Crusades - Armed Movement of the Peoples of the Christian West at the Muslim East, expressed in a number of campaigns in the continuation of two centuries (from the end of the XI to the end of XIII) to the aim of the conquest of Palestine and the liberation of the Holy Sepulcher from the hands of incorrect; It is a powerful reaction of Christianity against the power of Islam (during califes) and a grandiose attempt not only to take possession of non-Christian areas, but also to widely spread the limits of the Cross's domination, this symbol of the Christian idea. Participants of these campaigns crusaders,wore on the right shoulder a red image crosswith the penalty from the Holy Scripture (onions 14, 27), due to which hiking got a name cross.

Causes of crusades (briefly)

The reasons crusades lay in the Western European political and economic conditions of that time: struggle feudalism with the increasing power of the kings put forward on one side of seeking independent possessions feudalon the other - the desire kingssave the country from this restless element; townspeople seen in motion in distant countries the possibility of expanding the market, as well as the acquisition of benefits from their lanterns, peasantshurry up to participate in crusades to free themselves from the serfdom; pope and general clergy found in the leadership role that they had to play in religious movement, the possibility of carrying out their power-loving designs. Finally, V. France, ruined with the 48th hungry years in a short period of time from 970 to 1040, accompanied by marine ulcer, the hope of the population has joined the above reasons to find in Palestine, this country, still in the Old Testament of the current Malk and Honey, the best economic conditions.

Another cause of crusades was the change of position in the East. From time to Konstantina Great, erected by the Holy Sepoba, the magnificent church, in the West, entered the custom to travel to Palestine, to the holy places, and the Caliphs patronized these journeys, which delivered money to the country and the goods, allowing the pilgrims to build churches and the hospital. But when Palestine, by the end of the 12th century, fell under the power of the radical dynasty of the Fatimides, began the brutal oppression of Christian pilgrims, even more increased after the conquest of Syria and Palestine by Selzhuki in 1076. Anxious news of the cropping of holy places and the bad handling of the Bogomolers, called the idea of \u200b\u200ba military campaign to the Liberation of the Holy Sepulcher in Western Europe, soon concluded due to the energetic activities of Pope Urban II, convened spiritual cathedrals and Piacense and Clermont (1095), In which the question of the campaign against the wrong were resolved in the affirmative, and the thousandths of the people who were present at the Clermont Cathedral: "Deus Lo Volt" ("such the will of God") became the slogan of the Crusaders. The mood in favor of the movement was prepared in France with eloquent stories about the disasters of Christians in the Holy Land of one of Pilgrims Peter Distownik, who was also present at the Clermont Cathedral and inspired by the bright picture of Christians in the east.

First crusade (briefly)

Speech B. First crusade It was appointed on August 15, 1096, but earlier than the preparations for him were finished, the crowds of a simple people, under the leadership of Peter Diewnnik and the French knight of Walter Golatka, went hiking through Germany and Hungary without money and stocks. Having indulged in the path of robbery and all kinds of inconsistencies, they were partly exterminated by the Hungarians and Bulgarians, he partly reached the Greek empire. Byzantine Emperor Aleksey Comnun. Hurried to send them through the Bosphorus to Asia, where they were finally interrupted by the Turks in the Battle of Nicheki (October 1096). Others followed the first random crowd: so, 15,000 Germans and Larringans, under the leadership of the priest Gotshllka, went through Hungary and, engaged in the Priest and Donutany cities beating the Jews, were exterminated by the Hungarians.

This militia performed in the first crusade in the fall of 1096, in the form of 300,000 well armed and excellent disciplined warriors, under the leadership of the most valiant and noble knights of that time: next to Gottfried Boulevard, Duke Larring, the main leader, and his brothers Baldwin and Eustiat (Estate), shone; Count Gogo Vermandoua, Brother of French King Philip I, Duke Robert Norman (Brother of the English King), Count Robert Flande, Raimund Toulouse and Stefan Chartresky, Bohamund, Prince Tartan, Tancred, Apuli and others. As a papal governor and Leah, the army accompanied the Bishop of Ademar Monteilsky.

Participants of the first crusade came to various ways to Constantinople, where the Greek Emperor Alexei forced them from their fraud and promise to recognize his feudal serenity of future conquests. In early June, 1097 the Crusader's army appeared before Nicea, the capital of the Saljuksky Sultan, and after the last of the latter was subjected to extreme difficulties and deprivation. Nevertheless, they were taken Antioch, Edess (1098) and, finally, on June 15, 1099, Jerusalem, who was at the time in the hands of the Egyptian Sultan, unsuccessfully attempted to restore its power and broken down on Askalon.

At the end of the first crusade, Gottfried Boulevard was proclaimed the first Jerusalem king, but he refused this title, calling himself only the "Defender of the Holy Sepulcher"; Next year he died, and he was inherited by his Baldoon I (1100-1118), who won the battlefield, Berit (Beirut) and Sidon. Baldwin I inherited Baldwin II (1118-31), and the last Fulka (1131-43), in which the Kingdom has reached the greatest expansion of its limits.

Under the influence of the news of the winning of Palestine in 1101, the new army of the Crusaders was moved into the small Asia, under the leadership of the Duke of Velfa Bavarian from Germany and two others, from Italy and France, who were a total of 260,000 people and exterminated by Seljuk.

Second crusade (briefly)

In 1144, Edessa was taken away by the Turks, after which Pope Evgeny III announced Second crusade(1147–1149), freeing all the crusaders not only from their sins, but at the same time with the duties regarding their Lenads. Dreamy preacher Bernard Clervosky Due to its irresistible eloquence, bring to the second crusade of the King of the French Louis VII and Emperor Conrad III Gajenstaofen. Two troops, which were in total, according to Western chroniclers, about 140,000 world riders and Million Infantry People were held in 1147 and headed through Hungary and Constantinople and Malaya Asia, due to lack of food, diseases in troops and after several large lesions. Edessa was left, and the attempt of attacking Damascus failed. Both sovereign returned to their possessions, and the second crusade ended in complete failure

Third Crusade (briefly)

The reason to K. Third crusade hike(1189-1192) served the conquest of Jerusalem on October 2, 1187 by the powerful Egyptian Sultan Saladin (see Article Capture of Jerusalem Saladin). Three European sovereign participated in this campaign: the emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, French king Philip II August and English Richard Lion Heart. The first came to the third crusade by Friedrich, whose army on the way increased to 100,000 people; He chose a way along the Danube, on the road was to overcome the mistake of the incredulous Greek emperor Isaac Angel, who only the capture of Adrianopol prompted to give a free passage to the Crusaders and help them cross themselves in Maly Asia. Here, Friedrich broke Turkish troops in two battles, but soon after that he drowned when crossing the Kalikadn River (Salph). Son His, Friedrich, led the army further through Antioch to Akke, where he found other crusaders, but soon died. The city of Accca in 1191 surrendered to the surrender to the French and English kings, but those who opened the parties forced between them forced the French king to return to their homeland. Richard remained to continue the third crusade, but, desperate in the hope of winning Jerusalem, in 1192 concluded a truce with Saladin for three years and three months, according to which Jerusalem remained in possession of Sultan, and Christians received a coastal strip from Tira to Jaffa, as well as the right of free Visit the holy coffin.

Fourth crusade (briefly)

Fourth crusade(1202-1204) I had the initial goal of Egypt, but the participants agreed to assist Issua Angela in his desire to go again to the Byzantine throne, which was crowned with success. Isaac soon died, and the Crusaders, devastating from their goal, continued to war and took Constantinople, after which the leader of the fourth crusade, Count Baldown Flande, was elected emperor of the new Latin Empire, which existed, however, only 57 years old (1204-1261).

Fifth crusade (briefly)

Not taking into account the strange Cross hikers of childrenin 1212, caused by the desire to experience the reality of the Will of God, Fifth crusading The campaign of King Andrei II Hungarian and the Duke of Leopold VI Austrian in Syria (1217-1221). At first, he went sluggish, but after arriving from the west of new reinforcements, the crusaders moved to Egypt and took the key to access this country from the sea - the city of Damietta. However, an attempt to seize the major Egyptian center Mansurus did not give success. The knights left Egypt, and the fifth crusade ended with the restoration of the former borders.

Sixth Crusade (briefly)

Sixth Cross Cam(1228-1229) Made German emperor Friedrich II GogenstaofenFounded support in knights Teutonic Order And achieved from the Egyptian Sultan al-Kamil (threatened by the Sultan Damascus) of a ten-year truce, with the right of ownership of Jerusalem and almost all the lands, once conquered by the Crusaders. At the end of the sixth crusade, Friedrich II was crowned by the Jerusalem Crown. The violation of the truce by some pilgrims was again to the struggle for Jerusalem and its final loss in 1244, as a result of the attack of the Turkish tribe of Khorezmians, displaced from the Caspian regions of the Mongols during the movement of the latter to Europe.

Seventh crusade (briefly)

The fall of Jerusalem caused Seventh crusade hike (1248–1254) Louis IX French, given during a serious illness, any vow to fight for the coffin of the Lord. In 1249, he besieged Damiett, but he was captured together with a large part of his troops. By purifying Damiettes and paying a large repurchase, Louis received freedom and, remaining in Akk, engaged in providing Christian possessions in Palestine, until the death of his mother forms (Recents of France) did not withdraw him to their homeland.

Eighth crusade (briefly)

Due to the complete intactness of the seventh crusade, the same King of France Louis IX Holy Taken in 1270 Eighth(And last) crusadein Tunisia, allegedly, with the intention of turning the prince of this country into Christianity, but in reality to conquer Tunisia for his brother, Charles Anjou. In the siege of the capital Tunisia, Louis Holy died (1270) from the seaside ulcers, which destroyed most of his troops.

End of crusades

In 1286, the Antioch was departed to Turkey, in 1289 - Lebanese Tripoli, and in 1291 - ACKA, the last major possession of Christians in Palestine, after which they had to refuse from other possessions, and the entire holy land was connected again in Mohammedan. So they ended the cross hikes, which were completed by Christians of so many losses and have not reached the originally intended goal.

Results and consequences of crusades (briefly)

But they did not remain without deep influence on the entire warehouse of the social and economic life of Western European peoples. The consequence of crusades can be considered strengthening the power and the values \u200b\u200bof the Pap, as the main instigators, further - the elevation of royal authorities due to the death of many feudalists, the emergence of independence of urban communities who received, due to the impoverishment of the nobility, the opportunity to buy benefits from their labs; Introduction in Europe borrowed crafts and arts borrowed from the eastern peoples. The results of the crusades were an increase in the west of the class of free farmers, thanks to the exemption from the serf dependence of the peasants participating in the campaigns. Crusades contributed to the success of trade, opening new ways to her east; conducive to the development of geographical knowledge; Expanding the scope of mental and moral interests, they enriched poetry new plots. Another important outcome of the cross hikes was the nomination on the historical scene of a secular knightly class, which made a refining element of medieval life; The consequence of them there was also the emergence of spiritual and knight orders (John, Templar and Teutonov) who played an important role in history.

Third crusade

The third crusade (1189-1192) was initiated by Roman dads Gregory VIII and (after the death of Gregory VIII) by Clement III. Four of the most powerful European monarchs took part in the cross campaign - the German emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa, the French king of Philip II, Austrian Duke - Leopold V (Duke of Austria) and English King Richard I Lion's heart. The third Cross campaign was preceded by the seizure of Saladin Jerusalem in October 1187. Equity records of the siege of Jerusalem says:

We were about 20 thousand. We went straight to the holy city, in order to pick up the ark from the wrong and pass it into the power of Pope. We came close to the holy city and have already seen his walls. We have appeared a detachment of three hundred wins. All they were dressed in snow-white clothes, and Capshens were closed their faces to Nosa. We laughed over the army of the wrong and boldly went into battle. But our hypocritence was scattered when the first ranks of our troops fell, and the snow wars did not receive and scratches. They fought podimo demon, Leszko jumped after 2 or even three Sherngi, killing people only to the hands of the palm. When the seventh part of our troops rank in battle, they were exposed to Sabli.This from us never saw such soldiers. With the difficulty we managed to kill five, and we captured the sixth in captivity during the retreat. the best wars returned to the camp only 5 thousand. I am uncomfortable to survive in that terrible battle. When we delivered the prisoner to the camp and told the commander about our defeat, he wished immediately a speech Rty with a plenykom. The delennik said just a few words on a stranger my tongue, after which the bloody spots came up on his clothes. When we realized that he was dead, the commander ordered to undress him and inspect the weapon. On the right wrist we found a secret blade, but on the body there was a leather yellowish, similar to Karset. It was attached 5 knives. 4 hit the captive in the heart, and the fifth rushed into the throat. On the morning of the next day we found that only a few dozen people were left alive. We didn't find any traces of the city . Ostives began to be afraid of this land and praying the commander to retreat. But the commander was strict and ordered the waiting for the troops that I walk on the lick. We spent 2 weeks on this terrible land, but they didn't lose anyone, everyone was alive and healthy. I joined us a detachment of 5 thousand wannes and we went to the walls of the city again. In this time we did not meet those snow-white wars and were fully entered into the city. In the city there was not a single person, the warehouses were full of food, the stables were full Sugs. We entered the city fort and broke the camp there. On the morning survived only 500 people. Our commander was also killed. Panic came in the army and we retreated with the Holy Land, leading an oath, not come here more.

For ease of reading, the text is translated in an artistic style.

The situation of Christian states in the East. War with Saladin

Meanwhile, in the Christian states of Palestine, the internal decomposition is noticed, which the neighboring Muslim rulers enjoy. The licensing of morals in the Antioch and Jerusalem principalities is found particularly sharply after the end of the second crusade. Unfortunately, both in Jerusalem and Antioch states at the head of the board are women: in Jerusalem - Queen of Melmenda, Mother Balden III; In Antioch, from 1149 - Constance, the widow of Prince Ramunda. Court intrigues begin, the throne is surrounded by temporary people who have laid no desires, no ability to become higher than the interests of the party. Muslims, seeing the unsuccessful attempts of European Christians to free the Holy Earth, began to step on Jerusalem and Antioch with greater decisiveness; Special fame and fatal importance for Christians acquired from the middle of the XII century Nourynigen, Emir Aleppo and Mossul, who stood much higher than Christian soverees in nature, the mind and understanding of the historical tasks of the Muslim world.

Nouredigin drew all his strength against the Antihian Principality. In the war, Ramunda Antioch with Naulin, which was carried out during 1147-1149, the anti-hiows were repeatedly broken down by the head, in 1149, Ramunda himself fell in one of the battles. Since then, the state of affairs in Antioch has become no better than in Jerusalem. All events of the second half of the XII century in the East are grouped mostly near the majestic impressive figurine of Nures, which then replaces no less majestic saladin. Owning Aleppo and Mossulom, Numertigen is not limited to the fact that he is constrained by the Antioch Principality, he draws attention to the position of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Back in 1148, the Jerusalem King, sending a conrad to Damascus, made a big mistake that gives himself to feel right after the second crusade. She entailed a very sad outcome: Damascus, close to Jerusalem Crusaders, enters the agreement with the larin, which is done by the authority of all the largest cities and the main areas belonging to Muslims. When Nouredigin captured Damascus in his hands and when the Muslim world saw in the larger than his representative, the position of Jerusalem and Antioch constantly hung in the balance. From this one can see how the situation of Eastern Christians was irrelevant and how it constantly caused the need to assist from the West. While Palestine gradually passed into the hands of Nurredin, in the north they increased by the claims from the Byzantine king Manuel Comnin, who did not miss the age-old Byzantine policy and used all the measures to reward himself through the weakened Christian principalities. The knight in the soul, a person in the highest degree of energetic, loving fame, King Manuel was ready to implement the policy of restoring the Roman Empire in its old limits. He repeatedly made hiking to the East, who were very successful for him. His policy clone to gradually connect the Antioch Principality with Byzantium. This can be seen by the fact that after the death of the first wife, the sisters of King Conrad III, Manuel marries one of the Antioch princesses. The relationships that aroused from here were to finally lead the antioch under the rule of Byzantium. Thus, as in the south, due to the success of Nurredin and in the north, due to the claims of the Byzantine king, the Christian principalities in the second half of the XII century threatened close end. It goes without saying that the difficult situation of the Christian East remained unknown in the West, and the attitude of the Byzantine king to Christians could not not excite hatred from the Western Europeans. Against Byzantium, thus, hostile voices were increasingly distributed in the west.

A new direction of cases in the East gave Saladine; With it, there was a compound of the Egyptian caliphate with Baghdad. Saladine possessed with all the qualities that were needed in order to carry out the ideal tasks of the Muslim world and restore the predominance of Islam. The character of Saladin turns out from the history of the third crusade, from his relationship to the English king Richard the lion's heart. Saladin reminds the features of a knightly character, and in his political intelligence he stood far above his enemies of Europeans. Not for the first time during the Third Crusade, Saladin is the enemy of Christians. He began his activities even during the second crusade; He participated in Zengi and Nurredin's wars against Christians. After graduating from the second crusade, he went to Egypt, where he acquired great importance and influence on things and soon captured in his hands higher Governance In a calipheat, supporting at the same time and relationship with Khalifat Baghdad. After the death of Nouring His sons, they started a receptionable struggle. Saladin took advantage of these parties, appeared in Syria with troops and presented his claims to Aleppo and Mossul. The enemy of Christians, who glorified himself as a conqueror, Saladin joined together with extensive possessions and formidable military forces energy, mind and deep understanding of political circumstances. The eyes of the whole Muslim world appealed to him; It was resting on the hopes of Muslims, as per person who could restore the political prevalence of lost Muslims and returned by the Christians of ownership. Earth conquered by Christians was equally sacred for both Egyptian and Asian Muslims. The religious idea was as deep and real in the east, as in the West. On the other hand, Saladin deeply understood that the return of these lands of Muslims and the restoration of Muslim Muslim forces would elevate his authority in the eyes of the entire Muslim world and will give a strong foundation of his dynasty in Egypt. Thus, when Saladin captured Aleppo and Mossul in his hands in 1183, for Christians, it was a very important point in which they had to resolve very serious tasks. But the Christian princes were far below their role and their tasks. At the time when they were surrounded by a hostile element from all sides, they were in the most unfavorable conditions in order to resist their enemies: there were not only solidarity between individual principalities, but they were in extreme demoralization; Nowhere was there such a space for intrigue, ambition, murders, as in the eastern principalities. An example of immorality can serve as Jerusalem Patriarch Irakli, who not only reminded of the most bad Roman dads, but largely surpassed them: he openly lived with his mistresses and broke all his means and income on them; But he was no worse than others; No better princes, barons, knights and spiritual faces. Robert St. Olbansky's noble Templar is remembered, who, by accepting Muslim, moved to Saladin's service and took a high position in his army. The complete promiscuity of the morals dominated among those people who lay very serious tasks in mind the coming terrible enemy. Barons and knights who pursued their personal selfish interests were not considered to be aslended in the most important moments, during the battle, leave the ranks of Christian troops and move to the side of Muslims. This absolute misunderstanding of events was on hand to such a far-sighted and smart policy as Saladine, who fully understood the situation and estimated their importance.

If one among the knights and barons could be expected to be treated and cunning, then the main leaders, princes and kings were no better than them. In Jerusalem, Balden IV was sitting, a person, devoid of all political meaning and energy that wanted to refuse his reign and intentionally intended to crown his young son Bodouen V; At the same time, an argument arose due to the guardianship: argued Guido Lusignan, son-in-law Bodouen IV, and Raymund, Tripoli count. A representative of the full arbitrariness is Renault de Shatilon, who made a robbery onto shopping Muslim caravans, who were sown from Egypt; Not only did the Muslims against Christians excited Muslims against Christians, but he struck by the Christian principalities, which lived with these caravans, and undermined in the root of Tira, Sidon, Askalon, Antioch and other seaside Christian cities in the very root. During one of such excursions, which Rainald made from his castle, he robbed the caravan, in which the mother of Saladin was. This circumstance can be considered the closest motive that caused a clash between the Muslim Lord and Christian Princes. Saladin and previously indicated the Jerusalem king on the unworthy acts of Renault de Shatilon, but the king had no money to curb Baron. Now that Saladina was insulting the honor and relative feeling, he, despite the truce, which was concluded between him and Christian princes, declared Christians a war not on the belly, but to death. The events with which this war was accompanied belong to 1187. Saladine decided to punish the Jerusalem King, as for the offense Renault de Shatilon, and in general, for supporting another shadow of an independent rulelaist. The troops hit it from Aleppo and Mossul and were relatively with the forces of Christians very significant. In Jerusalem, it was possible to dial up to 2 thousand knights and up to 15 thousand infantry, but these minor forces were not local, but were compiled from the visitors of Europeans.

In the battle on July 5, 1187, when the fate of all Christianity was decided, it was not dealt with Christian troops without disgusting treason. Near the city of Tiberiad, when two hostile troops stood one against the other, ready to join the battle, many of the princes, seeing that the Muslim army exceeds them in numbers, and considering the success of the battle, and even impossible for themselves, the success of the battle was moved to the side of the saladine, including and Raimund. It commemorates itself that with such a situation of the case of Christians could not win battles; All Christian army was destroyed; The King of Jerusalem and Prince Antioch fell into captivity. All prisoners were doomed to Saladin on the death penalty; Life was granted to one king Jerusalemsky. An insignificant handful of Christians who escaped from the unfortunate fate, part of the citizens and ordinary knights, could not accept the protection of Christian lands. Saladine in a short time was able to take possession of all coastal castles and the fortresses, which were owned by Christians on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. In the hands of Christians, only one Jerusalem remained, which, as the inner principality, was not such an important point in politically, so that Saladin could be very expensive; The deep political mind of Saladin clearly understood the whole importance of seaside trade fortified points. Calling this items (Beirut, Sidon, Jaffa, Askalon), cutting off Christians from the message with Western Europe, Saladine without obstacles could take possession of internal points. Taken seaside cities, Saladin destroyed Christian garrisons everywhere and replaced them with Muslims. In the hands of Christians remained apart from Jerusalem Antioch, Tripoli and Tir.

In September 1187, Saladin approached Jerusalem. The townspeople thought to resist, therefore they answered the evasion on the proposal of Saladin to pass the city under the condition of the deposited freedom. But when the close siege of the city began, Christians deprived of the organizing forces, saw all the impossibility of resistance and turned to Saladin with peace negotiations. Saladine agreed for the ransom to give them freedom and life, and the men paid 10 gold coins, women - 5, children - by 2. Jerusalem was taken by Saladin on October 2. After the capture of Jerusalem, he could no longer meet obstacles to the conquest of other Christian lands. The shooting range due to the fact that he defended him from Constantinople Count Conrad from the House of Montferrat Dukes, distinguished by intelligence and energy.

Preparation for hiking

The news about what was accomplished in the East was received in Europe not immediately, and the movement began in the West no earlier than 1188. The first news of the events in the Holy Land came to Italy. For the Roman Pope at that time there was no possibility to fluctuate. The entire church policy in the XII century turned out to be false, all means used by Christians to hold the Holy Land were in vain. It was necessary to support the honor of the Church, and the spirit of all Western Christianity. Despite any difficulties and obstacles, Dad accepted the idea of \u200b\u200braising the third crusade. In the near future, several definitions were drawn up, which had the goal to extend the idea of \u200b\u200ba crusade in all Western states. Cardinals affected by events in the east, gave the dad to take part in lifting the campaign and preaching him to pass by bare feet in Germany, France and England. Dad decided to consume all the church tools to facilitate participation in the campaign in the possibility of all class. To do this, a termination disposal was made. internal wars, Knights were facilitated by the sale of Lenov, deferred debt collection, announced that any promotion of the liberation of the Christian East would be accompanied by the release of sins.

It is known that the third campaign was carried out under the circumstances more favorable than the first two. Three crowned specials took part in it - the Emperor German Friedrich I Barbarossa, the French King of Philip II August and English - Richard Lion's Heart. There was no general guideline idea in the campaign. The movement of the Crusaders in the Holy Land was directed by different ways, and the most goals of the leaders who participated in the campaign were far from the same. As a result, the history of the third hike breaks into separate episodes: Movement Anglo-French, the movement of the German and siege acres. A significant question for a long time preventing the French and British kings to come to the agreement about the campaign, depended on the mutual relations of France and England in the XII century. The fact is that on the English throne, Plantagenets were sitting, Counts Anjou and Mena, who received the English throne due to the marriage of one of them on the heir of Wilhelm's conqueror. Any English King, while remaining at the same time Graph Anjo and Menes, the Duke of Aquitaine and the still attached here, had to give the French kingdom on these lands. By the time of the third campaign, the English king was Heinrich II Plantagenets, and French - Philip II August. Both kings found the opportunity to harm each other due to the fact that they were adjacent to them in France. In the English king, the rulers of his French regions were the two sons of John and Richard. Filipp concluded an alliance with them, armed them against the Father and more than once put Henry English in a very difficult situation. For Richard was the sister of the French king Alice, who lived then in England. There was a rumor that Heinrich II came into contact with the bride of his son; It is clear that this kind of rumor should have influenced the location of Richard to Heinrich II. The French king took advantage of this circumstance and began to inflate the hostility between the Son and the Father. He raised Richard, and the latter changed his father, giving the oath to the French king; This fact facilitated only greater development of hostility between French and English kings. There was another circumstance prevented by both kings to file permanent assistance to eastern Christians. The French king, wanting to stock considerable money for the upcoming campaign, announced a special tax under the name "Saladinova Tith." This tax extended to the ownership of the king himself, secular princes and even on the clergy; No one, in mind the importance of the enterprise, was not exempted from the fee of Saladinovaya Tith. The imposition of tithing on the church, which has never paid any taxes, and herself also used the collection of decades, opened discontent among the clergy, which began to betry this extent and make it difficult for royal officials to collect "Saladinovaya Tith." But nevertheless, this measure was quite successful both in France and in England and gave a lot of funds for the third crusade.

Meanwhile, the English King Heinrich II (1189) died, and the inheritance of the English crown went to Richard's hands, a friend of the French king. Now both kings could boldly and together begin to implement the ideas of the third cross hike. In 1190, the kings made a campaign. The participation of the English king was on the success of the third Crusade hike. Richard, a person in the highest degree of energetic, alive, irritable, acting under the influence of passion, was far from the idea of \u200b\u200ba common plan, I was looking for firstly knightly feats and glory. In the most charges of his campaign, the traits of its character were too relocid. Richard surrounded himself with brilliant retinue and knights, to his army, according to the testimony of contemporaries, he kept as much as other kings were kept in a month. Going hike, he translated everything for money; He or leased his possessions, or laid and sold. Thus, he really gathered huge funds; His army was distinguished by good weapons. It would seem that good cash and numerous armed armed armed arms should ensure the success of the enterprise. Part of the English troops went from England on the ships, Richard himself crossed himself through La Mans to connect with the French king and send his way through Italy. Movement It started in the summer of 1190. Both kings were assumed to go together, but the numerous of the troops and the difficulties arising during the delivery of food and forage made them forced them to divide them. The French king walked ahead and in September 1190 arrived in Sicily and stopped in Messina, waiting for his ally. When the English king arrived here, the movement of the Allied troops was detained by those considerations that it was uncomfortable to start a hike in autumn on the sea; Thus, both troops spent autumn and winter in Sicily until spring 1191

Start a hike

The stay of the Allied troops in Sicily should have shone both the kings themselves and the people around them all the impossibility of joint actions aimed at the same goal. In Messina, Richard began a number of celebrations and holidays and put himself in a false position in relation to Norman. He wanted to dispose of a common lord of the country, and the British knights allowed themselves violence and arbitrariness. The city did not slow down to break down the movement, which threatened both kings; Philip barely managed to put out the uprising, appearing by the reconciling mediator between the two hostile sides. There was another circumstance that Richard puts in a false position as in relation to French and the German kings, it is his claims to the Norman Coron. The heirs of the Norman Crown, the daughter of the Rozhor and aunt Wilhelm II, Constanta, married the son of Friedrich Barbarossa Henry Vi, the future of the German Emperor; Thus, the German emperors with this marriage union preclosed their claims to the Norman Crown.

Meanwhile, Richard on arrival in Sicily said his claims to Norman possessions. In fact, he justified his right because he was married to John, the daughter of the English king Henry II and the sister of Richard himself. Temporary usurper of the Norman Crown, Tancred, held in the honorary conclusion of Widow Wilhelm. Richard demanded to give him his sister and forced Tancred to give him a redemption for the fact that the English king left behind him the actual possession of the Norman crown. This fact, who aroused hostility between the English king and the German emperor, was of great importance for the entire subsequent fate of Richard.

All this clearly showed the French king that he would not be able to act for one plan with the king of English. Philip considered impossible, due to the critical state of affairs in the East, remain further in Sicily and expect the English king; In March 1191, he sat down on the ships and crossed in Syria. The main goal to which the French king was striking was the city of Ptolemaid (French and German form - ACCON, Russian - Acre). This city for time from 1187-1191. He was the main point on which the types and hopes of all Christians focused. On the one hand, all the strengths of Christians were directed to this city, on the other hand, Muslim hordes were tightened here. The whole third hike focused on the siege of this city; When the French king arrived here in the spring of 1191, it seemed that the main activity would be given by the French.

King Richard did not hide that he does not want to act at the same time with Philip, the relationship to which he was especially fired after the French king refused to marry his sister. Richard Fleet, who saved from Sicily in April 1191, was captured by the storm, and the ship on which the new bride of Richard, Princess Berengaria Navarre, was thrown to the island of Cyprus. The island of Cyprus was at this time in the power of Isaac Comnin, who was postponed from the Byzantine emperor of the same name. Isaac Komnin, the usurper of Cyprus, did not distinguish friends and enemies of the emperor, and pursued his personal selfish interests; He announced his captive bride of the English king. Thus, Richard was to start a war with Cyprus, which was unforeseen for him and unexpected and who demanded a lot of time and strength from him. Calling the Island, Richard Ched in Silver Chain Isaac Comnin; A number of celebrations that accompany the English king triumph began. It was the first time that the English nation acquired territorial possession on the Mediterranean. But herself says that Richard could not count on a long possession of Cyprus, which was at such a large distance from Britain. At the time when Richard celebrated his victory in Cyprus, when he organized a celebration for the celebration, the titular king of Jerusalem Gi de Lusignan arrived in Cyprus; We call him the titular king because De Facto he was not already king Jerusalem, he had no territorial possessions, but only the name of the king. Gi de Lusignan, who arrived in Cyprus to declare the signs of devotion to the English king, increased the shine and the influence of Richard, who gave him the island of Cyprus.

Movenant Guy de Lusignan, Richard finally left Cyprus and arrived at Akre, where two years, together with other Christian princes, participated in the useless siege of the city. The very idea of \u200b\u200bthe siege acres was highly impractical and directly useless. In the hands of Christians were still the seaside cities of Antioch, Tripoli and Tir, which could provide them with the West. This idea of \u200b\u200ba useless siege was inspired by an egoistic sense of such intrigues as Gi de Lusignan. It was enjoying envy that in Antioch was his prince, Tripoli - owned another, in a dash, Condrad was sitting from the house of the dukes of Montferrat, and he, of the Jerusalem King, there was nothing but one name. This purely selfish goal is also explained by his arrival to the English king on the island of Cyprus, where he generously broke before Richard's statement of the senses of devotion and tried to arrange in his favor of the English king. The siege acres is a fatal error from the third cross hikers; They beat, spent time and strength because of a small block of land, in essence, no one needed, quite useless, who wanted to award Guy de Lusignan.

Beginning of the movement of Friedrich Barbarossa

A big misfortune for the entire crusade was that in it with the English and French king could not participate the old tactic and smart politician Friedrich Barbarossa. Learning about the state of affairs in the East, Friedrich I began to prepare for a cross campaign; But he began the point not as others. He sent the embassy to the Byzantine Emperor, to the Iconary Sultan and to Saladin himself. From everywhere, favorable answers were received for the success of the enterprise. If in the siege, the acres participated by Friedrich Barbarossa, the mistake of Christians would be eliminated. The fact is that Saladine possessed an excellent fleet, who delivered all the supplies from Egypt, and the troops went to him from the middle of Asia - from Mesopotamia; Itself, of course, that under such conditions, Saladin could successfully withstand the most prolonged siege of the Primorsky city. That is why all the facilities of Western engineers, towers and tarana, all the tension of the strength, tactics and mind of Western kings - everything went to the rush, turned out to be insolvent in the siege of acres. Friedrich Barbarossa contributed to the case of a cross campaign the idea of \u200b\u200bpractice and, throughout the likelihood, would send his forces to where it was necessary: \u200b\u200bthe war had to be conducted inside Asia, weakening the forces of Saladin inside the country where the very source of replenishment of his troops was located.

Friedrich Barbarossa crusade was taken with compliance with all precautionary measures that could permanently ensure the loss of strength on the way through Byzantine possessions. Frederick concluded a preliminarily with the Byzantine Emperor an agreement in Nuremberg, as a result of which he was provided with a free passage through imperial lands and provided delivery of edible supplies at the prices established in advance. There is no doubt that the new movement of the Latin West to the East has been disturbed by the Byzantine government; In view of the restless state of the Balkan Peninsula, Isaac Angel was interested in accurately complying with the contract. Still crusaders did not move in a hike, as in Byzantium, a secret report was received from Genoa about preparations for the campaign to the east. "I have already notified about it," Isaac wrote in response, "and took his measures." Thanking Bodoyna Gteverzo for these news, the emperor continues: "And for the future, you have to get to bring to our information that you will find out and what is important to us to know." It goes without saying, despite the external friendly relations, Isaac did not trust the sincerity of the Crusaders, and this can not blame him. Serbs and Bulgarians were not only at the time on the way to liberation from the power of Byzantium, but threatened already Byzantine provinces; Not concealed relations with them Friedrich were in any case a violation of this loyalty, although not provided were to Nureberg conditions. For Byzantium, they were very well known for the intentions of Friedrich to take possession of the Dalmatian coast and combine it with the lands of the Sicilian crown. Although Friedrich rejected, as if, the proposals of the Slavs safely hold it in Bulgaria and did not entered with them to the offensive against Byzantium, the Union, but the Byzantines were quite natural to doubt the purity of his intentions; Moreover, it is hardly true that the proposals of Slavs were completely rejected, as can be seen from the subsequent.

On May 24, 1189, the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa entered the limits of Hungary. Although King Bela III personally did not dare to participate in a cross campaign, he rendered Friedrich signs of a sincere location. Not to mention the valuable gifts proposed by the emperor, he equipped with a detachment of 2 thousand people who had a lot of favor to crusaders with the knowledge of local conditions and the choice of paths. After five weeks, the Crusaders were already on the border of the ownership of the Byzantine emperor. Arriving in Barnichiev on July 2, they for the first time entered the emperor officials into direct relations, which first seemed, however, satisfactory. From Bryanhev, the best road to Constantinople was walking along the Moravian Valley to Niche, then to Sofia and Philippopol. The Greeks, as if, did not want to lead Latinians by this way and deliberately spoiled him; But people from the Ugric detachment, who knew well the messages, convinced the Crusaders to insist on the choice of this particular road, which they undertake to fix and make roads contrary to the desire of the Greeks. Noticing here, first of all, that the crusaders kept the path on the lands, then it was hardly quite belonging to Byzantium. The course of the Morava, everything likely, was already controversial between the Greeks and Serbs, in other words, there was no by the Byzantine, no other administration. The piles of robbers for their own fear attacked small detachments of the Crusaders and without incitement by the Byzantine government. It is necessary, on the other hand, keep in mind that the crusaders themselves did not ceremony with those who got into their hands: they were subjected to terrible tortures to the fear of others trapped with arms.

Around the 25th day of July, the ambassadors of Stephen Nemani appeared to Friedrich, and on arrival in Niche 27 numbers the emperor accepted the most great Zafana Serbia. Here, in Niche, negotiations with Bulgarians were conducted. It is clear that there was no already Byzantine authorities in Niche, otherwise they would not allow Stephen to Nahni to personal explanations with the German emperor, who in any case did not tear up in favor of Byzantium. And if the Crusaders are on the way from Barnichev to Niche and then to Sofia were exposed to unexpected attacks and suffered damage in people and weapons, then, in fairness, the Byzantine government should hardly be responsible for this. We only need to be surprised why it never made the appropriate statement by Friedrich I and did not pay his attention to the state of affairs on the peninsula. Serbs and Bulgarians offered crusaders in essence the same thing - the union against the Byzantine emperor, but as a reward for that, they demanded recognition of a new order on the Balkan Peninsula. Moreover, the Slavs were ready to recognize the Western Emperor's Protector, if he agrees to provide the Serbs made by them by Byzantia the conquest and to attach Dalmatia and if the Asenians will be provided to Bulgaria to indisputable possession. In particular, the Great Zupan Serbia requested the consent of the emperor to marriage his son with the daughter of Duke Bertold, the breeding of Dalmatia. Although there was no secret that the marriage projects were connected to the transfer of power rights over Dalmatia to Nemani's home, nevertheless, Friedrich's consent was obtained. This circumstance, in conjunction with the new negotiations, which had a place between the German emperor and Slavic leaders, makes it possible to set some doubts about the Anmsbert's testimony, as if Friedrich's response in Niche was definitely negative properties. Having the actual goal of the crusade, Friedrich, maybe from caution and in reluctance to get involved in new complex relationships, shied away from a direct and decisive response to the proposals of Slavs. But we will see further that the Slavic question has repeatedly forced him to think and hesitate. Whether in the place of Friedrich Robert Gwiscar, Bohamund or Rozhor, the events would take a completely different turnover and suggestions of Slavic princes, they would probably be evaluated.

Friedrich Barbarossa in the Byzantine territory. Death Friedrich

There is no reason to not trust Nikita Akominat, who accuses the short-sightedness and the usual negligence of the then droma logo (John Duka) and Andronician Cantakuzin, whose responsibility lay to hold the crusaded militia. Mutual mistrust and suspicions were fed not only by the fact that the Crusaders did not sometimes receive the suspicion of the supplies, but also rumors that the dangerous pass (T.N. Trajanov's gates), leading through the Balkan Mountains to Sophia to Filipepol, is engaged in an armed detachment. Of course, it is impossible not to see the violation of the Nuremberg Treaty in those measures that the Byzantine government took to delay the movement of the Crusaders: damage to roads, blockade of passages and equipment of the observational detachment; But it tried to explain their precautions and expressed the open displeasure of Frederick's relations with the disturbed Serbs and Bulgarians. So, when the crusaders were near Niche, Alexey's guide appeared to them, who expressed strict hurdling to the governor of Brachev and promised to arrange everything at the request of Friedrich, if only he himself forbid the troops to rob the surrounding villages, adding that Germanians should not have any suspicion of armed The detachment, delage deals, for this precaution is precaution against Zapana Serbia. When the Crusaders moved to the main pass, leading to Filipepopol Plain, the difficulties of the journey increased more and more. Small detachments were disturbed by their unexpected attacks in the most dangerous places, as a result of which the crusaded militia went slowly and in combat order. The German embassy sent to Constantinople, according to rumors, was accepted unfinished way. The closer the crusaders approached Macedonia, the stronger the displeasure of them against the Greeks grew. One and a half months they went from Barnichly to Sofia (middle); As the relations between the Greeks and the Germans were stretched, it can be judged from the fact that when the last 13 August reached Sofia, they found the city by the residents left; It goes without saying, there were no Byzantine officials, nor promised supplies. On August 20, the Crusaders held the path through the last pass, which was occupied by the Greek squad; The latter, however, retreated when the crusaders found an attempt to pave the road with a weapon in their hands. Crusaders already approached Filippol, already as the enemies of the Empire, and since then until the end of October, individual leaders did attacks on cities and villages and behaved in Greek land completely like enemies. If you can not justify the Government of Isaac an angel for distrust of the Crusaders, then the acts of the latter cannot be called unlikely. Not trusting the Greeks, Friedrich used the services of the Ugric guides and the Serbian detachment. As if crusaders, nor wanted to prove their rightness, it is impossible to lose sight of the readings of persons for whom there was no reason to hide the present state of affairs. Friedrich did not interrupt relations with the Slavs, who served him at all the time of transition through Bulgaria, although he could not not know that this was suspicious of Isaac an angel.

In the fall of 1189, since the crusaders of the Philippopol, mutual irritation should have increased even more, since the Byzantine observation squad had repeatedly collided with the crusaders, and the latter occupied the armed hand of the city and settlement. Nevertheless, by the end of autumn, the situation did not explain, meanwhile, the Friedrich was dangerous to be launched into a further journey through small Asia, without waking up with accurate and loyal promises from the Greek emperor. To clarify the relationship, a new embassy was sent to Constantinople, who was assigned to say approximately the following: "Incidentally, the Greek emperor does not allow us to go ahead; Nor now, neither before, we did not plunge evil against the empire. Serbian prince, the enemy of the Greek emperor, who was to us in Niche, we never gave into the benefit of Bulgaria, nor the other land, subject to the Greeks, and did not plunge anything against the Greek Empire in the Greek or Prince. " This second embassy managed to rescue, not without great, however, the hassle, the first, earlier that sent to Constantinople. All ambassadors returned to Filipepopol on October 28. The next day, in the solemn assembly of the leaders, the ambassadors did the report that they had experienced in Constantinople, and told about everything they saw and heard. "The emperor not only turned to us very badly, but the Ambassador from Saladin had taken away from Saladin and concluded a union with him. And the Patriarch in his sermons, spent on holidays, called the dogs of Christ's warriors and inspired his listeners that the most evil criminal, accused even ten murders, will receive permission from all sins if the holy of the Crusaders kill. " The meeting listened to such a report before the ambassadors of the Byzantine emperor were introduced. There is nothing surprising that negotiations could not be friendly, the Greek ambassadors refused to respond to the arrogant demands of the Crusaders. To which the Greeks and Crusaders could come up in a sense of mutual irritation and suspicion, it shows, by the way, the next case. A significant detachment of the Crusaders, making an attack on Goldez, was struck by strange images found in churches and in private houses: Latinians were depicted in the paintings with the Greeks sitting on their backs. It so hardly crusaders, they betrayed fire and churches, and at home, interrupted the population and unfortunately devastated all this area. All over the likelihood, Latinians were interspersed with a look at the paintings of a terrible court, in which local painters, for well-known goals, could use Western types. The custom in any case apologizes if the hatred and intolerance of Latinians to the Greeks did not reach the extreme limits. The Byzantine Government had a complete reason to assume that the Serbian Prince acts in Union with Friedrich, and it would be very difficult to prove that Friedrich did not encourage Stephen to Nahnu in his ambitious plans. At the time when the Crusaders were already threatened by the very capital of the Greek Empire (Adrianopol and Dimatiki were in the hands of the Crusaders), the rear of them, protected by Serbian troops, was in complete safety, so they found it possible to translate the Filipepopol garrison to Adrianopol.

Chronicles mention many times about the ambassadors of the Serbian Great Zafana and the relationship of the Crusaders with the Slavs. It is known that the most difficult thing was to satisfy the claims of Stephen Nemani for Dalmatia - the circumstance that Friedrich could involve in unpleasant clashes with Normans and Ugra. It is not dedicted that every time he put forward in negotiations with Serbs Duke Bertold, the one, whose daughter was promised for the son of Stephen Nemani. In difficult moments, when any hope was lost with the Agreement with the Byzantine Emperor, the help of Slavs was for the Crusaders a true blessing, which they could not neglected in the event of a final gap with the Greeks. But since there were still some signs that the Greek emperor is also afraid of the gap, the Slavic embassies were listened to the customs graciously, the minor detachments from Serbs were taken to service, to the decisive measure of Friedrich feared to resort at all time in the Balkan Peninsula and the most The petty facts and instructions of this kind are very curious. In early November, when the Crusaders approached Adrianopol, the king of Bela III demanded the return of his squad back, and on November 19, the Hungarians decisively stated that they could not more remain with the Crusaders. No need to look for other explanations to this act by the Hungarian king, except discontent with the negotiations with the Slavs. It is clear that Friedrich, hitting Bulgaria, asked the new plans and that his relationship with the Slavic leaders was not at all in the considerations of the Hungarian king, which there was a relatively Slavic question, of course, on the side of Byzantium. On the then state of affairs sheds the light of the Clear Ebergard, the ambassador of Emperor Friedrich to the Hungarian king, who returned, by the way, with a letter from the last for Isaac. The letter, however, did not conclude anything important: in him, Bela exhibited Isaac, what dangers can bring his ramp with crusaders to the empire. But the ambassador could illustrate the content of the letter and give him a completely new explanation: "King, he said," he said very confused and amazed by the victorious successes of the crusaders and their devastation made by them into the Greek land. When it was obtained to have the news about the devastation by the Crusaders of Dimato County, the king completely changed in handling the ambassador. Since then, he has not been so kind and gracious, as before: the ambassador did not receive any more feed, no pocket from the royal chamber. " Between other news, the same clearing Ebergard reported that, driving around Bulgaria, he found off all the graves of the crusaders who died on the way, and that the corpses were pulled out of coffins and lying on the ground.

By the beginning of 1190, the Crusaders continued to still exchange embassies with the Greek emperor, but no agreement could achieve. Friedrich seems to be seriously thought to use the services of Peter, the leader of Bulgarians, who offered to put 40 thousand Bulgarians to the spring, with what reinforcement could be attempting to pave the way into small Asia and in addition to the consent of the Greeks. But the German Emperor was supposed to not only recognize the freedom of Bulgaria for this, but also to ensure the imperial title for Peter. Understanding the importance of the situation and responsibility for a similar step, Friedrich was still not refused to offer a proposal of Peter and tried to preliminarily evaluate all the means as Slavs could deliver. Thus, on January 21, 1190, on the one hand, he led negotiations with the ambassadors of the Byzantine Emperor, on the other hand, it was aware through the duke of Dalmatia about the intentions and location of Stephen Nemani. At the latter, it was impossible to place a lot of hope, as he began to lead the war on his own fear at this time and was busy with enterprises on the border of Serbia and Bulgaria. It is possible to explain to some extent the motives for which Friedrich and in January 1190 he hesitated to take on the task of permission of the Slavic issue to which his circumstances pushed. There was still hope for him, eliminating the help of Slavs, which was conjugged with unpleasant and severe obligations, to get help from Europe to spring. In these considerations, he wrote to his son Henrich: "I don't hope for the castle by Bosphorus, unless I get from Emperor Isaac of the elected and born hostages or submissal of my power all the marriage, then I ask your royal majesty to send taxed ambassadors to Genoa, Venice , Antioch and Pisa and in other places and send auxiliary detachments on ships, so that they apply to Tsarigad in March, they began the siege of the city from the sea when we surround it from Sushi. " By the middle of February, the relationship, however, was settled: on February 14, the conditions on which the Byzantine emperor agreed to allow the Crusaders to send to Maly Asia in Adrianopol Friedrich.

The stay of Friedrich I in Bulgaria, in any case, was not useless for Bulgarians and Serbs. The first, encouraged by the German emperor, violated the world, prisonered before with the Greeks, and, although they were deceived in the hope of crowded the Greeks at the same time with the Germans, nevertheless, not without benefit for themselves, they took advantage of Constantinople and in the subsequent fight against Byzantium decisively accepted offensive actions. Serbs, significantly spreading its own possessions to the northeast of Morava and southwest to Sofia, came to the consciousness of the importance of simultaneous actions with Bulgarians: they entered into an alliance with Peter and Asen and led since then the same thing with About them. No matter how evasors were the promises of Friedrich I, yet he did not interrupt negotiations with the Slavs and the mood hostile to Byzantium in them. Let him not conclude either with Bulgarians, nor with the Serbs of the Treaty, which would oblige those and others to put 60 thousand troops by spring (from the Bulgarian 40 and from Serbs 20 thousand); But the troops were collected and without the participation of the Crusaders began to disintegrate at the Byzantium of the city and the region. After the Crusaders, followed by all the consequences of the enemy invasion, causing a new dissatisfaction with the Byzantine government in Bulgaria: runaway, hungry, devoid of houses and proslands should have to stick to the Bulgarian or Serbian leaders.

Crusaders crossing through the Bosphorus began on March 25, 1190. The path of Friedrich went through the Western regions of Malaya Asia, part of the ruined as a result of wars with Seljuk, part of the busy past. The Turkic detachments were disturbed by the crusaders and made them constantly be on the onset. In particular, Christians suffered from a lack of food and feed for the fabric animals. In May, they approached ikonia, won a significant victory over the Selzhuki and forced them to give a provisionant and hostages. But in Cilicia, the German army suffered a misfortune, which destroyed all their enterprise. June 9, when moving through the Mountain River, the Salief, Friedrich was passionate about the flow and was pulled out of the water without him.

The value of Friedrich quite appreciated Saladin and expected his arrival in Syria with fear. In fact, Germany seemed to be ready to correct all the mistakes of the former hiking and restore the dignity of the German name in the east, as an unexpected strike destroyed all the good hopes. Part of the German detachment refused to continue the campaign and returned by sea in Europe, part of the Duke of Friedrich Shvabsky joined the Antioch Principality and then in the fall of 1190. The pathetic remains of the Germans were connected to the Christian army under the acre, where they did not have to play an important role.

Siege acres

From 1188 to 1191, Christian princes came under the walls of acres one one by one; There was no one once, when all the Cash forces of Christians who came from the West focused here at the same time. Part of Christians who arrived under the acre died under the blows of Muslims, from diseases and hunger; It was replaced by another squad and in turn was subjected to the same fate. In addition, a lot of other difficulties seemed to Christians who were seriously responded during the whole case. Christians deposited the city from the sea is the only part of the city to which they could direct their siege tools. The inner part was occupied by the troops of Saladin, which is convenient and easily worn from Mesopotamia, who served for him the source of replenishment of his military forces. Thus, Christians come under the acre one by one, substituting himself under the blows of Muslims, never connect their strength, while Saladin constantly updated his troops with fresh tides Muslims from Mesopotamia. It is clear that Christians were in very unfavorable conditions, Saladin could defend the acre for a long time and vigorously. In addition, a construction forest was needed for the siege of the city; Near the Christian could not get it anywhere, but they had to get a building material from Italy.

In war, the Italians were alternately received, in particular the seaside cities - Venice, Genoa and Pisa, whose trade interests in the east were forced to take their big part in the crusades, the French, the Germans, the British - depending on what people in The moment was in a more significant amount. This inconvenient position joined the rivalry of the eastern leaders. Gi de Lusignan was in hostility with Conrad Montferrat. Their rivalry was divided into two hostile parties: Italian peoples focused near the Tir Prince, the British took the side of GI. Thus, the case of acre is not only in its own goal, but also in relation to the peoples who participated in it could not end up favorable for Christians. The inconvenience in the delivery of the forest slowed down the enterprise, and the late delivery, and sometimes the lack of edible supplies, hunger and sea ulcers weakened the Christian army. In the summer of 1191, French and English kings came under acre, in which Eastern Christians lay high hopes. In addition to these two kings, another crowned face came - Duke Austrian Leopold V. Now it was possible to expect that the case would go properly, according to a certain plan. But, unfortunately, such a plan was not developed by representatives of Christian nations. The personal relations of the French and English kings, the most important persons in their military forces, turned out in Messina: they broke up if not enemies, then not friends. When Richard seized Cyprus, the French king submitted claims to part of the conquered island due to the contract concluded between them even during the fees in the campaign, - the contract for which both kings committed to share all the land they will conquer in the East. Richard did not recognize the French king of the rights to Cyprus: "The contract, he said," only the lands that will be conquered from Muslims. " Under the acre misunderstandings of two kings were more acute. We saw that Richard, being in Cyprus, spoke in favor of Gi de Lusignan; Philip Augusta began to [[Konrad Montferrat | Conrad Montferratsky, who may have acquired the sympathy of the French king the heroic protection of the Tira, but maybe in this case Philip led the personal hostility to Richard. Thus, neither the French nor English king was able to combine their strength and act one plan. The personal characters of the kings also disconnected them. Richard's knightly character was very sympathetic for saladin; Sympathy was immediately discovered between the Muslim Lord and the English king, they began to exchange embassies, to provide each other's signs. This behavior of Richard responded an adverse way on his authority among Christians; The idea was established in the troops that Richard is ready to change. Thus, in Richard, all its strength was paralyzed, all the power and energy; At the same time, the French king did not have personal energy so much to move the main director of the siege. Thus, all the advantages, all favorable conditions were on the side of the saladine.

In July, the Acre was brought to exhaustion, and the garrison began to negotiate. Saladin did not mind to conclude the world, but from the part of Christians were proposed too harsh conditions: Christians demanded the delivery of acres, the Muslim garrison of the city will receive freedom only when Christians are returned to Jerusalem and others conquered by the Saladin region; In addition, Saladin was supposed to give 2 thousand hostages from noble Muslims. Saladine, apparently, agreed on all these conditions. Christian princes, due to the ambulance of the city, began to vigorously make sure that edible supplies were delivered to the city. On July 12, 1191, the Acre was handed over to Christians. The fulfillment of the prerequisites of the world soon met an obstacle. Meanwhile, during the occupation of acres among Christians, there were very severe misunderstandings. Duke Austrian Leopold V, traded one of the walls of the city, put up an Austrian banner: Richard I ordered him to disrupt it and replace his; It was a strong insult for everything german troops; From this time, Richard acquired himself in the face of Leopold V an irreconcilable enemy. In addition, Western princes put themselves in a false attitude towards the city's population. When occupying acres, it turned out that a significant part of the urban population consisted of Christians who, under the dominion of Muslims, used various kinds of privileges. According to the liberation of acres from Muslims, both the French, and the British wanted to capture more power in the city and began to oppress the population; The kings did not care that other items of the contract were taken from Muslims. The French king reached the extreme irritation; The dislike of Philip to Richard inflated rumors that the English king plots to sell all the Christian army of Muslims and is even preparing to encroacitate Philip's life. The annoyed Philip left the acre and went home. Self itself, of course, that the premature return of the French king applied sensitive damage to the cause of the crusade. The main role was left for Richard, who with his ardent knightly character, devoid of political alien, was a weak opponent of Saladin, intelligent and cunning politics.

During the siege of Acres, the Bremen and Lubek merchants, following the example of other military-religious orders, arising during the first crusade, arranged for their means of brotherhood, which was to provide assistance to the poor and sick Germans. Duke Friedrich Swabsky accepted this fraternity under his patronage and found in favor of his papal diploma. This institution subsequently received military character and is known under the name of the Teutonic Order.

End of the hike

Philippe, who came to France, began to revenge the English king in his French possessions. The English kingdom then ruled the brother of Richard John (the future English king of John Unbounded), with whom Philip entered the relationship. The Actions of Philip, directed to the harm of Richard, were a direct violation of the contract concluded during the fees to the Cross Cam. Under this agreement, the French king at all time the lack of the English king did not have the right to attack his possessions and could declare him only 40 days after returning Richard from the campaign. Needless to say that violation of the contract from Philip and his encroachment to the French owners of Richard was harmful to influence the spirit of the English king.

Richard, remaining in Akre, expecting execution from the Saladin of the remaining paragraphs of the peace treaty. Saladin refused to return Jerusalem, did not release the prisoners and did not pay military costs. Then Richard took one step, which scared all Muslims and which should be considered the most characteristic for the sad glory that Richard acquired in the East. Richard ordered to bore up to 2 thousand noble Muslims who were in his hands as hostages. Such facts were an unusual phenomenon in the East and caused only angling from Saladin. Saladin did not slow down to answer the same.

Richard did not take any decisive and correct action against Saladin, but limited himself to small attacks. These rakes are characterized by rod, but the Knight's time, but in the appendix to the head of the crusader militia, which represents the interests of the whole Christian Europe, was denied only the inability to take it. Since Saladin sacrificed Akrora, Christians should not allow him to strengthen themselves elsewhere, and they should have immediately to go to Jerusalem. But Guido Lusignyan, this nominal king without a kingdom, whose hostility to Montferrat's hostility can only be explained envy, persuaded Richard to clear from Muslims primarily on the coastline; Guido Lusignan was also supported by Venetians who pursued trade goals: it was more convenient for them that the seaside cities owned Christians, and not Muslim. Richard, yielding to this influence, moved from acres to Askalon - the company is completely useless, which was inspired by the trading interests of Italian cities and the ambition of Guido.

Saladin himself did not expect a similar meaningless step by Richard; He decided on an emergency; She ordered to break the strong walls of Askalon and turn into pile of stones the city. All autumn 1191 and the spring of 1192 Richard stood at the head of the crusaded militia. All this time, he lost in the pursuit of false plans and unnecessary tasks and gave to understand his talented enemy that he deals with a person very short-sighted. More than once for Richard, the task was absolutely clear - to go straight to Jerusalem; The army itself was aware that it did not fulfill his task and encouraged the king to the same. Three times he was already on the way to Jerusalem, three times the crazy ideas made him stop the march and move back.

By the beginning of 1192, Izvestia from France came to Asia, which strongly affected Richard. At the same time, one fact was in the east, which inspired Richard fears for the outcome of the enterprise. Konrad Montferrat understood that in the tactlessness of Richard, it was hardly Christians would be able to defeat Saladin, moved to the side of the latter, hesitated for himself for himself a shooting and acre and promised to destroy Richard to him and one blow. Then Richard, supplied to the highest degree of difficulty affairs in the East and worrying for his english possessionswho threatened the French king, used all the means in order to enter the relationship with Saladin. In a dreamy self-deception, he made up a completely unfulfilled plan. He suggested that Saladine connect with him by kinship: he offered to give his sister John for Brother Saladin Malek-Adela. The idea is extremely dreamable and cannot satisfy anyone. If there could be a similar kind of marriage, he would not satisfy Christians; Earth, sacred for them, still would remain in the hands of Muslims.

"Finally, Richard, who, remaining a share in Asia, risked to lose his crown, concluded on September 1, 1192. The contract with Saladin. This secretary of Richard, the world left for Christians a small coastline from Jaffa to Tire, Jerusalem remained in power Muslims, Holy Cross is not returned. " Saladine gave Christians the world for three years. At this time, they could freely come to the worship of holy places. Three years later, Christians were obliged to enter new agreements with Saladin, which, of course, should have been worse than the previous ones. This inglorious world will be a severe accusation of Richard. Contemporaries suspected him even in treason and betrayal; Muslims reproached him in excessive cruelty. In October 1192, Richard I left Syria. For him, however, the return to Europe was considerable difficulties, since he had enemies everywhere. After a long oscillation, he decided to land in Italy, from where it was supposed to get into England. "But in Europe, all the enemies, which Richard I had a lot (he was in a quarrel with French, German kings and the Austrian Duke, because he insulted the Austrian banner in acre)." Near Vienna in Austrian Duchy he was recognized, captured And he was concluded by the Duke Leopold V to prison, where he was contained for about two years. Only under the influence of the Roman Pope and the strong initiation of the English nation, he got freedom. For his freedom, England paid Leopold V to 23 tons of silver.

Transition to Askalon

Battle in Arsuf

The crusader's army under the start of Richard made a march to the south along the coast of Syria to the city of Arsuf. Coming out of the covenant of the forest, Latinans in one day had to somehow cover the distance of 10 km, which was a lot, given the fact that they were under constant attacks of the enemy. In an effort to protect your strength from the "Fire" of Muslim horse archers, Richard built them in the formation of like "boxes". Knights with their horses covered the barrier from the infantry. Only riders of military orders were risk. The Templars walked in the forefront, while hospitallers had the role of closing in the column. Under the scorching heat and in the rain of the booms of horse archers, Munsulman Crusaders slowly moved to the goal. At some point, hospitallers could not stand - they lost too many horses - and hit the victaled enemy. Richard managed to react to change the situation in a timely manner, moved the rest of the forces into battle and tried the day victory over the enemy.

Offensive on Jerusalem

The main action was made by the English king Richard I Lion's uncle, because he pledged to seize Jerusalem. Germany was joined by Germany - the German Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa, France - King Philip II August, Austria - Duke Leopold V. Started by the campaign they stopped in Manein - Porto who went to the Holy Land. Richard, anticipating the victory, organized a feast. After going through the Mediterranean Sea, they landed in Cyprus, standing on the way to Jerusalem. Brilliantly taken by the army of Christians Cyprus harded the influence of Richard. The English king gave the island to one of the honored heads of Tamplehersk order de Lusenan, who swore in loyalty to him. But he is incognito with his squad and with Vassal (having a castle in Palestine-specific in the Principality of Antioch Caravans of Saraqinov destroyed the caravans of Saracinov, which was very dismissed by a truce with Saladin. The army-carrying cross continued his way to Jerusalem. When crossing the River Friedrich I Barbarossa fell from the horse and choke it was a bad sign, the Velmes Richard decided, but the king did not pay attention.

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The third crusade - the third goal of the Crusaders in the Holy Earth in order to exile from her incorrect. The Pope Gregory VIII was organized. The third crusade began in 1189 and ended four years later.

Causes of hike

In response to crusades, Muslims declared a sacred war - Jihad, headed by Saladin. In 1187, the huge army of Saladin took the most sacred city in the siege in the entire Palestine - Jerusalem. The garrison of the city was small, and the army of Saladin exceeded him in numbers ten times. After a short siege, the crusaders surrendered, and they were allowed to peacefully leave the city. Jerusalem was again in the hands of Muslims. The Catholic Church was chosen by the loss of the Holy City and announced the third crusade.

Participants of the hike

In total, four strongest monarch of Western Europe took part in the third crusade against incorrect: the Emperor of the Sacred Roman Empire Friedrich Barbarossa, English King Richard Lion Heart, Austrian Duke Leopold V and French King Philip II August.

There are negative about the number of troops of the Crusaders. Sources say that initially Richard's army The lion's heart has numbered about 8 thousand well-trained warriors. The Army of the French king was a few - only 2 thousand soldiers. However, the Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa led a huge army of 100 thousand soldiers from the whole empire.

The German army was able to correct the state of affairs in the Holy Land. This troop would have enough to completely deliver it from the presence of Muslims. But a terrible event happened, the emperor drowned in the river, after which the part of the warriors returned to Europe, and only a small part of it reached the Holy Land, but their few did not affect the outcome of the campaign.

Fighting in the Holy Land

For a long time, the Christians tried to capture the acre for a long time, but they did not succeed, since the defense of the city was always strong, and for her seizure they needed a siege tool, which until the Crusaders could afford due to the lack of construction forest. In addition, earlier Christians attacked acre only with a few forces and never united in one army.

When European monarchs landed the acres in 1191, the situation could change the situation in the root. But then there were difficulties, a hostility was unleashed between the French and English monarchs, the cause was also personal hostility and the situation with the seizure of Cyprus. Richard captured Cyprus himself and refused to share it with the French, since the contract provided for the division of seized territories only Muslims. For these reasons, two armies could not unite.

But, despite this, the acre was still taken in the siege. Crusaders did not allow Muslims to send provisions to the city, because of what the forces of defenders were strongly exhausted. Under the threat of hungry death, the acra garrison began to think about the delivery of the city in the hands of the Crusaders. And finally, on July 12 of the same year, Muslims passed the city. It was during the siege of acres was founded by the Teutonic Order, who first had to help the poor Germans.

After the capture of acres, the disagreements between the monarchs strengthened even more, everything came to the fact that the French monarch, together with the army, left the acre and went back to France. Thus, Richard Lion's heart remained alone with a huge army of Saladin.

After the capture of Acra, Richard, together with the army, moved to the Muslim city of Arfus. During the hike, the army of Muslims was applied. Invalid sprinkled crusaders arrows. Then Richard built his detachments in such a way that the cavalry was located in the center, and the infantry with big shields were built around it, they turned out a kind of "boxes". With the help of a similar combat system, the crusaders moved forward, ignoring Muslim archers. But the Knights-hospitalries could not stand and moved into the attack, Richard managed to wait for the moment, and he ordered all the power to go to a decisive attack, which ended the victory of the Crusaders.
After the victory, the crusaders moved to Jerusalem. Crusaders overcame the desert, after which they were very exhausted. Going to the city, the Crusaders did not have forces for the siege of Jerusalem. Then Saladin offered the Crusaders to leave without a fight if they leave Jerusalem. Richard retreated to Akre and there were executed several thousand civilians of Arabic origin, Saladin answered the same coin.

The third crusade was approaching its completion. Richard wanted to go again not Jerusalem, but always had a reason to return to acre. When the French monarch was planned to capture the lands of England, while Richard John managed by Richard's brother, Richard concluded a truce with Saladin and decided to return to save his crown. In 1192, Richard left the Holy Land, and the third crusade came to an end.

During the return home, Richard was captivated by Leopold V and planted the monarch to the dungeon for two years. From captivity Richard came out only after England paid a redemption of 23 tons of silver.

The consequences of the third crusade

The third crusade ended with a complete defeat of the Crusaders, although they initially managed to defeat several victories. Richard's victories in course ended, did not bring any results. Jerusalem could not return to the possession of Catholics, and the acre was commissioned after the departure of Richard. After the end of the crusade, only the narrow strip of the coast remained behind the Crusaders.

The campaign ended with the death of the Emperor of the Sacred Roman Empire of Friedrich Barbarossa. Richard's power was undermined and jeopardized all of England. Influenced disagreement with France, and Richard was captivated, for which England bought him and thereby suffered losses in the economy.

Muslims thus strengthened their positions in the Holy Land, and the identity of Saladin became a cult, after the victory over the crusaders, many Muslims joined him and were ready for the new invasion of the Crusaders.

Third crusade

M. A. Zaborov so wrote about the successes of the Saladin following the taking of Jerusalem: "Mastering Jerusalem and stopped the resistance of the last crusader knights in the inner Palestine, Salah Ad-Dean, however, was unsuccessful to take a shooter, the defense of which was led by Italian Marquis, who arrived in the middle July 1187 from Constantinople, Konrad Monferratsky. The city was blocked by Muslims and from Sushi and from the sea (from acra sailed the Egyptian fleet), but in early January 1188 Muslims had to retreat. It was not possible to subordinate the main centers of the domination of the Crusaders in the north - Tripoli, on the revenue of which the Norman-Sicilian flotilla arrived at the revenue (about fifty ships) of the Pirate Admiral Margiton, and Antioch, although most of the county of Tripoli and the Principality of Antioch was occupied. By November, 1188 granted a garrison of Krak, in April - May 1189 - Krak de Montreal. The latter fallen the castle of Belvoire. From now on, the Jerusalem kingdom was almost completely in the hands of Allah Ad-Din. Only the city of Tir and Tripoli remained behind the crusaders, several small fortifications and the powerful fortress of John the Krak de Chevalé. "

Meanwhile, on October 29, 1187, Pope Gregory VIII called for the organization of a new cross campaign, and this happened even earlier than he learned about the seizure of Jerusalem Saladin. Dad also called for a flock to refuse meat on Fridays for five years to the atonement of sins, which led to the fall of the Holy City.

The third crusade began as a campaign of three kings: the German Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa, the English King of Richard I Lion's Heart and French King Philip II August. In connection with the third crusade, the French king of Philip II Augustus issued a special Ordanance (Decree) about "Saladinovaya Tith, where it was said:" All those who are not sent to the crusade, undertake to submit to this year at least a tenth from all of their Revenues, excluding the spiritual monastery of Sitorsienses and the Order of Chartresses (Cartusii) or Fontewarists (FONS EURLDINUS, near Sumura) and lepers, but only about their own property. No one can impose hands to the communes, except for a suzerena to whom the commune belongs. In any case, the one who had the right to some of the communes will still retain them. The one who has the right of the highest court in some land will collect and tenth from that land. Yes, it will be led that those who pay the tithing should make it from all movement and their income, not the deduction of debts in which they could enter before. According to the contribution of the tithing, they can pay their debts from the residue. All the laitys, both the military and others, will take their tithing under oath and under the fear of anathema, and Clerickes are under the threat of excommunication. Non-toned warrior gives the crusaded suzerain, in relation to which he is considered to be a mandatory vassal (Homo Ligius), tithing, both with his own movableness, and from the feud, which is obtained by him from him. If he does not have such a feud, then pays his mandatory suzerena with one own movement, and with his feuding contributes to the one from whom they received them. If someone has no mandatory suzerane, then he gives the tithing from his movement to this, in whose feud. If some collector of decades find in the estate from whom the tithing is obtained, things belonging to the other, and if the domain can prove, then the collector should not hold such things. The crusaded warrior, being a legitimate heir, son or son-in-law of a non-tenth warrior or widow, will receive a tenth from his father or mother. No one can put hands on the property of Archbishopov, bishops, capitals or churches that are directly dependent on them, except Archbishop, bishops, capitals and churches that are in feudal dependence. Bishops collecting tithing, bring it to those who should. Any crusader, who, in view of Podachi or Tithing, will not want to pay it, will be forced to those who should make and who will order with him in his will; Who will force such force, will not be late for that. God will reward anyone who pies his tithingly. "

In addition, the participants of the third crusade from France received a two-year interest-free deferment for debts. Many knights hoped to cover the debts of future military prey.

Similar decrees about the tithing on the crusade were published by the German Emperor Friedrich II Barbarossa, English King Heinrich II Plantagenets and other monarchs in bed. The English king, however, did not get to Palestine, because he suddenly died on July 6, 1189, who had just completed a civil war with his son Richard, who was supported by the French king. On the eve, on July 4, the world was concluded, according to which Richard was proclaimed the heir to the English throne and was to go to the crusade along with two kings. Since Heinrich died, his son was proclaimed by the king under the name of Richard I. For his courage, he received the nickname Richard Lion's heart and became the most dangerous of all the enemies of Saladin. Oddly enough, but rumors about the poisoning of the King Henry did not arise, since he was, on the then standards, old (56 years old) and sick.

However, before going to the crusade, the European monarchs tried, at least formally, to solve the case with Muslims the world, the benefit, Saladin himself offered them it. He was ready to freely miss the Christian pilgrims to holy places, but did not go on any other concessions. In 1188, the German Emperor Friedrich II Barbarossa wrote Saladin, responding to his message: "Friedrich, God's grace Emperor Romans, always august, the great winner of the Enemies of the Empire, the happy patron of Christianity, Saladin, Chapter (Praesidi) Saracin, a famous husband, which The example of Pharaoh will be forced to leave the persecution of God's children. We got with the most pleasure to let the literacy written by you, and our Majesty finds her worthy answer. Now, since you defiled the city of Jesus Christ, and as the protection of the city of Jesus Christ makes our responsibility as the head of the empire, then we inform you that if you don't leave this land immediately and do not give us proper satisfaction, then we, accommodated holiness of Christ, We will take war with all its accuracy and go hiking in November calends. We would hardly believe that the events of ancient history may be unknown to you, and if you know them, then why do you act as if they are unknown to you? Do you know that both Ethiopias, Mauritania, Scythia, Earth, inhabited by Parfian and captured by the blood of our Crassa; What Arabia, Haldey and in particular Egypt, where the great Anthony is about Mount! - I donated to enslave myself with the wicked love of Cleopatra; In short, that all these land depended on our empire? Can you not know that Armenia and other countless countries submitted to our domination? The kings of them whose blood is so often the Romans sword, knew well about that; and you also understand God's help that our victorious eagles can, that can registers of numerous peoples; You will experience the rage of those Teutons that go to weapons even during the world; You will get acquainted with the inhabitants of the Rhine, with the youth of Istria, who does not know the flight; with high height Bavar; with residents of Schwabia, proud and cunning; With the inhabitants of Franconia, always prudent; with sax that plays a sword; with the peoples of touring and Westphalia; with a rapid brabant; With Larring, which does not know the world; with restless burgundy, with the inhabitants of the Alps; With frieze, which deftly strikes with a dart; With Bohemits, who happily takes death; with Bologami (Poles), more ferocious than the beasts of their forests; with Austria, Istria, Illaria, Lombardy, Tuscany, Venice, Pisa; On the day, intended for the Nativity of Christ, you will learn that we can still own a sword, although, according to your words, old age is already depressing us. "

Almost it was the announcement of the war. And Saladin challenged accepted.

In the response message, Sultan Egypt and Syria wrote: "King, sincere friend, Great and extomed Friedrich, King of Germany! In the name of the merciful God, the grace of the God of the Unified, Almighty, Most High, Victorious, Eternal, whose kingdom is not the end. We raise him eternal thanksgiving, and His mercy over the whole world: We molim, yes Niskochkil's grace for their prophets and especially on our mentor and its apostle (nuntium) of the Prophet Magomet, who he sent to establish a true religion to trigger over all other religions. By the way, we inform the king, my husband sincere, powerful, great, a friend beloved, the king of Germany, which was someone named after Henry, calling himself to your ambassador, and presented to us some literacy that was announced by your letter. We ordered to read a diploma and listened to himself and what he said in words was answered orally. But here is the written our answer. You list all those who will go to us in alliance with you, and call them and say: "... the king of such a land and the king of other land, the graph is such and the graph of the Schedule; And such as archbishops, markers and knights. " But if we also wanted to calculate all that serve us, who obey our commands, which will obey our word and who fight under our regulations, would not have the opportunity to put everything in our literacy. You give the names of Christian peoples, but the peoples of Muslims are much and much more than Christian. Between us and the Christian peoples that you say, the whole sea lies; And between countless Sarcins and there is no sea between us and no obstacle to the connection. We have at our disposal of Bedouvini, which it would be enough to oppose our enemies; We have a Turkomaan; If we send them against their enemies, they will destroy them; We have rural residents who, having received orders, courageously fight with people who invaded our lands to plunder them and conquest. It's not all. We have, in addition, combat soldiers (Soldarii, that is, mercenaries), with the help of which we entered this country, won it and defeated our enemies. These brave people, as well as all the pagan kings (Reges Paganissimi), will not fluctuate if we encourage them, and will not be slow, if you find out our will. And if, as your grades say, you are going if you go to us, as it adds your ambassador, then we will meet you to meet the holiness of God. We are not enough that we have won this seaside country (Palestine and Finika); If you want to God, we will throw off the sea and with God's assistance you will win your lands: for, come here, you will have to bring with you all your strength and come in accompanied by the whole of your people, so that your state will not have anyone to protect. When the Lord in his omnipotence will give us a victory over you, we will not have anything, how to go, relying on the power of God and his will to master your lands. Already twice all Christians connected against us, attacking Babylonia (Egypt): for the first time they threatened Damiette and for the second time - Alexandria; Meanwhile, in that era of Christians, Palestine and Piechenians were still breeding. But you know, in what position and in what pitiful view of Christians returned from the other hike. Now, on the contrary, this country is in our power. The Lord has given us provinces; He pushed our limits in width and in length: He gave us Egypt with the adjacent lands, the country of Damascus, Palestine (Gesire) with her castles; The country of Edessa (Terram Roasiae) with all the Kingdom of India (that is, happy Arabia) with everyone belonging to him; And all this, by the grace of God, is in our hands, and the Muslim princes will obey us. If we give orders to them, they will not refuse to fulfill him; If we ask the Baghdad Caliph (Calephum de Baldac) - let the Lord retains him - come to us, he will fall from the throne of his empire and will hurry to help us. The holiness and power of God we were mastered by Jerusalem and his country: Three cities remain in the hands of Christians - Tir, Tripoli and Antioch, which will not slow down to submit our power. If you strongly want war and if, with God's help, we will conquer all Christian cities, then we will meet you, as it is mentioned above in our diploma. If, on the contrary, you prefer a kind world, then send the leaders of those three cities to give us them without any resistance, and we will refund you with the Holy Cross; We give the freedom to all prisoners in our possessions; Suppose one of your priest under the coffin, we will refund the abbey that existed to the first crusade (in Tempore Paganissimo) and we will give them a patronage; Dresvolim comes to pilgrims throughout our life and will have peace with you. So, in case of a grade delivered to us by Henry, there is really a diploma of the king, we wrote this certificate in response to that; And God will put us with your advice and your will! Litter of this is written per year from the coming of the Prophet of our Magomet 584. Glory to one God! And God will save the god of the prophet of our Magomet and his genus.

From the victorious king, the title of truth, the banner of the truth, the ruler of the world and religion, Sultan Saraqin and the pagans, the minister of the two holy houses and so on. And so on. ".

The monarchs of the largest states of Western Europe, England, France and Germany, although they gathered together in the third crusade, but decided to go different routes. The first in May 1189 was the German Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa. He moved along land, capturing on the path of the Seljuk capital Konya (Icona) in Malaya Asia, where he died during the crossing through a mountain river. The French and British king, unlike the German Emperor, preferred a more familiar way by the sea and more or less safely reached Palestine.

The author of anonymous "History of the Emperor Friedrich" argued that the death of the emperor "so shocked everyone, so everyone was covered by a strong grief that some, staining between horror and hope, cumshots; Others, desperate and seeing that God seems to not care about them, renounced the Christian faith and, together with their people they went into paganism. "

Part of the German Knights by the Sea from the ports of Malaya Asia returned to his homeland, the other continued his hike on land in Antioch, where in the summer of 1190, many died from the plague. The remaining in the fall in the fall approached the acre deposited by the crusaders.

French historian J. - F. Misho notes: "Before performing, Barbarossa sent ambassadors to the Byzantine Emperor and Iconian Sultan, asking for a pass through their lands. He also sent a message to Saladin, threatening the war in case of keeling of Jerusalem and other Christian cities. Having made this demonstrative gesture, Friedrich raised his rising army in Regensburg, was safely held Hungary and Bulgaria and arrived in Byzantium earlier than Richard and Philip sailed to the Holy Land. "

Misho argued that the Byzantine emperor Isaac Angel, "on the one hand, the benevolent reception promised the Germans in his possessions, on the other - immediately concluded a union with Saladin. At the same time, he gave an order to his administrators and military leaders to interfere with the promotion of the Crusaders and at each opportunity to upset their ranks. Friedrich he did not care anything else, as his vassal, and Patriarch preached in Hagia Sophia, Latinan's extermination. However, all this lasted only until Barbarossa solved the Games of Byzantine and, in turn, did not show his teeth. After the Germans paid the Greeks several times in a shameful flight, the picture changed dramatically: Isaac Stroxy and slow down. Now Frederick from Vassal was turned into a "victorious emperor", and he was given even more than he asked. Instead of, as before, to demand hostages from him, Isaac himself gave them to him; He pledged to feed the army of the Crusaders, patiently demolished their violence, sent Barbarosse valuable gifts and provided his entire fleet without resistance to the other coast.

Sultan Iconian, like Isaac Angel, did not restrain his promise and, instead of misleading the Germans through his lands, met them near the Laodice's army, ready for the battle. However, he immediately paid for his betrayal: the crusaders of the headwound broke his army, and only piles of corpses remained from it, who had the foothills of the brand.

Having believed that the sky patronize their arms, the Germans even more encouraged and went to the assault of Icon, which was crowned with complete success. This finally humbled Sultan and forced him to supply non-crushed food with food and everything else that they needed.

Since then, German knights everywhere sowed horror. They hit everyone with their cohesion and discipline, and Emirs sent to conveyed by Saladin's arrival, praised their indomitable courage in battles, patient in misfortunes and endurance in the campaign.

And suddenly this promising began to truncated with an unexpected and sad end. The army of the Crusaders, moving on Tavr, descended into the picturesque valley of the Mountain River Seleph. Running winter ended, bluled spring. Freshness and transparency of water is uncontrollably manila. The emperor decided to swim ...

Further historians are told differently. Some say that the old emperor tightly fastened the cold water, but when he was pulled out, he was still alive; Others argue that he was fascinated by a strong flow to the tree, which he broke his head; Finally, others are confident that he just wanted to twist the river, rushed into her armor and went to the bottom with a horse and a stone (in cold water, the elderly emperor could have a heart. - A.V.). Anyway, but great commander, the winner of many nations that prescribed her will dad and kings, suddenly died, never seeing the Holy Land. "

On June 10, Friedrich Barbarossa was bought in a small river at the foot of Mount Tavr and, beyond doubt, the victim of a heart attack, drowned, according to Ibn al-Asira, "in the place where water barely reached the hip. His army was dissipated, and Allah thus delivered Muslims from the villainance of Germanians, which among the francs are especially numerous and stubborn. "

After that, the Army Barbarossa broke up. Many feudal feudalles with their detachments returned back. According to Misho, "the battles that have had to withstand them soon, hunger, the need and illness reduced the number of German militia to five to six thousand fighters. When these pathetic fragments took more recently the Great Army through Syria, the rumor, ahead of their arrival, inspired Christians, staring Ptolemaid, rather awful, rather than joy. "

Friedrich Barbarossa campaign wrote in detail the monk Arnold Lubekovsky: "In the Trinity came to the icon, the main city of the Turks, and reinforced themselves with roots, separated in the vicinity, so that they enjoyed them as in paradise. When, thus, the people who hung out decently reinforced himself with food and thought that in finally, after grave work, now the beneficial rest and the adversity of war will reach the joy of peace, the son of the Salta, the son of Saladin, the son-in-law of Sultan (Iconian), ordered to say the emperor: "If you You wish to have a free passage through my country, I have to pay for each of your one by one Byzantine Golden. Otherwise, I know that I attack you with a weapon in my hands and you yourself with your people, or to die with a sword, or take captive. " The emperor was responsible for this: "Unheard of business that the Roman emperor pays for someone to feed: he is used to more demand from others than to make, get, but not give; But since we are tired, then to peacefully continue our way, I will be happy to pay for the so-called Manuil (a small coin depicting the Byzantine emperor Manuel). If he does not want and prefer to attack us, then let him know that with a big hunting they will fight with him for Christ and wish with love for the Lord or defeat, or fall. " Manuel belonged to the category of the bad coin and did not have neither pure gold or pure copper, but were made up of a mixed and insignificant mass. The sent returned to his lord and handed him heard.

Meanwhile, the emperor gathered the most famous people in the army and outlined them all the case to solve together how to act. Everyone was told in one voice: "You were answered perfectly and as it applies to the imperial greatness. Know that we do not think about the conditions of the world, for we do not have anything as a choice between life and death, victory or loss of business. " Such hardness was quite like the emperor. With the dawn of the day he put the army in combat order. His son, Duke Schvabsky, has become ahead with the selected warriors, and the emperor himself with the rest of the army assumed the duty to reflect the attack of the enemy on the rear.

True, the warriors of Christ were stronger than courage, rather than the number, but the one who inspired the martyrs inspired by their firmness. The enemy suffered defeat from all sides, and there was no number to the fallen: the corpses were pile. The entrance to the city was blocked by many fallen walls; But some killed, others taught the dead. Finally, we broke into the city and beat all the inhabitants in it. Only those who took place in the castle standing at the city were escaped. By defeating the enemy thus, they remained in the city for three days. Then Sultan sent a noble ambassador to the emperor with gifts and ordered to say: "You did well that came to our country; If you were not adopted according to your desires and high advantages, then it gives you fame, and we shame. That Great Victory will be an eternal memory for you, and for us, sideways and shame. Be quite sure that all the incident happened without my will; I am lying the patient and I can not cope with any or others. Therefore, I apologize to me, take the hostages and all that you will need, but then leave the city and the campsite is still in the gardens. "

To finish this case, the emperor, together with his left, left the city, partly and because he got everything desired, and partly and the air infected with the corpses of the dead, encouraged also to retire. After the conclusion of the world, the warrior of Christ had fun on their own way and were not more pursued by the enemy. They passed the country of Armenia and reached R. Salph (Calicadn), in which the strengthening of the same name is. After arriving at the place of the sovereign, the emperor on the occasion of the Great Heat and Dirt from Dust wanted to redeem in the river and refresh. The river was a non-rider, but, mounted mountains, she had a rapid flow.

Meanwhile, as Others went, he, despite the objection of many, was put on the riding, believing in this way to cross the other coast; But the strength of the course knocked him down and fascinated against desire; Thus, he was absorbed by the waves before those surrounded by helping (June 10, 1190). This event has wicked everyone and mourned it into one voice: "Who will now console us during the wealth? Our defender died. Now we will wander like sheep in the middle of wolves, and no one will protect us from their teeth. " So complained people, crying and sighing. The son of the Emperor (Friedrich Schwabsky) consoled them, saying: "Although my father died, but it should be worried and not fall in spirit in sadness, then the help from the Lord will come." Since he kept himself prudent, then after the death of his father, all his authorities obeyed. Then he gathered about himself all who were left - and many were separated, - and went to Antioch. There I met him with honor the Antioch Prince and handed him the city, so he could dispose of anything. Saracens often attacked the city, and therefore he did not hoped to keep him behind him. At the time when Duke Friedrich remained there for some time to rest, hung up his army began to get enough wine and looked without a measure of urban pleasures, so that the mortality rate from excess, bo?

Meanwhile, as many people died in the simple people, noble people died from the heat. Thus, Gottfried, Bishop of Würzburg, the husband is active and prudent, who led all this wandering on the mercy of God, and moved from the local world to Heavenly Schizna. Then the duke, leaving 300 people in Antioch, reached off with others in the Akon (Ptolemaid), where he found a big Christian army, occupied by the siege of this city. His arrival inspired the Germans who were in the camp, although he brought with him only 1000 people. But at the time when he was preparing to join the fight against the enemy, he was deposited by premature death (January 20, 1191). So it ended this enterprise, without bringing, apparently, no results. Some were the most extremely disappeared and said that what was unfairly started cannot have a prosperous end. "

Thus, after the death of Friedrich, the Barbarossa practically dispose of the German knightly army - the most disciplined and combed in the army of the third crusade.

Baha hell-Dean, without hiding gloating, writes about the sad fate of the army of the emperor Friedrich Barbarossa and his own: "We constantly received reports about the movements of the King of Germanians, who have just invaded the ownership of Kiliz Arslan. We have heard that the great Many Turkmen came to meet him, intend to not give him to cross over the river; However, they did not have a leader who would guide their actions, and at the form of the size of the army running on them, they failed to fulfill their task. Kiliz Arslan pretended to be fighting against the king, although in fact he had a good relationship with him. As soon as the king joined his land, he openly showed his feelings before those who were kept secret, and became an accomplice of his plans, providing him with hostages who had to stay at the King until the guards of Kiliz Arslan would hold the Army of Germans in possession of IBN Louna (Rupena, Grandson Levon).

During the hike, the troops suffered cruel deprivation; They ended in food, and fear fek? Left part of municipal animals. Therefore, they had to beat a significant part of their baggage, as well as part of Kiras, helmets and weapons, since there were nothing to carry them. They say they burned many such things so that they did not get Muslims. In such a deplorable state, they reached the city of Tarsus, then stopped on the river bank and prepared for crossing it. Suddenly, the king decided to twist the river and, despite the fact that the water was very cold, jumped into it. He was tired of experienced tests and anxiety and as a result fell ill, and this disease was the cause of his death. When the king realized that his dear things, he handed the power to his son, accompanied him in this campaign. After the death of King, his Velmazby decided to reveal his body in vinegar and in the Lartz to take his bones in Jerusalem so that they could be buried there. The Son took the place of the king, despite some opposition, for most of the nobles were inclined in favor of the older son of the King, who inherited the father's Kingdom (meaning Emperor Heinrich Vi. - A.V.); However, the army still headed the younger son, as he was in place. Upon learning of the disaster army and emptying, which made hunger and death in her ranks, Ibn Lounged retreated and did not join her; First, he did not know how the case would turn, and secondly, they were francs (i.e. Catholics), and he is Armenian. Therefore, he locked in one of the fortresses to not mess with them.

Sultan, in the meantime, he received a message from Catholicos, that is, the heads of Armenians, the Lord of the AR-Room Kalata, the fortress on the banks of the Euphrate. Here is the translation of this message: "Catholicos, the following details for the information of our Lord and Mr., Sultan, Mighty in the Assistant, who again blossomed believers, highly raising the banner of justice and favorables, which is a prosperity (Salah) of the world and faith (ad- Dean), Sultan Islam and Muslims, - Let the Lord will extend his prosperity, will increase his glory, he will retain his life, forever will strengthen his luck and lead him to the goal of all his desires! I am writing regarding the King of Germanians and what he did since his appearance. Leaving his own possessions, he kept his way through the territory of Hungarians and forced their king to recognize his supremacy. He received so much money and warriors from him, as necessary; Then he invaded the country of the winner of the Byzantines, took and plundered a few of his cities and established himself in them, driving the population from them. He forced King Rooms to appear and recognize him with his Signor; He took hostage and brother King, as well as about forty the most trusted friends of this ruler; He also took the confinition from it in the form of fifty centners of silver, as well as silk fabrics without a bill. He captured all his ships to smuggle the whole army from that shore (Gellespont), together with hostages, which was going to hold, until he invades the ownership of Kiliz Arslan. He continued his hiking, and for three days the Avazi Turkmen had friendly communication with him, providing him with rams, calves, horses and other necessary things. Then they had the opportunity to attack him, and the troops approached them from all sides; After that, they attacked the king and pursued it for thirty-three days. When he reached Konia, Kutb Ad-Dean, the son of Kiliz Arslan, gathered his troops and went to him. The bloody battle followed, in which the king captured the ruler captured and completely defeated the troops of the Konya. Then he continued the offensive and walked until this city seemed. Muslims in a great set came out to resist him, but he cried them and entered the city where Muslims and Persians killed and remained for five days. Kiliz Arslan offered him to conclude the world, and the king agreed, receiving twenty hostages from him from among the local nobility. He again continued his trip, following the Kilizh Arslan's Kiliz and choosing the road leading to Tarsus and Al-Mrs.; But before entering into this country, he sent the messenger to the messenger, which said who he was and what was going to take; He also brought a story about what was happening on his way here, stating that she intends to go through their land - if not like a friend, then as an enemy. As a result, Mamluk Helta was sent to him, through which permission was transferred to pass through the territory that the king was required. This officer, who elseworthing answer to (Royal) Message, was accompanied by several noble people. According to these instructions, they should have tried to persuade the king to return to the ownership of Kiliz Arslan. When they were led to the Great King, they handed him the answer and at the same time reported that the main goal of their mission is to persuade him to leave. Then the king gathered all his troops and took a position on the river bank. After eating and sleep, he had a desire to redeem in cool water, which he did. But, in the fishery of Allah, he barely entered the river, he was struck by a serious illness caused by the coldness of the water, in which he dreamed, and for several days he died (according to another version, Barbaros took the flow, and he immediately drowned. - A.V. ). Ibn Lounge was heading to visit the king, when he met his ambassadors who left the camp (German) immediately after this incident (the death of the king). When he learned from them about what happened, he went to one of his fortresses and firmly locked in her. The king appointed his successor to his successor when she started a campaign, and despite some difficulties arising, he managed to take his father's place. Having learned about the flight of the messengers Ibn Louna, he sent behind them and returned them back. And then addressed them with such words: "My father was an old man and sought to enter your country only because I wanted to make a pilgrimage in Jerusalem. Now Mr. I became, so much dragged during this campaign. Therefore, if Ibn Loun will not obey me, I will win his possession. " Here Ibn Lown realized that he would have to obey and personally visit the king, for that there was a huge army; He recently seen her and calculated that it consisted of forty-two thousand riders armed with all types of weapons, as well as from an innumerable set of hiking soldiers. It was a lot of people, representatives of different peoples who made an amazing impression; They strictly performed their duty and observed iron discipline. Everyone who brought their disfavor to themselves, was killed, exactly the sheep. One of their leaders a little bit of his servant, and the advice of clergymen called him to answer. It was a crime that Karasey death; And the judges unanimously made a death sentence. Great many people tried to stand up for him in front of the king, but the ruler stood on his own, and this leader paid for his crime to life. These people refuse themselves in any entertainment. If one of them is having fun, others face and condemn it. All this is because they grieve about the fate of the Holy City. Reliable source told me that some time some of them swore at all not to wear clothes, covering the body only by chain; This, however, was prohibited by their superiors. Patience with which they transfer suffering, difficulties and fatigue, is truly infinite. Your humble servant (literally: Mamluk) sends this report on the state of affairs. When something new will happen, by the will of God, he will tell you about it. This is a letter of Catholicos. " This word means "governor." The author of the letter was called Bar Cro Coca Bin Bassil. When Sultan found out for sure that the King of Germanians invaded Ebne Louna and goes to the ownership of Muslims, he convened emirs and advisers to his empire to listen to their opinion on how he should do. Everyone agreed that part of the army should be sent in the region bordering the enemy's movement line, and Sultan should be left with the rest of the army to fight the enemy standing with the camp (at acres). The first of Emirov in the campaign was made by Nar Ad-Dean, the son of Ad-Dina and the Lord of Mumba. Hed-Dean Ibn Al-Mukaddim, the Lord of Kafra, Taba, Barin and other cities went. Muadd Ad-Dean, Lord Baalbek, followed him, and then sent Sabik hell-Dean, Lord of Shaisir. Then, the Kurds from the Barucia tribe came to the road, which were included in the Aleppo arrow, and behind them - troops from Hama. Al-Malik Al-Aphdal, Sultan's son, also made a campaign, and he was followed by the ad-Dean Bard, the ruler (shick) of Damascus. Al-Malik Az Zahir, Sultan's son moved behind them; He was sent to Aleppo to keep track of the promotion of the enemy, collect information and protect the surrounding regions. Then he went al-Malik Al-Muzaffar (Taki Ad-Dean, the nephew of Sultan and the Lord of Hama), who was instructed to protect the areas around his city and follow the Germans when they pass past these places.

This emir departed last; He spoke on Saturday night, the 9th day of Jumada I 586 (June 14, 1190). The care of these troops strongly weakened the right flank, which they mainly accounted for; Therefore, Sultan ordered Al-Malik Al-Adile to go to the right edge of the right flank and take the position released by hell-dieon. Imad Ad-Dean was put on the left edge of the left flank. Just at this time, an epidemic began in the army, and Muzaffar Ad-Dean, the Lord of Harran, suffered from the disease, but recovered; Then the al-Malik Az Zafir became ill, but he also recovered. The great set of people, commander and others got sick; But, praise Allah, the disease passed in a light form. The same epidemic struck the army of the enemy, but there it spread and proceeded heavily, carrying a lot of lives. Sultan remained at his position and followed the actions of the enemy.

The son of the king took the place of his father, but he was struck by a serious illness that forced him to linger in the country of Ibn Louna. He left with him twenty-five knights and forty temples (Davi), sending the rest of the army ahead - to take the road to Antioch. Since his army was very numerous, he divided it into three parts. The first, under the command of the graph, who occupied among them a prominent position, was held next to the Bagrass castle, when the local garrison, in which there was only a few people, the force and cunning was able to capture two hundred her soldiers. After that, they reported that the enemy is exhausted, suffers from the disease that he has only a few horses and fabric animals and that they have food and weapons. The governors delivered by the Sultan in various cities of Syria, informed about this state of affairs, equipped troops to see what makes the enemy. These warriors came across a large squad (Germanians) who came out of the camp in search of food; They rapidly attacked Germanians, and those lost more than five hundred people killed and captured. So, at least, our scribes reported in deposits.

The second mantle arrived from the Catholicos, and Sultan accepted him; I was present at this meeting; He told us that, although the Germans and a lot, they are very weakened, for they almost did not have horses and supplies, and most of their things are transported on donkeys. "I took a position on the bridge in which they had to go," he told, "to consider them well, and saw how a great many people passed me, but almost all of them were without Kiras and without copies. I asked why they were in this form, and received the answer: "We passed several days on the pathogenic plain; We have ended the reserves of food and firewood, and we had to burn most of our good. In addition, death fell many of us. We had to kill and eat our horses and burn spears and supplies, since we did not have wood. "

The graph who commanded them by the avant-garde died when they got to Antioch. It became known that Ibn Lounge, having learned that their army is in full exhaustion, was fulfilled by hope to take advantage of their advantage and, knowing that the king was ill and left himself only a few warriors, he decided to take possession of his treasures. We were told that the emir of Antioch was also He found out about it and went to the king of Germans to meet him and bring him to the city in order to assign his treasures to himself if he dies, being in the city. News about the enemies permanently came, and we knew that among them the epidemic was raging, which more and more undermines their strength. "

The fight against the third crusade has become a real war for exhaustion for Saladin, and he spent all the incomes of treasury and military prey on it. This, in particular, has become the main reasonWhy the Board of Saladin was not marked by the implementation of large-scale construction projects, and the delay of the war caused Ropot Emirov, which could not take advantage of their prey. According to Al-Cadi Al-Fadila, Saladin "spent revenues from Egypt to conquer Syria, income from Syria to capture Mesopotamia, and revenues from Mesopotamia - for the conquest of Palestine." Sultan was becoming harder to contain large armies. And the owners of the ICTOs - land plots, complaining of military service, sought to watch the harvest in the villages, from which they collected taxes, which also weakened the army. Also, Saladin's relatives were more interested in their own estates, and not the struggle with the Crusaders.

"Salah Ad-Dean," Al-Asyr wrote Ibn, "never showed hardness in his decisions. When he precipitated some city and his defenders resisted some time, he slaughtered and filmed the siege. But the monarch should not do so, even if fate favors. It is better sometimes to fail, remaining solid than to be successful and then squander the fruits of their victory. Nothing better illustrates this truth than the behavior of ad-Din's bare in relation to Tira. The fact that Muslims failed in front of this city, exclusively its wines. "

It must be said here, reproaching Saladin about the refusal of the siege of the Tira immediately after the victory in Hittin is completely fair. If he immediately after the victory under Hittin, did not take care of the seizure of Jerusalem, but by keeping the right siege of the Tira, where all the remnants of the troops of the Jerusalem kingdom gathered, he would have every chance to take the city even before the reinforcement approach headed by Conrad by Monferratsky. And then the participants of the third crusade would act much more difficult for the participants, because they would lose the base on the Palestinian coast, and they would have to beat some port engaged in a strong Muslim garrison with a fight. And Jerusalem from Sultan would still do anyway.

Tir Saladin failed to take, because the crusaders dominated the sea. Baha Ad-Ding so describes the death of the Egyptian fleet under the tire: "The fleet was commanded by a certain man named Al-Faris Badran, brave and skilled navigator. Abd Al-Mukhs - the main fleet - ordered the ships to observe vigilance and caution so that the enemy could not impose the opportunity to harm them; However, the sailors ignored this advice and at night did not put reliable custody. Therefore, the fleet became unfit from the Tyr Harbor, suddenly attacked them, captured five ships and two captains, and also killed the great many Muslim sailors. It happened on the 27th day of Shavwal (December 30, 1187). Sultan was very distressed when it was happening, and since the winter began and had a strong rain, the troops could no longer continue the battle. He gathered Emirs to the Military Council, and they advised him to turn the camp to give soldiers a small respite and prepare for the resumption of the siege some time later.

He followed the Council and departed, disassembled the Ballists and taking them with him. What was impossible to take away, he ordered to burn. Sultan was departed in the 2nd day of the month of the memory of the same year (January 3, 1188), then he dissolved the detachments, of which his army consisted, and allowed them to break home. He himself with his own army is located in Akre and remained there until 584 (began March 1188). "

As M. A. Komborov writes, "Izvestia about the fall of the Jerusalem kingdom, having gone to Western Europe, made the impression of a thunder strike. Dad Urban VIII, learning about what happened, died of shocks. His successor Gregory VIII encyclick dated October 29, 1187, sent out of Ferrara, called Catholics to a new cross campaign. He prescribed them a weekly post on Fridays for five years, and at the same time everyone was charged with a duty twice a week to completely refrain from meat food. The preaching of a crusade - she was particularly vigorously told Cardinal Enrico from Albano - picked up the next dad, after two months I changed Gregory VIII, Clement III. It was necessary to support the rapidly fallen prestige of the papacy. To initiate religious enthusiasm, the most devoted servants of the apostolic throne from among the Cardinals accepted the vow to walk around the whole France, England and Germany.

The third crusade took place in 1189-1192. It was attended by almost exclusively knights and large feudals of Western European countries. By the end of the XII century, the knighthood turned into a major massive force of the cross movement. The feudal states also played an active role in the third crosst campaign, in whose policies, by this time, trading interests in the East were acquired.

But if the religious motivations of the knighthood went on decline, then one of the most important permanent internal incentives of crusades from the end of the XII century. The desire of Western European states to domination at the Mediterranean Sea. Externally, this desire to a certain extent was solved by the winking of the West, opposed the countries of Europe east. However, it also gave rise to hostility between the Western European states themselves. The fictitious, essentially, in the first crusader enterprises, the notorious "unity of the Western world", which is so diligently underline bourgeois, especially Catholic, researchers of the second half of the XX century, trying to learn the origins of "Atlantism" and submit a century-old tradition "Western Christian Civilization ", in the second half of the XII century. Obviously collapsed. In the first place in the crusades, the rivalry of Western European states in the struggle for the economic, military, political prevalence in the Mediterranean, is put forward in the first place in the crusades. All this was clearly affected during the third crusade. "

It is unlikely that fair assertions about the global geopolitical interests of the emerging feudal European states seem to be able to establish their hegemony in the Mediterranean. Yes, and the religious motivation of the participants of the third crusade remained high enough. To the failure of a hike, or rather, to the fact that he did not fulfill all his tasks and did not liberate Jerusalem, led to the growing contradictions between European states, primarily between England and France, and concerned with European, and not distant overseas possessions. It is these contradictions forced the English and French kings to go home, and without freeing Jerusalem. The random death of the Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa, which caused the collapse of the German army, the most combal from all crusading forces, was equally adversely affected the outcome of the third cross hike.

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16. The third crusade in 1187. Egyptian Sultan Saladin (12) took the Jerusalem from Christians and put an end to the existence of the Jerusalem kingdom. The consequence of this was the third crusade in the Holy Land, in which the German Emperor Frederich participated

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Chapter 5 Third Crusade (1189-1192)

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III crusade (1189 - 1192)

Furnishing on the eve

The third crusade (1189-1192) in some respect, in its general nature, was different from previous. And this time, as in the previous campaign, the whole thing turned out to be in the hands of the largest feudalists, and the English and French kings did not resist against the irrepressible aspiration of their nations. But the spiritual, and especially the monastic element, as well as the People's Plebee, was evaconed from participating in a cross campaign. Participation in this company was very reasonably limited to the famous value of the value, ensuring travel expenses in the sum of three hundred silver brands (about 60 rubles), and this, of course, excluded the entire raft, which was such a burden at the first two campaigns and so A lot contributed to their failure. And in all other cooking was carried out with greater prudence. The embassies were sent to the Hungarian king, and to the Greek Emperor, and to the Sultan Sultan Kylych-Arslan, who was unfriendly looked at the increase in the power of Saladin. Ambassadors were also sent to Saladin, and when he rejected the ultimatum offered to him, he was declared war. It is clear that there was no speech about the coarse and random military martial sonaches of the first campaign, and that the most forms of state relations became more decent. It was not difficult to organize the management of the empire in the absence of the emperor: he gave his power to the son of Henry, who returned from Italy. One thing seemed to the Friedrich dangerous: Heinrich Leo returned from England to Germany, but ran away from his proposed participation in the campaign. In view of this, it was necessary to protect himself from all from his side attempts to capture the authorities in the absence of the emperor, and here at the Reichstag in Regensburg (in April 1189), it was decided "for another three years" to remove a restless prince from the Fatherland. At the end of April, from Regensburg, who was appointed for all the Crusaders, the mass of armed wanderers moved to the far path. The army moved, which before was not seen, consisting of 100 thousand knights, well armed, disciplined, reasonably chairs. The path elected by them was old by Gottfried Boulevard. They swam down the Danube.

Heroes

Richard Lion's Heart left for himself a memory in the Arab lands. Arabs called His Malik Reed, i.e. King Richard, and until the XIX century. The Arab Mothers suffered so much for their missing children: "Silent, and then Malik Reed will take you."

Events

Young Kurd Yusuf Ibn Ayub captured power in Egypt and accepted the title of Sultan and the throne name al-Malik An-Nasir Salah-Ad-Dean, i.e. Victorious king, defender of faith; Europeans redid his name in Saladin. Expanding their possessions to Syria and Palestine, this foresight politician and talented commander began a planned offensive on the Jerusaletic Kingdom. The army of the Crusaders was broken in 1187. Saladin joined Jerusalem.

Europe was shocked. Dad announced a crusade and demanded the cessation of all wars between Christians. At the head of the Third Crusade (1189-1192) there were eternal enemies: the French king of Philip II August and English King Richard Lion's Heart. The kings were continuously quarreling among themselves. Philip took the cross, only obeying the requirements of the Pope, and thought about his kingdom more than about the Holy Land, Richard dreamed of glory more than about the coffin of the Lord. It was not possible to achieve the return of Jerusalem Crusaders, and the hike ended in to no avail.

RESULTS

The third crusade ended unsuccessfully. The greed and thirst for profit led the Crusaders to the shameful defeat.