Knowing Spanish exclamations means being able to accurately and correctly choose expressions that will fit the situation. 🙂 In informal communication, various exclamations are often used, which would be great to understand. Firstly, it gives you the opportunity to say what you think in a vividly expressive form, and secondly, it makes it possible to understand the speech of interlocutors and opponents.

SPANISH EXCLAMATIONS

¡Hostia!(ostia) is used to express surprise, annoyance. Judging by the context, it’s quite an analogue of “yopt”, “damn”, “fuck”, “your mother” and other similar exclamations. Sometimes spoken in plural ¡Hostias!

¡Joder!(hoder) literal translation "tr#x#t", "tr#x#tc#". Used in the same cases as hostia.

¡Coño!(konyo) literal translation of "n#zda", interesting that el coño, male. Used in the same cases as hostia.

¡Cojones!(kohones) literal translation of "eggs" (not chicken 🙂). Used in the same cases as hostia.

¡Guay!(guai) cool.

¡Sierra la boca!(hiera la boca) - shut your mouth.

que te trague la tierra!(ke te trage la tiera) - so that you fail.

¡Maricon(es)!(marikon(es)) p#d#r#s, everything is clear here. It is used exactly the same as in Russian.

cabron(cabron) goat. It is used both as a curse like "What a goat / asshole", and between friends, when someone has done something dubious. For those who are in the know, a goat with a balalaika cabron con balalaika 🙂

De puta madre(de puta madre) in Spain is “drop dead”, “hit”, “oh # nno”. I read that in Latin American countries it's more like "fuck".

Es una cana!(es una canya) this is cool

¡Vete a la polla!(bae te a la poya) fuck you! Everything is similar to the Russian language. And yes, x#y feminine. Everything is not like people ^___^

¡No me jodas!(but me hodas) a rough version of "you're playing a prank on me."

¡Ser un crack! To be awesome \ unsurpassed \ awesome and all that.

You will be awesome ¡Estas un crack!(estas un krak).

He/she/you (respectful) ¡Esta un crack!(esta un krak).

If we consider interjections (Interjecciones) as a whole (regardless of the language), from the point of view of morphology, it can be noted that this is the most original class of words: it is not classified as either an independent or an auxiliary part of speech. They are indivisible, and in speech they act as one-component sentences expressing emotions, sensations, state of mind and other reactions.

Many linguists refer the words of onomatopoeia (onomatopeya) - words that convey onomatopoeia - to interjections that are used to express a desire, an incentive to action, a demand, including a quick response of a person to various events in reality.

Spanish interjections are also used to express motives, feelings, emotions, symptomatic interjections are divided into different groups, which differ in the criterion for their classification.

These are interjections, the main function of which is the direct transmission of the speaker's emotions. These interjections are characterized by the presence of the letter "h" in the middle or at the end: ¡ehi!; ¡ah! At the same time, the amount of "h" depends on the strength of the expressed emotion.

¡ahhhh! ¿Entonces todavia estas estudiando? Ahh! So, are you still studying?

Interjections that express feelings and motives are divided according to their formation into:

Primary (which are not related by their origin to significant parts of speech): ¡ay!; ¡ah!; ¡bah!; ¡eh!; ¡oh!; ¡puf!; etc.

¡Bah! A esta velocidad llegamos a tiempo. - Wow! With this speed, we will arrive on time.

Pedro, así que te gusta conducir. ¡Eh! — Pedro, so you like to drive.

The meaning of Spanish interjections of the primary type is difficult to determine without being able to assess the gestures of the interlocutors, their intonation, facial expressions, or the context itself.

Derivatives (formed from verbs, nouns, etc.): ¡Oiga! (Listen!); ¡Anda ya! (Come on!); ¡Pero mujer! (as an objection); ¡Jesus! (Be healthy!); ¡Díos mio! (My God!); ¡Mi madre! ¡Madre mía!; (Mom dear! Mom do not grieve! - in the meaning of indignation, difficulty or confusion); ¡Bueno! (What to do!); ¡Fuera! (Away!); ¡Anda! (Come on!); ¡Venga! (Let's!); ¡Vaya! (Well, it’s necessary!) etc.

¡Hola, viejita! - Hello, old lady!

Words that act as interjections in Spanish, often refer to various kinds of grammatical categories: adjectives, verbs, nouns, adverbs. Examples include the likes of ¡Bravo! (great!; bravo!) ¡Basta! (Enough!) ¡acabara ya!, ¡acabáramos! (con ello)! (colloquial Finally!) and others, i.e. they have a specific meaning in contrast to the interjections of the previous classification.

It should be noted that this group is open in Spanish, based on the assumption that in speech almost any word can at some point act as an interjection. At the same time, most of these interjections demonstrate an inclination to perform the function of inducement or other influence on the addressee. It could be an order ¡chito!, ¡chiton!; ¡silencio!— Shut up!, prompting ¡vamos! - Went!; ¡ochi! - out!, let's go! (scare away the pigs), ¡perdón! - Sorry! or evaluation ¡eso es! ¡exacto! - right!, Exactly!

This type of interjection can often perform the function of establishing contact. They are used for use in telephone conversations: ¡ahué!; ¡alo! ¡Diga! — Hello! or shout ¡che! - to attract attention. This includes typical conversational phrases, and expressions ¡fíjate! ; ¡oye (tú) - look!, listen! Well, you must! ¡oye! — Maybe as a warning about the growing feelings of anger — Eh! Carefully! Do not run up!; and etc.

I would like to dwell a little on the interjection “¡agur! " - Bye! - this is one of the most ancient forms, which is used for parting, is rarely used in modern Spanish, but can be found.

Translation and explanations of the use of interjections in Spanish:

¡Abajo! (down, away) - used to protest, disagree with something ¡abajo los tiranos! Down with tyrants!

¡Achachay! - used to convey: 1. a feeling of cold (in Chile, Colombia, Ecuador). 2. Can also mean consent (in Chile, Colombia, Ecuador. 3. To express feelings of fear (in Peru).

¡Achalay! - used to express consent (in the northwest of Argentina, as well as in Ecuador).

¡Achis! - this interjection is an example of onomatopoeia, i.e. a word that is an onomatopoeia. In Spanish it means sneeze. But, for example, in Guatemala, it can mean something very disgusting (asqueroso).

¡Adelante! - 1. means an incentive to action - Come on! 2. permission for a person to go anywhere: ¡pase! – Enter!

¡Adios! – 1. used to say goodbye:

¡adiós y buena suerte! (Happily!).

2. Expresses the state when a unique damage has occurred:

¡adiós, lo que se nos viene encima! (Write lost!)

3. Expresses unpleasant surprise:

¡adiós, he olvidado las llaves! (Well, that's it, I forgot my keys!)

¡Ah! - with the help of this exclamation, different states of mood are expressed: disappointment or not understanding, admiration or surprise.

¡Aja! - an interjection that expresses agreement, pleasure or surprise:

¡ajá!, así es; (Yes it is!)

¡ajá!, te pillé. (Yeah, got it!)

¡Hala! - an exclamation is used to encourage or urge:

¡hala, que ya nos vamos! (Well let's go already!)

Or reinforces the expression of surprise:

"¡hala, pero qué mentiroso eres!" (Well, what a liar you are!)

¡Albricias! - this interjection is not currently used, but once it meant the joy of receiving great news:

¡albricias, nos ha tocado el gordo! (Great, we hit the jackpot!)

¡Ánimo! - used when they want to encourage or cheer up if someone is in a state of indecision.

Decidete de una vez. ¡ánimo! (Come on, make up your mind!

¡Ar! - an exclamation used in the army, indicating that this order must be executed immediately:

¡Firms, ar! (Slim!)

¡Arre! - used to encourage the horse to act.

¡Atención! Used to focus attention, translated as - Attention!

¡Ayayay! - used to express illness or pain.

¡bla! ¡bla! ¡bla! - conveys distrust of what someone says - in the meaning of a chatterbox.

¡Bravo! - conveys admiration and admiration for someone's talent.

¡Buenooo! used to express disbelief or doubt about the meaning of what the interlocutor said.

¡Bum! Used to convey the sound of impact.

¡Canastos! - Expresses surprise.

¡Caracoles! - An expression of surprise, the same as - ¡Caramba!

¡Carajo! - used to express anger or an unpleasant surprise. Can be used as an insult.

¡Caramba! - 1. expresses surprise: Wow! 2. Either angry or annoyed: Damn it!

¡cataplum! - another case of onomatopoeia, used to convey the sound of a blow, fall or explosion.

Сuando me giré, ¡cataplum!, ya estaba en el suelo. (When I turned, bang... and he was already on the floor).

¡Chao! ¡Chau! - used when saying goodbye.

¡Chucho! The exclamation is used to startle the dog.

¡Cielos! - an expression of surprise or unexpected surprise.

¡Claro! - an affirmative exclamation, confirming agreement with the interlocutor, is translated as - Of course!

¡Cojones! - expresses a state of evil, or discontent. It belongs to the category of swear words, but which are used so often in Spain that they no longer shock the ear.

¡Como! - expresses surprise, incomprehension.

¡Coño! - an expression of anger, discontent, surprise. It belongs to the same group of swear words that are used so often and in many cases in Spain that they no longer shock the ear.

¡Cuidado! - A call for attention, translated as - Be careful!

¡Despacio! - a call for attentiveness, reassurance, prudence, translated as - Be careful (careful)! Calm down (don't worry)!

¡Dios! - an expression of surprise, despair, hopelessness, weakness.

¡Eh! - Spaniards very often use this exclamation in their speech, both at the beginning and at the end of phrases. Depending on the context, it can carry an interrogative tone, light irony, to strengthen the statement of what has been said.

¡Entonces! - Can be used in a conversation when they encourage the interlocutor to continue the story and not stop his story, in this case it translates as - and ..., continue! Further!

¡Eureka! - Translated means - eureka!

¡Exacto! - Used to confirm what was said and express agreement with it, translated as - Exactly! Exactly!

¡Fantastico! Used to express joy, translated as - Wonderful! Super!

¡Fuera! – 1. is used to express one's dissatisfaction or disagreement with those who act in public:

Todo el mundo gritaba ¡fuera! al arbitro! (Everyone shouted: referee away!).

2. Used to kick out of a room:

Tengo que estudiar así que ¡fuera! (I have to study, so: away!)

¡Guay! - When you agree with someone (colloquial):

¿Vamos a cenar esta noche? ¡Guay! - Shall we have dinner tonight? OK!

¡Hola! - used for greeting, translated as - Hello!

¡Hombre! - 1. call - used to attract the attention of the interlocutor:

¡Hombre! ¡No seáis tan desordenadas! - Don't be so dirty!

2. to express surprise:

3. can sometimes express irritation in a conversation with an interlocutor:

“¡Hombre! Te has pasado tres pueblos!” - Well, you turned it down!;

4. If the interlocutor began to get nervous or misunderstood, it is also used:

“¡Hombre! No te lo tomes asi!” - Do not worry! Don't take it so personally!"

¡Huy! - can be used to express:

1. Alertness:

¡Huy! Por allí está alguien! - Oh, there is someone there!;

2. Sarcasm or irony:

¡Hoy me llamo María, nos hemos quedado mañana. — ¡Huyyyy! Eso me huele a una cita! - Today I talked with Maria, agreed to meet tomorrow. Wow! I think this is a date!;

3. Also for expressing pain.

¡ja, ja, ja!; ¡jajaja! - an expression of laughter.

¡Jesus! used in Spain in response to a sneeze, translated in this case - Be healthy!

¡Joder! - in fact, a swear word, often used in Spain to express anger, irritation, disappointment, surprise, discontent. The use of this interjection in Latin America can shock the interlocutor.

¡Jo!; !Jolines! - derivatives of the previous word, used in the same cases, but with a lesser shade of vulgarity.

¡Mecachis! - expresses anger, irritation, dissatisfaction:

¡mecachis! otra vez me he equivocado de calle! - Tree sticks! I messed up the streets again!

¡Naranjas! - expresses a contradiction to something, disagreement with someone - No way!, Dudki!, Nothing like that! - or maybe as irritation or anger - Damn it!, Here it is!

¡Narices!; ¡que narices! - an expression of anger, irritation. What the heck! What more! Hell no!

¡No me digas! - expresses surprise, doubt, translated as - What are you talking about! or "It can't be!"

¡Ojala! - expresses hope: If only! God bless!

¡Ojo! - calls for vigilance, attention, can be used as a call to order, translated as “Attention!”, “Caution!”, “Look at me!”

¡Ojo! Este lugar es muy oscuro!“Be careful, this place is very dark.

¡Ole! - an expression that is encouraged at speeches for action, or applauded.

¡Ostras! - an expression of dissatisfaction, surprise, condemnation:

¡Ostras! Tenias que decirmelo chico! Well, you should have told me about it!

¡Paciencia! — A call for calm, patience.

¡Paso! - An expression used to be allowed to pass among the crowd, for example in a rude manner or by the police:

¡Paso! Dejen paso! - Allow me to pass!

¡Perfectamente! Used to express consent, joy, translated as - Great!

¡Pobre! - to express condolences, complicity, translated as - Poor little one!

¡Pucha! - expresses indignation, surprise, disappointment in something.

¡Puñetas! - used to express anger, dissatisfaction, disagreement with the position of the interlocutor (only with well-known people with whom you are in a warm relationship):

"¡Puñetas! Juan! No te dije que no estoy de acuerdo con esta postura! - Damn it! Juan! I told you that I do not agree with this position!

¡Qué fuerte! Expresses condemnation, indignation, can be translated as - What a horror! Incredible! Nightmare!

¡Socorro! - call for help - Help!

¡Vamos! – 1. call to action:

¡Vamos! ¡Vamos! Ñiños si no, podemos perder el tren! Let's hurry up, kids! And then we'll miss the train!

2. expression of distrust or doubt:

¡Vamos¡ Deja de historias! “Come on, you tell stories!”

¡Vaya¡ - expression of surprise: Bah! etc.)

¡Vaya! Esta nevando! - Wow, it's snowing!

¡Vaya por dios! expression of surprise, disappointment, translated as - "Well, wow!"

¡Venga! Expresses an impulse to action, encouragement, translates - "Come on!"

Without strict detailing, the vocabulary of Spanish colloquial and everyday speech can be divided into two types: 1) stylistically neutral general literary vocabulary of everyday use (pan, comida, vida, salud, muerte, escuela, hablar, escribir, ir, hoy, ayer, paella, sopa, taza, etc); 2) colloquial expressive-colored words.
A significant layer of expressive vocabulary is made up of nouns and substantiated adjectives belonging to the group of emotionally expressive, so-called "evaluative" addresses. A positive assessment, for example, is inherent in such appellatives as: Carino, Amor mio, Encanto, Vidamia, Tesoro, Cielo (cielito) (mio), Guapo/a; a negative assessment is characteristic of appeals: Desgraciado/a, Imbecil, Cobarde, Idiota, Tonto/a, Granuja, Borracho, Capullo, etc.
Widely used personal names (both feminine and masculine) with an emotionally affectionate, ameliorative coloring *; their stylistic tonality is predetermined by formal ways of expression (diminutive suffixes and various structural abbreviations and transformations). For example, female names: Rosita, Pepita, Estrellita, Conchita, Mari, Pepi, Puri, Lali, Concha, Pili, Charo, Merche; male names: Ricardito, Fernandito, Juanito, Andresito, Andresin, Paco, Quique, Lucho, Toni, Niqui, etc.
* Unlike the Russian language, personal names containing a negative evaluative component (such as Vanka, Mashka) are not usual.
The composition of the Spanish colloquial emotional-expressive vocabulary includes numerous interjections and interjectional constructions, which in an extremely compressed form express a variety of emotions and expressions of will; their use is high frequency.
Note that in Spanish the number of interjections is constantly growing. Nowadays there are a large number of so-called "derivative interjections". (The term "derivative interjections" refers to various parts of speech that have lost (or are losing) their nominative function, turning (turning) into means of expression heightened emotionality.) For example: ?Naranjas! (No way!, Dudki!, Damn it!, Nothing like that!, Here's more! etc.), ?Vaya! (Bah!, Yes, well!, That's how!, Damn it!, Of course!, Here's more!, etc.); ?Atiza!, (Well, well!, Wow!, Just think!); ?Narices! (What the hell!, What else!, Damn it!); ?Ojo! (Attention!, Caution!, Look at me!).
For example.
Friends are waiting for their comrade; finally it comes:
– ?Vaya! ?Menos mal que apareces!
- Perdonad, se me ha hecho tarde.
Schoolchildren are talking:
– ?Atiza! He sacado un diez en matematicas!
– ?Que dices!
Dialogue between two athletes:
– ?Narices! ?El Atlético de Madrid perdio en casa!
- Como lo oyes!
Between two friends
– La semana que viene vamos al zoologico.
– ?Ojo! Hasta hace poco estaba en obras. Asegurate de que ya este abierto.
A significant part of the Spanish “derivative interjections” are such units that, by their origin, are different ritual formulas: ?Dios!, ?Dios mio!, ?Jesus!, ?Dios de mi vida (alma)!, ?Cristo de mi corazon!, ?Virgen mia!, ?Ave Maria Purisima!, ?Santo!, ?Cielos!, ?Por amor de Dios!, ?Por Dios y Maria Santisima!, ?Valgame Dios!, ?Demonios!, etc.
Let's give examples.
Dialogue between son and father:
– Papa, acaba de telefonear tu amigo Rodolfo para decirte que su hijo ha tenido un accidente grave.
– ?Por amor de Dios! ?Que me dices?
Between daughter and mother:
- Mama, no quiero ponerme esta chaqueta. Es horrorosa.
– ?Ave Maria Purisima! ?Que tonta eres! La chaqueta es preciosa.
Vivid expressiveness in Spanish is endowed with various speech formulas (including the formulas of speech etiquette) used in everyday colloquial speech acts (greeting, farewell, gratitude, telephone conversations, etc.). In Spanish grammars, they are usually included in the category of interjections*. For example: ?Hola!, ?Oye!, ?Oiga!, ?Adios!, ?Hasta pronto!, ?Chao!, ?Hasta nunca!, ?Muy buenos!, ?Buenas!, ?Mil gracias!, ?Salud!
* There are different points of view on the issue of attributing the formulas of speech etiquette to the category of interjections.

(Examples of the implementation of this group of words in dialogic speech are given later in the book.)
As you know, some interjections are very ambiguous. Depending on a number of factors (from the speech situation, in the first place), they serve to express a wide variety of feelings and expressions of will. For example, the monosyllabic interjection so characteristic of Spaniards? Eh! can be used to establish speech contact, attract attention, fill a pause; ?Eh! able to convey surprise, question, response, reproach, contempt, neglect, warning, confirmation, causticity, etc. Consider the implementation of this interjection in the text.
On the street. A young man asks a passer-by:
– ?Eh! ? La calle Blasco Ibanez!
- A la derecha.
Dialogue between brothers:
– ?Eh! Se te olvida el libro.
– ?Ah! Gracias.
At the bus stop:
– ?Eh! ?Que viene el autobus!
- Si. Por fin.
Father talking to little son
- Tienes unos pantalones muy bonitos, eh. ?Verdad que si!
- Si.
Two friends are talking:
– ?Sabes que ha casado Antonio?
– ?Eh?, ?de verdad?
Two students are talking:
– ?Que hases?
– Lo que ves, estudiando.
– Si ?eh?, ?pues no lo parece!
Dialogue between a mother and her sons:
- Asi que habeis salido a almorzar. ?Y por que no me avisasteis?
– Te habriamos avisado, pero como no estabas...
- Eh, eh, eh, un momento, que yo he estado aqui toda la manana.
Dialogue between seller and buyer:
“Que desea, por favor?”
– Ehhh... queria saber cuanto cuesta ese traje gris.
Between wife and husband:
– ?Hola! Te he tradeo el periodico.
–?Eh?
Dialogue between two elderly colleagues:
-Aqui tiene el paquete.
– Muchas gracias, ?eh!
Saying goodbye to two pensioners:
– Nos veremos manana ?eh?
- Deacuerdo.
The same emotion can be expressed by different interjections. For example, the Russian interjection "Damn it!" in Spanish it is rendered by the following lexical units: ?Vaya!, ?Diablo(s)!, ?Caramba!, ?Demontre!, ?Demonio!, ?Diantre!, ?Naranjas!, ?Jolin!, ?Caray!*
* This synonymous series also includes a significant number of words and expressions. Note that in Spanish-speaking countries, the group of interjectional words and expressions is widely developed.
Dialogue between spouses:
– ?Demontre! ?Otra vez han cerrado con llave la puerta!
– ?Que hacemos ahora?
Between brother and sister:
– ?Diablo!
– ?Que pasa?
- Me acabo de cortar el dedo.
Interjections are characterized by both positive and negative emotional and expressive coloring. The first ones include:
?Bravo!, ?Viva!, ?Ole!, ?Otra!, ?Eso!
Dialogue between a young man and a girl:
– ?Ole! ?Que graciosa estas!
- Gracias. Este vestido me lo compro mi madre.
Between high school students:
- Chicos, despues de clase os invito a una cerveza.
– ?Eso!
The following interjections and interjection expressions can have a negative emotional coloring: ?Bah!, ?Puah!, ?Fu!, ?Abajo!, ?Maldita sea!, ?Uah!, ?Ay de mi!, ?Corcholis! parta!, ?me cachis!
Let's give examples. Dialogue between wife and husband:
Mira, prueba este plato. ?Quetal?
– ?Uahh!. ?Que es esto? ?Es horroroso!

– ?Maldita sea!. Se me ha perdido la cartera.
– ?Estas segura? ?Buscala bien!
Before the oral exam, two students are talking:
- Fernando, te toca.
– ?Ay de mi! No se nada.
Two pensioners are talking:
– ?Se ha enterado del nuevo escandalo del gobierno?
“Mal rayo los parta!” Son todos unos ladrones.
Dialogue between two students:
– ?Me cachis! ?Quien me ha cogido el diccionario?
– ?Tranquila!, lo tengo yo. Tomalo.

Chapter I Interjection as a lexical and grammatical class and the history of its study

1. Features of interjections as a separate class of words

2. Milestones in the history of the study of interjections

3. Etymology of interjections

4. Compression as a factor in the formation of interjections

5. Interjectional borrowings 61 Conclusions on Chapter I

Chapter II Interjections within the Semiotic Trivium

1. Three branches of semiotics

2. Syntactic features of interjections

3. Semantic features of interjections

4. Pragmatic features of interjections 95 Conclusions on Chapter II

Chapter III Key Features of the Interjection System of Modern Spanish

1. Structural features Spanish interjections

2. Semantic features of Spanish interjections

3. The pragmatic aspect of the use of interjections in Spanish 142 Conclusions on Chapter III

Recommended list of dissertations

• Semantics and pragmatics of denominative interjections in German 1999, candidate of philological sciences Alferenko, Elena Vyacheslavovna

• The Word as an Object of Categorization and Conceptualization: On the Material of Interjections in Modern English 2003, candidate of philological sciences Parakhovskaya, Svetlana Vladimirovna

• Semantics and pragmatics of interjections in modern English 2003, candidate of philological sciences Mamushkina, Svetlana Yurievna

• Communicative-Pragmatic Functions of Interjections in Dialogic Discourse: On the Material of the Modern German Language 2004, candidate of philological sciences Boltneva, Natalia Alekseevna

• The system of interjection in the general paradigm of the language: on the material of the Ossetian and Russian languages 2010, Doctor of Philology Parsieva, Larisa Kasbulatovna

Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Semiotic features of the system of interjections in modern Spanish"

Similar theses in the specialty "Romance languages", 10.02.05 VAK code

• Functional and pragmatic characteristics of interjectional speech units of the French language 1997, candidate of philological sciences Kustova, Elena Yurievna

• French interjection: lexico-grammatical aspects, semiogenesis and interactional functions 2010, Doctor of Philology Kustova, Elena Yurievna

• Structural-Semantic and National-Cultural Features of Interjections in the Mexican National Variant of Modern Spanish 2003, candidate of philological sciences Gostemilova, Natalia Aleksandrovna

• Interjections and interjection words of the Yukagir language 2010, candidate of philological sciences Kurilova, Samona Nikolaevna

• Interjection as an indicator of gradation in modern Russian 2010, candidate of philological sciences Kireeva, Galina Vladimirovna

Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Romance languages", Prokakhina, Daria Alexandrovna

List of references for dissertation research Candidate of Philological Sciences Prokakhina, Daria Aleksandrovna, 2012

Please note that the scientific texts presented above are posted for review and obtained through original dissertation text recognition (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors related to the imperfection of recognition algorithms. There are no such errors in the PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.

480 rub. | 150 UAH | $7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Thesis - 480 rubles, shipping 10 minutes 24 hours a day, seven days a week and holidays

Prokakhina, Daria A. Semiotic features of the system of interjections in the modern Spanish language: dissertation... candidate of philological sciences: 10.02.05 / Prokakhina Daria Alexandrovna; [Place of protection: St. Petersburg. state un-t].- St. Petersburg, 2012.- 260 p.: ill. RSL OD, 61 13-10/96

Introduction

Chapter I Interjection as a lexico-grammatical class and the history of its study

1. Features of interjections as a separate class of words 10

2. Milestones in the history of the study of interjections 15

3. Etymology of interjections 30

4. Compression as a factor in the formation of interjections 50

5. Interjectional borrowings 61

Conclusions on Chapter I 64

Chapter II Interjections within the semiotic trivium

1. Three divisions of semiotics 66

2. Syntactic features of interjections 67

3. Semantic features of interjections 82

4. Pragmatic features of interjections 95

Conclusions on Chapter II 123

Chapter III Key Features of the Interjection System of Modern Spanish

1. Structural features of Spanish interjections 126

2. Semantic features of Spanish interjections 140

3. The pragmatic aspect of the use of interjections in Spanish 142

Conclusions on Chapter III 149

Conclusion 151

Literature

Introduction to work

Relevance The chosen topic is due to the lack of special studies directly devoted to identifying the semiotic features of Spanish interjections, as well as the general tendency of linguistics to turn to the study of actually functioning oral speech.

Scientific novelty of the work is to identify the factor of structural and semantic compression as the main manifestation of the tendency to economy, which determines the formation in diachrony and the functioning in synchrony of most interjectional units of the modern Spanish language, which, however, has not been sufficiently taken into account in various studies devoted to the problems of interjections.

object of our study is the lexico-grammatical class of interjections of the modern national Spanish language.

Subject research is the mechanism of formation of the system of interjections, as well as the pragmatic features of their functioning.

aim research is the classification of interjections and interjectional phrases of the Spanish language within the framework of the triadic semiotic model, which allows for the most complete isolation of the main features of the studied linguistic units.

To achieve this goal and obtain objective results, the following tasks are set in the work:

1. determination of the linguistic status of interjection and interjection phrase;

   study of the etymology of interjections and identification of the mechanisms of their formation, the main of which are manifestations of structural and semantic compression as a factor indicating the operation of the law of economy;

   consideration of the syntactic role of interjection structures;

   identification of functional and semantic features of interjections;

   interpretation of the meaning of interjections in line with the pragmatic tasks of the utterance.

   Material for the study were texts of fiction created in different periods of the development of the Spanish language; comics; the speech of characters in feature films; songs; poetry; recordings of native Spanish speakers; messages on Internet forums and chats.

   Our research is based on the following methods:

   Etymological analysis, which allows to establish the derivation or non-derivation of an interjectional unit, as well as to identify the mechanism for the formation of interjections based on the omission of a structure component;

   Structural-semantic analysis, which reveals the dependence of semantic changes on structure changes in the process of formation of interjectional units;

   Syntactic analysis, revealing the features of the functioning of the interjection as a separate statement.

   Contextual and situational analysis, which allows to highlight the pragmatic features of Spanish interjections.

   The main provisions for defense:

   1. Any interjection can function as a structurally inseparable independent statement, and therefore, have its main characteristics (even interjectional units consisting of only one component are able to implicitly express a proposition that is actualized in the appropriate contexts in the form of certain subject-predicate-object relations).

      Interjections are formations of a compressive structure, the omitted components of which are revealed in the course of diachronic analysis.

      An essential characteristic of interjections is their multifunctionality, that is, the ability of the same unit to be used in a large number of different contexts.

      The compressibility of the structure and semantics of interjections determines the high degree of their expressiveness; the ability of these units to express maximum information in a minimum of time determines their use in situations requiring immediate response.

      Interjections are included in the parts of speech by most researchers and recorded in dictionaries. At the same time, the existing lexicographic descriptions of these units cannot be considered complete and often are not sufficiently systematized, since they do not convey the whole variety of interjections, their meanings and ways of using them. Thus, theoretical significance of the work will consist in the possibility of using its results in lexicography, as well as for further research on the functional and pragmatic features of various classes of words in the Spanish language. In addition, the work makes a certain contribution to the study and theoretical understanding of one of the two dominant laws of language development - the law of economy.

      Practical significance research lies in the possibility of applying its results in teaching foreign languages, in particular, Spanish. Correct understanding and use of interjections as a vivid manifestation of oral emotional syntax will make students' speech more natural and expressive.

      Reliability and scientific validity of theoretical and practical research results is provided by a significant amount of analyzed materials (more than 400 different interjectional units) obtained from Spanish-language fiction, dictionaries, user communication on the Internet and colloquial speech, as well as the use of both traditional and the latest research in the field of Spanish grammar in the process of processing the material.

      Approbation of the results of the work. The main provisions and certain aspects of the dissertation were presented at the XXXIX and XL International Philological Conference of St. Petersburg State University (March 2010 and 2011), and also published in the Bulletin of St. Petersburg University (2011, Ser. 9, Issue 3). The results of the study are reflected in three publications.

      Dissertation structure. Compositionally, the work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, an appendix, which is a glossary of interjections and interjectional phrases of the modern Spanish language (423 units), a list of cited literature (205 titles). The main content is presented on 152 pages.

      Milestones in the history of the study of interjections

      The next essential characteristic of interjections is polyfunctionality, therefore this group of words is of particular interest for pragmatics (pragmalinguistics), which studies the functioning of language units in speech. Interjections are often characterized by bright emotional coloring, as a result of which most researchers agree on the dominant role of the emotive function as the “purpose” of this element [Gostemilova 2003; Afanas'eva 1996; Enin 1988; Nikolaeva 2006 and others]. In addition, the interjection is recognized as the possibility of having volitional (motivating, volitional) and partly logical-intellectual (meaningful, referential) functions in the process of verbal communication [Karlova 2003]. One of the most important functions of interjections in speech, according to H.M. Gonzalez Calvo, is the function of establishing a direct relationship between the listener and the speaker: these units can directly control the communication process.

      Regardless of the communicative function of interjections, their important feature is their expressive nature. The definition from the “Descriptive Grammar of the Spanish Language” by I. Bosque, V. Demonte demonstrates the inherent nature of expressiveness in interjections: “La interjeccion puede entenderse como una manifestacion del acto de habla expreisvo” (“Interjection can be understood as a manifestation (manifestation) of an expressive speech act” ) . The expressiveness of interjections is due to the high degree of compression of their structure and semantics, which is a manifestation of the law of economy. Compression is often assessed as a means of giving speech (text) dynamism, expressiveness and increasing the impact on the listener (reader) [Zelikov 2005 - 1: 11]. The use of such constructions is determined by the speaker's desire to convey maximum information per unit of time, to make communication more efficient.

      In the Russian science of language, the compressive nature of interjections was described by M.V. Lomonosov, who spoke about the contractile function inherent in this class of words. He defined interjections as a part of speech intended for “a brief expression of the movements of the spirit” [Anthology... 1973: 27]; thus, the sentence "I'm surprised to see you here" can be shortened with the help of an interjection to a simple exclamation "Bah!" [LES: 290]. Being a compressive lexeme-statement, the interjection demonstrates the inseparable connection of semantics, structure and communicative-pragmatic setting of the speaking (writing) subject.

      Thus, based on the foregoing, we define an interjection as a lexico-grammatical unit that is a product of linguistic compression (structural or semantic), characterized by syntactic independence and expressing the emotive-volitional reactions of the speaker to a certain situation, capable of changing meaning depending on the context, having an increased the degree of expressiveness as an essential characteristic. In the class of interjections, we also include interjectional phrases that formally consist of two or more words, but are inseparable in structure and identical to single-component interjections in their semiotic properties.

      In the linguistic literature, the boundaries of the interjection as a class of words are not very clearly defined. Researchers identify various criteria (phonetic, morphological, semantic) for assigning certain words to this class. The most basic, or as D. Wilkins calls it, the only one, can be considered a formal criterion, i.e. utterance structure (see below). However, V.D. Devkin considers one-sided consideration of only the syntactic factor while refusing semantic, word-formation and morphological aspects [Devkin 1965: 202].

      Based on a formal (structural) feature, an interjection can also be defined as a conventional lexical form, which, being an independent statement, usually does not have a syntactic connection with other classes of words, often consists of one morpheme, that is, it does not have inflections and is not capable of derivation. In this definition, the expression "conventional lexical form" means that interjections have a stable, most often arbitrary phonological / phonetic / visual form, known to most native speakers of a given language, who are easily able to interpret its meaning.

      The above definition does not mention the semantics and pragmatics of interjections, since it is based on a formal criterion, thus, neither the meaning nor the situation of using these units in speech is taken into account here.

      A different point of view is developed in the works. Researchers believe that the main criterion for separating interjections into a separate class is functional-semantic. This implies the recognition of the ability of interjections to express the mental state of the speaking subject. It is difficult to recognize this criterion as independent, if only because almost any statement of the subject is used for self-expression.

      Interjectional borrowings

      Regardless of whether the interjection hypothesis of the origin of the language will be confirmed or not, the study of primary interjections seems to be important for linguistics, since it is associated with the study of the mechanisms of formation of an utterance, the problems of non-verbal thinking, a reflection of which these units are, being the simplest language means representing a mental state person.

      Unlike primary interjections, secondary interjections are a replenishing group of units, the expansion of which occurs primarily due to the desemantization of significant words in a syntactic position and context of use unusual for them: a gradual increase in the role of the affective beginning in the expression of thought leads to the complete displacement of the logical content. The original unit (signifier) ​​loses its primary semantic meaning: the very act of pronouncing the original signifier with a new situational (pragmatic) meaning becomes significant (cf. juna leche! "no way", lit., "milk"; jtu abuela! "damn bald! ; look for a fool!", lit. "your grandmother", jsopla! "wow!", lit. "blow"). This is a phenomenon of delocutionary derivation, which consists in the attachment of a certain expression or speech unit to a certain typical situation of linguistic interaction [Kustova 1997: 6].

      Secondary interjections, which make up the main interjectional fund of the Spanish language (82%) [Enin 1988: 8], come from various parts of speech, phrases and sentences that undergo categorical rebirth, accompanied by an almost complete loss of their conceptual meaning, but retain the external formal features of those words and the phrases from which they are derived. Secondary interjections can correspond to various significant parts of speech: nouns (jtu abuela! "look for a fool!", letters, "your grandmother", jnaranjas! "pipes!", letters, "oranges"), verbs (jdale! "again for your ", lit., "give him", jy andando! "quickly!", lit., gerund from andar verb "to walk", jvaya! "here's more", lit. "go"), adverbs (jadelante! "forward!", jfuera! "out!", jabajo! "down", literal, "down"), adjectives (jlisto! "enough", "good"), numerals (jdostres! "two-three"), and also sometimes with official. Compare, for example, the interjection jcontra! "Well, well," which correlates with the preposition "against." The boundary between other parts of speech and interjection is not permanent, any part of speech can become an interjection, depending on the conditions. But unlike other units of interjection, it is characterized by the absence of paradigmatics. This criterion should be used when separating the formed secondary interjections from units that are occasionally used with an interjectional meaning [Karlova 1999 - 1: 5]. Options like jleche! and jleches!, jhostia! and jhostias!, cannot be considered forms of the same paradigm, since in this case we are not talking about either plural or feminine nouns.

      Another criterion for the transition of significant parts of speech into interjections is their desemantization, however, this process does not go to the end and the internal form of these units is preserved and understood by the speakers, as evidenced by the restrictions imposed by public morality on the use of taboo interjections [Belous 2006: 57] (about euphemisms - see below).

      In addition to the “loss of inflectional possibilities” and “desemantization” as criteria for completed interjection (transformation of words of different classes into interjections), I.A. Sharonov identifies the following features of secondary interjections that distinguish them from other parts of speech: an isolated syntactic position; loss of compatibility possibilities; internal amorphousness of the grammatical model [Sharonov 2008: 59].

      Possessing predicativity and encoding the modality of the utterance, the interjection is closely related to the verb.

      Etymologically, a large number of secondary interjections correspond to the verb, and many of them come directly from the imperative form: jAnda!, jAndale!, jMira!, jToma!, jOye!, jQuita (de ahi)! (cp. examples from other languages: English. Fuck! Damn! Look out! Hold on!, French. Tiens! Tenez! Allez! and Te! as an archaic imperative form of the verb tenir)15. I.I. Dmitrieva explains the transition of imperative forms to the category of interjections by the rapid wear and tear of affective language formulas, which are replaced by new units that have not lost their expressiveness: when they move to another grammatical category of imperative forms, their emotional expressiveness prevails over the incentive [Dmitrieva 1980: 84].

      The close connection between the verb and the interjection is also confirmed by the fact that in some cases the verbs themselves can be formed from interjections. Compare, for example, Spanish: arrear “to goad, drive animals” from jarrea!, zapear “to drive away a cat with the exclamation “scat!” from jzape!, aupar "praise, exalt to the skies" J aira! “come on!, come on!”; English: to shoo “to scare someone away with the exclamation of Shoo! »; to hail “shout hail!, hail”, to encore “shout encore!, call for an encore”, in American English: to okey “talk about kay, agree”, French: bisser “shout an encore!” [Benveniste 2002: 325], sacrer “say sacre!.. (“damned!..”), scold, curse”, pester “say peste! (lit. “plague!”), swear, swear” [ibid: 328]. However, in synchrony there can be only a formal connection with the original verb, the semantics of the secondary interjection is often very different from it. Compare: Pero a la noche que lata, hermano. Ni radio, ni la hermanita, u en una de esas te agarra la tos, u dale que dale... (“But at night there is such melancholy, brother. No radio, no sister, and at that time you are suffocated by a cough, and again for his own..." (Cortazar, 71).

      The transition of the forms of the imperative into interjections is explained by the fact that between one main member, replenished from the context (imperative) and two (interjection) there is “only one small step”. Speaking of the two main members, D.P. Wilkins has in mind the subject-predicate structure of an interjectional utterance, which can be reconstructed from the context. See also [Pazukhin 1961] about the connection between the imperative and interjections.

      Semantic features of interjections

      Pragmalinguistics (that is, the emphasis on the role of the speaking (writing) subject) is replacing structuralism, which is based on the semasiological component of the language process. “Language is understood as an intersubjective set of signs, the use of which is determined by rules common to all, and this explains the reasons why, within the framework of pragmatic studies, scientists do not distinguish between language as a socially determined system of abstract signs and speech as an individual psychophysiological form of the existence of this system, refuse to from the elimination of speech from the field of linguistic analysis” [Ryzhova 2007: 14]. The determining factor for the development of the pragmatic paradigm was the recognition of the need to study the language in its use and the intended use of the language for use in certain situations. The key concept for describing language communication is the concept of activity; language is considered as a means of dynamic interaction of communicants. Thus, the concept of a communicative-pragmatic situation arises, differentiated by the following factors: the participants in the communicative act (their social and individual psychological characteristics, role relations), the situation, the subject, the goal and the effectiveness of communication [Aznaurova 1990: 23-24].

      The field of pragmatics is closely intertwined with the field of semantics (cf. the similar intertwining of logic and rhetoric within the framework of the ancient trivium) and in some cases their distinction is difficult. The sphere of pragmatic usually refers to that part of the meaning of the statement, which depends on the situation of use and, as it were, is built on top of the actual content (lexical meaning) - the connotative aspect of the semantics of words. The pragmatic meaning is due to the potential variability of the linguistic sign, that is, the ability of a word in certain situations of speech communication to semantic modification while maintaining its essential properties, to a modification that does not lead to the emergence of a new essence [Aznaurova 1990: 24]. The pragmatic interpretation of a statement is a special form of "inferential processing, in which information is ostensively, directly in the course of speech communication, transmitted and encoded using linguistic means, while linguistic information is associated with non-linguistic knowledge that determines the context of interpretation" [Ryzhova 2007: 17-18 ].

      The core of pragmalinguistics is the theory of speech acts, which was developed by such scientists as J. Austin, J. R. Searle, G.P. Grice and P. Strawson. A speech act is considered as a way for a person to achieve certain goals and is not only the transfer of some content, but also an expression of intention; it changes the existing relations between the communicants and creates prerequisites for further verbal or non-verbal actions [Ryzhova 2007: 72]. Participants in a speech act have a fund of general speech skills (communicative competence), knowledge and ideas about the world. The communicative situation includes both the environment of speech and the fragment of reality that its content concerns. A speech act is a complex formation consisting of three simultaneous phases, levels, acts: locutionary (the act of pronouncing; building an utterance according to the grammar rules of a given language), illocutionary (giving purposefulness to a locutionary act, expressing a communicative goal), perlocutionary (possible consequences of a spoken utterance, reaction to speech action) [Maslova 2007: 51]. Often the term illocutionary act is used as a synonym for a speech act, since it contains the main pragmatic content of the statement - intentions, i.e. tasks that the speaker solves through speech. “These tasks are related to influencing the listener (reader, recipient), encouraging him to act, forming assessments and opinions, informing, etc. Some meanings are realized explicitly, others implicitly, but their interaction reveals the true meaning of the statement... The total meaning of communication is made up of the interaction of those who communicate, and is also mediated by feedback” [Suchkova 2005: 80].

      The question of the classification of speech acts in pragmalinguistics is debatable. The first classification belongs to J. Austin, the creator of the theory of speech acts. Based on the analysis of the use of verbs, he singled out such speech actions as verdicts (verdict - sentence), exercatives (acts of exercising power), commissives (acts of obligations), behabitives (acts of social behavior) and expositives (acts of explanation) [Austin 1986: 119]. J. Searle, distinguishing between the illocutionary and propositional components of the statement, taking into account the conditions of sincerity, proposed his own classification of illocutionary acts [Searl 1986: 181-185]: representative or assertive, reporting on the state of affairs and suggesting a truthful assessment; directives that encourage recipients to take certain actions; commissions informing about the obligations undertaken by the speaker; expressives expressing a certain mental position in relation to any state of affairs; declarations establishing a new state of affairs. There are many other classifications of speech acts, however, none of them can be considered complete, since there is no single set of criteria that would allow all researchers to equally isolate and characterize speech segments, in addition, the existing set of types of speech acts is quite fixed and narrow. The assignment of a particular utterance to a certain type is complicated by the fact that in real communication, with the help of one utterance, the speaker can perform not one, but several actions at once.

      From the point of view of the classification of speech acts according to J. Austin (1986), Yu. Komine identifies the following communicative functions that can be implemented with the help of interjections: exercitives (plea, demand, inducement to fulfill a previously stated requirement, prohibition, appellative, inducement to a certain action), for example, \Arriba, Carlitos; vamos a la misa! ("Get up, Carlitos, let's go to mass") (Cela, 65); commissives (confirmation of a previously made decision, expression of readiness to comply with an inducement or prohibition, refusal to act, threat, inducement to end a conversation or discussion of a topic), for example, -No; que si los veo, la mato; \vaya si la mato! (“- No, and if I see them, I will kill her. I will definitely kill her!”) (Cela, 47); behabitives (an expression of satisfaction, an expression of joy, an expression of disappointment, indignation, reproach, admiration, surprise, contempt, disgust, fatigue, fright, irony, indifference)31, for example, -\Caray, que tia! jCualquiera le gasta una broma! (“What a woman! No one can joke with her!”) (Cela, 126); expositives (with their help, the speaker can: highlight his decision, pay attention to forgotten information, summarize, continue the information he has begun, finish the message of the information he has begun, confirm or reject the previous information), for example, - \ Je, je \ Pesan, lehl / - No, senor, jmas pesa un piano! ("-Xe-xe. Heavy, huh? / -No, señor, the piano is heavier") (Cela, 43).

      The pragmatic aspect of the use of interjections in Spanish

      In this example, the interjection shows the speaker's attitude to the situation, expresses his irritation and anger.

      Most interjections in Spanish can appear in all three positions, but there are a few units that are characterized by postposition. At the same time, being pronounced with an interrogative intonation (eh?,?,sabes?, verdad?), they are not questions, but only discourse markers and serve to draw the interlocutor's attention to something or provoke a response. Compare: -Esa esta muy bien, eh? -Ya lo creo, esa caso muy bien. ("-This one is doing well, isn't she? / -Yes, I think yes, she married very well") (Cela, 261).

      With the exception of a few interjections, which are usually pronounced with interrogative intonation, most of the units studied in our work are characterized by exclamatory intonation (neutral intonation is less common). The peculiar intonational design of the interjective construction is another confirmation that the interjection functions in the discourse as a separate independent statement.

      Many interjections are used to express a wide range of feelings and emotional states, which predetermines the blurring (diffusion) of their semantics. First of all, this is typical for primary interjections. Wed jAy! jComo me duele! "Oh, how it hurts!" and Jay! jcomo me gusta! "Ay, how I like it!" (opposite emotions). The monosyllabic interjection j Eh! it can be used to establish speech contact, attract attention, fill a hesitation pause, and it can also convey surprise, question, response, reproach, contempt, neglect, warning, confirmation, causticity, etc. [Firsova 2002: 10].

      For enough a large number interjections are characterized by the phenomenon of enantiosemy. So quite common is the use of units with swear semantics in a positive sense (jJoder! J Que bonito! "Damn! How beautiful!"). To adequately interpret the meaning of this or that interjection, the listener is helped by intonation, as well as facial expressions and gestures of the speaker, and the immediate situation of communication.

      On the other hand, there are interjections related to certain areas of communication and having a fairly clear semantics: poetic (3): jguay! "alas!", jayme! "woe to me!", jo! "O!" (when addressing), military (3): jalerta! "beware!", jfirmes! "Attention!", jfuego! "fire!", marine (1): jforte! “stop!”, argotic (3): jnajencia! "roll!", jagua! "carefully!", jesbate! "stop!", religious (2): jaleluya! hallelujah, jAve Maria! "Hail Mary!" Etiquette formulas (15) are also tied only to a specific communication situation: greeting (jhola! "hello!", jbuenas tardes! "good afternoon!"), farewell (jadios! "goodbye!", jhasta pronto! "see you soon!") , gratitude (jgracias! "thank you!"), wishes and congratulations (jfeliz cumpleanos! "happy birthday!", jbuen viaje! "have a good trip!"). It should be noted that in Spanish, etiquette formulas, even if they are often used and assigned to a specific communication situation, are endowed with vivid expressiveness.

      A significant number of Spanish secondary interjections come from ritual formulas associated with the Catholic religion (cf. components Virgen "Virgin", Jesus "Jesus", Dios "God", santo cielo "holy sky"); as well as with the devil and curses (components diablo "devil", demonio "demon", gauo "lightning"); with the sexual sphere, which are mainly obscenities (jcono!, jcarajo!, jcojones! (names of the genitals), jjoder! "to fuck", etc.). In this regard, euphemism is quite well developed in Spanish, which is defined as “an indirect communicative strategy of ameliorative orientation, which involves the use of both linguistic and extralinguistic means (euphemisms) in order not to create a feeling of communicative discomfort in the interlocutor (that is, for the purpose of tabooing , politeness, aestheticization, mitigation, veiling, distortion of information)" [Yakushkina 2009: 8]. The following units are most often euphemistically replaced: carajo (caramba, carambolas, canastos, caracoles, carape, caray, cascaras), cojones (rinones), diablo / demonio (diantre, dianche, diano, demontre), Dios (diez), hostia ( ostras, ordiga), joder (jobar, jolines, jope, jopelines, jopetas, joroba), leche (lene), mierda (miercoles). These units are vulgarisms / obscenisms or, referring to the religious sphere, they can hurt the feelings of believers, which is why they are efvemized. However, at the moment, many interjections-euphemisms are becoming of little use, as taboos and prohibitions on the use of certain units are being removed: from vulgar forms they are moving into the category of commonly used familiars. This is because the language needs new means to express expressiveness.

      Some interjectional phrases were formed from phraseological units, and therefore their meaning does not consist of the meaning of the components. Native speakers understand the data of education due to the general fund of knowledge and language competence. As for non-native speakers, they need an explanation in order to understand the meaning of phraseological interjections: jadelante con los faroles! “was not!”, jadobame esos candiles! "nonsense in vegetable oil!", jarda Bayona! "My hut is on the edge!", jnaranjas de China! "pipes!"