The main difference between a two-part sentence and a one-part sentence is the presence of a subject and a predicate. That is, it has both main members.
Today Roman didn't do his homework.
Autumn has come.
Having warmed up, the ladybug crawled onto the stone.
One-part sentences
They have only one of the main members of the sentence. They have a complete thought and are understandable outside the text.
Lake Shore.
It was getting dark.
In winter I will go to the mountains.
Types of one-part sentences: diagram and table with examples
One-part sentences are divided into two groups depending on which of the main members is present. If this is a subject, then it will be denominative, if it is a predicate, then it can be one of 4 types: definite-personal, indefinite-personal, impersonal and generalized-personal (the latter type is not distinguished by all linguists; sometimes they talk about the meaning of generality in definitely-personal and indefinitely-personal proposals).
So there are five types:
- , they are also called nominative;
- generalized-personal;
In our general table we will combine all types.
In speech, one-part and two-part sentences enter into synonymous relationships: we can convey the same idea with different syntactic constructions, that is, syntactic synonyms.
For example:
Evening came. (Two-part).
Evening. (One-part noun).
It's getting dark. (One-part impersonal).
One-part video sentences
Lesson summary 8th grade
Note:
The summary was compiled according to the textbook by L. M. Rybchenkova.
Two-part and one-part sentences ( different types) as syntactic synonyms.
Lesson objectives:
- generalization of the studied material into one-part sentences;
- developing the ability to identify types of one-part sentences, use two-part and one-part sentences of different types in speech as synonymous constructions;
- developing the ability to work in pairs.
Lesson type:
Lesson of generalization and systematization of knowledge.
- Examination homework.
The student at the blackboard fills out the table “Types of one-part sentences” and gives examples.
At this time, written homework is checked: the teacher checks several works randomly; one student reads aloud, everyone checks.
Student's answer according to the table (the class participates: they give examples from homework, come up with their own).
Creating a problem situation:
Why are one-part sentences used in speech?
Is it possible to replace two-part ones with one-part ones (and vice versa)? Will the meaning change?
This is the topic of our lesson today.
(Announce the topic, pay attention to the organization of work in the lesson: work in pairs).
- Observations on techniques for creating expressiveness in a literary text (excerpts are pre-written on the closed part of the board).
A chill blew in
From the approaching cloud.
And its blackness
Everything in nature was eclipsed.
Suddenly a lightning spear
It flashed and broke.
Across the river the forest is crumbling.
The swamp behind the forest turned yellow.
And in the autumn azure skies
The crane's thread curls.
Look and listen my friend
How these wise birds cry,
Flying to the sunny south,
To return to the north later.
What are these poems about? Which artistic technique is it used in them? (Metaphor). What offers are used? ( One-part and two-part, in the first passage - impersonal, in the second - impersonal as part of a complex).
Conclusion from the lesson:
the use of one-part sentences makes speech brighter and more expressive, helps to avoid repetition, which is why we find them in literary texts; When using synonymous sentences, you need to be careful, as the shades of meaning change.
Tasks (printed by number of pairs):
(Click on the plus sign to read the text.)
Answers by cards:
Option 1: I want to learn how to skate. Petya was unwell yesterday. Children don't want to return home from camp.
Option 2: Due to the threat of an epidemic, it is forbidden to visit children in the camp. A quarantine was ordered. It is recommended that everyone use gauze bandages.
Option 3: Winter crops were covered with snow. - Winter crops were covered with snow. – The winter crops were covered with snow. The sand put out the fire. - They put out the fire with sand. – The sand put out the fire. The explosion destroyed the building. - The explosion destroyed the building. “The explosion destroyed the building.
Option 4: There is blowing through the window. There's a howling in the chimney. There's a rumble somewhere.
Option 5: You're having fun. Can you see the inscription? Can you call me?
Option 6: You can't convince me. You should be the first to speak at the meeting. We would like to talk to you before class.
3-5 minutes are allotted to complete the tasks. The 4th and 5th tasks can be given to weaker students, the 3rd - to strong ones. When checking, one student from a pair writes one example on the board, the second one reads all the sentences and answers the question about their meanings. The class writes down an example from the board.
Students conclude: there are synonymous constructions in the language - one-part and two-part sentences, they have differences in shades of meaning, and this must be taken into account.
“Constructor”: from two simple sentences we build one complex one (continuation of work in pairs).
Two students go to the board and write down one sentence each, which the teacher dictates. The main members are emphasized, the type is determined (two-part or one-part, if one-part, then which one). We build a complex one: one student writes down (and the whole class with him), explaining the spelling patterns encountered, the second builds a diagram and writes down its characteristics.
Mid January. – one-part, nominative. The entire sentence is subject.
There is almost no snow on the fields. – one-part, impersonal. The predicate consists of two words: no snow.
It's mid-January, and there is almost no snow in the fields. , A .
Complex, consists of two simple ones, 1st - one-component, nominative, 2nd - one-component, impersonal.
Here's the new building kindergarten. A stadium is being built next to it.
The moon was covered with a huge shaggy cloud. It started pouring rain.
In the morning you will go to the city. Be sure to buy a collection of scanwords.
Late fall. It's getting dark and cool.
We lead students to resolve the problem situation, to the conclusion: what role do one-part sentences play in speech, what are they used for?
(Create a variety of forms of expression of thought; there is no repetition of similar designs; speech becomes bright and expressive).
Lesson summary, assessment, reflection.
Homework: ex. 141 (preparation for a lesson on speech development). Read the text. Why is it called that? Complete the tasks: 
The lesson on “Definitely Personal Sentences” introduces us to this type of one-part syntactic constructions. The sentences under consideration always contain a verb in a certain form. During the lesson, the teacher will teach you to distinguish between incomplete two-part sentences and definitely personal ones.
Topic: One-part sentences
Lesson: Definitely Personal Sentences
Definitely personal sentences are one of the types of one-part sentences in which main member the sentence has a structure and properties similar to the structure and properties of the predicate.
The main member of definite-personal sentences is similar in structure to simple verbal predicate and is expressed by a verb in the form of 1st and 2nd person singular. and many more number of seizures and command. inclinations.
Verb 1st l. units h. withdrawn. incl. - Again I see familiar city.
Verb 2nd l. units h. withdrawn. onc.- Do you remember that autumn evening?
Verb 1st l. pl. h. withdrawn. incl. - Let's not forget your kindness.
Verb 2nd l. pl. h. withdrawn. incl. - Come in tomorrow for salary?
Verb 2nd l. units h. will command. onc.- Think good!
Verb 1st l. pl. h. will command. incl. - Let's go to the cinema!
Verb 2nd l. pl. h. will command. incl. - Come in definitely come to me!
The main members of definite personal sentences can have a structure not only simple verb, but also compound verbal and compound nominal predicate:
When you will study(compound verb) chemistry, you'll find out(simple verb) a lot of interesting things;
You will be counselors(compound noun) in our camp.
In this case, the auxiliary verb must be in the form 1st or 2nd faces.
Definitely personal sentences report the actions or other characteristics of a person (that is, a person), and a specific person at that. This person - depending on the form of the verb - may be the speaker: I love you now, not secretly, for show.
Definitely personal sentences do not always tell us about a person’s actions.
They denote the actions of living beings and even inanimate objects, which we, as it were, “humanize” by treating them in the same way as people.
Stop barking! (address to the dog)
Well, work hard! (access to computer)
Information about who exactly we are talking about is already contained in the personal ending of the verb; it is easy for us to understand who we are talking about, therefore it is not necessary to designate the subject with other linguistic means, for example, pronouns.
Love Yu you now, not secretly, on display
(the subject of the action is the speaker, the verb is in 1st unit).
Let's take eat hand in hand, friends!
(subject of action - speaker and other people, verb in 1st plural)
Wait for me and I will come back
(subject of action - listener, verb in 2nd singular)
Oh give it those, give those freedom for me!
(the subject of the action is several listeners, the verb is in the 2nd plural)
Therefore, despite the absence of a word naming the subject, definitely personal the proposals are informatively sufficient and, of course, full.
The actions of the speaker or listener may be reported in incomplete two-part offers:
1. I think that 2) I was not mistaken about it.
The second part of this sentence is an incomplete sentence: I didn’t make a mistake in it.
The form of the verb in this sentence does not have a morphological sign of person and does not clearly indicate the subject of the action (I was not mistaken; you were not mistaken; she was not mistaken - the form of the verb is the same everywhere), but from the context it is clear who we are talking about, therefore this design is incomplete.
2. I think that 2) Understand his.
The second part of the sentence is a two-part incomplete one.
Definitely personal sentences are one-part sentences that always report the actions of a specific person; always contain a verb in the form of the 1st and 2nd person singular or plural indicative or imperative mood.
1. Bagryantseva V.A., Bolycheva E.M., Galaktionova I.V., Zhdanova L.A., Litnevskaya E.I., Stepanova E.B.. Russian language.
2. Barkhudarov S.G., Kryuchkov S.E., Maksimov L.Yu., Cheshko L.A.. Russian language.
3. Tests. One-part sentences ().
2. Complete academic reference book edited by V.V. Lopatina ().
1. Find the grammatical basis in the sentences of the text.
Know yourself. Understand how your body changes and grows.
Keep your body clean. Wash often, brush your teeth and nails.
Make friends. Be a good friend yourself, learn to talk to friends and parents and listen to them.
Learn to say no. If you are asked to do something that makes you feel uncomfortable, say no.
2. Find one-part sentences.
The park paths were sprinkled with sand every morning.
Cranberries are harvested in late autumn.
Cranberry is a swamp berry.
I would like to talk to you.
Not a soul!
Don't let your soul be lazy!
The soul must work.
And you grab her by the shoulders, teach her and torture her until it gets dark.
Don't go, stay with me...
E.L. BEZNOSOV,
Moscow
Continuation. See No. 13, 15/2004
System of lessons on syntax in 8th grade
SINGLE SENTENCES
One-part definitely-personal sentences
I. Learning new material you can start with grammar work. Two people go to the board, the first writes down sentences in which both main members are present, the second - with only one main member.
1. I am ready to scatter my heart around the world.
2. A stream of tears flows from Tanya’s eyes. (A. Pushkin)
3. Let's go out with you to wander in the moonlight.
4. You will not escape the judgment of the world, just as you will not escape the judgment of God. (A. Pushkin)
5. I freeze with shame and fear. (A. Pushkin)
6. Let me note by the way: all poets of dreamy love are friends. (A. Pushkin)
Questions
Are sentences that have only one main member incomplete in meaning?
What can be concluded? Their grammatical basis consists of only one member. One can define one-part sentences:
Let's continue recording and analyzing the material for observation (find the predicates and determine which person the action they denote refers to, pay attention to their grammatical form).
1. Both day and night across the snowy desert I rush to you at breakneck speed. (A. Griboyedov)
2. Thank you for the pleasures, / For the sadness, for the sweet torments, / For the noise, for the storms, for the feasts, / For everything, for all your gifts...… (A. Pushkin)
3. But here we congratulate / my dear Tatyana on her victory. (A. Pushkin)
4. Where are you running, dear path, where are you calling, where are you leading? (M. Isakovsky)
5. Why are you laughing? You laugh at yourself. (N. Gogol)
6. Advise them to meet me with childlike love and obedience. (A. Pushkin)
After we find out that the actions indicated by the predicates in these sentences refer to the only possible person (1st or 2nd), and establish what forms the predicates are expressed in, we can ask the students to define a one-part definite-personal sentence.
As homework, you can ask to find or come up with 3 examples for each way of expressing the predicate in definite personal sentences.
One-part indefinite personal sentences
I. Learning new material you can start with grammar work: on the board, one student writes down one-part sentences, the other - two-part ones, both emphasize the grammatical basics and define grammatical meanings predicates.
1. They make a lot of noise in our classes. (A. Chekhov)
2. Planes make loud noise on takeoff.
3. His parents led him by the hand.
4. They led an elephant through the streets. (I. Krylov)
5. The days of late autumn are usually scolded. (A. Pushkin)
We determine which person the actions expressed by predicates in one-part constructions (1, 4, 5) refer to, why the presence of a subject is not necessary in them, and also determine the grammatical meanings of the predicates in these sentences, paying attention to the indispensable presence of the plural form. Then we give a definition of indefinitely personal sentences. As a result of the analysis, we come to the conclusion that the subject is not needed here, the sentences are complete in meaning, since the actions expressed by the predicates relate to indefinite persons who are not of interest to the speaker: the process itself is important. These conclusions will help to formulate the formulation of indefinite-personal sentences, which students, as always, do on their own.
II. Consolidating new material can also be carried out in the form of grammar work: at the blackboard, one student writes down definitely personal sentences, and the second – indefinitely personal ones.
1. You will probably be arrested too. (M. Gorky)
2. Arrest anyone suspicious.
3. Then you will respect your father.
4. Elders are not very respected these days. (A. Ostrovsky)
5. The years passed. He was transferred to another province. (A. Chekhov)
6. I’ll change the clock, even though I know there will be a race. (A. Griboyedov)
One of the students can be offered an individual task (a sample example is given below)
Again in the heart_ts_ (n_)than (n_)died_sh_
The cheeks are bleeding.
(A. Fet)
Open the brackets, insert the missing letters, find the grammatical basis and determine the meaning of predicativeness and the type of sentence based on the nature of the grammatical basis.
At the same time, another sentence is being discussed with the class:
Wait for a clear day tomorrow
Siskins flash and ring.
Purple streak of fire
Transparent illuminated sunset.
After completing the front work, we check what is written on the board and copy it into a notebook.
As homework, you can ask children to find or come up with 12 examples of indefinite personal sentences.
Generalized meaning of one-part sentences
In some textbooks and teaching aids, generalized personal sentences are considered as an independent construction. I believe that this is the special meaning of definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences, and I offer my own version of studying these sentences.
Studying new topic We start with grammar work: on the board, one student writes down definitely-personal sentences, and the second - indefinitely-personal.
1. They write not with a pen, but with their mind.
2. You can't please everyone.
3. Chickens are counted in the fall.
4. Know how to speak at the right time and remain silent at the right time.
5. After a fight, they don’t wave their fists.
6. You can’t grab a hedgehog with your bare hands.
When writing down examples, we pay attention to which person the action expressed by the predicates in these constructions refers to (grammatically - to the only possible one in definite-personal sentences or to an indefinite one that is not of interest to the speaker, in indefinite-personal ones). And semantically, that is, in meaning, the action in all sentences refers to any possible person, that is, anyone can be in the place of the addressee of the speech. This is the generalized meaning of one-part sentences. Children work together to independently define constructions with a generalized meaning.
As homework, you can ask children to select 15 examples of one-part sentences with a generalized meaning.
One-part impersonal sentence
I. Consolidation of the studied material. Two people work at the board on individual tasks (sample tasks are given below).
At this time, the class is looking at another sentence.
1. Everyone will sing a song of revenge for death to me on the other side. (A. Blok)
2. They look into the joker’s mouth, / They catch the word greedily. (A. Tvardovsky)
II. Studying new topic, As usual, we start by recording observational material. Students identify grammatical basics and determine morphological ways of expressing them.
1. From the wilds the fogs timidly / Native closed the village; / But the spring sun warmed them / And the wind blew them away into the distance. (A. Fet)
2. Everyone has been sleeping since evening, / It’s dark outside. / The dry leaf is falling, / At night the wind is angry / Let it knock on the window. (A. Fet)
Children find one-part sentences in these examples and determine what the actions expressed by the predicates refer to and whether there can be subjects in the sentences. We give the definition of an impersonal sentence.
As homework, you can ask children to come up with or find 15 examples of impersonal sentences.
Morphological ways of expressing the predicate in an impersonal sentence
I. Consolidation of the material covered can be carried out through an individual survey using cards, for example, like this.
How fresh it is here under the thick linden tree...… (A. Fet)
There is no housing visible anywhere in the open space. (A. Fet)
Find the grammatical basis, determine the type simple sentence by the nature of the grammatical basis.
The following examples can be discussed with the class at this time.
1. It was snowy all month in February. (B. Pasternak)
2. There hasn’t been a winter like this for a long time, / There hasn’t been a cold like this for a long time. (D. Samoilov)
3. The candle was blown from the corner. (B. Pasternak)
II. Explanation of new material. Impersonal sentences, despite the apparent ease of the topic, actually pose a difficulty for children, primarily because the morphological ways of expressing predicates are very diverse in them. And besides, among these methods there are those that did not attract sufficient attention from teachers in the morphology course at the secondary level. These are primarily impersonal verbs and predicative adverbs or, in the terminology of L.V. Shcherby, words of the state category. In addition, the difficult material is the distinction between impersonal verbs themselves and personal verbs in the meaning and form of impersonal ones. That is why I consider it appropriate to devote a separate lesson to this topic. The main thing here is to show the special semantics of impersonal verbs and the presence of only three forms, as well as to teach to distinguish between impersonal and personal verbs in the meaning and form of impersonal ones.
We begin the explanation of a new topic, as always, with observational material (you need to find predicates and determine the morphological ways of expressing them).
1. It’s getting light!.. Oh, how quickly the night has passed! (A. Griboyedov)
2. Here the cold dampness blew in from the east. (M. Lermontov)
3. Snoozes sweetly in the crib. (A. Blok)
4. You won’t be able to catch up with the crazy three. (N. Nekrasov)
5. How few roads have been traveled, / How many mistakes have been made. (S. Yesenin)
6. It’s hot under the canopy of the dark barn. (A. Akhmatova)
7. Hey, it’s not a pity to give your soul / For the look of a black-browed beauty. (A. Pushkin)
8. There is no return to dreams and years. (A. Pushkin)
9. Not a breeze, not a bird's cry. (A. Blok)
10. But we are destined to be separated. (A. Blok)
In the first example, the predicate is expressed by an impersonal verb, that is, one that denotes a self-performing action and has only three forms: the infinitive, an analogue of the 3rd person singular form of the present tense (dawn) and an analogue of the past tense singular neuter form (it was getting light).
In the second sentence, the predicate is already expressed by a personal verb in an impersonal meaning. This action seems to us to be self-performing, since there is no subject performing it, but this verb can also denote an ordinary subjective action, so it is a personal verb, used in this case in an impersonal meaning and, accordingly, in one of three impersonal forms.
The third example is very important, since it involves an impersonal verb formed according to the productive modern language models: by adding a postfix to a regular verb -xia.
In the fourth sentence the predicate is expressed by an infinitive. In some textbooks, such constructions are separated into a separate - infinitive - type, but I believe that for a school grammar course such a division is inappropriate, especially since these constructions satisfy all the conditions of an impersonal sentence.
In the fifth example, the predicates are expressed by short passive participles.
In the sixth sentence, the predicate is expressed by a predicative adverb. The complexity of this case lies in the fact that such adverbs can have ordinary adverbs as homonyms, which will denote a sign of some action (cf. breathed hot), as well as short adjectives (cf. breath is hot). Perhaps such cases should be examined separately. I am sure that in a strong class it is necessary to do this. With predicative adverbs, there may be auxiliary verbs that change the meaning of the present tense to the past or future (cf. It was/will be hot under the canopy of the dark barn). Students should also pay attention to this. Such predicates belong to the category of compound nominal ones.
In the seventh example, the predicate is expressed by a predicative adverb it's a pity(cf. it's a pity) with an adjacent infinitive. In general, the adjacent infinitive is a frequently occurring structural part of the predicate in impersonal sentences.
The eighth and ninth examples give various shapes negation as a predicate in an impersonal sentence. The word most often used here is No and genitive case forms of nouns with a particle neither. Usually in such constructions the functions of a particle and a conjunction are combined in one word, as in the example given.
The last, tenth example gives a complex and rare case of using a short adjective used as a short participle as a predicate in an impersonal sentence. But this case can only be considered in a very strong class as an optional one.
As homework, you can ask children to come up with or select 2 examples for each method of morphological expression of the predicate in an impersonal sentence.
Nominative (nominative) sentences
I. Reinforcing the material learned in the previous lesson can be carried out in a combination of individual tasks with frontal work, two people work at the board and write down examples.
The following examples can be analyzed with the class.
1. It’s not a sin for an old man to rest.
2. They were sad, but never bored. (I. Krylov)
II. Further consolidation of the material carried out in the form of grammatical work.
On the board, one student writes out sentences with impersonal verbs from the dictated examples, the other - sentences with personal verbs in the meaning of impersonal.
1. Small ripples sparkled along the sleepy river. (N. Leskov)
2. And the yard has already turned white. (A. Griboyedov)
3. I somehow felt sad in the monotonous steppe. (M. Koltsov)
4. It was beginning to get dark when I arrived at the commandant’s house. (A. Pushkin)
5. At this very time he was shivering and breaking down. (L. Tolstoy)
III. Explanation of new material: I recommend explaining the topic “Nominative sentences” using handouts in the form of cards on which A. Fet’s poem is printed.
Wonderful picture,
How dear you are to me:
White Plain,
Full moon.The light of the high heavens,
And shining snow
And distant sleighs
Lonely running.
The poem is copied into a notebook, all the sentences are found. Apart from the first two verses, which are a two-part sentence complicated by inversion, all other verses are nominative sentences. By asking appropriate questions, I lead students to formulate the definition of these structures.
As homework, you can ask students to select 10–15 examples of these structures.
SECONDARY MEMBERS OF THE SENTENCE
After studying the general issues of the structure of a simple sentence and the structure of its grammatical basis, you can move on to studying the minor members of the sentence.
Definition as a minor member of a sentence.
Types of definitions
I. Fixing the material by an impersonal proposal or by a nominative proposal. Two people work on individual tasks, examples of which are given below.
A slender bridge made of openwork iron, / Glazed with fragments of the azure sky. (D. Samoilov)
Find the grammatical basis of the sentence, determine its type and the morphological way of expressing the predicate.
A slow flash of white lightning. (G. Kalashnikov)
Find the grammatical basis of the sentence, determine its type and morphological way of expressing the predicate
As a class, you can review other sentences or check on homework.
1. It’s boring and sad, and there’s no one to give a hand to / In a moment of spiritual adversity. (M. Lermontov)
2. Cool air lining. / The icy underside of water. (G. Kalashnikov)
II. Studying a new topic, as usual, we start with observation material (students coming to the board must determine the syntactic functions of the same word in the examples given).
1. Autumn was late this year. (N. Nekrasov)
2. Late autumn. The rooks flew away. (N. Nekrasov)
Using these sentences we demonstrate that an adjective can be either the main member of a sentence or a secondary one. We continue to record material for observation; in the examples given, students find phrases with the meaning “an object and its attribute”, built on the basis of the connection coordination, and determine the morphological affiliation of dependent words.
3. B That evening near our fire / We saw black horse (I. Brodsky)
4.
And with each in the fall I bloom again. (A. Pushkin)
5. B last once, for third pass / The coachman disappeared, ringing and not dusting. (A. Fet)
6. From bright illuminated room, the door to the left led into the living room.
7. And on the pine tree, overgrown moss, / A squirrel's tail flashes fluffy. (A. Fet)
Questions
1. What do dependent words mean?
2. What question is being answered?
3. What parts of speech are they?
After analyzing these aspects, children formulate a definition.
Continuation of observation material
In the sixth example, find a phrase with the same meaning (“an object and its attribute”), but built on the basis of the connection adjacencies, and write it out separately.
In the seventh example, find a phrase with the same meaning, but built on the basis of the connection control, write it out separately.
8. There were no larger and more important events in his life.
Questions
1. By means of what subordinating connection are the defined words and definitions connected here? (events larger and more important; his life)?
Based on this, formulate which definitions are called consistent and which are inconsistent.
As homework, you can ask students to come up with or select 10 examples of consistent and inconsistent definitions.
To be continued
The contrast between two-part and one-part sentences is associated with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.
Two-Part Sentences contain two The main members are the subject and the predicate.
The boy is running; The earth is round.
One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).
Evening; It's getting dark.
Types of one-part sentences
| Principal term expression form | Examples | Correlative constructions two-part sentences |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Sentences with one main member - PREDICATE | ||
| 1.1. Definitely personal proposals | ||
| Predicate verb in the 1st or 2nd person form (there are no past tense or conditional forms, since in these forms the verb has no person). |
I love the storm in early May. |
I I love the storm in early May. |
| 1.2. Vaguely personal proposals | ||
| Predicate verb in third person plural (past tense and conditional mood plural predicate verb). |
They knock on the door. |
Somebody knocks on the door. |
| 1.3. Generalized personal proposals | ||
| They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Isolated by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a specific person (speaker) is habitual, repetitive, or presented in the form of a generalized judgment (the predicate verb is in the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person). |
You can't take the fish out of the pond without difficulty(definitely personal in form). |
Any ( any) can’t easily take the fish out of the pond. |
| 1.4. Impersonal offer | ||
| 1) Predicate verb in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form). |
A) It's getting light; It was getting light; I'm lucky; |
b) Snow is melting; |
| 2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
A) It's cold outside ; |
a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; |
| 3) Composite verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
A) To me sorry to leave with you; |
A) I I don't want to leave with you; |
| 4) Compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - short passive participle past tense in singular, neuter form. |
Closed . |
The shop is closed . |
| 5) Predicate no or verb in impersonal form with negative particle not + object in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences). |
No money . |
|
| 6) The predicate no or a verb in the impersonal form with a negative particle not + an object in the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences). |
There is not a cloud in the sky. |
The sky is cloudless. |
| 1.5. Infinitive sentences | ||
| The predicate is an independent infinitive. |
Everyone keep quiet! |
Everyone keep quiet. |
| 2. Sentences with one main member - SUBJECT | ||
| Nominative (nominative) sentences | ||
| The subject is a name in the nominative case (there cannot be a circumstance or addition in the sentence that would relate to the predicate). |
Night . |
Usually there are no correlative structures. |
Notes
1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There's not a cloud in the sky) are monocomponent only when expressing negation. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence will become two-part: form genitive case will change to the nominative case form (cf.: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).
2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There's not a cloud in the sky) is considered part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually treated as an addition.
3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be a thunderstorm!) a number of researchers classify them as impersonal. They are also considered in school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the actor. In infinitive sentences the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be a thunderstorm! Let's go to the sea!).
4) Many researchers classify denominative (nominative) sentences as two-part sentences with a zero connective.
Note!
1) In negative impersonal sentences with an object in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a penny) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a penny).
In this case, we can talk about one-component and at the same time incomplete sentence(with the predicate omitted).
2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is a statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only when the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate be.
Wed: It was night ; It will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.
3) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain adverbials, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in denominative (nominative) sentences). If a sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to parse such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.
Wed: The pharmacy is / is located around the corner; I rushed / ran to the window.
4) Denominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that are correlated with the predicate. If there are such additions in the sentence ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to parse these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.Wed: I'm walking/following you.
Plan for parsing a one-part sentence
- Determine the type of one-part sentence.
- Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that allow the sentence to be classified specifically as this type of one-part sentence.
Sample parsing
Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).
The sentence is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by a verb in the second person imperative mood.
A fire was lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).
The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by a verb in the plural past tense.
With a kind word you can melt a stone(proverb).
The proposal is one-part. The form is definitely personal: predicate melt it expressed by a verb in the second person future tense; by meaning - generalized-personal: the action of a predicate verb refers to any acting person(cf.: A kind word will melt any stone).
It smelled wonderful of fish.(Kuprin).
The sentence is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by a verb in an impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).
Soft moonlight(Zastozhny).
The sentence is one-part (nominal). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
In the Russian language, there are two groups of syntactic units, divided by the presence or absence of a subject or predicate in them: two-part and one-part sentences. How many main members are there in such constructions, and what types of one-part sentences are there (table with examples)? This article will tell you.
Definition of the concept
A one-part sentence is a complete speech utterance where the grammatical basis has only a subject or only a predicate.
For example: “Shall we buy groceries at the store?” Analyzing the offer through parsing, you can see that the main member there is the predicate - “we will buy”, expressed by a verb, and the secondary ones are the addition of “products” and the adverbial “in the store”, expressed by nouns.
There is no subject in this sentence, but you can easily pick it up: “Shall we buy groceries at the store?” You can only substitute here the pronoun “we” - 1st person singular.
In this case, the subject was not specifically removed, but it is simply absent.
Important! Do not confuse one-part sentences with two-part incomplete sentences with a missing subject.
For example: “The trees grew tall and slender. They rustled their green leaves in the wind.” Determine the type of one-part sentence. Or is it still two-part?
In this example, without context, it is impossible to understand the meaning of the second sentence, so it is a two-part incomplete sentence with a missing subject.
Types of one-part sentences (table with examples)
So. The easiest way is to put the types of one-part sentences into a table with example tips:
What is the difference between them? It's worth taking a closer look.
Nominative or nominative sentences
The following syntactic constructions are called nominative or nominative sentences. It's quite simple. One main member of a one-part sentence is the subject, expressed by a noun. It always appears in such complete speech utterances in the nominative case.
In such a syntactic unit there are not and cannot be secondary members, for example, additions or adverbials, since they relate to the predicate, it is from it that the question will be asked to similar members of the sentence.
In nominative sentences there can only be a definition, since it always refers to the subject.
For example: "Morning. Summer day. Winter."
In all these sentences there is only a subject, but a predicate is not provided there.
In addition to the noun, nominative sentences may contain a phrase in which one noun is in the nominative case and the second in the genitive case.
For example: "A time of warmth and sun. Songs of fun and joy."
One-part definitely-personal sentences
These syntactic constructions contain only the predicate in 1 and 2 liters. units and many more h. The predicate is in the indicative or imperative mood, depending on the person, and is expressed by a verb.
These constructions are always called one-part definite-personal sentences, since the grammatical basis is equal to one main member of the sentence.
For example:
- “I’m walking up the stairs, looking out the windows.”
- "Shall we play together?"
- “Please give me this piece of cake!”
- "Do me a favor."
Vaguely personal proposals
The following syntactic units also contain a predicate expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural. The predicate can be in the past or future tense, and also have an indicative or subjunctive (conditional) mood.
For example:
- "I was told that classes were cancelled."
- “Would you give me a discount in this store!”
- “Let them first tell you about all the nuances of the work!”
In these constructions, it is possible to select only the personal pronoun “they” and substitute it for the subject.
Generalized-personal proposals
Such syntactic units of speech are a real alloy of definite and indefinite personal speech utterances, however, in generalized personal sentences the predicate carries a generalized rather than specific meaning. That is why this type of one-part construction is used most often in proverbs and sayings, where it is impossible to make a reference to a specific person.
For example:
- “If you love the tops, love the roots.”
- “You can’t catch a fish out of a pond without effort.”
- "Seven times measure cut once".
Impersonal offers
These offers are separate and very interesting view– they do not and cannot have a subject, therefore only one predicate remains, which can be expressed in various categories:
- A verb without a person: “It was getting light.” "It's getting evening." "It was getting dark."
- A verb that used to be personal and then became impersonal: “My nose itches.” “He can’t sleep at all.” “It got dark in the distance.”
- A category of state, or an impersonal predicative word: “It was quiet in the garden.” “I feel very sad.” "Stuffy and hot."
- A negative particle “neither” or a negation word “no”: “You have no conscience!” “Not a star in the sky.”
Infinitive sentences
The last category of one-part sentences also has in its grammatical basis only a predicate expressed by an infinitive - initial form verb. The infinitive is very easy to identify - it answers the questions “what to do/what to do?”.
This part of speech has neither number nor person, since it is unchangeable.
- "You don't need to listen to anyone!"
- “Why lie on the beach for a long time under the scorching sun?”
- "Why not dance at the celebration?"
To easily remember the types of one-part sentences (table with examples), it is best to learn which main member is missing in them. If this is a predicate, then you have a nominative sentence, etc.
Thus, one-part sentences are a special type of syntactic constructions, the grammatical basis of which has only one main member. Subject or predicate. In addition, there are several types of one-part sentences. Each of them uses either only the subject in the nominative case, or only the predicate in different persons and numbers.