Looking at the ship in profile, you can appreciate its outlines and hull lines. The vessel itself consists of a frame, called a frame, and planking. The body kit serves to impart rigidity to the entire structure. It also shapes the appearance of the ship, its contours. You can notice that in the front (bow) part of the ship it has a special shape. The bow of the ship is specially made pointed so that when moving through the water, the ship experiences minimal resistance from the environment.

In nautical terminology, the front end of the ship is called the bow. In its location it is opposite to the stern. The bow of a ship most often has an elongated shape, narrowed from the sides. Its function is to cut waves that prevent the ship from moving quickly. This unique shape of the bow best suits the operating conditions of the ship.

Elements of the bow of the ship

The bow of the ship has a complex structure. It is designed in such a way as to reduce resistance to water elements to a minimum. At the very end of the bow there is a stem. This is a thick beam, which is a kind of continuation of the keel. In the place where the stem approaches the waterline, a metal plate is often placed, which is called a “green” or “cutwater”.

In ancient times, decorations in the form of figures - rostras - that performed a decorative function were usually placed on the bow of sailing ships. Such images made it possible not only to make the ship more attractive, but often gave warships an intimidating appearance. Roman warships, instead of decorative figures, often had massive rams at the front, which ended at the bow.

The deck elements of the front part of the ship also have their own names. The bow space of the ship's upper deck is called the "tank". On a sailing vessel, the forecastle begins at the foremast and ends at the extreme forward end of the vessel. Sometimes a ship has an elevation on the deck in the front part - a forecastle. This structural element can occupy up to half the entire length of the vessel. Rigging and mooring equipment is installed on the forward part of the deck.

In the area of ​​the bow, the ship's hull has a reinforced structure. The set here is more durable and frequent, and the plating has significant thickness and strength. This is done so that the ship can confidently sail against the wind and strong waves. A strong bow is also needed when touching the pier during mooring. The nose bears the main load in any sailing conditions external environment, so the requirements for its design are always more stringent.

Warship- a complex self-propelled engineering structure, bearing the naval flag of its state assigned to it and staffed by a military crew. Equipped with modern equipment, mechanisms and weapons and designed to perform tasks typical of its class. Every ship must have certain seaworthiness, survivability and have a minimum weight (displacement) with sufficient strength and the required weapons. The basis of any ship is the hull.

Surface ship hull(Fig. 1.1) - a steel, waterproof, hollow inside body with a streamlined shape. It provides the creation of buoyancy force and is a platform on which various weapons and equipment are mounted, depending on the purpose of the ship. The hull is equipped with steering, anchor, mooring, towing, lifting and other devices. Inside the hull are located: main and auxiliary mechanisms, living and service premises, ammunition cellars, storage of fuel, oils, water, chain boxes for cleaning anchor chains and other internal devices. Superstructures are installed on the upper deck of the hull, masts, pipes and other structures and mechanisms are installed.

Rice. 1.1. Location of the main hull structures, placement of weapons, posts and premises on a surface ship:
A - tank; B - waist; V - yut; 1 - guy rod; 2 - upper deck; 3 - bow anchor device; 4 - breakwater; 5 - bow artillery mount; 6 - anti-submarine weapons; 7 - bow (running) bridge; 5 - artillery fire control post; 9 - mast; 10 - chimney; 11 - torpedo tube; 12 - aft bridge; 13 - aft artillery mount; 14 - aft spire; 15 - flagpole; 16 - valance; 17 - platform; 18 - personnel quarters (aft); 19-stern ammunition magazine; 20-compartment of auxiliary mechanisms; 21 - engine room; 22 - watertight bulkheads; 23 - boiler room; 24 - second bottom; 25 - officers' living quarters; 26 - personnel quarters (bow); 27 - bow ammunition magazines; 28 - spire compartment; 29 - chain box

Structurally, the hull of a surface ship consists of the following main parts: frame (frame), side and bottom plating, decks and platforms, internal bottom, longitudinal and transverse watertight bulkheads. Framing and plating are essential elements of any hull; the presence of decks and bulkheads depends on the purpose of the ship.

Rice. 1.2. Ship hull system:
1 - beams of the main direction; 2 - cross beams

Case set- a system of rigidly interconnected longitudinal and transverse beams of various designs, connected by welding or riveting to sheets of outer cladding, second bottom and decks. In most cases, the resulting floors are reinforced by a set of whole (uncut) beams, called main direction beams, and split beams perpendicular to them, called cross beams (Fig. 1.2).

Depending on the direction of the main beams relative to the ship, three framing systems are distinguished: transverse, longitudinal and mixed. In the transverse hull framing system, the main direction beams run across the ship, are structurally continuous along its width and consist of frames along the sides, transverse beams along the decks and floors along the bottom. With a transverse framing system, longitudinal beams (vertical keel, stringers) are also required, but the latter are cross-links, their number is small (3-5). This dialing system is widely used on river and small sea vessels (tugs, barges).

In the longitudinal framing system, the main (continuous) beams run along the ship and consist of a significant number of stringers running continuously along the bottom and sides, longitudinal beams along the decks and a large number of simple longitudinal beams located along the bottom, the second bottom, sides and upper deck (between the stringers and longitudinal beams). The frames are made in the form of powerful frames, spaced 1.5-2.5 m apart from each other and cut at the intersections with longitudinal braces. This recruitment system in its pure form is currently used only on oil tankers that do not have a second bottom.

Modern warships are built mainly using a mixed construction system (Fig. 1.3): the construction of the bottom, second bottom and decks is made longitudinal; the set of sides and ends of the ship is transverse.

Rice. 1.3. Mixed recruitment system ship hull:
1 - deck belt; 2 - longitudinal beam; 3 - deck stringer; 4 - beam book; 5- frame; 6 - shearstrek; 7 - beam; 8 - side belts; 9-side stringer; 10 - zygomatic book; 11- flora; 12-bottom stringer; 13 - zygomatic girdle; 14 - bottom belt; 15 - tongue and groove belt; 16 - keel belt; 17 - vertical keel; 18 - second bottom flooring; 19 - longitudinal watertight bulkhead

Regardless of the framing system, the hull must have strong connections in all three directions (longitudinal, transverse and vertical) in order to reliably withstand the forces acting on the ship. Depending on the purpose and location of the hull parts, a set of bottoms, a set of sides, a set of decks, etc. are distinguished.

Bottom set- an overlap consisting of mutually intersecting longitudinal and transverse connections, called stringers and floras, respectively. In the middle of the frame, coinciding with the center plane of the ship, a vertical keel is installed - the main longitudinal connection of the bottom frame, which absorbs the forces that arise during the longitudinal bending of the ship.

Rice. 1.4. Design of vertical keels:
a, b - destroyers; c - cruisers; g - keel beam of a large ship

The keel runs along the entire length of the ship. The design of the keels depends on the class of ships. In Fig. Figure 1.4 shows the design of keels for some ships. Previously, on large ships, the vertical keel was sometimes replaced by two stringers, which formed a keel beam. On ships built recent years the keel beam is usually replaced by a vertical keel with reinforced linings, plating and internal bottom (Fig. 1.5). At the bow and stern ends of the ship, the keel is connected to the stem and sternpost. Sometimes a horizontal sheet is installed above the vertical keel, called a horizontal keel.

Rice. 1.5. Welded keel structure of a large ship

Bottom stringers are longitudinal beams that run parallel to the keel and together with it provide the longitudinal strength of the hull. By design, stringers are riveted or welded beams of various sections. The number of stringers on each side depends on the size of the ship. Approximately, there are 3 stringers on destroyers, and 4-5 on cruisers. Toward the bow and stern, the number of stringers decreases, as the width of the bottom of the ship decreases. When the bottom passes into the side of the ship, one stringer is placed on board; such stringers are called bilge stringers.

Flours are vertical steel sheets that are welded to the vertical keel, run across the ship and form part of the frame frame. They are impenetrable and permeable. The first ones are installed to delimit the double bottom compartments and ensure the watertightness of the compartments. The latter have oval cutouts to facilitate the design, provide passage and lay pipes in the double-bottom compartments.

Lateral keels (Fig. 1.6) are made to reduce the span of the ship during lateral rolling and partially serve as a longitudinal link. The width of the side keels does not exceed the dimensions of the hull. Their design can be varied.

Rice. 1.6. Side keels:
a - location of the keel; b, c - keel designs

Board set- continuation of the bottom set; consists of side stringers and frames.

The side stringers are laid along the entire length of the ship, from bow to stern, and are strong beams with stiffening ribs. They connect the side branches of the frames, absorb the load from them and transfer it to the transverse bulkheads. Sometimes additional stiffeners are installed between the stringers.

Frames are the transverse ribs of the ship's hull, connected to the decks, bilge stringers and bottom floors. They can be cut on each deck or pass through decks without being cut. The connection of the frames with the transverse beams of the deck set is carried out using brackets. The structural design of frames can be varied: from angles and sheet strips to riveted and I-beams, and, finally, trusses (frame frames). The space between adjacent frames is called spacing. In our military shipbuilding, we have adopted a system of numbering frames from bow to stern; The stem is taken as zero. The middle frame along the length of the ship is conventionally called the midship frame (midship).

Deck set- a system of intersecting transverse and longitudinal beams. The main direction beams are longitudinal beams. They are end-to-end, cut into transverse beams and are attached to them with brackets. Transverse beams and half beams are located from one another at a distance equal to the spacing, and are attached to the frames with brackets. To communicate with the rooms located below the decks, holes (hatches) are cut in the latter, which are bordered along the perimeter above the deck by vertical waterproof sheets called coamings (Fig. 1.7). Below the decks, longitudinal beams are placed that support the transverse beams of the decks, which are called karlengs.

Rice. 1.7. Layout of carlengs and coamings:
1 - deck sheet; 2 - coaming; 3 - carlengs; 4 ~ cross beams

Hatches come in round and rectangular shapes. Each hatch cover has a seal and a rubber rim to ensure water resistance. According to their purpose, hatches are divided into entrance, cargo and light. The movement of personnel through hatches is carried out along ladders (light-weight ladders). Stairways serve for communication between decks; There are inclined and vertical ones. Inclined ladders, as a rule, have handrails made of metal pipes; vertical - installed in mines, emergency gatherings (emergency, spare), at exits from machine and boiler rooms, ammunition cellars, etc.

Shafts (Fig. 1.8) are pipes of a special design (usually quadrangular cross-section) passing through the inter-deck spaces. On the upper (lower) deck, the shaft has a neck with a waterproof lid on wings or rivets.

Rice. 1.8. Waterproof shaft

When heavy local cargo is located on the deck - gun mounts, masts, deck mechanisms, etc. - under them in the inter-deck spaces, pillars are installed (Fig. 1.9), which are calculated for the weight of the decks with the set and cargo located on the decks. Pillers come in different designs: permanent and removable.

Rice. 1.9. Welded tubular pillers

Set at the ends of the ship. Transverse rigidity is given to the ends of the ship by frames, floors and beams, which work together with deck flooring and side plating, as well as transverse bulkheads, which are placed (like frames) at the ends more often than in the middle part of the ship. To give strength to the converging edges of the side and bottom plating sheets along with the set and to create a rigid structure for the ends of the ship, stems are installed. At the bow end of the ship there is a shape, which is made in the form of a forging, casting or welded structure. It is able to withstand impacts from waves, ice and floating objects. The aft end of the ship ends with a cast part - axtershtev - nem. The shape and design of the stems depend on the purpose and size of the ship, the number of propellers, the type of rudder, etc.

Ship shell consists of outer plating (bottom and side) and deck flooring.

The outer skin is a waterproof shell that separates the internal volume of the ship from the water and simultaneously serves to ensure the longitudinal and lateral strength of the ship. It consists of a number of belts made up of separate sheets and located along the ship. The connection of two sheets of one belt forms a joint; the connection of the belts is the groove of the outer skin. Sheathing sheets are connected in various ways: end-to-end, edge-to-edge (herringbone), smooth, on planks, etc. Depending on the location of the outer skin belt they are called: tongue-and-groove, bottom, zygomatic, side, ice shearstrake (Fig. 1.10) Typically, the tongue-and-groove belt (adjacent to the keel) and shearstrake (sheathing belt on the beams of the upper continuous deck) are made thicker than the other belts to increase the overall longitudinal strength of the ship. On warships, in addition, the skin is often doubled along the keel path, waterline (ice belt), under the anchor fairleads, and in the area of ​​the propellers.

Rice. 1.10. Location of outer cladding belts:
1 - shearstrek; 2 - ice; 3 - side; 4 - zygomatic; 5 - bottom; 6 - tongue and groove; 7 - keel

The deck limits the internal volume of the ship from above and consists of sheets resting on the deck set. Deck flooring is made from sheets of maximum length, which are placed with the long side along the ship. The outermost sheet of deck flooring, running parallel to the side contour, is called a deck stringer and serves to ensure the longitudinal strength of the ship. Throughout the entire length of the deck, with the exception of the area at the ends of the ship, it has a thickness that is 20-30% greater than the adjacent deck flooring belts. The usual thickness of the belts adjacent to the deck stringer: for small ships - 4; destroyers - 5; cruisers - 7-8 mm. The minimum deck thickness is determined by durability conditions, but must be at least 4 mm. The totality of the sheets and set is the deck itself.

The ship's hull is divided in height into a number of decks and platforms to accommodate equipment, weapons, cargo and personnel, as well as to ensure unsinkability, fire safety and strength. Based on their location on the ship, the decks are called upper, middle and lower (Fig. 1.11).

Rice. 1.11. Ship decks:
1 - outer bottom; 2 - second, or inner, bottom; 3 - third bottom; 4 - second platform; 5 - first platform; 5 - lower deck; 7 - middle deck; 8 - upper deck; 9 - forecastle deck; 10 - superstructure deck

The platforms run under the lower deck at the ends of the ship and do not run along the entire length of the ship, but are interrupted and in this way differ from decks. The platforms are counted from top to bottom. The number of decks and platforms depends on the design, purpose and size of the ship.

Upper deck(main) is a kind of roof and withstands the greatest tensile and compressive stresses during longitudinal bending of the hull, stress from lateral compression of the hull, local pressure of cargo, powder gases during a shot and water on the deck. To reduce flooding with water during waves and thereby improve the seaworthiness of the ship, the deck usually has sheer, i.e., a rise from the middle part to the bow and stern (Fig. 1.12). In the transverse direction, the upper deck has a deflection, i.e., a convexity, which ensures water flow to the sides and increases the longitudinal rigidity of the deck. Directly on the upper deck, as well as on special foundations and foundations, superstructures of various purposes and types, deckhouses, bridges, weapons, deck devices, ship control posts and other equipment are placed, masts and chimneys are installed.

Rice. 1.12. Scheme of sheer and deck deflection:
a - grayness; b, c, d - deflection at various sections along the length of the ship

The upper deck is conventionally divided into sections called: b a k - the section of the upper deck from the stem to the foremast or conning tower; sh k a f u t - from the foremast or conning tower to the mainmast or stern superstructures inclusive; poop - from the mainmast or stern superstructures to the stern section. Some warships and many auxiliary vessels have additional decks: above the forecastle - a forecastle; waist - spardek; yutom - poop.

On the upper deck, along the sides, a waterway (gutter) and a scupper system are installed to remove water from the deck, superstructures and platforms. To ensure that the deck is less flooded with water, wave deflectors (breakwaters) and canopies are installed on the forecastle (forecastle).

Deck superstructures- parts of the ship's hull, located on some part of the upper deck along the entire width of the ship and forming closed volumes on it, intended for use as residential and various service premises. In accordance with the division of the upper deck into sections of the superstructure located on it, they are called bow (tank), middle and stern (poop). The bow superstructure (forecastle) also serves to increase the height of the bow of the ship's hull.

Typically, rooms located above the upper deck do not reach the side. Therefore, superstructures are conventionally called those that are located over a relatively large length of the ship, and deckhouses are short superstructures. R o s t r y - open superstructure; They are a lattice (sometimes solid) flooring, built above the upper deck and resting on the inner side on the middle superstructure, and on the outer side on the pillars. The flooring is laid on roaster beams. Rostras are intended to accommodate boats, lifeboats, life-saving equipment and automatic anti-aircraft artillery.

Decks and platforms of internal premises are supported by beams and are calculated on their own weight and the weight of cargo located on them. The best covering for interior decks is linoleum, which is easy to clean, gives the premises a neat appearance, and has sound and heat insulating qualities. The decks of the living quarters, located above rooms with high temperatures (engine and boiler rooms), are covered with heat-insulating boards made of various insulating materials.

Rice. 1.13. Bottom set design diagram:
1, 2, 16, 17 - platform sections; 3-15 - sections of the internal bottom

Inner bottom- steel decking going on top of the bottom set (Fig. 1.13). Along its length, it covers the area of ​​recruitment of a longitudinal or mixed system. In the bow and stern, where the set is most often transverse, there is no second bottom; it is being replaced by platforms. To avoid rapid destruction by corrosion, the thickness of the inner bottom sheets is taken from 4 to 10 mm, depending on the class of the ship. In engine and boiler rooms the flooring is thicker. The double-bottom space is divided by floras and stringers into waterproof compartments (cages) with manholes (necks) closed with waterproof lids (Fig. 1.14). The space between the outer bottom skin and the second bottom (interbottom space) is used to store fuel, oil, fresh water and ballast water.

Rice. 1.14. Waterproof neck cap with wings

Bulkheads- flat vertical structures (walls), consisting of sheets and a set; are made waterproof and permeable. Transverse watertight bulkheads, dividing the internal volume of the ship along the length, form autonomous watertight compartments. Longitudinal watertight bulkheads form watertight side compartments. Watertight bulkheads prevent the spread of water entering through holes throughout the ship, thereby ensuring its unsinkability, and also prevent the spread of fire and toxic substances.

The transverse watertight bulkheads that separate the ship from the bottom to the upper deck are called the main ones. Semi-bulkheads, like main bulkheads, carry vertical and horizontal loads, but unlike them they do not go from side to side. Between the main bulkheads, secondary (permeable) bulkheads are installed to separate the interior spaces.

Watertight doors (Fig. 1.15) are placed on watertight bulkheads and serve as access to watertight compartments. Such a door consists of a stamped metal sheet with a device for fastening sealing rubber around its perimeter and six wedge latches with individual or prizodny central latching. Lightweight doors that lead to the superstructure and bridge rooms have a lightweight design. They are also equipped with rubber gaskets that protect against the penetration of water (splashes) and light (from the room).

Rice. 1.15. Waterproof door

Forward
Table of contents

Traveling along rivers and seas on ships has been known in history for more than five thousand years. Today, according to generally accepted terminology, a sea vessel is a cargo, passenger or commercial large-sized watercraft, and a ship is a military one. The list of ships could take a long time. The most famous maritime ones are sailing ships and yachts, passenger liners and steamships, boats, tankers and dry cargo ships. Ships are aircraft carriers, battleships, cruisers, destroyers and submarines.

Ship structure

Whatever type or class the watercraft belongs to, it has common elements designs. First of all, of course, the hull, on which superstructures for various purposes, masts and deckhouses are installed. An important element of all ships are engines and propulsors, in general, power plants. Devices, systems, electrical equipment, pipelines and premises equipment are important for the life of a watercraft.

They are also equipped with spar and rigging.

The bow is the front end, the stern is the rear end of the hull, its side surfaces- sides. Sailors call the starboard side in the direction of travel the starboard, the left side the backboard.

The bottom or bottom is the lower part of the ship, decks are the horizontal floors. The hold of a ship is the lowest room, which is located between the bottom and the lower deck. The space between decks is called a tween deck.

Ship hull design

If we talk about a ship in general, be it a warship or a civilian vessel, then its hull is a waterproof, streamlined body, hollow inside. The hull provides the ship's buoyancy and is the base or platform on which equipment or weapons are mounted, depending on the purpose of the ship.

The type of vessel determines both the shape of the hull and its dimensions.

The ship's hull consists of a frame and plating. Bulkheads and decks are elements inherent to certain types of ships.

The sheathing can be made of wood, as in ancient times and today, plastics, welded or riveted steel sheets, or even reinforced concrete.

WITH inside To maintain the strength and shape of the hull, the hull and deck are supported by a set of rigidly fastened beams, wooden or steel, which are located in the transverse and longitudinal directions.

At the ends of the hull most often ends with strong beams: at the stern - with a sternpost, and at the bow - with a stem. Depending on the type of vessel, the contours of the bow may be different. Reducing resistance to the movement of the vessel, ensuring maneuverability and seaworthiness depend on them.

The underwater bow of the ship reduces water resistance, which means the ship's speed increases and fuel consumption decreases. And on icebreakers, the stem is strongly inclined forward, due to which the ship crawls onto the ice and destroys it with its mass.

Case set

The hull of any vessel must have strong connections in the vertical, longitudinal and transverse directions to withstand water pressure, wave impacts during any storm and other forces that act on it.

The underwater parts of the ship experience the main load. Therefore, in the middle of the bottom frame, the main longitudinal connection is installed, which absorbs the forces arising from the longitudinal bending of the vessel - the vertical keel. It runs the length of the hull, connecting to the stem and sternpost, and its design depends on the type of vessel.

Bottom stringers run parallel to the keel along it; their number depends on the size of the ship and decreases towards the bow and stern, as the width of the bottom becomes smaller.

Often, to reduce the influence of the ship's sideways motion, side keels are installed; they do not exceed the width of the hull and have a different design.

Vertical steel plates, called bottom floors, are installed across the hull and welded to the keel and can be permeable or impermeable.

The side frame continues the bottom frame and consists of stringers (longitudinal beams) and frames (transverse stiffeners). The stem is considered the zero frame in naval shipbuilding, and the middle frame is the midship frame.
The deck set is a system of intersecting longitudinal and transverse beams - beams.

Ship shell

The shell of the vessel consists of outer bottom and side plating and deck plating. The outer cladding is made of horizontal separate belts connected in various ways: overlapping, end-to-end, smooth, herringbone.

The underwater parts of the ship must be the strongest, therefore the lower (tongue) plating belt is made thicker than the intermediate belts. The thickness of the plating belt, called shearstrak, on the beams of the upper continuous deck is also the same in thickness.

The deck flooring consists of the longest sheets that rest on the same deck structure and limits the top of the ship. The sheets are placed with the long side along the vessel. The smallest thickness of metal decking is 4 mm. can also be made from boards.

A deck is a combination of decking and decking.

Ship deck

The height of the ship's hull is divided into several decks and platforms. A platform is a deck that does not run the entire length of the ship, but only between several bulkheads.

Decks are named according to their location on the ship: lower, middle and upper. At the ends of the ship (bow and stern), platforms run below the lower deck and are counted from top to bottom.

The number of both decks and platforms depends on the size of the vessel, its purpose and design.

River vessels and mixed navigation vessels have one main or upper deck. Marine ones, such as a passenger ship, or rather a passenger ship, three decks.

Large lake passenger ships have an intermediate deck, in addition to the main one, forming an interdeck space.

A cruise ship can have significantly more decks. For example, on the Titanic there were four of them, stretching along the entire length of the ship, two platforms that did not reach either the bow or the stern, one was interrupted at the bow, and one was located only in the front of the liner. The newest Royal Princess liner has nineteen decks .

The upper deck, also called the main or main deck, withstands the greatest stresses during transverse compression and longitudinal bending of the hull. The deck of a ship is usually made with a slight rise in the center towards the bow and stern and a convexity in the transverse direction, so that water that falls on the deck during rough seas flows more easily to the sides.

Ship superstructures

Deck superstructures are above-deck structures located across the entire width of the vessel. They form closed volumes that are used as office and residential premises. Side walls are called superstructures, the side walls of which continue the side of the ship. But most often the rooms above the upper deck do not reach the sides. Therefore, there is a somewhat conventional division into the superstructures themselves, which are located over a fairly large length of the vessel, and deckhouses, also superstructures, but short.

Since the upper deck of the ship is divided into sections that have their own names, the same names are given to the superstructures located on them: forecastle or bow, stern or poop and middle. The forecastle - the bow superstructure - is designed to increase the bow of the hull.

The tank can occupy up to 2/3 of the length of the vessel. The elongated forecastle is used for cabins on passenger ships, and cargo tween-decks on cargo ships.
In the aft superstructure - poop or poop - living quarters for the crew are arranged.

Between the superstructures, the deck is fenced with bulwarks, which should protect the deck from flooding with water.

On sea vessels, depending on the type and purpose of the vessel, cuttings are carried out in several tiers.

On river ships, only the rooms containing the helm and radio are called deckhouses, and all other structures on the upper deck are called superstructures.

Ship compartments

The structure of a military or civilian ship implies the presence of watertight compartments, which increase its unsinkability.

The internal vertical walls (bulkheads) are made waterproof, dividing the internal volume of the ship into compartments along the length. They prevent water from filling the entire internal volume in the event of damage in the underwater part of the ship and the spread of fire.

The compartments of the ship, depending on their purpose, have their own names. The main power plants are installed in a compartment called the engine or engine room. The engine room is separated from the boiler room by a waterproof partition. Cargo is transported in cargo compartments (holds). The living quarters for the crew and passengers are called accommodation and passenger holds. Fuel is stored in the fuel compartment.

The rooms in the compartments are protected by light bulkheads. To allow access to the compartments, rectangular hatches are made in the deck flooring. Their sizes depend on the purpose of the compartments.

Marine propulsion system

The power plant on a ship is the engines and auxiliary mechanisms that not only set the ship in motion, but also provide it with electricity.

The ship is driven by a main propulsion unit connected by a shafting.

Auxiliary mechanisms provide the vessel with electricity, desalinated water, and steam.

Based on the principle of operation and type of main engine, as well as energy sources, a ship's power plant can be steam power or steam turbine, diesel, diesel turbine, gas turbine, nuclear or combined.

Ship devices and systems

The structure of a ship is not only the hull and superstructures, it also includes ship equipment, special equipment and deck mechanisms that ensure the operation of the ship. Even people far from shipbuilding cannot imagine a ship without a steering or anchor device. Each ship also has towing, mooring, boat, and cargo equipment. All of them are driven and serviced by deck auxiliary mechanisms, which include steering gears, towing, cargo and boat winches, pumps and much more.

Ship systems are many kilometers of pipelines with pumps, instruments and apparatus, with the help of which water is pumped out from holds or wastewater is supplied drinking water or foam in case of fire, heating, air conditioning and ventilation are provided.

The engine room mechanisms are served by a fuel system to power the engines, an air system to supply compressed air, and cool the engines.

Electrical equipment provides lighting on the ship and the operation of mechanisms and devices that are powered by the ship's power plant.

All modern ships are equipped with sophisticated navigation equipment to determine direction of movement (course) and depths, measure speed and detect obstacles in fog or oncoming ships.

External and internal communication on a ship is carried out using radio equipment: radio stations, ultra-short wave radiotelephones, ship telephone exchanges.

Ship premises

Ship premises, no matter how many there are on the ship, are divided into several groups.

These are living quarters for the crew (officers' cabins and sailors' quarters) and for passengers (cabins of various capacities).

A passenger airliner is already a rarity today. Few people allow themselves to move at low speed over long distances. You can travel by air much faster. Therefore, passenger cabins are more of a property of cruise ships.

Passenger cabins, especially on cruise ships, are divided into several classes based on comfort. The simplest cabin resembles a railway carriage compartment with four shelves and virtually no furniture, often facing the inside of the hull and without a porthole or window, with artificial lighting. And the Royal Princess liner also provides passengers with luxurious two-room suites with balconies.

A cabin on a ship, specifically on a military ship, is a rest room for the crew officers. The ship's commander and senior officers have separate single cabins.

Public premises are salons, cinema halls, restaurants, libraries. For example, the cruise ship Oasis of the Seas on board has 20 restaurants, a real ice skating rink, a casino and a theater for 1,380 spectators, a nightclub, a jazz club and a disco.

Sanitary and utility premises include sanitary and hygienic (laundries, showers, bathrooms, baths) and household premises, which include kitchens, all kinds of storage rooms and utility rooms.

Passengers are usually prohibited from entering service areas. These are the rooms in which the ship is controlled, or where radio equipment, engine rooms, workshops, storerooms for spare parts and other ship supplies are located.
Special purpose premises include cargo holds, solid or liquid fuel storage facilities.

Sailing vessel

The structure of a sailing ship is not much different from an ordinary vessel. Only sailing equipment, spar and rigging.

Sailing rig - a set of all the sails of a ship. Spar - parts that directly support the sails. These are masts, yards, topmasts, bowsprits, booms and other elements familiar from books about pirates of past centuries.

Special gear, with the help of which masts, bowsprits and topmasts are secured in a certain position, is called standing rigging, for example, shrouds. Such equipment remains stationary and is made of thick resinous, plant-based, or galvanized iron or steel cable, and in some places, chains.

Movable gear, with the help of which the sails are set and removed, and perform other operations related to the control of a sailing vessel, are called running rigging. These are sheets, halyards and other elements made of flexible steel, synthetic or hemp cables.

In all other respects, even in the number of decks, they are similar to their counterparts.

A multi-deck ship under sail appeared in the 16th century. Depending on the displacement, Spanish galleons could have from 2 to 7 decks. The superstructure was also built in several tiers, which contained living quarters for crew officers and passengers.

The structure of a ship, at least its main structural elements, does not depend on the type and purpose of the vessel, be it sailing ships driven by the force of the wind, inflating sails, or paddle steamers with a steam engine as propulsion, cruise liners with a steam turbine unit, or nuclear icebreakers.

The tradition of decorating the bow of a ship with a sculptural figure or relief has existed since ancient times. ancient Rome The nasal decoration was called a rostra, in ancient Greece a caryatid.

Stretched over the bowsprit and directed forward, it was a symbol of the ship, the pride of ship owners and captains. When the ship served its term, the figurehead was removed, and it decorated the walls of buildings, columns, and the house of the owner or captain. Subsequently, the figureheads ended up in maritime museums.

Nowadays it is called a "galleon figure" after the ships, but in nautical terminology it is called a "latrine" figure because it is installed on the latrine (the overhang at the bow of a sailing ship). Latrines for the crew were installed on the same overhang, which is why toilets on ships are now called latrines.

Sailing on primitive boats, powerless in the face of the elements of the expanses of water, the navigators tried in every possible way to appease the gods and spirits, who, as they imagined, could tame the forces of wind and waves, protect against misfortunes, and contribute to the success of the voyage.

The spirits protected the ship from misfortunes, shoals, storms, and dangerous winds. If the ship sank, they
accompanied the souls of sailors to the land of the dead.

The ancient Egyptians often preferred sacred birds, whose image was supposed to protect the ship and its crew at sea from possible troubles.

"oculus" - eye on the bow of Egyptian ships

The Phoenicians usually installed a carved wooden horse's head on the bow, which symbolized the speed of their ships, and the Greeks and Romans - an angry boar or dragon, in order to intimidate a potential enemy.

The dragon's head was a mandatory accessory for the Vikings' fast-moving dragons.

Decorations in the guise of gods are characteristic of Ancient Greece, and they gave preference to the goddess of victory Nike. Also, mythological characters are often found in the decoration of ships.

Mostly these were the ancient Roman gods, patrons of navigation and trade, Neptune and Mercury.

When sailors went to sea, they always made sacrifices, and to show that they never forgot their patrons, they began to install cult objects and images of gods as decorations on ships.

Most often at first these were images of mythical animals. Residents of Norway, for example, carved wooden figures in the form of a dragon's head for their drakars, which were located on the bow of the ship. The Slavs decorated their boats with the heads of rams or goats, while other peoples preferred to make decorations on the bow of the ship in the form of birds, such as peacocks.

Many figureheads personified the name of the ship in direct, allegorical or symbolic form, in order to show the name of the ship to people who, for the most part, could not read.

In this case, a wide variety of figures were used: from ancient Roman emperors and heroes to exotic (at that time) peoples - Indians, Moors, etc. There were figures of monks, saints, women and virgins of various types.

From the middle of the 16th century, Spanish-Portuguese shipwrights began installing large three-masted galleons. sailing ships, adapted for the transportation of valuable cargo, are very artistic sculptures.

From the second half of the 16th century and especially in the 17th century, rich sculptural decoration became a common attribute of all sailing ships.

In the 16th to 19th centuries, the most common “character” depicted on the prow of warships was a lion. The Dutch especially loved to decorate ships with carved lions. From them this fashion passed on to Russia - under Peter I, the lion was always present in the decorative design of sailing ships of the newly created fleet. heraldic or nominal sculptures were used: anthropomorphic - in the form of a human figure, zoomorphic - in the form of birds and animals, or object sculptures - in the form of coats of arms, vignettes, garlands, etc.

Heraldic lions and eagles symbolized power, strength and nobility - these were pan-European symbols that most often adorned the bows of warships.

In terms of the splendor of their decoration, such ships were sometimes not inferior to the luxurious palaces of their rulers, and sometimes even surpassed them.

In the case of naval ships, the goal was to demonstrate wealth and power
owner. In the heyday of the Baroque, some ships had gigantic figures weighing several tons.

Initially, the design models of the figureheads were made by a sculptor from wood and wax on a small scale, and only after receiving the approval of the commission and the king were they carved out of wood to life size.

Blanca Aurora
The model is the daughter of a captain; their daughters and wives often served as models.

Let's consider main elements of the vessel. A small vessel, like any transport vessel, consists of a hull (the vessel itself) and a superstructure or deckhouse. The hull of the ship is the main part, which includes the frame and plating. The set consists of longitudinal and transverse links that serve as the basis for the plating - the shell of the vessel, which provides the hull with water resistance and, together with the set, strength and rigidity. The outlines of the hull are usually smooth, with sharp points characteristic only of the bow and stern. The front end of the vessel is called the bow, and the rear end is called the stern; the sides, or walls of the hull - the right and left sides, when viewed from the stern. The part of the hull that is under water is called underwater, and above the water is called surface, the lower part of the hull is called the bottom, and the upper, horizontal part is called the deck. Small vessels, such as motorboats, may not have a deck.

Superstructure is a structure above the hull of a ship, which is a continuation of its sides, or a room located on the deck along the entire width of the ship (hull). A high and developed superstructure not only impairs the stability of the vessel, but also increases its windage - the effect of wind on the vessel.

The deckhouse is a separate part of the superstructure or structure on the deck, which does not occupy the entire width of the ship's hull (there are passages on the deck along the sides). On small vessels, the pilothouse is often referred to as the room for controlling the vessel and engine. Only large boats and motor yachts have superstructures and separate deckhouses. On most powerboats, the superstructure and deckhouse are combined.

The bulwark is a lightweight structure - a continuation of the side above the deck in the bow and middle parts of the vessel. At the aft end, the bulwark is called a tailrail. The bulwark can be temporary (wooden or canvas), raised during rough seas, when passing rapids, sailing, etc.

Cockpit - a cutout or recess in the deck to accommodate people.

The engine well is a watertight structure at the transom of the vessel, forming a recess in the hull of the vessel and designed to accommodate an outboard motor and provide the required freeboard height.

A ship's hull set (see figure) is a structural design consisting of longitudinal and transverse links: keel, stem, sternpost.

The main structural elements of the hull of a vessel - boat

1 - deck flooring; 2 - beam; 3 - carlings; 4 - cockpit trim; 5 - slan; 6 - cockpit coaming;
7 - aft bulkhead; 8 - transom; 9 - motor niche; 10 - stem; 11 - keel;
12 - side (outer) plating; 13 - gunwale; 14 - zygomatic stringer; 15 - deck stringer; 16 - half beam; 17 - zygomatic book; 18 - side stringer.

The keel is the main longitudinal connection running along the entire length of the vessel from stem to sternpost in the form of a beam. The keel is an element that ensures the strength of the vessel.

The stem is a forward structural design (a continuation of the keel). This completes the set of the ship's hull from the bow. In small motor vessels, the stem is usually inclined, smoothly turning into the keel.

Sternpost - structural design of the stern end of the vessel (continuation of the keel). This ends the set. The sternpost can consist of two parts: the front one - the steering post, through which the propeller shaft passes, and the rear one - the rudder post, onto which the rudder is hung. On motorboats, there is a transom board (transom) at the stern.

Stringers are internal longitudinal connections for fastening the skin. They are divided into side and bottom - keelsons.

Carlings are longitudinal under-deck connections.

Frames are transverse side braces of the hull. The distance between two frames is called spacing. In a theoretical drawing, booms are the contours of the cross-section of a ship.

Beams are transverse under-deck connections of the deck. The hull of a small boat can be divided by transverse bulkheads, which are made watertight. Bulkheads extend to the deck or are of varying heights. The outermost bow part of the vessel between the stem and the first bow bulkhead is called the forepeak, the outermost aft compartment is the afterpeak.

Fender:

A longitudinal beam on the inside of the side of a wooden boat at the height of the waterline, and more often above it, connecting the upper ends of the frames of one side;

A wooden or metal beam installed outside the side to protect the ship from damage during impacts during mooring.

Gunwale - a flat beam covering the edge of the skin and the ends of the frames.

The shoulder is a longitudinal wooden rail on the outside of the sides, which acts as an external fender that serves to protect the sides from damage.

Coaming is a structure bordering a cutout in the deck to protect hatches and cockpits from being overwhelmed by water.

Slan, or payol - boards made of boards that are laid on the frames to protect them and the sheathing.

In addition to the hull, the small vessel has a number of devices: steering, mooring, anchor etc.