Back forward

Attention! Slide previews are for informational purposes only and may not represent all the features of the presentation. If you are interested this work, please download the full version.

Target: mastering one of the types of papermaking - quilling.

Educational:

• to form an idea about a new type of paper plastic - quilling;
• master the basic elements and techniques of quilling;
• to develop students’ skills in working with paper, eye, fine motor skills hands;

developing:

• develop students' creative imagination and thinking;
• develop creativity and interest in the subject;

educating:

• to cultivate in students accuracy and composure when performing work techniques, diligence, listening skills, communication skills, and the ability to work in a team;
• teach children to understand beauty.

Methodological equipment training session:

• posters,
• samples of labor objects,
• instruction cards.

Equipment and tools: paper strips 5-7 mm wide, ballpoint pen refills with a split end, cardboard, glue, scissors, toothpicks.

• Microsoft Office Power Point Presentation

Teaching methods.

Reproductive method (story, demonstration finished works, a conversation with an explanation of new material, a demonstration of work techniques, independent work, a form of organizing activities (work in small groups, individual work, presentation of one’s work).

Productive method (partial search (children’s creative work)).

Type of training session: formation of new knowledge and skills, creative application of them in practice.

Lesson plan:

1. Organizational stage.
2. Main stage.
3. Final stage.
4. Informational.

Progress of the training session

1. Organizational stage:

Greetings

2. Main stage:

1. Preparation for mastering new content (motivation and acceptance of the goal of the activity) (Appendix 1).

Crossword (Slide 1)

What do you think is the topic of today's lesson?

2. Assimilation of new knowledge, skills and activities.

Introduction to basic concepts. Learning new material.

Paper is an unusually expressive and malleable material. You can create a whole world out of it. There are many types of paper plastic. The most famous in our country is the Japanese art of folding figures from a sheet of paper - origami. Today I will introduce you to another technique that is still little known among us - the art of paper rolling or, as it is called in the West, quilling.

Quilling is based on the ability to twist long and narrow strips of paper into spirals, modify their shape and create three-dimensional or planar compositions from the resulting parts.

Translated from English - quilling "bird feather". Unlike origami, which originated in Japan, art of paper rolling originated in Europe in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. Unfortunately, paper is a short-lived material and little has survived from medieval masterpieces.

However, this ancient technique has survived to this day and is very popular in many countries around the world.

A quilling tool is a plastic or metal stick with a split end. You can make a similar tool yourself. And some even get by with a regular toothpick. In our work we will use a ballpoint pen with a slot at the end.

Paper. The paper must be colored on both sides. The width of the strips for quilling is 3 mm, but this is not a necessary condition; the strips can be a little wider (up to 7 mm).

Glue. Used for gluing parts to the base. It is best to use PVA glue.

Toothpick. Used for applying glue.

Stencil with circles. To control the size of circles.

There are quite a large number of basic elements in quilling, and each element takes a few seconds to produce. (Slide 3)

Both the forms of quilling and the images created using this technique are different.

(Slide 4, 5,6)

3. Practical use new knowledge, checking understanding of what has been learned, consolidating new knowledge.

Training exercises for making the basic elements of the quilling technique.

Twist a spiral from strips of white paper, try to make a “drop”, “eye” and other shapes.

Place the end of the paper strip between the split ends of the tool. Start rolling the strip of paper by passing it between your thumb and forefinger, maintaining the same tension. Continue rolling the paper until the end. Then turn the tool upside down and remove the curl.

The curl will unwind a little. Now use a toothpick to glue the tip of the strip to the curl. You only need a little bit of glue. Here it is, our initial shape is a circle.

In order for the elements to be the same size, it is advisable to control the size of the original circles using a stencil with circles.

You can give paper various two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes: squares, ovals, stars, cones, hemispheres.

What can you use the resulting droplets and leaves for? Today we will create the image of animals.

Fizminutka

Finger gymnastics; gymnastics for the eyes.

Safety briefing.

Rules for working with scissors:

Store scissors in a designated place.

Place them with their sharp ends closed and facing away from you.

Pass the scissors to each other, rings first.

Independent creative work.

Students perform the work according to the model or come up with a composition on their own.

Ongoing teacher instruction (as children complete independent work)

• checking the organization of students’ workplaces;
• checking compliance with safety regulations when performing a task;
• instructions on how to complete a task in accordance with the instructional and technological map;
• providing assistance to poorly prepared students.

4. Generalization and systematization of knowledge:

A) Arrange the concepts in order of priority (from more general to more specific):

Paper plastic, DPI, quilling, paper rolling, origami.

Answer: DPI - paper-plastic - quilling (paper rolling).

5. Knowledge control (identifying the level and quality of knowledge acquisition)

Written work with concepts. (Appendix 2)

3. Final stage:

1) Summing up

Presentation of completed works (defense using a memo, a poem about an animal);

2) Reflection (self-assessment of actions and state) (Appendix 3).

What happened, what difficulties did you experience during the work?

Are you satisfied with yourself? On your desks there are pieces of paper with a scale for determining mood and self-esteem. Work with them.

4. Information stage:

Homework. Since this is not the last lesson in the quilling technique, I ask you to look for and draw flowers at home, any flowers you like. In the next lesson we move on to creating flowers using the technique we have learned.

Thanks for the work!

Cleaning workplaces.

Nowadays, paper rolling is widely known and popular as a hobby in countries Western Europe, especially in England and Germany. But this art became most widespread when it “moved” to the East. The richest traditions of the finest graphics and plastic arts, paper making and working with it have given rise to the art of paper sculpture new life.

Download:

Preview:

Quilling. History of origin. Tools and materials. Working methods.

Target :
Comprehensive intellectual and aesthetic development of children in the process of mastering the elementary techniques of quilling technique, as an artistic method of designing from paper.

Tasks :
Educational : To contribute to the formation of ideas about a new type of decorative and applied art - quilling. Introduce students to quilling techniques.
Developmental : Develop the imagination, thinking, and creative capabilities of every child; develop interest in the subject; develop students' skills and abilities in working with paper, eye, fine motor skills.
Educating : To cultivate in students the qualities of accuracy and composure when performing labor techniques, hard work, and the ability to listen; communication skills, accuracy, activity, work culture, ability to work in a team.

Tools and materials:
cut strips of colored paper for a printer, a ruler with patterns of circles of different diameters, toothpicks with a split end, PVA glue, napkins,

Teaching methods :

interactive (story, demonstration, conversation, practical implementation);
research (the ability to independently distribute work activities, choice of action, its method, freedom of creativity).

Class organization form:
Work in a group, presentation of your works (mini-exhibition).

Progress of the lesson.

1. Organizational stage.

Organizing the start of classes, creating a psychological mood for educational activities and activation of attention, rapid entry of the group into the working rhythm; greetings.

Lesson topic message:

The first material for a child’s creativity is paper. Paper is an unusually expressive and malleable material. You can create a whole world out of it. There are many types of paper plastic. The most famous in our country is the Japanese art of folding figures from a sheet of paper - origami. Today I will introduce you to another technique that is still little known among us - the art of paper rolling or, as it is called in the West, quilling.

History of quilling.

On English language This needlework is called “quilling” - from the word “quill” or “bird feather”. Unlike origami, which originated in Japan, the art of paper rolling originated in Europe in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. In medieval Europe, nuns created elegant medallions by twisting paper with gilded edges onto the tip of a bird's feather. When viewed closely, these miniature paper masterpieces created the complete illusion that they were made of thin gold strips. Unfortunately, paper is a short-lived material and little has survived from medieval masterpieces. However, this ancient technique has survived to this day and is very popular in many countries around the world. Paper rolling quickly spread in Europe, but because paper, especially colored and high-quality paper, was a very expensive material, paper plastic art became an art for ladies from wealthy sections of society.

Nowadays, paper rolling is widely known and popular as a hobby in Western European countries, especially in England and Germany. But this art became most widespread when it “moved” to the East. The richest traditions of the finest graphics and plastic arts, papermaking and working with it have given the art of paper sculpture a new life.

IN South Korea There is an entire Association of paper plastic art lovers, uniting followers of a wide variety of areas of paper art. In the 15th century it was considered art. At 19 - ladies' entertainment. For most of the 20th century it was forgotten. And only at the end of the last century quilling began to turn into an art again.
In England, Princess Elizabeth was seriously interested in the art of quilling, and many of her creations are kept in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. We associate paper with the idea of ​​fragility and fragility. But quilling refutes this statement - you can put, for example, a cup or a heavy book on a filigree volumetric stand, and not a single curl of paper lace will be damaged. You can assemble a candy vase from paper elements and safely use it for its intended purpose - it will not fall apart or break. In general, quilling is an opportunity to see the unusual possibilities of ordinary paper.

It should be noted that the Korean school of quilling (they call it paper rolling) is somewhat different from the European one. European works, as a rule, consist of a small number of parts; they are laconic, reminiscent of mosaics, and decorate postcards and frames. Europe is always in a hurry, so it loves fast technology. Eastern masters create works that resemble masterpieces of jewelry. The finest voluminous lace is woven from hundreds of small details. Masters of the Eastern school prefer to perform twisting using a thin awl. A replacement can be made from a thick needle and cork. Also, children are good at winding on a toothpick.

Paper. The paper must be colored on both sides. Ready-made cut strips of paper can be bought in specialty stores. If this is not possible, then pass sheets of colored paper through a paper shredder or cut them. The standard width of quilling strips is 3 mm, but this is not a necessary condition. Still very important point. If you make the strips yourself, then the weight of the paper is important - at least 60 grams per square meter(usually the weight is indicated on the paper packages), otherwise it will not curl neatly and keep its shape.

Quilling tools.

To master the paper rolling technique, you do not need any special tool. At the initial stage, visiting a regular store is quite enough. Here is a short list of what you need to start learning:

Materials and tools.
What is needed for all this?

Awl. It is advisable to purchase an awl with a diameter of about one millimeter. Usually the awl has a cone shape, which can be inconvenient. In this case, you can use any hardened rod of suitable diameter. An awl (rod) is used to wind a spiral from a paper strip. In this case, it is necessary to control the tension force of the paper; the handle of the tool should be comfortable for this purpose.
Tweezers. The tips should be sharp and aligned exactly. To perform high precision work. Notches at the end are undesirable because... may leave marks on paper. The squeezing force should be comfortable for your hands, providing a secure grip with the least amount of pressure.
Scissors. Like tweezers, they must have pointed ends. For maximum precision cutting of fringes.
Glue. There are no special recommendations. However, it should dry quickly enough and not leave marks. Try starting with PVA.
When marking a future composition, you will need the simplest drawing tools:compass, ruler, pencil.

Safety instructions:
When working with paper, you will need scissors, glue, and a brush; All this must be stored carefully, do not wave the scissors, do not play with them, because scissors are a cutting object and must be handled with care.

It is advisable to store scissors in a box or high stand with the rings facing up.

Use tools only for their intended purpose.

Don't use scissors to drill holes.

Do not use faulty or blunt tools.

When working, hold the instrument as the teacher showed.

Store tools and equipment in the designated place. Tools and equipment should not be stored in bulk.

Keep your work area clean and tidy.

Place tools and equipment in the order indicated by the teacher.

Quilling technique.

At first glance, the paper rolling technique is simple. A strip of quilling paper is rolled into a tight spiral. It will be convenient to start winding by twisting the edge of the paper quilling tape onto the tip of a sharp awl. Having formed the core of the spiral, it is advisable to continue working without using a quilling tool. This way you can feel with your fingertips whether the roll is being formed uniformly and adjust the effort as you go. The result should be a dense spiral less than a centimeter in diameter. It will be the basis for the further diversity of all forms. After which the paper spiral unfolds to the desired size, and then the required quilling figure is formed from it.
The tip of the paper is grabbed by a drop of glue. Rolls can be given the most various shapes, performing compressions and dents.
There are a total of 20 basic elements for quilling, but the principle remains the same: fold, pinch - using your imagination, you can always come up with new quilling elements yourself.

Independent work of students.

Students work according to the model or come up with a composition on their own.
Current instruction from the teacher (as students complete independent work)
Checking the organization of students’ workplaces;
Checking compliance with safety regulations when performing a task;
Instructions for completing the task in accordance with the instructions - technological map; providing assistance to poorly prepared students.

After completing the tasks, organize an exhibition of works and their collective discussion.
Together with the class participants, review completed tasks using expressive capabilities. Activate participants' responses after completing practical creative work.
Final words from the teacher.
Our lesson has come to an end. We have done a lot of work today.
What new things did you learn during the lesson? What did you study? What did you like about the lesson? How did they manifest themselves? Creative skills in class? What's your mood now?
I hope that the knowledge you acquired today has enriched you and will help you in solving creative problems not only in our classes, but also in life.

“Flowers for Mom” using quilling technique.

Target: teach children a new paper processing technique - quilling.

Tasks:

Educational: introduce children to a new type of design - quilling;

Learn to make basic shapes: “free spiral”, “drop” and make compositions from them (from simple to complex);

Activate children's vocabulary: quilling, shape, “free spiral”, “drop”.

Educational: increase the level of development of fine motor skills, thinking, attention, memory, creativity.

Educational: cultivate perseverance, accuracy in performance, ethics, interest, and create a work culture.

Material: strips for quilling, white napkins (background), napkins, bpaper strips for quilling (width 10 mm), oilcloth for applique, quilling tool.

Progress:

Hello guys! Look at each other and smile. We must start the day in a good mood. After all, a good start is half the battle.

The teacher reads a poem by V. Shugraeva"To Mom" .

I'll plant a sprout in a pot.

I'll put it on the window.

Hurry, sprout,

Open the flower -

I really need him.

The winds will rush outside the window

With a snowy winter,

But it will be higher

Every day

Grow my flower.

When according to the calendar

The time of spring will come,

I'll give my mother a flower

I am my mother flower.

Guys, I started our lesson with a poem, who can tell what the poem says?(children's answers)

Why do you think I told you a poem about a flower?(children's answers)

That's right, today we will make a flower for your mother, a manufacturing technique that you do not yet know.

In today's lesson I want to introduce you to a technique for working with paper - this is the “quilling” technique.

Guys, is the word quilling familiar to you?(Children's answers)

Quilling is a special technique for making very beautiful crafts from paper strips, cut into different widths and different color . (look and tell me how wide our stripes are. Children’s answers)

Want to learn this technique?

Today we will make a wonderful postcard.

So, let's begin! Take a seat at the tables. For work we will need: paper tapes, a napkin, a quilling tool, and a napkin for hands.

Practical work:

I take a strip of paper and this is our tool for twisting paper(rod with a cut), I insert the strip into the hole, twist it into a “tight spiral,” and at the same time make sure that each layer of paper lies exactly on the previous one. I twisted a “tight spiral”, now I’ll put it on the table and let my spiral unwind. The spiral unwinded and it turned out like this “free spiral”. I carefully take it and seal the tip. The result is a free spiral.

This basic "loose spiral" shape is basic. Now take one strip at a time and start twisting.

Make sure that each layer of paper lies evenly on the previous one. We twist it, put it on the table, let it unwind and glue the tip.

Using the “free spiral” shape, we will make a flower core from one strip.

From this shape, you can create another shape - called a “drop”.

How do you think you can make a drop out of a “free spiral”?(children’s answers and samples).

To get a “drop” shape, you need to tightly squeeze one edge of our “free spiral” with two fingers.(the teacher demonstrates and asks the children to repeat the actions)

We will make the leaves in a “drop” shape.

This means we need to make one strip with the “free spiral” shape, and 5 strips with the “drop” shape.

Now let's make drops out of all the stripes! Do you agree?(children complete the task)

That's how many droplets you got!

Physical education minute : "Together we help mom"

Together we help mom -

We wipe away dust everywhere.

We are now washing clothes,

Rinse and wring out.

Sweeping everything around

And run for milk.

We meet mom in the evening,

We open the doors wide,

We hug mom tightly.(Imitative movements according to the text.)

Making a flower

Take the “free spiral” shape and glue it in the middle of the napkin.

We received a flower, but what else is missing from our flower?(children's answers)

So let's make leaves for a flower from green stripes, but what shape do you think should be used to make leaves for a flower?(children's answers)

Children make leaves and glue them on.

Result:

Guys, today we got acquainted with a new technique for making paper crafts.

Who remembers what it's called?(children's answers)

What forms of quilling have we learned to do?(children's answers)

What did you like most today?

Who will sing me a song?

Who will sew my shirt?

Who will feed me delicious food?

Who laughs the loudest

Hearing my ringing laughter?

Who is sad when I am sad?.

MOTHER. (R. Seph)

Demonstration of finished works.

LESSON PLAN ON THE TOPIC OF QUILLING

Content

1. History of quilling

2. Quilling technique

3. Quilling Tools

4. Quilling paper

5. Quilling technique

6. Application

Goals:

• Educational: To contribute to the formation of ideas about a new type of decorative and applied art - quilling. Introduce students to quilling techniques.
• Developmental: Develop the imagination, thinking, and creative capabilities of every child; develop interest in the subject; develop students' skills and abilities in working with paper, eye, fine motor skills.
• Educating: To cultivate in students the qualities of accuracy and composure when performing work techniques, diligence, listening skills, communication skills, neatness, activity, work culture, and the ability to work in a team.

Methodological equipment of the lesson:

• Posters
• Samples of work in this technique
• Film about introducing the Quilling technique
• Microsoft Office Power Point Presentation

Equipment and tools: paper strips 5-7 mm wide, colored paper, template blanks, simple pencils, wooden rods with a split end, cardboard, glue, scissors, toothpicks, glue jars, napkins.

Methods training:

• Story
• Demonstration of finished works
• Conversation explaining new material
• Demonstration of work techniques
• Independent work

Form of lesson organization: Work in a group, presentation of your works (mini-exhibition).

Vocabulary work:

• Quilling
• paper rolling
• paper filigree
• paper lace.

Lesson type: Learning new material, a lesson - creativity.

During the classes

Organizational part

• Greetings
• Checking student attendance
• Finger gymnastics (mini-game “Piglets”, see. Annex 1)
• Checking students' readiness for the lesson

Lesson topic message: The first material for a child’s creativity is paper. Paper is an unusually expressive and malleable material. You can create a whole world out of it. There are many types of paper plastic. The most famous in our country is the Japanese art of folding figures from a sheet of paper - origami. Today I will introduce you to another technique that is still little known among us - the art of paper rolling or, as it is called in the West, quilling.

Learning new material: Quilling is based on the ability to twist long and narrow strips of paper into spirals, modify their shape and create three-dimensional or planar compositions from the resulting parts.

1. History of quilling

In English, this needlework is called “quilling” - from the word “quill” or “bird feather”. Unlike origami, which originated in Japan, the art of paper rolling originated in Europe in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. In medieval Europe, nuns created elegant medallions by twisting paper with gilded edges onto the tip of a bird's feather. When viewed closely, these miniature paper masterpieces created the complete illusion that they were made of thin gold strips. Unfortunately, paper is a short-lived material and little has survived from medieval masterpieces. However, this ancient technique has survived to this day and is very popular in many countries around the world. Paper rolling quickly spread in Europe, but because paper, especially colored and high-quality paper, was a very expensive material, paper plastic art became an art for ladies from wealthy sections of society.

Nowadays, paper rolling is widely known and popular as a hobby in Western European countries, especially in England and Germany. But this art became most widespread when it “moved” to the East. The richest traditions of the finest graphics and plastic arts, papermaking and working with it have given the art of paper sculpture a new life.

In South Korea, there is an entire Association of Paper Art Lovers, uniting followers of various areas of paper art. In the 15th century it was considered art. At 19 - ladies' entertainment. For most of the 20th century it was forgotten. And only at the end of the last century quilling began to turn into an art again.

In England, Princess Elizabeth was seriously interested in the art of quilling, and many of her creations are kept in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. We associate paper with the idea of ​​fragility and fragility. But quilling refutes this statement - you can put, for example, a cup or a heavy book on a filigree volumetric stand, and not a single curl of paper lace will be harmed. You can assemble a candy vase from paper elements and safely use it for its intended purpose - it will not fall apart or break. In general, quilling is an opportunity to see the unusual possibilities of ordinary paper.

It should be noted that the Korean school of quilling (they call it paper rolling) is somewhat different from the European one. European works, as a rule, consist of a small number of parts; they are laconic, reminiscent of mosaics, and decorate postcards and frames. Europe is always in a hurry, so it loves fast technology. Eastern masters create works that resemble masterpieces of jewelry. The finest voluminous lace is woven from hundreds of small details. Masters of the Eastern school prefer to perform twisting using a thin awl. A replacement can be made from a thick needle and cork. Also, children are good at winding on a toothpick.

Paper.The paper must be colored on both sides. Ready-made cut strips of paper can be bought in specialty stores.

If this is not possible, then you can cut the strips yourself. The width of the quilling strips is usually 3-7 mm.

Quilling technique

Take a strip of paper with two fingers.

Pull the end of the strip with pressure with two fingers of your other hand, running your nail along it so that the end bends slightly.

The curved tip is easier to wrap around the awl. Twist a few turns tightly.

When the diameter of the roller becomes 3-4 mm, it can already be removed from the awl and further turned by hand.

Twist the thick disk with both hands, constantly intercepting it with your fingers so that the paper tape does not unravel.

The entire strip is folded.

Now relax your fingers slightly, allowing the paper spiral to unravel a little.

Glue the end of the strip with PVA glue.

Now squeeze the workpiece with two fingers. The result is a “drop” blank.

Workpieces can be given a variety of shapes by performing compressions and indentations.

These are “drop” and “petal” blanks.

2. Quilling tools

To master the paper rolling technique, you do not need any special tool. At the initial stage, a visit to a regular department store is quite enough. Here is a short list of what you need to start learning:

Awl.It is advisable to purchase an awl with a diameter of about one millimeter. Usually the awl has a cone shape, which can be inconvenient. In this case, you can use any hardened rod of suitable diameter. An awl (rod) is used to wind a spiral from a paper strip. In this case, it is necessary to control the tension force of the paper; the handle of the tool should be comfortable for this purpose.

Tweezers.The tips should be sharp and aligned exactly. To perform high precision work. Notches at the end are undesirable because... may leave marks on paper. The squeezing force should be comfortable for your hands, providing a secure grip with the least amount of pressure.

Scissors.Like tweezers, they must have pointed ends. For maximum precision cutting of fringes.

Glue.There are no special recommendations. However, it should dry quickly enough and not leave marks. Try starting with PVA.

When marking a future composition, you will need the simplest drawing tools: a compass, a ruler, a pencil.

3. Quilling paper

Ready-made cut strips of paper can be bought in special stores that sell products for cards, etc. If this is not possible, then pass sheets of colored paper through a paper shredder or cut them. The standard width of quilling strips is 3 mm, but this is not a necessary condition. Another very important point. If you make strips yourself, then the weight of the paper is important - at least 60 grams per square meter (usually the weight is indicated on paper packages), otherwise it will not curl neatly and keep its shape.

4. Quilling technique

At first glance, the paper rolling technique is simple. A strip of quilling paper is rolled into a tight spiral. It will be convenient to start winding by twisting the edge of the paper quilling tape onto the tip of a sharp awl. Having formed the core of the spiral, it is advisable to continue working without using a quilling tool. This way you can feel with your fingertips whether the roll is being formed uniformly and adjust the effort as you go. The result should be a dense spiral less than a centimeter in diameter. It will be the basis for the further diversity of all forms. After which the paper spiral unfolds to the desired size, and then the required quilling figure is formed from it.

The tip of the paper is grabbed by a drop of glue. Rolls can be given a variety of shapes by performing compressions and indentations.

There are a total of 20 basic elements for quilling, but the principle remains the same: fold, pinch - using your imagination you can always come up with new quilling elements yourself.

Safety briefing

Rules for working with scissors:

• Store scissors in a designated place.
• Place them with their sharp ends closed and facing away from you.
• Pass the scissors to each other, rings first.

Training exercises

Twist a spiral from strips of white paper, try to make a “drop”, “eye” and other shapes.

Practical work

Independent work of students

Students work in pairs, follow a model, or come up with a composition on their own.

Ongoing teacher instruction (as students complete independent work)

• Checking the organization of students’ workplaces;
• Checking compliance with safety regulations when performing a task;
• Instruction on how to complete the task in accordance with the instructional and technological map; providing assistance to poorly prepared students.

Cleaning workplaces

Summing up the lesson

Exhibition of student works

Teacher's final words

So our unusual lesson has come to an end. We have done a lot of work today.

What new things did you learn during the lesson? What did you study? What did you like about the lesson? How did your creativity show up in class? What's your mood now?

I believe that the goals set at the beginning of the lesson were achieved.

I hope that the knowledge you acquired today has enriched you and will help you in solving creative problems not only in art lessons, but also in life.

The class includes children aged 5–6 years.