Familiar, sad places!
I recognize the surrounding objects -
Here is the mill! She's already collapsed;
The merry noise of her wheels ceased;
The millstone became visible, the old man also died.
He did not mourn the poor daughter for long.
A.S. Pushkin. "Mermaid"

Ancient water mills with a huge wooden wheel with blades and millstones that grind grains into flour have long been a symbol of irretrievably passing time. When did the first mills of this kind appear northeast of Moscow?

It is no secret that some local historians seek to "ancientize" the history of the area that they describe, while grasping at the same time any, even very dubious sources. So, for example, one can often find the statement that the first flour mill in these parts (to the northeast of Moscow) appeared on the Vora River at the confluence of the river. Traders more than 600 years ago. In support of this opinion, a source is also cited: "A tarkhan and unconvictionable letter of Dimitry Ivanovich Donskoy to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery for all its estates," where in which city Sergeyev's estate will be "and the entry attached to it" Tribute of the Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy to the Sergius Monastery in the summer of 6901 ", which indicates "the village of Borkovo and with a mill on Vora" - in the vicinity of the present city of Krasnoarmeysk near Moscow. Local historians are not embarrassed that the forgery of these documents was proved by the librarian of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra Arseniy back in 1884 and agreed with his conclusions and prominent representatives of Soviet science.

Meanwhile, the forgery of the charter of 1393 does not detract from the antiquity of this, in fact, the first mill mentioned in 1401/02 in a spiritual charter Vladimir Andreevich the Brave (1353-1410), according to which he refuses his third son Andrei (c. 1380-1426) "Mikhailovskoye village with a mill" (formerly the village of Mikhailovskoye on Navels near Krasnoarmeysk [3].

Old mill. Hood: I. Levitan.

The main body of data on mills in this region dates back to the second half of the 16th century. So, in the middle of the century the mill arose near the village of Vanteevo (Ivanteevka) on the river. Teaching. In the 1560s, the mill was transferred from flour grinding to the production of writing paper from rags and was mentioned in documents of 7085 (1576/77) of the year: "what happened to Fyodor after Savinov on the estate, which he kept a paper mill" . The paper business did not last long.

It is interesting that the cadastral books of ca. 1573/74, 1585/86 and 1593/94, when Vanteevo already belonged to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, Vanteev did not have any mill. Meanwhile, the wheel of this same mill is adorned with the current coat of arms of Ivanteevka.

Coat of arms of the city of Ivanteevka.

It is impossible not to recall that this was the first paper mill in the state, and the well-known Russian historian Nikolai Petrovich Likhachov (1862-1936), in addition to the data on the Ivanteev mill, wrote: “For us, the news of a paper mill near Moscow in the sixties of the 16th century has an extraordinary importance, because in time it is directly connected with the beginning of book printing in Russia. Did the specified mill make paper suitable for printing? On what paper was the first printed Apostle of 1564 printed? These are questions that are full of interest ... ".

At the old mill. Hood: S. Vorobyov, 1858.

By 1573/74, in the patrimony of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery near the village. Cherkizovo on the river. Klyazma (now the urban-type settlement of Cherkizovo in the Pushkin district), a “German mill” appeared, equipped with two millstones (“a German mill on the Klyazma River, grinds into two millstones, miller Denisko Nemchins is in the yard”).

Old mill. Hood: V.D. Polenov, 1880.

In 1584-1586, the same mill with one millstone on the Klyazma was built by the Trinity-Sergius Monastery near the village of Tarasovo (village of Tarasovka, Pushkin district).

Around 1584-86, Vore-Korzenev camp, not far from the palace village of Vozdvizhensky on the river. Torgosha (the left tributary of the Vori River) in the patrimony of Bogdan Belsky, the village of Timonino (transferred to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery in 1576, then found itself at Belsky, and then unsubscribed to the sovereign), a flour mill was also set up. Half of the mill belonged to the palace village: “Yes, under the same village [Timonino] half of the mill, and the other half of the mill of the sovereign of the palace village of Zdvizhensky for the peasants, and now that mill does not grind, and the peasants said the quitrent was the same from that mill from both halves 40 altyns per year".

Water Mill. Artist: E. Volkov.

By 1585/86, the appearance of three flour mills on the river. Klyazma near the village of Obraztsovo (now part of the town of Shchelkovo) in the estate of the Suzdal Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery I, - two between the village of Maltsovo and the village of Vasilyevskoye and on the river. Teaching in the wasteland Embankment: "The Olekseevskaya mill, grinds in one wheel, and another mill on the river on the Klyazma is Maltsova /.../ the village of Naberezhnaya, below it is a mill on the Klyazma river, grinds in one millstone" .
In 1589, a mill was mentioned on the river. Vore near the village of Bogorodsky (today, the village of Vorya-Bogorodskoye, Shchelkovsky district):"yes, against the Bogorodskoye village and the mill, between the river Vori /.../near the village of Bogorodsky, on the river Vora, there is a mill, on it is a German wheel, and that mill is on rent for the peasants of the village of Zinovievskaya, and the quitrent is paid to the Order of the Big Palace for a year at 4 rubles, and duties are 2 hryvnias. ".
In 1593/94, two mills are mentioned on the river. Plaksa (a tributary of the Vori) near the now non-existent village of Muromtsevo in the patrimony of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery: "Yes, two miller's yards, /.../yes, from two mills, a quitrent of forty rubles a year is given to the monastery clerk from the living with a vyti, 2 altyns with dengo, and that 2 rubles and 20 altyns ".

Old mill. Artist: P. Jogin.

In 1602 a water flour mill was built on the Lashutka river, which had become shallow by that time, near the village of Litvinovsky (Litvinovo, Shchelkovsky district) in the estate of the Moscow Epiphany Monastery: "the village of Litvinovskoye with villages, and under the village there is a mill". This mill was also mentioned in the documents of 1623.

Old mill. Hood: V.P. Krantz, 1987.

In the same 1623 on the river. Klyazma mentions a mill near the village of Shchelkovo (entrance to the city of Shchelkovo):"Yes, under the same village on the other side of the Klyazma River, the mill is damaged, and in it the peasant miller Pervushka Fedorov, and on the mill side of the bank Fetyukhin."

Forgotten mill. Hood: A. Kiselev, 1891.

In 1655, Patriarch Nikon began the construction of a paper mill on the Pakhra River in Zelenaya Sloboda (now the Ramensky District) near its confluence with the river. Moscow in order to provide the Moscow Printing House with paper. The mill was destroyed by a flood in 1657 and finally dismantled in 1660.

Dam. Hood: S. Zhukovsky, 1909

In 1674 on the river. Yauza, on the site of the mill, which was previously used for the manufacture of gunpowder, a paper mill was built by royal decree, which operated in 1678.

In 1698, with.

Page 1

The retrospective study is focused on identifying the territorial organization of renewable energy in the Ryazan (province) region. The main accents are defined in the field of socio-economic factors that predetermined the quantitative and qualitative changes in the potential of hydraulic and windmills and "territorial shifts" in their location. The work takes into account the modifications of the region in the course of administrative reforms in the 20th century (Fig. 1).

An analysis of the figure shows that the transformation of boundaries has important geographical consequences. Previously, the Ryazan province had a greater extent from north to south than from west to east, which provided greater diversity natural conditions and contributed to a pronounced differentiation of the territory into the agricultural south (Stepnaya side), the zone of mixed economy in the central part (Ryazan side) and the industrialized north (Meshcherskaya side). At the same time, the provincial city of Ryazan most corresponded to the requirement of its (optimum) central position towards the province as a whole.

In general, as a result of administrative reforms, the region somewhat "shifted" to the east and at the same time "shrunk" to the conventional center, that is, it became relatively more "eastern". Despite some "increment" of the Ryazan region at the expense of other regions, the "exchange" was not qualitatively equivalent, since the most industrially developed and agrarian-significant territories were transferred to other regions.

The use of wind and water mills in the Ryazan province (XIX century). During the period under review, steam engines and technologies based on them were only coming into use in the Russian Empire, and, despite the “railway boom” and the general replenishment of the engine fleet, the energy basis of agricultural production has changed little. Thus, the historical period was still going on, when the muscular power of draft animals, water and wind wheels were almost the only means of power drive of mechanisms in agriculture.

Rice. 1. Changes in the administrative-territorial boundaries of the Ryazan province (region) in the 19th century.

1. Territories that left the Ryazan province (region).

2. Territories included in the Ryazan province (region).

1922 - the year of entry and exit of the territory into (from) the composition of (a) the province (region).

In the Ryazan province, the energy of rivers was also widely used in industry, especially in metallurgy for the power drive of mechanical hammers and machine tools.

However, due to the dominance of the agricultural sector, a larger economic use of wind and river energy resources was characteristic of the flour milling industry (Table 1, Fig. 2).

Table 1

Placement of mills in the counties of the Ryazan province in 1860

Number of windmills

A series in 3 parts about windmills that are currently preserved in Russia since brief description and their location:

Part 2: Stone windmills.

Part 3: Windmills in museums.

In all three parts, I will not dwell on the types of windmills, their design features and the specifics of their location on the ground. Much has already been written about this. And it is difficult to add something to this without special knowledge. So the task will be a little different. In these posts I will try to prepare the most complete picture of what we have at the moment.

Yes, after all, once windmills were one of the most common household structures. At the beginning of the XX century. V Russian Empire their total number reached 250 thousand.

Map with windmills of the Tver region. 19th century http://boxpis.ru/svg/?p=2545

Thus, in the open area, practically next to each village, there were several mills, and in special cases their number reached ten or more. I think those who sometimes travel around Russia will ask a very reasonable question, “Where have they all gone? How many have traveled, have not seen a single one ... except in museums ”Really, where are they all? Really fell apart, and those few that remained have long been taken to museums as exhibits. Yes, unfortunately this is practically the case. Remained, but only a few dozen for the whole of Russia. Another 10-15 years and they can be counted on the fingers.

So, in this post we will analyze only wooden mills that still exist in their native places. To begin with, let's just announce the numbers of how many such mills that have not been transported to museums at the moment in the regions of Russia:

Arkhangelsk region - 7 pcs.
Chuvash Republic - 6 pcs.
Voronezh region - 5 pcs.
Nizhny Novgorod region - 2 pcs.
Vladimir region - 2 pcs.
Tambov region - 2 pcs.
Kirov region - 1 pc.
Bryansk region - 1 PC.
Vologda region - 1 pc.
Yaroslavl region - 1 pc.
Novgorod region - 1 pc.
Belgorod region - 1 pc.
Ryazan region - 1 pc.
Saratov region - 1 pc.
Rostov region - 1 pc.
Republic of Kalmykia -1pc.
Samara region -1 PC.
Republic of Mari El -1pc.
Rep. Tatarstan - 1 pc.
Republic of Karelia - 1 pc.

The regions that were not included in this list do not have a single mill preserved in their native place on their territory. Of course, I am more than sure that I don’t know about any mills. This is not a complete list. Not complete, but very revealing. Take at least the same Tver region, the map of which you saw at the beginning of the article. So there was not a single mill left even in museums! Before the beginning of 2000 remained alone in the museum "Vasilyevo" and she collapsed. Or, for example, in Kirov region the penultimate mill was also recently lost - it was bought from the owner and dismantled for transportation to the museum, but was never assembled in a new place.

The penultimate mill of the Kirov region (lost)

So if you look at a modern map, it turns out such a picture.

Now let's take a closer look at the most interesting of them:

01. The village of Barinovka. Samara region

The mill was built in 1848. An architectural monument of regional significance. The last restoration was carried out in the early 1980s. Coordinates: 52°54"55.55"N 50°49"12.17"E

02. Zaval village. Novgorod region.

This windmill was built in 1924 by the peasant Mikhail Pavlovich Pavlov together with his son Ivan Mikhailovich. The mill worked until the 60s. The last restoration was carried out in 1974. Coordinates: 58°21"35.91"N 31°5"43.72"E

Video about this mill:

03. The village of Polnoe Konobeevo. Ryazan Oblast.

Built in the middle of the XIX century. She worked until the early 70s. An architectural monument of regional significance. The restoration was carried out at the beginning of 2003. Coordinates: 54° 3"5.20"N 41°54"23.82"E

04. The village of Kryukovo. Vladimir region.

Mill of the first quarter of the XX century. Has not been restored. Despite the ruined appearance from the outside, the main parts of the structure survived in the interior: a central axis made of solid pine, a system of gears and stone millstones. Coordinates: 55°38"29.25"N 41°17"8.86"E

05. Kukoboy village. Yaroslavl region.

It was built in the 20s of the twentieth century. It is interesting in that it was built by the forces of young women (!) From the commune of them. N.K. Krupskaya. In fact, it was a convent disguised as a commune, which was liquidated by the Bolsheviks. Coordinates: 58°41"32.82"N 39°58"54.00"E

06. Boyarskaya village (Rovdina Gora). Arhangelsk region.

Early 20th century She worked until 1955 as a collective farm. Located on the island 5 km. from the homeland of M.V. Lomonosov. It is planned to be restored in the near future. Coordinates: 64°13"35.69"N 41°50"18.75"E

07. The village of Popasnoye. Voronezh region.

Mill II half of XIX century. Coordinates: 50°29"25.51"N 40°39"37.50"E

08. The village of Stupino. Voronezh region.

Coordinates: 50°37"27.50"N 39°54"32.70"E

09. Chirsha village. Republic of Tatarstan.

Late XIX - early. XX century A well-known object of research and scientific works. Inside, all the main mechanisms have been preserved. Coordinates: 56° 5"5.23"N 49°13"7.17"E

10. The village of Kulyabovka. Tambov Region.

It was built in 1902 by Vasily Meshchersky together with his son Fedor. It had 16 wings and processed up to 30 tons of grain per day. Coordinates: 51°46"47.98"N 42°22"18.95"E

11. Farm near the village of Shorkino. Chuvash Republic.

2 mills have been preserved. Currently renovated. Coordinates: 55°59"25.90"N 47°11"13.69"E

12. Shabra village (non-resident). Kirov region.

Building early 20th century. A very little known building. Excellent internal preservation. Very likely the last wooden mill of the Kirov region. Coordinates: 56°57"19.37"N 46°46"33.10"E

13. The village of Levino. Tambov Region.

Mill at the estate of Prince Chelakaev. Coordinates: 53°17"29.92"N 41°45"48.26"E

14. The village of Kimzha. Arhangelsk region.

The mills in Kimzha are the northernmost in the world. One of them (in the background) belonged to P.I. Deryagin, and was built in 1897. IN Soviet time was confiscated from the owner and worked until the 1960s. The other (in the foreground) belonged to A.N. Voronukhin. Until recently, it stood unfinished for a long time (it was laid in the early 1920s), but a few years ago it was completed and is in operation. Now Kimzha hosts a festival of windmills every year. Coordinates: 65°34"23.34"N 44°36"33.49"E

15. Pogorelets village. Arhangelsk region.

Located 30 km. south of Kimzhi. Not restored. Coordinates: 65°25"1.67"N 45°3"55.19"E

Photos taken from panoramio.com and vk.com

P.S The rest of the mills can be viewed at

water mills

Denis Mahel
2010-201 9

Since ancient times, mills have played a huge role in the life of the Venevsky district. Before the advent of steam and "oil" engines, wind and water were the main energy sources, excluding, of course, the "muscle mover". Mills remained the most sophisticated technical means almost until the end of the 19th century. Steam engines before construction railway were a rarity.

The power of the mill was characterized by the number of so-called sets. If the mill grinded grain into flour, then a millstone was installed on the setting. In small mills located on streams and rivulets, there was only one, on small rivers (Venevka, Polosnya) two or three, on the Sturgeon there were from three to six settings. The dams of many mills on the Osetr River are already early XIX centuries were built of stone. In addition to the well-known flour mills, there were groats, wool beaters and butter churns in the county. In the XVIII century, the city mill "Lubyanka" set in motion the machines of the canvas manufactory. In the 20th century, some mills turned on electric generators.

XVI - XVII centuries

The first mention of a water mill is found in the very first reliable document of the Venevsky district - "Scribe Book of 1571/1572".
“At Gorodensky, I’ll plant a mill on the river at Veneva, a large German wheel, and on the mill there are nine oak fathoms, and there are five divisions and a sixth division of the hut in the same chimney. Yes, at the same mill on the river at Veneva, a pond do, at the dam the sole is overlaid with oak bars.

The same document also mentions the first millers of Venev, a "black man without arable land" Filka the miller lived in the settlement, and the palace peasant miller Nechaiko lived near the ravine under the notch forest. "A black man without arable land" meant that he neither sowed nor reaped, but earned a living by craft.

In 1626, it was written: “Yes, there was a mill on Veneva near the Streltsy Sloboda, and that mill was owned by the Streltsy Pentecostal Ivashka Shcherbak and his comrades, and he paid dues from her to the Ustyug quarter at 3 rubles a year, and according to the tale of the local priests and all kinds of elected tenants people in the year 123 (1615) that spring water scattered the mill and the flesh, and that de mill in the year 132 (1623/1624) was not in business, it was empty.

The surname "Batishchev" never met in Venev, apparently, his family was recorded under a different one, which was then a common thing. Yes, and the meaning of the word "batishchev" can be translated as a criminal. In our city at that time there was only one family, the head of which was the old man Trofim, and his last name was Tochilin. Perhaps this was Jacob's father?

I wonder for what specific fault Yakov went to Azov? Shklovsky in 1948 came up with a version about a sacred oak allegedly cut down for the dam. The writer could not frankly point out that Batishchev was an "enemy of the people", whom Peter I sent to hard labor (on the galleys) in Azov, and he turned out to be a talented inventor. Presumably, Batishchev was exiled by decree of the tsar in 1699. But this is just a version.

The dam of the mill near the Zaraisky bridge, photographer P.N. Lavrov, 1903
From the funds of the Venevsky Museum of Local Lore

Okorokovs

Back in the 17th century, the Okorokov archers were Pentecostals in the Streltsy Sloboda, they traditionally worked at the mill located in the Sloboda. In 1721, Evtrop Kirillovich Okorokov received a place near the Zaraisky bridge for "eternal maintenance" from the Venevsky Epiphany Monastery, built a new mill on three stands, called "Lubyanka".

His son Ivan Evtropovich (1721-after 1782) organized a canvas manufactory on the basis of this mill in 1752 and was able to earn significant capital. He, being a Venevsky merchant, married Marfa Stepanovna, a noblewoman of the Tula district, which gave the right to his children to go beyond the merchant class and make a career. Both of his sons Ivan and Vasily graduated from the Moscow Imperial University. Vasily Ivanovich Okorokov (born 1758) rented the printing house of the university in 1788-1793 and 1798-1800. On many thousands of books published by him, you can find his publishing mark. Not bad for a miller's son and grandson.

Windmill(Russia, Ryazan region, Shatsky district, Polnoe Konobeevo village)

As an architect who has worked in the industry for more than 10 years, I am always interested in various engineering structures, so I do not ignore bridges, cooling towers, dams, dams, etc. Do not leave me indifferent and such "not cunning" modern standards structures, like wind (water) mills, preserved mainly in museum-reserves (Suzdal, Kostroma, Pushkin mountains). Quite rarely, but still there are windmills in the vastness of Russia, however, their condition is most often depressing, for example, in the villages of Kirovo, Kurovo, Krugloye, Bryansk region. When preparing a trip to the Ryazan region, I accidentally stumbled upon a well-preserved mill in the village. Polnoe Konobeevo near Shatsk. So this agricultural object appeared in my route (which turned out to be very useful, because our path ran a little further - to the estate of Bykov Gora Naryshkins and the Vyshetsky Convent.

I bring to your attention an excerpt from a historical essay about a mill in Polny Konobeevo by local historian A.N. Potapova: “At the beginning of the 20th century, there were 250,000 windmills in Russia, which were especially widely used in the steppe regions rich in grain and grinded half of all grain collected throughout the country. In the Shatsk district, which until 1923 was part of the Tambov province, by 1884 there were 108 windmills, including seven in the Polno-Konobeevsky volost. A windmill in those years was an integral part of the rural landscape. In all large villages, along with the church, the mill dominated the surroundings, since it was usually placed on a hillock, in a place open to all winds (and therefore to eyes). It is not known for certain when the Polno-Konobeevsky mill was built, but the old-timers of the village said that it had been working since the middle of the 19th century. There was a similar mill in Lesnoy Konobeev, on the other side of Tsna. But once, during a fire, it flared up, and no matter how hard they tried to quench the flame, it almost completely burned out. For a long time, a black skeleton towered near the village cemetery, then it was dismantled.
And the mill in Polny Konobeevo served the people for many years. From time to time, the windmill was repaired: the plank sheathing, log shafts, worn out oak gears were changed - and the mill again began to rotate its wings, and rye flour flowed from under the millstones in a warm stream ... I remember how we children, playing nearby, looked at the mill . The miller's uncle Kostya Berdyanov, all white with flour dust, seemed to us either Santa Claus, or a kind sorcerer from a fairy tale. The wings of the windmill creaked under the pressure of the wind. Huge stone millstones slowly, with noise and roar, rotated and, like the jaws of a prehistoric animal, grinded the grain with a crunch. A mysterious staircase led up to the tower. Toothed gears, shafts - everything was made of wood by rural craftsmen. Capacious scoops for pouring flour from the bin into the sack were also made of wood - linden. From time to time carts drove up to the mill. The collective farmers loaded the bags into carts and took them to the farm, where the feed flour was stirred in warm water and fed to the calves with this hearty "talker".
In those years, a bakery operated in the village, located in an old brick house, which before the revolution belonged to the priest of the local church. Sometimes the villagers did not buy bread in the store, but here - from the heat, from the heat. I also liked buying bread at the bakery. A loaf just taken out of the oven burned my hands. He put it in a string bag, and on the way home he broke off a crispy crust and put it in his mouth. The bread was delicious, fragrant - you can't imagine a better treat! Childhood smelled of warm rye bread baked from flour ground in our mill...
As a boy, I was fond of drawing. IN summer holidays I carried a notepad and pencil with me. In the midst of the summer of 1969, I was walking with a friend. Plantings were green along the highway, rye was pouring with golden ripeness nearby, pigeons were bathing in the sky blue, and a mill reigned over the whole district - winged, like these pigeons, but firmly, firmly connected with the earth with its work. I took out a notebook and a pencil and made a drawing published here (author's note: in a magazine).
I also wrote poems and “at the dawn of a foggy youth” often published them in the Shatsk regional newspaper. How could I bypass our old mill with my poetic inspiration:

On a hillock - a carved silhouette.
It's a windmill with its wings outstretched
Proudly stands in the village,
Like a symbol of peasant Russia ...

But one day the mill wings stopped - as it turned out, forever: electricity was brought to the windmill, and it began to rotate the millstones. Gradually the mill collapsed. With the beginning of "perestroika" the collective farm withered away. The windmill turned out to be useless. And although a sign appeared on its plank sheathing, indicating that the Polno-Konobeevskaya Mill is a monument of Russian wooden architecture (and, I will add, of the ancient life and life of the villagers), no one guarded this monument, and time and bad weather did their job. However, in 2003, on the eve of the celebration of the 450th anniversary of Shatsk, the district authorities nevertheless found funds for the restoration of the Konobeevskaya mill. The log frame remained the same, the worn stone millstones remained in place (but can you take them away?), but the plank sheathing was changed. As for the wings, obviously there was not enough money for their restoration. And so the windmill stood deflated, resembling a lone fortress tower. Finally, the authorities got their hands on the wings - they were restored to their previous dimensions, but, unfortunately, they stopped rotating and lost their plank skin. The mill froze, as if to confirm that from now on it is a monument, ”wrote Alexander Nikolaevich Potapov.

Natalya Bondareva

Literature:
A.N. Potapov "Mill. From childhood memories ”// Moscow Journal No. 4 (232), 2010