at the same time. There were textbooks on denouncing witches, sorcerers and heretics, and "demonology" was specially studied at Toledo University.

Immediately after the capture of Granada, the king and queen issued a decree to expel all Jews from the Spanish kingdom. 120 thousand people had to leave the country within three months. Leaving their homes and property, the exiles went to Muslim countries, to the Spanish colonies in America or the Netherlands.

Reconquista and the formation of centralized states in the Iberian Peninsula

1. Muslim Spain. In the mid-8th century, the Arab possessions in Spain separated from the Caliphate and formed an emirate centered in Cordoba. Since the X century, the ruler of the Muslim possessions in Spain - Andalusia - bore the title of Caliph. Christians called the Arabs and Berbers living in Spain the Moors: after all, the conquerors came from the region in North Africa - Mauritania.

2. Reconquista. Immediately after the conquest of Spain by the Moors, the Reconquista began - the recapture of the occupied territory. The reconquista lasted for about eight centuries.

During the Reconquista, the Lord received new lands and positions in the conquered territory. The peasants, participating in wars, acquired not only land, but also personal freedom. Cities, re-founded or recaptured from the Moors, sought self-government and various rights. All participants in the wars with the Moors dreamed of capturing rich booty. In addition to the indigenous inhabitants of the peninsula, French and Italian knights at times participated in the Reconquista. Popes have repeatedly called Christians to Crusades against Muslims in Spain.

During the Reconquista in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, the kingdoms of Castile (in translation - "Country of castles"), Aragon were formed, and in the Iberian mountains - Navarre. In the west of the peninsula, the kingdom of Portugal emerged from Castile.

In 1212, the combined forces of Castile and other Christian states of the peninsula crushed the Moorish forces in a battle near the village of Las Navas de Tolosa. The forces of the Moors in Spain were finally undermined. In the following decades, Castile occupied the largest Muslim principalities with centers in Cordoba, Seville and others. Aragon asserted his rule in the Balearic Islands, the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, and later in southern Italy. The Moors were left with only a rich area in the south - the Emirate of Granada.

4. Formation of the Spanish Kingdom. The states that emerged on the Iberian Peninsula were estate monarchies. First, in Castile, the kings summoned the highest secular and ecclesiastical nobility to a council. Later, representatives of townspeople and even free peasants began to be invited to the meetings. Thus, a collection of representatives of the estates - the Cortes (from the word ʼʼkortʼʼ - the royal court) - arose. The Cortes in Castile, like the States General in France, were divided into three chambers. The Cortes approved new taxes and participated in the enactment of laws. Estates also arose in other kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula. But the Castilian Cortes were the first parliament in Europe with the participation of peasants.

In 1492, after a 10-year war, the troops of Ferdinand and Isabella took Granada. Two Christian kingdoms remained on the territory of the Iberian Peninsula - Spain and Portugal.

It was not for nothing that Ferdinand and Isabella called themselves “Catholic kings”: they wanted to make Spain a purely Christian country. The Moors and Jews who remained in Spain, who were forced to be baptized, were constantly monitored: the church tried to catch them in deviating from the true faith, to accuse them of heresy and witchcraft.

To eradicate heretics in Spain, the Inquisition was established. It was led by the fierce and merciless Thomas Torquemada, endowed with the title of "Grand Inquisitor". For 10 years, while Torquemada was at the head of the Inquisition, thousands of people were burned at the stake, even more tortured and imprisoned. The execution of heretics in Spain was called auto-da-fe ("matter of faith"). It was held as a church holiday: a bonfire burned in the city square, with a large crowd of people, nobility and soldiers. Sometimes dozens of innocent people were burned at the same time. There were textbooks on denouncing witches, sorcerers and heretics, and "demonology" was specially studied at Toledo University.

Reconquista and the formation of centralized states in the Iberian Peninsula - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Reconquista and the formation of centralized states in the Iberian Peninsula" 2017, 2018.

Reconquista(Spanish Reconquista, from reconquistar - to recapture) - the conquest by the indigenous population of the Iberian Peninsula in the VIII-XV centuries of the territories seized by the Arabs (more precisely, the Moors). Moors - in the Middle Ages in Western Europe the name of the Muslim population of the Iberian Peninsula and western North Africa.

The Reconquista began in 718 with the Battle of the Cavadonga Valley in Asturias. The battle in 1212 at Las Navas de Tolosa was of decisive importance. By the middle of the XIII century, only the Granada Emirate remained in the hands of the Arabs (it fell in 1492).

The conquest was accompanied by the settlement and economic development of the lands devastated by the war. The Reconquista had a great impact on the economic and political development states of the Iberian Peninsula.

In the 11th century, Muslim Spain split into a number of independent states, which made it easier for Christians to liberate Spain from the Moors. The offensive against the Moors (Reconquista), which began in 1212, led to the formation of Aragon, Castile and other Spanish kingdoms. Christian kingdoms of Leon, Castile, Navarre, Aragon and the County of Barcelona. Alfonso VI conquers Toledo from the Moors, and Cid - Valencia.

The Castilians subdued most of Andalusia to their rule

After a long struggle for the liberation of Spain from the Moorish-Arab rule (Reconquista), the last Moorish state remained on the territory of Spain - the Granada Emirate, formed in 1238.

By 1250, the Christians had driven back the Moors. Mauritanian Spain began only to be limited to one emirate - Granada.

Castilla and Aragon, having united in one kingdom in 1469, completed the liberation of the country from the Moors in 1492 (the liberation of Granada).

The reconquista of Muslim Spain was finally completed with the surrender of Granada to the Catholic monarchs in 1492.

Pelayo - the first king (died about 737), elected by the nobility and clergy, who took refuge in the mountains of Asturias from the invasion of the Arabs. In 718, he won the famous Battle of Covadonga, which was the beginning of the reconquest of the peninsula.

King Maregato (VIII century) - the illegitimate son of the Spanish king Alfonso I.

Bernardo del Carpio is a legendary epic hero, portrayed as the conqueror of Roland at the Battle of Ronceval.

Cid Campeador Cid, Rodrigo Diaz, nicknamed the Warrior (1043 - 1099) - the semi-legendary liberator of Spain from the Moors; the embodiment of knightly valor.

Real name Rodrigo Díaz de Bivar (between 1026 and 1043-1099) - Spanish knight, famous for his exploits in the Reconquista. Sung in "Song of my Side" (XII century), in Pierre Corneille's tragedy "Cid".

Rodrigo Ruiz de Bivar (1030 - 1099) - Spanish folk hero. The feats he accomplished in the fight against the Moors are sung in the poem "The Song of My Side" and in numerous novels.

Sid (from the Arabic "lord") is the nickname of Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar (1030 - 1099), a brave Spanish warrior who showed miracles of heroism in the fight against the Moors, the hero of countless chronicles and legends.

In 1072, in the village of Santa Gadea in the province of Burgos, Cid demanded an oath from King Alfonso VI that he did not participate in the assassination of the previous king. Alphonse gave him this oath, and Sid agreed to serve him.

Guzman the Good - Alphonse Perez de Guzman, nicknamed the Good or the Brave (1258 - 1309) - a famous Spanish warrior who became famous in battles with the Moors and refused to surrender the fortress of Tarifa to them, despite the fact that they killed his seven-year-old son for this. Castilian captain, defender of the Tarifa fortress besieged by the Arabs in 1293. The Infant don Juan, who went over to the side of the enemy, captured the son of Guzmán and demanded, threatening to kill the child, the surrender of the fortress. The answer to the treacherous infant was a dagger thrown at his feet by the unfortunate father.

Gonçal Hernández y Aguilar Gonzalo de Cordova (1443 - 1515) was a Spanish commander who captured Granada in 1492, the last stronghold of the Moors on the Iberian Peninsula.

Alphonso I (Alfonso) Warrior (? - 1134) - King of Aragon and Navarre. Since 1104, he conquered Saragossa (1118) from the Arabs, defeated the Almoravid troops at the Kutanda fortress (1120), and was defeated by them at the Fraga fortress (1134).

Alphonse III the Great (838 - 910 or 912) - King of Asturias since 866. He conquered a number of areas north of the Tagus River from the Arabs. The aristocracy, led by the sons of Alphonse I, forced him to abdicate (910).

Alphonse VI the Brave (1030 - 1109) - King of Leon from 1065 and of Castile from 1072. He conquered Toledo, Valencia, Almeria from the Arabs. After being defeated in 1086 at Salak, in 1108 at Ukles, he lost a number of previously conquered lands.

Alphonse VII (1104 - 1157) - King of Castile and Leon since 1126. overlord of Aragon, Navarre, Portugal and a number of French territories (Foix, Cominge, Montpellier). He successfully participated in the Reconquista.

Alphonse X the Wise (1221 - 1284) - King of Castile and Leon since 1252. He won back Jerez, Cadiz and others from the Arabs. The centralizing policy of Alphonse X encountered resistance from the nobility. In 1282 he was actually stripped of power. His son Sancho began to rule.

Alphonse XI the Wise (1311 - 1350) - King of Castile and Leon since 1312. He ruled on his own since 1325. Conducted a centralizing policy. In 1348 he issued a charter that fixed the personal freedom of the peasants. He fought successfully with the Arabs. He died during the siege of Gibraltar.

King Fernando III "Saint" (1199 - 1242) carried out a series of successful campaigns against the Moors and took possession of almost all Muslim territories in the south of the Prieneian Peninsula. Seville was conquered by him in 1248.

Franks victory over the Arabs at Poitiers

Conquest of Toledo by the Castilians

Formation of the Portuguese state

Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa

Conquest of Cordoba by the Castilians

Aragon's conquest of the Kingdom of Naples

1462 - 1472

Peasant war in Catalonia

Unification of Aragon and Castile into the Spanish Kingdom

Establishment of the Inquisition in Spain

1482 - 1484

Peasant uprising in Catalonia

Spanish conquest of Granada

The Christian Reconquista (translated as "reconquest", "return") is a continuous centuries-old war against the Moors, started by a part of the Visigothic nobility under the leadership of Pelayo. In 718, the advance was stopped. expeditionary corps Moors at Covadonga.

The Muslims took over a thousand miles north of Gibraltar, capturing all of Spain and southern France to the banks of the Loire. In October 732, the army of the Moors led by Abd al-Rahman, of course, was not at the gates of Paris, but only two hundred miles from it, approaching from the south to one of the largest shrines of the Frankish state - the monastery St. Martin in Tours. However, on the way from Tours to Poitiers, they met an army of Franks, which, unlike all other armies of the Christian states, as Isidore of Seville testifies in his Chronicle, "stood like a wall ... like an impenetrable block of ice." A week later, Rahman was no longer alive, the Moors were rolling back to the south, and the leader of the Franks, Karl, from that day began to be called "Karl Martell" - "hammer".

So the city of Poitiers became the top point of the Arab wave that swept across Europe. On the part of the Moors, of course, the fight with Martell was a completely reckless endeavor, but if they won, it would be very difficult for them to resist the temptation to go further - to Paris, to the Rhine and even further, and, as Edward Gibbon writes ( ) in "The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire", "Perhaps now Oxford colleges would be engaged in the interpretation of the Koran, and from its pulpits, the entire circumcised population would prove the holiness and truth of the revelations of Mahomet."

There would be no trace of Christian Europe. The Angles and Celts who eventually settled in America would have been Muslims. Poitiers, writes Gibbon, was "an event that changed the fate of the whole world."

In the middle of the VIII century. Asturian Christians under the leadership of King Alfonso I, taking advantage of the Berber revolt, occupied neighboring Galicia. In Galicia, the coffin of St. James (Santiago) was allegedly discovered, and Santiago de Compostela becomes a center of pilgrimage, and the Reconquista is something of a new crusade in defense of Christianity and Christians.

At the end of the VIII - the middle of the IX centuries. during the reign of Charlemagne, the Franks stopped the advance of Muslims to Europe and created in the northeast of the peninsula the Spanish Mark (border area between the possessions of the Franks and the Arabs), which existed until the collapse in the 9th-11th centuries. to the counties of Navarra, Aragon and Barcelona (in 1137 Aragon and Barcelona united into the Kingdom of Aragon).

By 914, the Kingdom of Asturias included Leon and most of Galicia and northern Portugal. The Spanish Christians expanded their holdings into the mountainous areas between Asturias and Catalonia, building many border fortresses. The name of the province "Castile" comes from the Spanish word "castillo", meaning "castle", "fortress".

The reconquista led to the fact that the Spanish peasants and city dwellers, who fought along with the knights, received significant benefits. Most of the peasants did not experience serfdom, free peasant communities, and cities (especially in the XII-XIII centuries) received great rights.

In the middle of the XI century. under the rule of Ferdinad I, the county of Leon-Asturias received the status of a kingdom and became the main stronghold of the Reconquista. In the north, at the same time, the Basques founded Navarre, and Aragon merged with Catalonia as a result of a dynastic marriage. In 1085, the Christians captured Toledo.

The Almoravids (1090-1145) briefly stopped the spread of the Reconquista. The feats of the legendary knight Sid, who conquered the lands in Valencia in 1095 and became the national hero of Spain, belong to the period of their reign.

The next successes of the Reconquista date back to the end of the 12th - early 13th centuries. The most impressive victory over the Almohads was won in 1212 by the united kings of Leon, Castile, Aragon and Navarre. In 1236, the Castilian king Ferdinand III (Saint) led his army to Cordoba, and twelve years later - to Seville. The Portuguese kingdom expanded almost to its present size, and the King of Aragon conquered Valencia, Alicante and the Balearic Islands. By the end of the XIII century. only the Cordoba Caliphate remained on the peninsula, forced to pay tribute. By the XIV century. the temporary alliances of the Christian kingdoms disintegrated, and each began to pursue its own personal interests. Castile tried to annex Portugal, but a two-year war ended with the defeat of the Castilian army at Aljubarotta in 1385. Aragon ceded control of trade in the Mediterranean to Genoa. Only Castile during this period is fully self-sufficient and profits from the wool trade with the Netherlands.

The beginning of the Reconquista

Muslims actually failed to establish dominance in the far north of the Iberian Peninsula. In 718, a detachment of Christian warriors led by the legendary Visigoth leader Pelayo defeated the Muslim army in the mountain valley of Covadonga.

Gradually moving towards the river. Duero, Christians occupied free lands, which were not claimed by Muslims. At that time, the border region of Castile was formed (territorium castelle - in translation "land of castles"); it is pertinent to note that even at the end of the 8th century. Muslim chroniclers called it Al-Qila (castles). In the early stages of the Reconquista, Christian political formations of two types arose, differing in geographic location... The core of the western type was the kingdom of Asturias, which, after the transfer of the court to Leon in the 10th century. became known as the Kingdom of Leon. The County of Castile became an independent kingdom in 1035. Two years later, Castile united with the Kingdom of León and thus acquired a leading political role, and with it the priority rights to lands conquered from Muslims.

In the more eastern regions, there were Christian states - the kingdom of Navarre, the county of Aragon, which became a kingdom in 1035, and various counties associated with the kingdom of the Franks. Initially, some of these counties were the embodiment of the Catalan ethno-linguistic community, the central place among them was the County of Barcelona. Then there was the County of Catalonia, which had access to the Mediterranean Sea and was engaged in a lively maritime trade, in particular in slaves. In 1137 Catalonia joined the Kingdom of Aragon. This is a state in the 13th century. significantly expanded its territory to the south (to Murcia), also annexing the Balearic Islands.

In 1085, Alphonse VI, king of León and Castile, captured Toledo, and the border with the Muslim world moved from the Duero River to the Tahoe River. B 1094 Castilian national hero Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar, known as Cid, entered Valencia. However, these major achievements were not so much the result of the zeal of the crusaders as the result of the weakness and disunity of the rulers of the taif (emirates on the territory of the Cordoba Caliphate). During the Reconquista, it happened that Christians united with Muslim rulers or, having received a large bribe from the latter (parias), were hired to protect them from the crusaders.

In this sense, the fate of Sid is indicative. He was born approx. 1040 in Bivar (near Burgos). In 1079, King Alphonse VI sent him to Seville to collect tribute from the Muslim ruler. However, shortly thereafter, he did not get along with Alphonse and was expelled. In eastern Spain, he embarked on the path of an adventurer, and it was then that he received the name Sid (derived from the Arabic "seid", ie "lord"). Sid served such Muslim rulers as the emir of Saragossa al-Moktadir, and the rulers of Christian states. In 1094, Sid began to rule Valencia. He died in 1099.

Castilian epic Song of my Side, written ca. 1140, dates back to earlier oral traditions and reliably conveys many historical events... The song is not a chronicle of the Crusades. Although Sid fights with Muslims, in this epic villains are not depicted at all, but the Christian princes of Carrion, courtiers of Alphonse VI, while Sid's Muslim friend and ally, Abengalvon, surpasses them in nobility.

Completion of the Reconquista

Muslim emirs were faced with a choice: either to constantly pay tribute to Christians, or to turn to co-religionists in North Africa for help. In the end, the emir of Seville, al-Mutamid, turned to the Almoravids for help, who created a powerful state in North Africa. Alfonso VI managed to keep Toledo, but his army was defeated at Salak (1086); and in 1102, three years after Sid's death, Valencia fell.

The Almoravids removed the typhus rulers from power and at first were able to unite Al-Andaluz. But their power weakened in the 1140s, and by the end of the 12th century. they were ousted by the Almohads - the Moors from the Moroccan Atlas. After the Almohads were severely defeated by the Christians at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), their power was shaken.

By this time, the mentality of the crusaders was formed, as evidenced by life path Alphonse I the Warrior, who ruled Aragon and Navarre from 1102 to 1134. During his reign, when memories of the first crusade, most of the valley p was recaptured from the Moors. Ebro, and the French crusaders invaded Spain and took such important cities as Zaragoza (1118), Tarazona (1110) and Calatayud (1120). Although Alphonse was never able to fulfill his dream of a march to Jerusalem, he lived to see the time when the spiritual knightly order of the Templars was established in Aragon, and soon the orders of Alcantara, Calatrava and Santiago began their activities in other parts of Spain. These powerful orders were of great help in the fight against the Almohads, holding strategically important points and establishing economy in a number of border areas.

Throughout the 13th century. Christians made significant progress and undermined the political power of Muslims in almost the entire Iberian Peninsula. King of Aragon Jaime I (reigned 1213-1276) conquered the Balearic Islands, and in 1238 Valencia. In 1236, the king of Castile and Leon Ferdinand III took Cordoba, Murcia surrendered to the Castilians in 1243, and in 1247 Ferdinand captured Seville. Only the Muslim Emirate of Granada, which existed until 1492, retained its independence. The Reconquista owed its successes not only to the military actions of Christians. An important role was also played by the willingness of Christians to negotiate with Muslims and grant them the right to live in Christian states, preserving their faith, language and customs. For example, in Valencia, the northern territories were almost completely cleared of Muslims, the central and southern regions, except for the city of Valencia itself, inhabited mainly by Mudejars (Muslims who were allowed to stay). But in Andalusia, after a major Muslim uprising in 1264, the policy of the Castilians completely changed, and almost all Muslims were evicted.

From the Spanish epic "Song of my Side" (XII century)

The Spanish heroic epic of Side is dedicated to real events and real people. His the main character- Spanish knight Rodrigo (Rui Diaz) (c. 1040-1099), nicknamed by the Arabs Sid (Lord). Rui Diaz, at the head of a detachment of desperate warriors, successfully fought with the Moors, either as a vassal of the Spanish king, or even at his own peril and risk. Sometimes he went into the service of one of the noble and wealthy Moors. As a result of his campaigns and raids, a significant part of Spain was again under the rule of Christians.

Before the sea, it became known about Side. He is in great joy with the vassals: the Almighty sent him the Victory. At night, the squad goes on raids with him, entered Gukhera with Khativa in battle, burst into the Day, descending to the south. He plundered the Saracen land to the sea, Peña-Cadiela submitted to him. Submitted to Sid Peña-Cadiela. Xativa groans, Gucher grieves, Valencia is also in immense grief. So, plundering enemies, ravaging the entire region, Sleeping off during the day, in raids at night, Taking the city, he lived for three years. My Sid taught the Valencians a lesson: Do not go out of the city gates. He cut down their gardens, and repairs them. It hinders the delivery of bread to the city. Valencians in grief: what should they do? Do not let the bread down from any side. Neither the father's son nor the parent's son, Neither a friend will teach a friend how to be. Bad business, seniors, since there is no food, Kohl's wife and children are dying of hunger. The Valencians don't know how to escape. They send a message to the King of Morocco, But he has no strength to help them - He must wage the war for the Atlas. The Campeador * was glad of this vesta ... He ordered that the cry be called in Casgilla: He who wants to be rich, not beggars, Let him hasten to join the Campeador - he decided to take possession of Valencia. “Those who want to go to Valencia with us of their own free will - I don’t need others - I am waiting for those in the Selfa Gorge for three days”. Said this Campeador, Returned to Murviedro, that he was subdued. Everywhere his cry is carried by word of mouth. Hearing how generous and lucky he is, the Christians felled towards him. Rumors about him are everywhere. Whoever joined him will not leave. My Sid de Bivard * is getting richer in the treasury. He is glad that his army is growing, He does not hesitate, he takes her out into the field. Bivarets took Valencia in the ring, He took the approaches from all sides, Mavram cut off both the exit and the entrance, The Valencians gave him rebuff Nine months exactly - a considerable period. The tenth came - their army surrendered. Great fun reigned around when Sid entered Valencia. The one who has been on foot until now has become a horseman. All got hold of gold and silver. Anyone became a rich man there. He took a fifth of my Sid from everything - He had thirty thousand marks, And who knows the count of other booty? My Sid rejoices that he was born in a good hour: His banner * hovered over alysasar ... The exiles * are rich, they are happy with everyone, All are generously recovered by the Campeador, Houses and lands are given to anyone. My Sid pays, not stinging at all, Even to those who came to Valencia later. But my Sid sees: everyone wants to leave And take their prey with them. On the advice of Minaya * he gave the order: Kohl, without kissing his hands, someone will go home without asking and will be caught, Let them take away all the good from such, They will put them on a stake mercilessly and immediately. My Sid arranged everything as it should, Called Minah, so he said to him: “If you agree, I want to know, How many wealth was given by me. Let all people be rewritten according to the account, And if anyone wants to run away, Let them take away what they have acquired And give them back to those who did not abandon the city. " “This is a wise command,” Minaya approved. My Sid called a squad for a gathering, He ordered to count the fighters who came. There were thirty-six hundred of them in total. My Sid smiled - he was glad and proud. “Glorious is our Lord forever and ever! Not so many of us left Bivar. We are rich, and we will become richer still. I will send you, Minaia, if you are not averse, I will send you to Castilla: there we have a house, There is our lord, King Don Alphonse. From what we managed to get here, Take a hundred horses with you as a gift to him. Kiss his hands for me, Ask him to let me take my wife and children away. Tell me that I will send for my family, That don Jimena, Elvira and Salt With great honor and great honor Deliver to the land that I have conquered. " Minaia answered: "I will do everything." And he began to gather without further ado. The ambassador took a hundred soldiers with him, So as not to know any worries or worries on the way ... While my Sid was having fun with his retinue, A worthy cleric came to them from the east, Bishop Jerome, the Lord's servant, Reasonable and versed in the wisdom of books, Brave and on foot, and in equestrian skirmishes. He had heard enough about Sid's exploits And he longed to measure strength with the Moors: Let him just grapple with them - Christians would not have shed tears forever. My Sid Rui Diaz was very happy with him. “For God's sake, Minaya, listen to me. In gratitude to the Creator for the great mercy of the Diocese here on the land of Valencia For Don Jerome, I decided to establish, And you deliver this message to Castile. " Sid's speech pleased Minaya. The bishop's table was occupied by Jerome. He received land, he lived in abundance. Oh God, how all Christians are glad that a bishop in Valencia has been appointed to them!

(Campeador ("warrior") is Sid's nickname. )

(Bivar is the name of Sid's castle. )

(Alcazar - in Spain, the name of the city citadel, the Kremlin. )

(Sid and his vassals were expelled from Castile by King Alfonso VI, but later forgiven for the victories over the Moors. )

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The beginning of the Reconquista

Completion of the Reconquista

From the Spanish epic "Song of my Side" (XII century)